{"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess%5D%5B%5D=online\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1861\u0026page=3","prev":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess%5D%5B%5D=online\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1861\u0026page=2","next":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess%5D%5B%5D=online\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1861\u0026page=4","last":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess%5D%5B%5D=online\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1861\u0026page=6"},"meta":{"pages":{"current_page":3,"next_page":4,"prev_page":2,"total_pages":6,"limit_value":10,"offset_value":20,"total_count":54,"first_page?":false,"last_page?":false}},"data":[{"id":"viu_viu01838_c01_c03","type":"Item","attributes":{"title":"James Booker, Manassas\n Junction, Virginia, letter to Chloe Unity\n Blair","abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_viu01838_c01_c03#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eJames Booker reports that his company is healthier than it has been for some time. He has heard about fighting at Falls Church the day before, and reports a conversation with a man from the Danville Grays, who told him that the Yankees are within four miles of his company at Fairfax Court House. From this information, James Booker predicts that a \"hard battle\" will soon take place. He mentions getting a letter from Addie (perhaps Drury Addison Blair), whose condition is improving.\u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_viu01838_c01_c03#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"viu_viu01838_c01_c03","ref_ssm":["viu_viu01838_c01_c03"],"id":"viu_viu01838_c01_c03","ead_ssi":"viu_viu01838","_root_":"viu_viu01838","_nest_parent_":"viu_viu01838_c01","parent_ssi":"viu_viu01838_c01","parent_ssim":["viu_viu01838","viu_viu01838_c01"],"parent_ids_ssim":["viu_viu01838","viu_viu01838_c01"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["James and John Booker Collection \n 1861-1864","c01: Manuscripts"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["James and John Booker Collection \n 1861-1864","c01: Manuscripts"],"text":["James and John Booker Collection \n 1861-1864","c01: Manuscripts","James Booker, Manassas\n Junction, Virginia, letter to Chloe Unity\n Blair","ALS","James Booker reports that his company is healthier\n than it has been for some time. He has heard about\n fighting at Falls Church the day before, and reports\n a conversation with a man from the Danville Grays,\n who told him that the Yankees are within four miles\n of his company at Fairfax Court House. From this\n information, James Booker predicts that a \"hard\n battle\" will soon take place. He mentions getting a\n letter from Addie (perhaps Drury Addison Blair),\n whose condition is improving."],"title_filing_ssi":"James Booker, Manassas\n Junction, Virginia, letter to Chloe Unity\n Blair","title_ssm":["James Booker, Manassas\n Junction, Virginia, letter to Chloe Unity\n Blair"],"title_tesim":["James Booker, Manassas\n Junction, Virginia, letter to Chloe Unity\n Blair"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["1861 October 8"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1861"],"normalized_title_ssm":["James Booker, Manassas\n Junction, Virginia, letter to Chloe Unity\n Blair"],"component_level_isim":[2],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"collection_ssim":["James and John Booker Collection \n 1861-1864"],"physdesc_tesim":["ALS"],"extent_ssm":["2 p."],"extent_tesim":["2 p."],"has_online_content_ssim":["true"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"level_ssm":["Item"],"level_ssim":["Item"],"sort_isi":4,"digital_objects_ssm":["{\"label\":\"Text transcription\",\"href\":\"http://xtf.lib.virginia.edu/xtf/view?docId=legacy_mss/uvaBook/tei/booker_letters/Boo1j08.xml\"}"],"date_range_isim":[1861],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eJames Booker reports that his company is healthier\n than it has been for some time. He has heard about\n fighting at Falls Church the day before, and reports\n a conversation with a man from the Danville Grays,\n who told him that the Yankees are within four miles\n of his company at Fairfax Court House. From this\n information, James Booker predicts that a \"hard\n battle\" will soon take place. He mentions getting a\n letter from Addie (perhaps Drury Addison Blair),\n whose condition is improving.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_tesim":["James Booker reports that his company is healthier\n than it has been for some time. He has heard about\n fighting at Falls Church the day before, and reports\n a conversation with a man from the Danville Grays,\n who told him that the Yankees are within four miles\n of his company at Fairfax Court House. From this\n information, James Booker predicts that a \"hard\n battle\" will soon take place. He mentions getting a\n letter from Addie (perhaps Drury Addison Blair),\n whose condition is improving."],"_nest_path_":"/components#0/components#2","timestamp":"2026-05-21T13:07:18.853Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viu_viu01838","ead_ssi":"viu_viu01838","_root_":"viu_viu01838","_nest_parent_":"viu_viu01838","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/uva-sc/viu01838.xml","title_ssm":["James and John Booker Collection \n 1861-1864"],"title_tesim":["James and John Booker Collection \n 1861-1864"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["11237"],"text":["11237","James and John Booker Collection \n 1861-1864","26 items","There are no restrictions.","Print Sources Encyclopedia of the\n Confederacy . Richard N. Current, Ed. NY: Simon \u0026\n Schuster, 1993. Gregory, G. Howard. \n 38th Virginia Infantry .\n Lynchburg, VA: H.E. Howard, Inc., 1988. (part of \n The Virginia Regimental Histories\n Series ) Hewett, Janet B., ed. \n Roster of Confederate Soldiers\n 1861-1865 . Vol 8. Wilmington NC: Broadfoot\n Publishing Company, 1996. Sublett, Charles W. \n 57th Virginia Infantry .\n Lynchburg, VA: H.E. Howard, Inc., 1985. (part of The\n Virginia Regimental Histories Series)","Encyclopedia of the\n Confederacy . Richard N. Current, Ed. NY: Simon \u0026\n Schuster, 1993.","Gregory, G. Howard. \n 38th Virginia Infantry .\n Lynchburg, VA: H.E. Howard, Inc., 1988. (part of \n The Virginia Regimental Histories\n Series )","Hewett, Janet B., ed. \n Roster of Confederate Soldiers\n 1861-1865 . Vol 8. Wilmington NC: Broadfoot\n Publishing Company, 1996.","Sublett, Charles W. \n 57th Virginia Infantry .\n Lynchburg, VA: H.E. Howard, Inc., 1985. (part of The\n Virginia Regimental Histories Series)","Electronic Sources Austin, Gayle. \"Pittsylvania Co. VA Homepage.\" 1997. \n \n http://www.rootsweb.com/~vapittsy/ (9 September,\n 1997). \"Southside on the Net, Directory of Churches and\n Religious Organizations.\" 1997. \n \n http://www.petersburg.com/c/c1.htm (9 September\n 1997). Webb, Kerry. \"U.S. Civil War Generals.\" 1997. \n \n http://funnelweb.utcc.utk.edu/~hoemann/generals.html (28\n August 1997).","Austin, Gayle. \"Pittsylvania Co. VA Homepage.\" 1997. \n \n http://www.rootsweb.com/~vapittsy/ (9 September,\n 1997).","\"Southside on the Net, Directory of Churches and\n Religious Organizations.\" 1997. \n \n http://www.petersburg.com/c/c1.htm (9 September\n 1997).","Webb, Kerry. \"U.S. Civil War Generals.\" 1997. \n \n http://funnelweb.utcc.utk.edu/~hoemann/generals.html (28\n August 1997).","Other Civil War Sites on the World\n Wide Web Index of Civil War Information on the Web \n \n http://www.cwc.lsu.edu/civlink.htm Civil War Miscellany \n \n http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Forum/6806/ Pickett's Division \n \n http://home.ptd.net/~jeff1863/pickett.html War Links \n \n http://members.aol.com/histcw/civil.html/","Index of Civil War Information on the Web \n \n http://www.cwc.lsu.edu/civlink.htm","Civil War Miscellany \n \n http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Forum/6806/","Pickett's Division \n \n http://home.ptd.net/~jeff1863/pickett.html","War Links \n \n http://members.aol.com/histcw/civil.html/","James Booker and John Booker The twins, John and James, were born to \n John Booker (1797-1859) and \n Nancy Blair Reynolds Booker\n (1796-1859) on October 10, 1840. Nancy and John\n had been married since November 15, 1824 and had four other\n children besides the twins: Mary Ann Booker Sparks\n (1825-1872), Armistead M. Booker (1827-1838), Caroline\n Booker (1833-1859) and William Booker (1836-1859). Nancy also had another child --Margaret Benson Reynolds\n (1815-1867) --from a previous marriage to William Reynolds\n (March 29, 1814) (Austin). In the first three months of 1859, typhoid fever struck\n the Booker family, killing Nancy, John Sr., Caroline and\n William. James and John were 19 years old. For the next two\n years, the twins stayed with relatives, including Aunt\n Kitty and Uncle John Blair, who later moved to Texas in\n 1860 (James Booker, September 6, 1861). At the age of 21, James and John enlisted in the\n Confederate Army, the 38th Regiment of Virginia, on May 24,\n 1861 in \n Whitmell, Virginia , in \n Company D, 38th Virginia Regiment, Infantry (also\n known as \"the Whitmell Guards\"). For more\n information about the regiment see \n 38th Virginia Infantry by G. Howard Gregory\n (E 581.5 38th .G73 1988) . The Booker brothers\n remained in service throughout the war, and were both\n promoted to Sergeant sometime before April, 1864 (Gregory,\n 82). In March of 1862, James was hospitalized in Richmond\n with chronic diarrhea, but returned to his company soon\n after. Both brothers were severely wounded at the \n Battle of Drewry's Bluff near Petersburg,\n Virginia , on May 16, 1864 and transferred to \n Chimborazo Hospital . John received a\n chest wound and James was wounded in the right thigh. Only\n James, however, would survive. John died of his wound on\n August 26, 1864. After the war, James returned to Pittsylvania County and\n on October 31, 1867, he married \n Martha Ann Fulton (?-1923) (nicknamed\n \"Pat\") of \n Pittsylvania County , on October 31,\n 1867. She was one of the \"sweethearts\" mentioned in his\n letters. James and Pat Booker had seven children. They died\n within two months of each other in 1923. A typed page\n listing their children and mentioning her relatives can be\n found with the copies of the typescripts of the brothers'\n letters.","The twins, John and James, were born to \n John Booker (1797-1859) and \n Nancy Blair Reynolds Booker\n (1796-1859) on October 10, 1840. Nancy and John\n had been married since November 15, 1824 and had four other\n children besides the twins: Mary Ann Booker Sparks\n (1825-1872), Armistead M. Booker (1827-1838), Caroline\n Booker (1833-1859) and William Booker (1836-1859).","Nancy also had another child --Margaret Benson Reynolds\n (1815-1867) --from a previous marriage to William Reynolds\n (March 29, 1814) (Austin).","In the first three months of 1859, typhoid fever struck\n the Booker family, killing Nancy, John Sr., Caroline and\n William. James and John were 19 years old. For the next two\n years, the twins stayed with relatives, including Aunt\n Kitty and Uncle John Blair, who later moved to Texas in\n 1860 (James Booker, September 6, 1861).","At the age of 21, James and John enlisted in the\n Confederate Army, the 38th Regiment of Virginia, on May 24,\n 1861 in \n Whitmell, Virginia , in \n Company D, 38th Virginia Regiment, Infantry (also\n known as \"the Whitmell Guards\"). For more\n information about the regiment see \n 38th Virginia Infantry by G. Howard Gregory\n (E 581.5 38th .G73 1988) . The Booker brothers\n remained in service throughout the war, and were both\n promoted to Sergeant sometime before April, 1864 (Gregory,\n 82).","In March of 1862, James was hospitalized in Richmond\n with chronic diarrhea, but returned to his company soon\n after. Both brothers were severely wounded at the \n Battle of Drewry's Bluff near Petersburg,\n Virginia , on May 16, 1864 and transferred to \n Chimborazo Hospital . John received a\n chest wound and James was wounded in the right thigh. Only\n James, however, would survive. John died of his wound on\n August 26, 1864.","After the war, James returned to Pittsylvania County and\n on October 31, 1867, he married \n Martha Ann Fulton (?-1923) (nicknamed\n \"Pat\") of \n Pittsylvania County , on October 31,\n 1867. She was one of the \"sweethearts\" mentioned in his\n letters. James and Pat Booker had seven children. They died\n within two months of each other in 1923. A typed page\n listing their children and mentioning her relatives can be\n found with the copies of the typescripts of the brothers'\n letters.","Chloe Unity Blair Chloe Unity Blair (1833-1875) was born to Chloe Coleman\n Blair (1801-1854) and Drury Blair (1801-1864). Her father\n was Nancy Booker's younger brother, making James and John\n her first cousins. Chloe Unity had several brothers and\n sisters, some of whom James and John mention in their\n letters: Polly Ann, William, and Drury Addison \"Addie\"\n Blair, who briefly served in the 38th Regiment with the\n Bookers. Unfortunately, all of Chloe Unity's letters to her\n Booker cousins were either destroyed or are as yet\n undiscovered. From their responses, however, we can see\n that both John and James greatly appreciated her letters.\n They depended upon her for news of the family and they\n often asked her to \"remember\" them to different family\n members. The Bookers also periodically asked their cousin\n to have their sister Mary forward certain items such as\n clothing or James' \"soldier likeness\" (October 4, 1863).\n Chloe Unity would send them gifts and provisions as well,\n prompting James to write, \"I am under many obligations to\n you all for send ing us such a fine box it was a great\n treat to us,\" (October 4, 1863). James and John are always\n polite and solicitous in tone to their cousin, and yet the\n letters also convey warmth and friendship: having lost\n their parents and two siblings just before the war, John\n and James may have been especially close to \"cousin Unity,\"\n who along with their sister Mary may have served as a kind\n of surrogate mother. Indeed, when John married Martha Ann Fulton in October\n of 1867, he became Chloe's step-son-in-law, since Chloe had\n married Martha's father William Fulton (1821-18?) just a\n few months before. It is easy to imagine that the two\n cousins were pleased by this relationship, as their\n respective marriages unified and tightened the Booker and\n Blair families which had suffered so many losses during the\n war years.","Chloe Unity Blair (1833-1875) was born to Chloe Coleman\n Blair (1801-1854) and Drury Blair (1801-1864). Her father\n was Nancy Booker's younger brother, making James and John\n her first cousins. Chloe Unity had several brothers and\n sisters, some of whom James and John mention in their\n letters: Polly Ann, William, and Drury Addison \"Addie\"\n Blair, who briefly served in the 38th Regiment with the\n Bookers.","Unfortunately, all of Chloe Unity's letters to her\n Booker cousins were either destroyed or are as yet\n undiscovered. From their responses, however, we can see\n that both John and James greatly appreciated her letters.\n They depended upon her for news of the family and they\n often asked her to \"remember\" them to different family\n members. The Bookers also periodically asked their cousin\n to have their sister Mary forward certain items such as\n clothing or James' \"soldier likeness\" (October 4, 1863).\n Chloe Unity would send them gifts and provisions as well,\n prompting James to write, \"I am under many obligations to\n you all for send ing us such a fine box it was a great\n treat to us,\" (October 4, 1863). James and John are always\n polite and solicitous in tone to their cousin, and yet the\n letters also convey warmth and friendship: having lost\n their parents and two siblings just before the war, John\n and James may have been especially close to \"cousin Unity,\"\n who along with their sister Mary may have served as a kind\n of surrogate mother.","Indeed, when John married Martha Ann Fulton in October\n of 1867, he became Chloe's step-son-in-law, since Chloe had\n married Martha's father William Fulton (1821-18?) just a\n few months before. It is easy to imagine that the two\n cousins were pleased by this relationship, as their\n respective marriages unified and tightened the Booker and\n Blair families which had suffered so many losses during the\n war years.","The 38th Virginia Infantry: A Brief History of the\n Regiment On May 3, 1861, Governor John Letcher called for the men\n of Virginia to leave their families and occupations and\n join the Confederate Army. Soon after, the 38th Virginia\n Volunteer Infantry Regiment was formed, lead by Colonel\n Edward Edmonds, Lieutenant Colonel Powhatan Whittle and\n Major Isaac Carrington. During the course of the war, the\n 38th was assigned to several different brigades, including\n Smith's, Early's and Armistead's Brigade. There was also\n considerable turnover of officers, as some were wounded,\n killed, or not re-elected. The 38th consisted of ten companies, most of which were\n organized in Pittsylvania County, VA. Company D, which the\n Bookers joined, was organized at Whitmell. Its initial\n leader was Captain Ralph Herndon. Engagements and Assignments of the 38th\n Virginia Infantry May 5, 1862: The Battle of Williamsburg:\n Whittle is wounded. May 31, 1862: The Battle of Seven Pines: The\n 38th suffers a casualty rate of 42%. July 1, 1862: The Battle of Malvern Hill: The\n 38th suffers severely with 11 killed, 72 wounded and\n 11 missing. September 15, 1862: The 38th takes part in\n capturing Harper's Ferry. September 16, 1862: The 38th joins the Battle\n of Sharpsburg. July 3, 1863: The 38th is part of Pickett's\n Charge at the Battle of Gettysburg; Colonel Edmonds\n is killed; of the 481 members of the 38th who\n participated in the battle, \"40 were killed on the\n battlefield (8%); 51 were wounded (10%); and 103 were\n captured (21%)\" (Gregory 43). May 10, 1864: The Battle of Chester Station;\n Colonel Cabell is killed; Lieutenant Colonel Griggs\n is promoted to Colonel of the 38th. May 16, 1864: The Battle of Drewry's Bluff;\n from the 38th, 23 killed and 77 wounded. September 3, 1864: Brigadier General George\n Steuart assumes command of Armistead's Brigade.\n Desertions are frequent. November 17, 1864: The 38th captures the Union\n line near Petersburg. April 1, 1865: The Battle of Five Forks. April 6, 1865: The Battle of Sayler's\n Creek--the 38th's final battle. April 9, 1865: Lee surrenders at Appomattox\n Court House; the 38th is nearby at \"Pleasant\n Retreat,\" two miles east of the court house. April 13, 1865: The 38th breaks camp and heads\n home.","On May 3, 1861, Governor John Letcher called for the men\n of Virginia to leave their families and occupations and\n join the Confederate Army. Soon after, the 38th Virginia\n Volunteer Infantry Regiment was formed, lead by Colonel\n Edward Edmonds, Lieutenant Colonel Powhatan Whittle and\n Major Isaac Carrington. During the course of the war, the\n 38th was assigned to several different brigades, including\n Smith's, Early's and Armistead's Brigade. There was also\n considerable turnover of officers, as some were wounded,\n killed, or not re-elected.","The 38th consisted of ten companies, most of which were\n organized in Pittsylvania County, VA. Company D, which the\n Bookers joined, was organized at Whitmell. Its initial\n leader was Captain Ralph Herndon.","Engagements and Assignments of the 38th\n Virginia Infantry May 5, 1862: The Battle of Williamsburg:\n Whittle is wounded. May 31, 1862: The Battle of Seven Pines: The\n 38th suffers a casualty rate of 42%. July 1, 1862: The Battle of Malvern Hill: The\n 38th suffers severely with 11 killed, 72 wounded and\n 11 missing. September 15, 1862: The 38th takes part in\n capturing Harper's Ferry. September 16, 1862: The 38th joins the Battle\n of Sharpsburg. July 3, 1863: The 38th is part of Pickett's\n Charge at the Battle of Gettysburg; Colonel Edmonds\n is killed; of the 481 members of the 38th who\n participated in the battle, \"40 were killed on the\n battlefield (8%); 51 were wounded (10%); and 103 were\n captured (21%)\" (Gregory 43). May 10, 1864: The Battle of Chester Station;\n Colonel Cabell is killed; Lieutenant Colonel Griggs\n is promoted to Colonel of the 38th. May 16, 1864: The Battle of Drewry's Bluff;\n from the 38th, 23 killed and 77 wounded. September 3, 1864: Brigadier General George\n Steuart assumes command of Armistead's Brigade.\n Desertions are frequent. November 17, 1864: The 38th captures the Union\n line near Petersburg. April 1, 1865: The Battle of Five Forks. April 6, 1865: The Battle of Sayler's\n Creek--the 38th's final battle. April 9, 1865: Lee surrenders at Appomattox\n Court House; the 38th is nearby at \"Pleasant\n Retreat,\" two miles east of the court house. April 13, 1865: The 38th breaks camp and heads\n home.","Funded in part by a grant from the National Endowment\n for the Humanities","Scope and Content This collection consists of ca. twenty-six items,\n 1861-1864, chiefly the letters of \n John Booker (1840-1864) and \n James Booker (1840-1923) of \n Pittsylvania County, Virginia, to their\n cousin, \n Chloe Unity Blair (1839-1875) ;\n electrostatic copies of Bible records for the Booker and\n Blair families; and electrostatic copies of typed\n transcripts of the letters. The original bound volume of\n the transcripts was returned to the donor.","This collection consists of ca. twenty-six items,\n 1861-1864, chiefly the letters of \n John Booker (1840-1864) and \n James Booker (1840-1923) of \n Pittsylvania County, Virginia, to their\n cousin, \n Chloe Unity Blair (1839-1875) ;\n electrostatic copies of Bible records for the Booker and\n Blair families; and electrostatic copies of typed\n transcripts of the letters. The original bound volume of\n the transcripts was returned to the donor.","Overview of Themes Discussed in the Letters The letters of James and John Booker give a sense of\n what life was like for an ordinary soldier serving in the\n Confederate army. Of course, the Bookers depict the drama\n of battle --describing gunfire and cannonades, listing the\n dead and wounded, and giving thanks for their own escapes\n from death or imprisonment--but the letters are more\n concerned with the rhythms of everyday life at camp. The\n Bookers worry over their health and their comrades'; enjoy\n the plenty or (more often) lament the lack of food and\n supplies; report on the interactions between civilians and\n soldiers; and describe religious revivals held at the camp.\n As the war goes on, the Bookers begin to articulate with\n more intensity not only what happens to them, but how they\n feel about it. Whereas John fumes against the elites\n (officers, politicians, and the wealthy) for evading their\n responsibilities and mistreating the common soldier, James\n grows more fatalistic and religious, trusting that his\n suffering is God's will.","The letters of James and John Booker give a sense of\n what life was like for an ordinary soldier serving in the\n Confederate army. Of course, the Bookers depict the drama\n of battle --describing gunfire and cannonades, listing the\n dead and wounded, and giving thanks for their own escapes\n from death or imprisonment--but the letters are more\n concerned with the rhythms of everyday life at camp. The\n Bookers worry over their health and their comrades'; enjoy\n the plenty or (more often) lament the lack of food and\n supplies; report on the interactions between civilians and\n soldiers; and describe religious revivals held at the camp.\n As the war goes on, the Bookers begin to articulate with\n more intensity not only what happens to them, but how they\n feel about it. Whereas John fumes against the elites\n (officers, politicians, and the wealthy) for evading their\n responsibilities and mistreating the common soldier, James\n grows more fatalistic and religious, trusting that his\n suffering is God's will.","Preparing for Battle The members of the 38th Virginia spent much of their\n time drilling, marching, serving picket duty, and\n speculating about when and where the next battle would be.\n Indeed, the Bookers seem to devote more energy to\n anticipating battles than to describing them (perhaps\n because they did not want to upset their cousin). They\n acquired much of the information that fueled their\n speculations from gossipping with citizens and other\n soldiers. In a letter from 1861, for instance, James Booker\n predicts that a \"hard battle\" will break out soon, basing\n his prediction on a conversation he had with a soldier\n whose company is located closer to the front (October 8).\n Sometimes more immediate experiences led the Bookers to\n forecast a battle, especially when they could see Union\n troops or hear cannonades and gunfire nearby. Writing from\n a rain-soaked outpost near Yorktown, Virginia in 1862, for\n instance, James reports that the Union forces have been\n \"shooting at our men constantly tho it is very cildom thay\n hit eny of them\" (April 19). He predicts that soon a battle\n will occur that will decide the war, since he has heard\n that Yankee prisoners \"say that thay have got to whip or\n die here\" (April 19, 1862). But in this prediction, as in\n others, James was disappointed. As the war dragged on, the\n Bookers stopped assuming that it would reach a speedy\n conclusion; indeed, by 1864 John came to the conclusion\n that the \"leaden men\" were not really interested in\n achieving peace (March 1, 1864). Although the Bookers participated in several battles and\n skirmishes, the most devastating battle for their regiment\n was Gettysburg (see the section on Regimental History for a\n complete list of the engagements that the 38th took part\n in). While participating in Pickett's Charge, the 38th\n Virginia lost Colonel Edmonds, whom James Booker describes\n as \"one of the best men in service,\" and many other\n officers and soldiers (July 11, 1863). The Booker brothers\n themselves had to scramble to avoid being captured by Union\n troops; several of their companions, however, \"let the\n Yankees take them\" (John Booker, July 11, 1863). Not only were the Bookers shocked by their experiences\n in battle, but by chilling events that upset camp routines.\n In the first weeks of the war, James Booker reports, a\n young man accidentally shot another soldier from his\n hometown and now is \"about to grieve himself to death about\n it\" (July 14, 1861). But James passes on an even more\n shocking story in a later letter: two soldiers were caught\n conspiring to kill their commanding officer and were\n executed. In an attempt to \"save their souls,\" the\n condemned soldiers \"gave the Roman Catholic Priest 25\n dollars apiece\" (December 15, 1861).","The members of the 38th Virginia spent much of their\n time drilling, marching, serving picket duty, and\n speculating about when and where the next battle would be.\n Indeed, the Bookers seem to devote more energy to\n anticipating battles than to describing them (perhaps\n because they did not want to upset their cousin). They\n acquired much of the information that fueled their\n speculations from gossipping with citizens and other\n soldiers. In a letter from 1861, for instance, James Booker\n predicts that a \"hard battle\" will break out soon, basing\n his prediction on a conversation he had with a soldier\n whose company is located closer to the front (October 8).\n Sometimes more immediate experiences led the Bookers to\n forecast a battle, especially when they could see Union\n troops or hear cannonades and gunfire nearby. Writing from\n a rain-soaked outpost near Yorktown, Virginia in 1862, for\n instance, James reports that the Union forces have been\n \"shooting at our men constantly tho it is very cildom thay\n hit eny of them\" (April 19). He predicts that soon a battle\n will occur that will decide the war, since he has heard\n that Yankee prisoners \"say that thay have got to whip or\n die here\" (April 19, 1862). But in this prediction, as in\n others, James was disappointed. As the war dragged on, the\n Bookers stopped assuming that it would reach a speedy\n conclusion; indeed, by 1864 John came to the conclusion\n that the \"leaden men\" were not really interested in\n achieving peace (March 1, 1864).","Although the Bookers participated in several battles and\n skirmishes, the most devastating battle for their regiment\n was Gettysburg (see the section on Regimental History for a\n complete list of the engagements that the 38th took part\n in). While participating in Pickett's Charge, the 38th\n Virginia lost Colonel Edmonds, whom James Booker describes\n as \"one of the best men in service,\" and many other\n officers and soldiers (July 11, 1863). The Booker brothers\n themselves had to scramble to avoid being captured by Union\n troops; several of their companions, however, \"let the\n Yankees take them\" (John Booker, July 11, 1863).","Not only were the Bookers shocked by their experiences\n in battle, but by chilling events that upset camp routines.\n In the first weeks of the war, James Booker reports, a\n young man accidentally shot another soldier from his\n hometown and now is \"about to grieve himself to death about\n it\" (July 14, 1861). But James passes on an even more\n shocking story in a later letter: two soldiers were caught\n conspiring to kill their commanding officer and were\n executed. In an attempt to \"save their souls,\" the\n condemned soldiers \"gave the Roman Catholic Priest 25\n dollars apiece\" (December 15, 1861).","Health More explainable than violence in the camps, but\n ultimately more destructive, was disease. Illness and\n disease killed two-thirds of the Southern soldiers who died\n during the Civil War, so not surprisingly the Bookers often\n detail the health problems that they and their fellow\n soldiers were suffering (Robertson 88-89). These ailments\n include jaundice, typhoid, stomach disorders, fever, and\n mumps. The Bookers imply that much of the illness is due to\n the conditions the soldiers must face; sometimes the\n soldiers lacked adequate shelter, at times they would have\n to wade rivers and then march miles wearing wet clothing,\n and often they lacked adequate provisions (John Booker,\n April 29, 1862). Although sick soldiers were typically sent\n to the hospital, the men also took care of each other. In\n the fall of 1861, James and John Booker, apparently just\n recovering from sickness themselves, were responsible for\n nursing three members of their company (James Booker,\n September 6). Several months later, James Booker fell sick\n with chronic diarrhea and was sent to Greaner's Hospital in\n Richmond to recuperate. While in the hospital, Booker was\n stuck in a Catch-22: he wanted to get a furlough so that he\n could recover his health at home, but he did not know where\n his company was, so he could not get the permission of his\n commanding officer to return to Pittsylvania. Eventually\n James re-joined his company, but he did not receive the\n furlough that he wished for.","More explainable than violence in the camps, but\n ultimately more destructive, was disease. Illness and\n disease killed two-thirds of the Southern soldiers who died\n during the Civil War, so not surprisingly the Bookers often\n detail the health problems that they and their fellow\n soldiers were suffering (Robertson 88-89). These ailments\n include jaundice, typhoid, stomach disorders, fever, and\n mumps. The Bookers imply that much of the illness is due to\n the conditions the soldiers must face; sometimes the\n soldiers lacked adequate shelter, at times they would have\n to wade rivers and then march miles wearing wet clothing,\n and often they lacked adequate provisions (John Booker,\n April 29, 1862). Although sick soldiers were typically sent\n to the hospital, the men also took care of each other. In\n the fall of 1861, James and John Booker, apparently just\n recovering from sickness themselves, were responsible for\n nursing three members of their company (James Booker,\n September 6). Several months later, James Booker fell sick\n with chronic diarrhea and was sent to Greaner's Hospital in\n Richmond to recuperate. While in the hospital, Booker was\n stuck in a Catch-22: he wanted to get a furlough so that he\n could recover his health at home, but he did not know where\n his company was, so he could not get the permission of his\n commanding officer to return to Pittsylvania. Eventually\n James re-joined his company, but he did not receive the\n furlough that he wished for.","Food and Supplies Although in his first letter James Booker claims that\n the soldiers get \"plenty of good pervision,\" the Bookers\n later complained that they often didn't get enough to eat\n (July 14, 1861). As James writes in 1862, \"the rations has\n bin very scanty a large portion of the time sence we have\n bin marching\" (September 30). But sometimes the 38th\n Virginia did enjoy plentiful supplies, particularly when\n they camped in locations where food was abundant. When the\n 38th Virginia arrived near Chambersburg, Pennsylvania, for\n instance, James Booker reported that \"we can get plenty of\n milk \u0026 butter and apple butter that is verry good\"\n (June 30, 1863). Often civilians would supply soldiers with\n food, whether because they feared or supported the\n troops.","Although in his first letter James Booker claims that\n the soldiers get \"plenty of good pervision,\" the Bookers\n later complained that they often didn't get enough to eat\n (July 14, 1861). As James writes in 1862, \"the rations has\n bin very scanty a large portion of the time sence we have\n bin marching\" (September 30). But sometimes the 38th\n Virginia did enjoy plentiful supplies, particularly when\n they camped in locations where food was abundant. When the\n 38th Virginia arrived near Chambersburg, Pennsylvania, for\n instance, James Booker reported that \"we can get plenty of\n milk \u0026 butter and apple butter that is verry good\"\n (June 30, 1863). Often civilians would supply soldiers with\n food, whether because they feared or supported the\n troops.","Interactions with Civilians Throughout the letters, the Bookers demonstrate their\n consciousness of the effect the war is having on the\n civilians. At the beginning of the war, James Booker\n describes the friendly exchanges between Southern soldiers\n and civilians, reporting gleefully from a camp near\n Winchester that the men have \"a fine chance of beautiful\n young Ladies, and the kindest that I ever saw\" (July 14,\n 1861). Besides providing moral support, Southern civilians\n would exchange information about the war with the\n Confederate troops (James Booker, November 24, 1862). Both\n Southern and Northern civilians would sell or give supplies\n to Confederate troops. Writing from Winchester, Virginia in\n 1862, James Booker even claims that he prefers Yankees to\n Quakers, since \"the Yankees will sell us eny thing cheap\n for the specia\" while \"the quakers will sell any thing thay\n have got when the spirit moves them, tho we cant catch them\n rite half our time\" (James Booker, October 17, 1862).\n Likewise, in Fredericksburg, Pennsylvania, the Yankee\n citizens treated the Confederate soldiers \"verry kind,\"\n providing them food without charging them for it, though\n James suggests that \"it is don through fear\" (June 30,\n 1863). While in Fredericksburg, James enjoyed a mutually\n supportive relationship with a local civilian, guarding his\n home in exchange for lodging. Although civilians and soldiers often cooperated with\n each other, the Bookers realized that the war was damaging\n the lives of those not directly involved in the fighting.\n In particular, James argues, citizens who live near the\n \"line of the enemy\" \"have great deal to see trouble about\"\n (June 14, 1863). Even those areas not yet scarred by the\n war would soon be, James predicts. As he says of\n Fredericksburg, Pennsylvania,\"this is a verry flourishing\n looking Country the crops all look fine. it has never felt\n the affect of the war, though I guess if we stay here long\n it will feel the affect of it\" (June 30, 1863). James\n especially blames Northern soldiers for looting the homes\n of Southern citizens, claiming that \"the yankees is geting\n too mean to live\" (June 14, 1863). But he admits that some\n Confederate soldiers likewise have stolen from citizens,\n disobeying General Lee's orders. Indeed, one woman stormed\n into the Confederate camp near Kinston, North Carolina,\n hoping to recover a skillet of soup that had been stolen\n (June 30, 1863; January 1, 1864). Confederate soldiers also\n stole over 18,000 dollars from the Quarter Master (January\n 1, 1864). Despite these incidents, James Booker was\n offended when Confederate General Seth Maxwell Barton\n called the members of his brigade \"rags and thieves,\" since\n \"it is not healthy for him to gave honist people such a bad\n name because some men does wrong\" (January 1, 1864).","Throughout the letters, the Bookers demonstrate their\n consciousness of the effect the war is having on the\n civilians. At the beginning of the war, James Booker\n describes the friendly exchanges between Southern soldiers\n and civilians, reporting gleefully from a camp near\n Winchester that the men have \"a fine chance of beautiful\n young Ladies, and the kindest that I ever saw\" (July 14,\n 1861). Besides providing moral support, Southern civilians\n would exchange information about the war with the\n Confederate troops (James Booker, November 24, 1862). Both\n Southern and Northern civilians would sell or give supplies\n to Confederate troops. Writing from Winchester, Virginia in\n 1862, James Booker even claims that he prefers Yankees to\n Quakers, since \"the Yankees will sell us eny thing cheap\n for the specia\" while \"the quakers will sell any thing thay\n have got when the spirit moves them, tho we cant catch them\n rite half our time\" (James Booker, October 17, 1862).\n Likewise, in Fredericksburg, Pennsylvania, the Yankee\n citizens treated the Confederate soldiers \"verry kind,\"\n providing them food without charging them for it, though\n James suggests that \"it is don through fear\" (June 30,\n 1863). While in Fredericksburg, James enjoyed a mutually\n supportive relationship with a local civilian, guarding his\n home in exchange for lodging.","Although civilians and soldiers often cooperated with\n each other, the Bookers realized that the war was damaging\n the lives of those not directly involved in the fighting.\n In particular, James argues, citizens who live near the\n \"line of the enemy\" \"have great deal to see trouble about\"\n (June 14, 1863). Even those areas not yet scarred by the\n war would soon be, James predicts. As he says of\n Fredericksburg, Pennsylvania,\"this is a verry flourishing\n looking Country the crops all look fine. it has never felt\n the affect of the war, though I guess if we stay here long\n it will feel the affect of it\" (June 30, 1863). James\n especially blames Northern soldiers for looting the homes\n of Southern citizens, claiming that \"the yankees is geting\n too mean to live\" (June 14, 1863). But he admits that some\n Confederate soldiers likewise have stolen from citizens,\n disobeying General Lee's orders. Indeed, one woman stormed\n into the Confederate camp near Kinston, North Carolina,\n hoping to recover a skillet of soup that had been stolen\n (June 30, 1863; January 1, 1864). Confederate soldiers also\n stole over 18,000 dollars from the Quarter Master (January\n 1, 1864). Despite these incidents, James Booker was\n offended when Confederate General Seth Maxwell Barton\n called the members of his brigade \"rags and thieves,\" since\n \"it is not healthy for him to gave honist people such a bad\n name because some men does wrong\" (January 1, 1864).","Morale Early in the war, James and John Booker seemed to\n believe that the South would defeat the North swiftly. They\n contended that the South had a stronger army, and they\n noted that Northerners \"dont unite like our people do,\"\n since the Democrats and the Republicans were at odds (James\n Booker, June 30, 1863). Soon their hope had begun to fade. Though James Booker\n longed to return home, by 1863 he no longer believed that\n the North and South would achieve a quick peace: \n \"I am a fread it will be a long time first if ever, I\n think the prosspect for peece is very gloomy now it dont\n look like eather side is make in any prepperration for\n Piece, thare are greater preperation for fighten than\n ever\" (September 23, 1863). John Booker was even more pessimistic, and\n certainly much more cynical, as he accused the Southern\n leadership of needlessly prolonging the war: \n \"I beleave that we mout have hud piece be fore this\n time if our head leaden men would would have tride\"\n (March 1, 1864). The Bookers, particularly John, felt that while Southern\n elites were making decisions that extended the war, the\n poor were actually fighting most of the battles and\n suffering the consequences of those decisions. Because the\n First Conscription Act allowed a drafted man to hire a\n \"substitute\" to serve his term in the army, wealthy men\n could evade service (Current, 396-99). This provision\n enraged many of the Confederate soldiers, who contended\n that it placed the burden of the war on those who could not\n afford to pay for a substitute. Not only did substitution\n fan class tensions, but it also failed to bring competent\n soldiers into the army. James Booker mentions that that the\n substitute for John Millner deserted, and many other\n substitutes did likewise (August 3, 1862). Some men even\n made a business of agreeing to substitute for one person,\n deserting, and then collecting money to substitute for\n someone else. Although James Booker did not get angry about\n the practice of substitution, he understood that it\n weakened the Confederate Army: \n \"I dont blame no man to put in a substitute if he\n can, tho I think if it is kept up much long er it will\n ruin our army\" (August 3, 1862). His brother John, however, was less tentative in\n condemning substitution: \n \"I say put every one on equal foottin for this is a\n rich mans war an a por mans fight, I be leave thare are\n some of the men that have but in substitute are dooen a\n great [d]eal of good but the most of them are doo en\n more harm than good they are just speculaten on the poor\n people, an soldiers\" (December 22, 1863). Further feeding John Booker's indignation was the\n distribution of furloughs. According to the First\n Conscription Act, a \"twelvemonth man\" was entitled to a\n sixty-day furlough each year, but neither Booker received a\n furlough during his time in the army (Current, 396-99).\n John Booker noted that while officers freely took furloughs\n themselves, the captain in charge of his company, John\n Herndon, was \"too lazy\" to give his exhausted men a break\n (Decemeber 22, 1863). As a result of the inequalities and inefficiencies of\n miltary adminstration, John Booker believed that soldiers\n should refuse to re-enlist. In his March 1, 1864 letter, he\n derides the miltary pagaent staged by Virginia Governor\n William \"Extra Billy\" Smith and Colonel Cabell in an\n attempt to persuade the men to re-enlist. After commanding\n the soldiers to line up, the Colonel ordered that the\n Colors (the flags of the regiment) be borne to the front\n and asked \"all who wer determen to be freemen to step out\n on the line with the cullars and all who wer willen to be\n slaves for thare enemyes to stand fast\" (March 1, 1864).\n Angry that he hadn't yet received a furlough, and convinced\n that re-enlisting would only encourage the Southern\n leadership to continue the war, John Booker rejected the\n Colonel's challenge that he re-enlist; two-thirds of the\n soldiers stood back with him. As he explains, \"I dideant\n inten to reinlist nor I wes not willen to be a Slave for my\n enemyes and I dident go on line with the reinlisted, and I\n dideant wish to bee in eather line\" (March 1, 1864).","Early in the war, James and John Booker seemed to\n believe that the South would defeat the North swiftly. They\n contended that the South had a stronger army, and they\n noted that Northerners \"dont unite like our people do,\"\n since the Democrats and the Republicans were at odds (James\n Booker, June 30, 1863).","Soon their hope had begun to fade. Though James Booker\n longed to return home, by 1863 he no longer believed that\n the North and South would achieve a quick peace: \n \"I am a fread it will be a long time first if ever, I\n think the prosspect for peece is very gloomy now it dont\n look like eather side is make in any prepperration for\n Piece, thare are greater preperation for fighten than\n ever\" (September 23, 1863). John Booker was even more pessimistic, and\n certainly much more cynical, as he accused the Southern\n leadership of needlessly prolonging the war: \n \"I beleave that we mout have hud piece be fore this\n time if our head leaden men would would have tride\"\n (March 1, 1864).","The Bookers, particularly John, felt that while Southern\n elites were making decisions that extended the war, the\n poor were actually fighting most of the battles and\n suffering the consequences of those decisions. Because the\n First Conscription Act allowed a drafted man to hire a\n \"substitute\" to serve his term in the army, wealthy men\n could evade service (Current, 396-99). This provision\n enraged many of the Confederate soldiers, who contended\n that it placed the burden of the war on those who could not\n afford to pay for a substitute. Not only did substitution\n fan class tensions, but it also failed to bring competent\n soldiers into the army. James Booker mentions that that the\n substitute for John Millner deserted, and many other\n substitutes did likewise (August 3, 1862). Some men even\n made a business of agreeing to substitute for one person,\n deserting, and then collecting money to substitute for\n someone else. Although James Booker did not get angry about\n the practice of substitution, he understood that it\n weakened the Confederate Army: \n \"I dont blame no man to put in a substitute if he\n can, tho I think if it is kept up much long er it will\n ruin our army\" (August 3, 1862).","His brother John, however, was less tentative in\n condemning substitution: \n \"I say put every one on equal foottin for this is a\n rich mans war an a por mans fight, I be leave thare are\n some of the men that have but in substitute are dooen a\n great [d]eal of good but the most of them are doo en\n more harm than good they are just speculaten on the poor\n people, an soldiers\" (December 22, 1863).","Further feeding John Booker's indignation was the\n distribution of furloughs. According to the First\n Conscription Act, a \"twelvemonth man\" was entitled to a\n sixty-day furlough each year, but neither Booker received a\n furlough during his time in the army (Current, 396-99).\n John Booker noted that while officers freely took furloughs\n themselves, the captain in charge of his company, John\n Herndon, was \"too lazy\" to give his exhausted men a break\n (Decemeber 22, 1863).","As a result of the inequalities and inefficiencies of\n miltary adminstration, John Booker believed that soldiers\n should refuse to re-enlist. In his March 1, 1864 letter, he\n derides the miltary pagaent staged by Virginia Governor\n William \"Extra Billy\" Smith and Colonel Cabell in an\n attempt to persuade the men to re-enlist. After commanding\n the soldiers to line up, the Colonel ordered that the\n Colors (the flags of the regiment) be borne to the front\n and asked \"all who wer determen to be freemen to step out\n on the line with the cullars and all who wer willen to be\n slaves for thare enemyes to stand fast\" (March 1, 1864).\n Angry that he hadn't yet received a furlough, and convinced\n that re-enlisting would only encourage the Southern\n leadership to continue the war, John Booker rejected the\n Colonel's challenge that he re-enlist; two-thirds of the\n soldiers stood back with him. As he explains, \"I dideant\n inten to reinlist nor I wes not willen to be a Slave for my\n enemyes and I dident go on line with the reinlisted, and I\n dideant wish to bee in eather line\" (March 1, 1864).","Religion Whereas John Booker responded to terrible conditions by\n getting angry, his brother James turned to religion as a\n way of making sense of his suffering and connecting with\n home. As he writes of his homesickness, James Booker\n occasionally expresses his desire to join his relatives at\n the religious revivals held at Mount Hermon Baptist Church\n near Danville, Virginia (August 3, 1862). But he reassures\n his cousin that revivals often take place in the camp and\n that many soldiers have been converted. According to James,\n a sense of gratitude in war-time motivates many of the men\n to convert: \"I think it is time for them to turn after\n being blesed so plainley as they have bin in the past\n battles\" (October 17, 1862). Likewise, James' faith seems\n to have strengthened him and given him hope of returning\n home, whether to Pittsylvania County or to Heaven. In a\n letter written on New Years Day of 1864, James includes two\n quotations about coming home to and through God. Quoting\n from the third stanza of \"Amazing Grace,\" James writes, \n Tis grace that brought me safe thus far And grace\n will lead me home. In March of 1864, however, James believed that he might\n not arrive home safely, at least not home to Pittsylvania,\n since the spring campaign would soon open and \"then we poor\n soldiers will see a hard time\" (March 16, 1864). But James\n embraced a spirit of Christian fatalism, contending that\n his life was in God's hands: \"If it is the will of [my]\n maker for me to be cut down in this war I dont ask to be\n spared for I beleave that he will do what is the best for\n me, thare is but few things that I would ask to stay in\n this trouble some world for\" (March 16, 1864). After\n writing this letter, James Booker lived for almost sixty\n more years, but his twin John died five months later of\n wounds he received at Drewry's Bluff.","Whereas John Booker responded to terrible conditions by\n getting angry, his brother James turned to religion as a\n way of making sense of his suffering and connecting with\n home. As he writes of his homesickness, James Booker\n occasionally expresses his desire to join his relatives at\n the religious revivals held at Mount Hermon Baptist Church\n near Danville, Virginia (August 3, 1862). But he reassures\n his cousin that revivals often take place in the camp and\n that many soldiers have been converted. According to James,\n a sense of gratitude in war-time motivates many of the men\n to convert: \"I think it is time for them to turn after\n being blesed so plainley as they have bin in the past\n battles\" (October 17, 1862). Likewise, James' faith seems\n to have strengthened him and given him hope of returning\n home, whether to Pittsylvania County or to Heaven. In a\n letter written on New Years Day of 1864, James includes two\n quotations about coming home to and through God. Quoting\n from the third stanza of \"Amazing Grace,\" James writes, \n Tis grace that brought me safe thus far And grace\n will lead me home.","In March of 1864, however, James believed that he might\n not arrive home safely, at least not home to Pittsylvania,\n since the spring campaign would soon open and \"then we poor\n soldiers will see a hard time\" (March 16, 1864). But James\n embraced a spirit of Christian fatalism, contending that\n his life was in God's hands: \"If it is the will of [my]\n maker for me to be cut down in this war I dont ask to be\n spared for I beleave that he will do what is the best for\n me, thare is but few things that I would ask to stay in\n this trouble some world for\" (March 16, 1864). After\n writing this letter, James Booker lived for almost sixty\n more years, but his twin John died five months later of\n wounds he received at Drewry's Bluff.","Optimistic at the beginning of the war, James\n Booker praises the \"elegant water,\" \"beautiful young\n Ladies,\" and \"most beautiful country\" he finds at the\n 38th's camp at Winchester. But he notes that one\n member of the regiment accidentally shot another\n member from his hometown and now feel terrible. He\n warns that \"cowardly boys\" who are avoiding service\n should beware, since they are likely to be drafted or\n made to put up breastworks. After salutations and\n greetings, James indicates where letters should be\n sent. A. Blair, a relative of James' and possibly\n Chloe Blair's brother, writes a short note to be\n included. Blair indicates that he is including a\n letter that \"brother William\" received from\n \"brother,\" who was expecting to go to Manassas. Blair\n finishes by saying that all are well.","James Booker complains of not hearing from his\n family. He mentions being too ill to serve and that\n he, consequently, works in the hospital. He talks\n about patients suffering from jaundice and yellow\n fever and mentions the poor health of James May, Hugh\n Norton and Josiah Burnett, as well as the death of\n Billy Pruett from eating \"too much beef liver.\" In\n spite of their complaints, he notes that the health\n of the men in camp is improving. He alludes to having\n received bad news from Texas, and then states that he\n will probably not come home as long as he is healthy\n or until peace is declared. The postscript states\n that James will try to send for things via any\n returning soldiers.","James Booker reports that his company is healthier\n than it has been for some time. He has heard about\n fighting at Falls Church the day before, and reports\n a conversation with a man from the Danville Grays,\n who told him that the Yankees are within four miles\n of his company at Fairfax Court House. From this\n information, James Booker predicts that a \"hard\n battle\" will soon take place. He mentions getting a\n letter from Addie (perhaps Drury Addison Blair),\n whose condition is improving.","This letter is a reply to one or more letters that\n James had received from his cousin and \"sweethearts\"\n a few days earlier. He has just heard that his\n regiment is about to move into their winter quarters\n in Gainesville. He will join it when the winter\n quarters are ready. Meanwhile, the work in his\n current quarters is lighter and the pay better. He\n believes the fighting in Centreville will not\n continue past winter. He mentions meeting a man who\n had been captured by the Union and who was recently\n released. According to this man, there are 60,000\n sick Yankees in Washington. He also adds that he has\n heard that two men in Centreville were shot for\n trying to kill their commanding officer. James closes\n the letter by asking to be remembered to cousin Eliza\n Ann Williams and to all the \"ladies\" at Christmas\n time.","Writing from the company's winter quarters near\n the battlefield of First Manassas, John Booker\n describes his brother James' sickness, which has left\n him weak and without an appetite. Other soldiers,\n including Nathaniel Robertson and Neal Gilbert, have\n struggled with illness; one, Josiah Burnett, has\n died. Booker ends his letter by expressing his\n pleasure at having received his cousin Unity's letter\n and apologizing that his brother James was unable to\n write.","James Booker explains why he has been so long in\n answering Unity's latest letters, stating that he has\n been in hospital, too ill to write. He had hoped to\n come home on furlough, but has been separated from\n his regiment and could not obtain leave. He asks that\n Unity write to him with the location of his regiment.\n He also complains about the quality of the food and\n mentions seeing many acquaintances on their way to\n the front. He closes by asking his cousin to direct\n her replies to Greaner's Hospital, care of Surgeon R.\n G. Banks.","James Booker writes to inform his cousin of the\n location of his regiment. He indicates that they have\n been shot at but infrequently hit. He mentions that a\n man named Tucker, who was wounded in the chin, was\n the only man from his regiment (he was attached to\n Captain Carter's Company F) to have been shot. He\n also notes that many men, mainly Yankees, were killed\n at last Wednesday's battle and that this evening the\n Yankees flew a truce flag in order to safely bury\n their dead. He feels that, because the best of both\n armies are here, the war will be settled here. He\n closes by asking that Unity write soon, and direct\n her letters to him at Yorktown. He also asks her to\n notify \"sister Mary\" that Pickney has not yet\n arrived.","John Booker describes a new posting and notes\n that, since leaving the Orange Court House, the\n troops are living without tents. They stay in the\n entrenchments every other day and night, and are\n under constant bombardment by the Yankees. He\n mentions that there is a good deal of sickness and\n many are being wounded. Also, he notes that they have\n elected officers for the next two years. John closes\n by asking Unity to direct her letter to him at\n Yorktown.","James begins by apologizing for the tardiness of\n his letter: he explains that he has been ill. He then\n discusses the practice of substitution (arranging for\n a replacement in the army), concluding that it is\n having a bad effect on the Confederate Army. He also\n discusses his work assignment and his health. In a\n separate letter on the same paper, John tells his\n cousin about his cold and sore throat. He also states\n that there is currently no fighting, but he can hear\n the Yankees firing cannonade \"down on the river.\"","James Booker writes that he and his brother John\n are in good health. They have been marching hard but\n usually have not gotten enough to eat. Booker reports\n that the general feeling in the camp is that peace\n will come soon. Four sick conscripts have arrived\n (and are named). James complains of having to march\n in wet clothing after crossing bridge-less streams.\n He also notes that the sick and wounded have been\n ordered from Winchester to Staunton and thinks that\n everyone else will be going to Richmond soon. James\n looks forward to going there since he has not heard\n from home since leaving Richmond. He greets other\n family members and mentions that John will write\n soon.","Claiming that he would be able to \"stand\" being a\n soldier if he received enough to eat, James Booker\n notes that recently the supply of food has been\n adequate, but that the men have not gotten enough\n salt. James Booker notes the illnesses of two men in\n camp, Bage Pritchett and John Hundley. He compares\n the entrepreneurship of the Yankees with the more\n whimsical quality of the Quakers' mercantilism and\n notes the use of Confederate money and specie to buy\n provisions. He also describes a month-long religious\n revival meeting underway in camp.","After reporting that he and his brother John are\n well, James Booker writes that the company has been\n marching for the past four days and has finally\n arrived at its camp near Fredericksburg. Many Union\n soldiers are nearby, and he predicts that the Union\n troops will soon begin shelling the Confederates. He\n expects a \"hard\" battle to commence soon.","Writing on the Sabbath, James Booker tells his\n cousin that both he and his brother are well. The\n members of Company D marched for the past ten days,\n and they expect to march again the next day, since\n they are following the movements of the Union troops.\n A few days previously, the Union had surprised the\n Confederate cavalry, but the Confederates managed to\n drive their enemies across the river and take several\n hundred prisoners. Complaining that \"the Yankees is\n getting too mean to live,\" James Booker writes that\n they steal and destroy Southern property, such as\n meat, corn, and horses. He notes, \"I still live in\n hope of peace soon though I may not live to see it.\"\n He observes that at a \"very interesting\" camp meeting\n several men, including Captain Herndon, were\n converted.","James Booker reports that he and his brother John\n are well. He mentions that local residents seem\n fearful of the army and that General Robert E. Lee\n has ordered his troops to respect private property.\n He describes the flourishing condition of\n Pennsylvania farms, noting that this part of the\n country has not yet felt the effects of the war.\n James perceives disunity in the people's attitude\n toward the war, comments on the abolitionists'\n motives, and mentions that he is boarding at a\n private house for free in return for guarding the\n owner's property. He closes by asking that Unity\n write soon, for he the last letter he received was\n dated the 13th.","Writing a few days after Gettysburg, James Booker\n describes the heavy losses suffered by his division\n during Pickett's Charge; most of the regiment's\n officers and many of the enlisted men were killed,\n wounded, or captured during the assault. James and\n John Booker escaped harm, though they were nearly\n taken prisoner by the Union forces. His division has\n been assigned to escort 5000-6000 Union prisoners to\n the South. He reports hearing daily of small battles\n and expects another major battle imminently, although\n he does not expect his division to be involved\n because it is on guard in Williamsport, a city where\n most of the citizens appear to favor the North.","John Booker writes that he is happy that Chloe\n enjoyed the revival meeting at Hermon (perhaps the\n Mount Hermon Baptist Church near Danville), then\n notes that there is \"good preaching\" at the camp. He\n contends that \"the prosspect for peece is very gloomy\n now,\" given that both sides are preparing for war\n with more intensity than ever. He reports that,\n despite rumors, Pickett's division will remain in\n Virginia. The troops are elated at this news, even\n though they have little more to do than guard camp\n and drill three times a day. In a postscript, James\n Booker asks Chloe Unity Blair to send his letter to\n his sister soon.","Apparently upset that he did not receive a\n furlough, James Booker wishes for the warmth and\n comforts of home, writing, \"there is none of them\n that knows how to appreciate a blessing until they\n are deprived of it.\" Still, he admits, in wartime he\n should find satisfaction simply in having enough to\n eat and enjoying good health; but he cannot be\n satisfied when speculators sell food to women and\n children at inflated prices. He observes that the\n married soldiers have sent for their wives and were\n boarding them at the homes of local citizens. He\n observes that General Corse's Brigade had been at the\n camp near Petersburg, but that they were sent to\n Tennessee. He also mentions writing to his sister\n Mary, telling her that he did not need clothing, as\n he received the box that \"you all\" sent him. The\n letter closes with a one-page postscript stating that\n John made a potato pie, and Cousin Tom ate with the\n two of them. He sends his regards to Cousin Pollie\n Ann and mentions that Cousin William Blair and Luther\n are stationed nearby but will be leaving for\n Chatanooga, Tennessee, within the next two days. He\n closes asking for Unity to return his \"soldier\n likeness\" to him so he can exchange it for a new\n one.","After observing that letters from home bring him\n great pleasure, John Booker chastises his cousin for\n not writing sooner. He notes that \"Flem\" Gregory has\n been ill, but is recuperating. Then he launches into\n a complaint that energizes the letter: Captain John\n Herndon is too \"lazy\" to grant the soldiers in his\n company furloughs, even though it is Christmas time,\n and even though the men are not doing anything, not\n even picket duty. So discontented are the soldiers\n that many say they will not re-enlist. John Booker\n claims that he opposes desertion, but that the\n wealthier men who paid substitutes to serve in the\n army should have to join, while veteran soldiers\n should receive furloughs. Angered at the inequality,\n John exclaims, \"this is a rich mans war an a poor\n mans fight.\" He ends his letter by observing that\n Memory Inman, another member of the D Company, is\n heading home to get married.","Booker reports that although his regiment had\n begun to march to meet the Yankees in battle, the\n Union had attacked --and been defeated by --another\n group of Confederate soldiers thirty-five miles away.\n He reports that the winter has been fairly pleasant\n and that food is cheap and plentiful. Despite such\n abundance, he notes, soldiers have been stealing food\n from local residents. He mentions a serious theft of\n $18,000 from the Quarter Master; soldiers are\n suspected of the deed. James expresses concern over\n General Barton's attitude towards the Regiment.\n (Barton has said his men come from \"rags and\n thieves.\") James complains that after three years of\n service he has still not received a furlough. He\n closes the letter with a stanza from \"Amazing\n Grace.\"","John Booker describes the attempt by Virginia\n Governor William \"Extra Billy\" Smith and Colonel\n [Joseph Robert] Cabell to make the men of the 38th\n Regiment re-enlist. He deplores the strategies they\n used: calling the men to stand before the \"Colors,\"\n declaring that any man who wanted to be a slave to\n the enemy should not re-enlist. John fears that his\n leaders want to continue to fight at all costs,\n rather than press for peace; and as long as men\n re-enlist the war will go on. John also expresses his\n dissatisfaction with the administration of the\n Regiment: only the men who re-enlist are granted\n furloughs, and John has still not received the\n furlough owed to him in 1862. He mentions that the\n two new recrutes to Company D are receiving their\n furloughs ahead of him. Changing the subject, John\n writes of nearby Union activity and says that they\n have been expecting a raid. Finally, he writes of\n Memory Inman's court martial and Captain John\n Herndon's marriage. He closes the letter by\n apologizing for its angry tone, writing, \"I have bin\n mad all day.\"","James Booker informs his cousin of his and his\n brother's good health. He discusses the treatment of\n prisoners of war, the unavailability of certain types\n of foodstuffs and the deprivations of civilians due\n to the war. He further comments on the weather and\n his coming duty in the field. He laments the lack of\n correspondence from home and closes his\n correspondence with salutations and wishes for his\n family's good health He apologizes for his poor\n writing, attributing it to having to finish the\n letter by firelight.","James Booker replies to Unity's letters of the\n 17th and 24th. He mentions that his company has been\n fishing about 20 miles away and that the Yankees are\n getting closer and are expected to drive the men out\n of the fishery. He states that the Yankees are\n believed to be heading for Richmond. James hopes that\n \"this cruel war\" may end soon and \"in our favor.\" He\n closes with a quotation from \n 1 John . The postscript,\n written on April 30th, states that the rumor that the\n Yankees are coming may be false.","See the \n \n University of Virginia Library’s use policy.","","University of Virginia. Library. Special\n Collections Dept.","Company D, 38th Virginia Regiment, Infantry (also\n known as \"the Whitmell Guards\").","Chimborazo Hospital","John Booker (1797-1859)","Nancy Blair Reynolds Booker\n (1796-1859)","Martha Ann Fulton (?-1923)","John Booker (1840-1864)","James Booker (1840-1923)","Chloe Unity Blair (1839-1875)","English"],"unitid_tesim":["11237"],"normalized_title_ssm":["James and John Booker Collection \n 1861-1864"],"collection_title_tesim":["James and John Booker Collection \n 1861-1864"],"collection_ssim":["James and John Booker Collection \n 1861-1864"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"creator_ssm":[""],"creator_ssim":[""],"acqinfo_ssim":["This collection was given to the University of Virginia\n Library on May 20, 1996, by Mrs. Mary H. Payne, Danville,\n Virginia, through P. L. Anderson, Jr., Danville,\n Virginia."],"has_online_content_ssim":["true"],"physdesc_tesim":["26 items"],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThere are no restrictions.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access Restrictions"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["There are no restrictions."],"bibliography_html_tesm":["\u003cbibliography\u003e\n \u003chead\u003ePrint Sources\u003c/head\u003e\n \u003cbibref\u003e\n \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eEncyclopedia of the\n Confederacy\u003c/emph\u003e. Richard N. Current, Ed. NY: Simon \u0026amp;\n Schuster, 1993.\u003c/bibref\u003e\n \u003cbibref\u003eGregory, G. Howard. \n \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003e38th Virginia Infantry\u003c/emph\u003e.\n Lynchburg, VA: H.E. Howard, Inc., 1988. (part of \n \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eThe Virginia Regimental Histories\n Series\u003c/emph\u003e)\u003c/bibref\u003e\n \u003cbibref\u003eHewett, Janet B., ed. \n \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eRoster of Confederate Soldiers\n 1861-1865\u003c/emph\u003e. Vol 8. Wilmington NC: Broadfoot\n Publishing Company, 1996.\u003c/bibref\u003e\n \u003cbibref\u003eSublett, Charles W. \n \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003e57th Virginia Infantry\u003c/emph\u003e.\n Lynchburg, VA: H.E. Howard, Inc., 1985. (part of The\n Virginia Regimental Histories Series)\u003c/bibref\u003e\n \u003c/bibliography\u003e","\u003cbibref\u003e\n \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eEncyclopedia of the\n Confederacy\u003c/emph\u003e. Richard N. Current, Ed. NY: Simon \u0026amp;\n Schuster, 1993.\u003c/bibref\u003e","\u003cbibref\u003eGregory, G. Howard. \n \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003e38th Virginia Infantry\u003c/emph\u003e.\n Lynchburg, VA: H.E. Howard, Inc., 1988. (part of \n \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eThe Virginia Regimental Histories\n Series\u003c/emph\u003e)\u003c/bibref\u003e","\u003cbibref\u003eHewett, Janet B., ed. \n \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eRoster of Confederate Soldiers\n 1861-1865\u003c/emph\u003e. Vol 8. Wilmington NC: Broadfoot\n Publishing Company, 1996.\u003c/bibref\u003e","\u003cbibref\u003eSublett, Charles W. \n \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003e57th Virginia Infantry\u003c/emph\u003e.\n Lynchburg, VA: H.E. Howard, Inc., 1985. (part of The\n Virginia Regimental Histories Series)\u003c/bibref\u003e","\u003cbibliography\u003e\n \u003chead\u003eElectronic Sources\u003c/head\u003e\n \u003cbibref\u003eAustin, Gayle. \"Pittsylvania Co. VA Homepage.\" 1997. \n \u003cextref type=\"simple\" href=\"http://www.rootsweb.com/~vapittsy/\"\u003e\n http://www.rootsweb.com/~vapittsy/\u003c/extref\u003e(9 September,\n 1997).\u003c/bibref\u003e\n \u003cbibref\u003e\"Southside on the Net, Directory of Churches and\n Religious Organizations.\" 1997. \n \u003cextref type=\"simple\" href=\"http://www.petersburg.com/c/c1.htm\"\u003e\n http://www.petersburg.com/c/c1.htm\u003c/extref\u003e(9 September\n 1997).\u003c/bibref\u003e\n \u003cbibref\u003eWebb, Kerry. \"U.S. Civil War Generals.\" 1997. \n \u003cextref type=\"simple\" href=\"http://funnelweb.utcc.utk.edu/~hoemann/generals.html\"\u003e\n http://funnelweb.utcc.utk.edu/~hoemann/generals.html\u003c/extref\u003e(28\n August 1997).\u003c/bibref\u003e\n \u003c/bibliography\u003e","\u003cbibref\u003eAustin, Gayle. \"Pittsylvania Co. VA Homepage.\" 1997. \n \u003cextref type=\"simple\" href=\"http://www.rootsweb.com/~vapittsy/\"\u003e\n http://www.rootsweb.com/~vapittsy/\u003c/extref\u003e(9 September,\n 1997).\u003c/bibref\u003e","\u003cbibref\u003e\"Southside on the Net, Directory of Churches and\n Religious Organizations.\" 1997. \n \u003cextref type=\"simple\" href=\"http://www.petersburg.com/c/c1.htm\"\u003e\n http://www.petersburg.com/c/c1.htm\u003c/extref\u003e(9 September\n 1997).\u003c/bibref\u003e","\u003cbibref\u003eWebb, Kerry. \"U.S. Civil War Generals.\" 1997. \n \u003cextref type=\"simple\" href=\"http://funnelweb.utcc.utk.edu/~hoemann/generals.html\"\u003e\n http://funnelweb.utcc.utk.edu/~hoemann/generals.html\u003c/extref\u003e(28\n August 1997).\u003c/bibref\u003e","\u003cbibliography\u003e\n \u003chead\u003eOther Civil War Sites on the World\n Wide Web\u003c/head\u003e\n \u003cbibref\u003eIndex of Civil War Information on the Web \n \u003cextref type=\"simple\" href=\"http://www.cwc.lsu.edu/civlink.htm\"\u003e\n http://www.cwc.lsu.edu/civlink.htm\u003c/extref\u003e\n \u003c/bibref\u003e\n \u003cbibref\u003eCivil War Miscellany \n \u003cextref type=\"simple\" href=\"http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Forum/6806/\"\u003e\n http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Forum/6806/\u003c/extref\u003e\n \u003c/bibref\u003e\n \u003cbibref\u003ePickett's Division \n \u003cextref type=\"simple\" href=\"http://home.ptd.net/~jeff1863/pickett.html\"\u003e\n http://home.ptd.net/~jeff1863/pickett.html\u003c/extref\u003e\n \u003c/bibref\u003e\n \u003cbibref\u003eWar Links \n \u003cextref type=\"simple\" href=\"http://members.aol.com/histcw/civil.html/\"\u003e\n http://members.aol.com/histcw/civil.html/\u003c/extref\u003e\n \u003c/bibref\u003e\n \u003c/bibliography\u003e","\u003cbibref\u003eIndex of Civil War Information on the Web \n \u003cextref type=\"simple\" href=\"http://www.cwc.lsu.edu/civlink.htm\"\u003e\n http://www.cwc.lsu.edu/civlink.htm\u003c/extref\u003e\n \u003c/bibref\u003e","\u003cbibref\u003eCivil War Miscellany \n \u003cextref type=\"simple\" href=\"http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Forum/6806/\"\u003e\n http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Forum/6806/\u003c/extref\u003e\n \u003c/bibref\u003e","\u003cbibref\u003ePickett's Division \n \u003cextref type=\"simple\" href=\"http://home.ptd.net/~jeff1863/pickett.html\"\u003e\n http://home.ptd.net/~jeff1863/pickett.html\u003c/extref\u003e\n \u003c/bibref\u003e","\u003cbibref\u003eWar Links \n \u003cextref type=\"simple\" href=\"http://members.aol.com/histcw/civil.html/\"\u003e\n http://members.aol.com/histcw/civil.html/\u003c/extref\u003e\n \u003c/bibref\u003e"],"bibliography_heading_ssm":["Bibliography","Print Sources","Electronic Sources","Other Civil War Sites on the World\n Wide Web"],"bibliography_tesim":["Print Sources Encyclopedia of the\n Confederacy . Richard N. Current, Ed. NY: Simon \u0026\n Schuster, 1993. Gregory, G. Howard. \n 38th Virginia Infantry .\n Lynchburg, VA: H.E. Howard, Inc., 1988. (part of \n The Virginia Regimental Histories\n Series ) Hewett, Janet B., ed. \n Roster of Confederate Soldiers\n 1861-1865 . Vol 8. Wilmington NC: Broadfoot\n Publishing Company, 1996. Sublett, Charles W. \n 57th Virginia Infantry .\n Lynchburg, VA: H.E. Howard, Inc., 1985. (part of The\n Virginia Regimental Histories Series)","Encyclopedia of the\n Confederacy . Richard N. Current, Ed. NY: Simon \u0026\n Schuster, 1993.","Gregory, G. Howard. \n 38th Virginia Infantry .\n Lynchburg, VA: H.E. Howard, Inc., 1988. (part of \n The Virginia Regimental Histories\n Series )","Hewett, Janet B., ed. \n Roster of Confederate Soldiers\n 1861-1865 . Vol 8. Wilmington NC: Broadfoot\n Publishing Company, 1996.","Sublett, Charles W. \n 57th Virginia Infantry .\n Lynchburg, VA: H.E. Howard, Inc., 1985. (part of The\n Virginia Regimental Histories Series)","Electronic Sources Austin, Gayle. \"Pittsylvania Co. VA Homepage.\" 1997. \n \n http://www.rootsweb.com/~vapittsy/ (9 September,\n 1997). \"Southside on the Net, Directory of Churches and\n Religious Organizations.\" 1997. \n \n http://www.petersburg.com/c/c1.htm (9 September\n 1997). Webb, Kerry. \"U.S. Civil War Generals.\" 1997. \n \n http://funnelweb.utcc.utk.edu/~hoemann/generals.html (28\n August 1997).","Austin, Gayle. \"Pittsylvania Co. VA Homepage.\" 1997. \n \n http://www.rootsweb.com/~vapittsy/ (9 September,\n 1997).","\"Southside on the Net, Directory of Churches and\n Religious Organizations.\" 1997. \n \n http://www.petersburg.com/c/c1.htm (9 September\n 1997).","Webb, Kerry. \"U.S. Civil War Generals.\" 1997. \n \n http://funnelweb.utcc.utk.edu/~hoemann/generals.html (28\n August 1997).","Other Civil War Sites on the World\n Wide Web Index of Civil War Information on the Web \n \n http://www.cwc.lsu.edu/civlink.htm Civil War Miscellany \n \n http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Forum/6806/ Pickett's Division \n \n http://home.ptd.net/~jeff1863/pickett.html War Links \n \n http://members.aol.com/histcw/civil.html/","Index of Civil War Information on the Web \n \n http://www.cwc.lsu.edu/civlink.htm","Civil War Miscellany \n \n http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Forum/6806/","Pickett's Division \n \n http://home.ptd.net/~jeff1863/pickett.html","War Links \n \n http://members.aol.com/histcw/civil.html/"],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cbioghist\u003e\n \u003chead\u003eJames Booker and John Booker\u003c/head\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe twins, John and James, were born to \n \u003cpersname\u003eJohn Booker (1797-1859)\u003c/persname\u003eand \n \u003cpersname\u003eNancy Blair Reynolds Booker\n (1796-1859)\u003c/persname\u003eon October 10, 1840. Nancy and John\n had been married since November 15, 1824 and had four other\n children besides the twins: Mary Ann Booker Sparks\n (1825-1872), Armistead M. Booker (1827-1838), Caroline\n Booker (1833-1859) and William Booker (1836-1859).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNancy also had another child --Margaret Benson Reynolds\n (1815-1867) --from a previous marriage to William Reynolds\n (March 29, 1814) (Austin).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIn the first three months of 1859, typhoid fever struck\n the Booker family, killing Nancy, John Sr., Caroline and\n William. James and John were 19 years old. For the next two\n years, the twins stayed with relatives, including Aunt\n Kitty and Uncle John Blair, who later moved to Texas in\n 1860 (James Booker, September 6, 1861).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAt the age of 21, James and John enlisted in the\n Confederate Army, the 38th Regiment of Virginia, on May 24,\n 1861 in \n \u003cgeogname\u003eWhitmell, Virginia\u003c/geogname\u003e, in \n \u003ccorpname\u003eCompany D, 38th Virginia Regiment, Infantry (also\n known as \"the Whitmell Guards\").\u003c/corpname\u003eFor more\n information about the regiment see \n \u003cbibref\u003e\n \u003ctitle\u003e38th Virginia Infantry\u003c/title\u003eby G. Howard Gregory\n (E 581.5 38th .G73 1988)\u003c/bibref\u003e. The Booker brothers\n remained in service throughout the war, and were both\n promoted to Sergeant sometime before April, 1864 (Gregory,\n 82).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIn March of 1862, James was hospitalized in Richmond\n with chronic diarrhea, but returned to his company soon\n after. Both brothers were severely wounded at the \n \u003cgeogname\u003eBattle of Drewry's Bluff near Petersburg,\n Virginia\u003c/geogname\u003e, on May 16, 1864 and transferred to \n \u003ccorpname\u003eChimborazo Hospital\u003c/corpname\u003e. John received a\n chest wound and James was wounded in the right thigh. Only\n James, however, would survive. John died of his wound on\n August 26, 1864.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAfter the war, James returned to Pittsylvania County and\n on October 31, 1867, he married \n \u003cpersname\u003eMartha Ann Fulton (?-1923)\u003c/persname\u003e(nicknamed\n \"Pat\") of \n \u003cgeogname\u003ePittsylvania County\u003c/geogname\u003e, on October 31,\n 1867. She was one of the \"sweethearts\" mentioned in his\n letters. James and Pat Booker had seven children. They died\n within two months of each other in 1923. A typed page\n listing their children and mentioning her relatives can be\n found with the copies of the typescripts of the brothers'\n letters.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/bioghist\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe twins, John and James, were born to \n \u003cpersname\u003eJohn Booker (1797-1859)\u003c/persname\u003eand \n \u003cpersname\u003eNancy Blair Reynolds Booker\n (1796-1859)\u003c/persname\u003eon October 10, 1840. Nancy and John\n had been married since November 15, 1824 and had four other\n children besides the twins: Mary Ann Booker Sparks\n (1825-1872), Armistead M. Booker (1827-1838), Caroline\n Booker (1833-1859) and William Booker (1836-1859).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eNancy also had another child --Margaret Benson Reynolds\n (1815-1867) --from a previous marriage to William Reynolds\n (March 29, 1814) (Austin).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn the first three months of 1859, typhoid fever struck\n the Booker family, killing Nancy, John Sr., Caroline and\n William. James and John were 19 years old. For the next two\n years, the twins stayed with relatives, including Aunt\n Kitty and Uncle John Blair, who later moved to Texas in\n 1860 (James Booker, September 6, 1861).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAt the age of 21, James and John enlisted in the\n Confederate Army, the 38th Regiment of Virginia, on May 24,\n 1861 in \n \u003cgeogname\u003eWhitmell, Virginia\u003c/geogname\u003e, in \n \u003ccorpname\u003eCompany D, 38th Virginia Regiment, Infantry (also\n known as \"the Whitmell Guards\").\u003c/corpname\u003eFor more\n information about the regiment see \n \u003cbibref\u003e\n \u003ctitle\u003e38th Virginia Infantry\u003c/title\u003eby G. Howard Gregory\n (E 581.5 38th .G73 1988)\u003c/bibref\u003e. The Booker brothers\n remained in service throughout the war, and were both\n promoted to Sergeant sometime before April, 1864 (Gregory,\n 82).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn March of 1862, James was hospitalized in Richmond\n with chronic diarrhea, but returned to his company soon\n after. Both brothers were severely wounded at the \n \u003cgeogname\u003eBattle of Drewry's Bluff near Petersburg,\n Virginia\u003c/geogname\u003e, on May 16, 1864 and transferred to \n \u003ccorpname\u003eChimborazo Hospital\u003c/corpname\u003e. John received a\n chest wound and James was wounded in the right thigh. Only\n James, however, would survive. John died of his wound on\n August 26, 1864.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAfter the war, James returned to Pittsylvania County and\n on October 31, 1867, he married \n \u003cpersname\u003eMartha Ann Fulton (?-1923)\u003c/persname\u003e(nicknamed\n \"Pat\") of \n \u003cgeogname\u003ePittsylvania County\u003c/geogname\u003e, on October 31,\n 1867. She was one of the \"sweethearts\" mentioned in his\n letters. James and Pat Booker had seven children. They died\n within two months of each other in 1923. A typed page\n listing their children and mentioning her relatives can be\n found with the copies of the typescripts of the brothers'\n letters.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cbioghist\u003e\n \u003chead\u003eChloe Unity Blair\u003c/head\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChloe Unity Blair (1833-1875) was born to Chloe Coleman\n Blair (1801-1854) and Drury Blair (1801-1864). Her father\n was Nancy Booker's younger brother, making James and John\n her first cousins. Chloe Unity had several brothers and\n sisters, some of whom James and John mention in their\n letters: Polly Ann, William, and Drury Addison \"Addie\"\n Blair, who briefly served in the 38th Regiment with the\n Bookers.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUnfortunately, all of Chloe Unity's letters to her\n Booker cousins were either destroyed or are as yet\n undiscovered. From their responses, however, we can see\n that both John and James greatly appreciated her letters.\n They depended upon her for news of the family and they\n often asked her to \"remember\" them to different family\n members. The Bookers also periodically asked their cousin\n to have their sister Mary forward certain items such as\n clothing or James' \"soldier likeness\" (October 4, 1863).\n Chloe Unity would send them gifts and provisions as well,\n prompting James to write, \"I am under many obligations to\n you all for send ing us such a fine box it was a great\n treat to us,\" (October 4, 1863). James and John are always\n polite and solicitous in tone to their cousin, and yet the\n letters also convey warmth and friendship: having lost\n their parents and two siblings just before the war, John\n and James may have been especially close to \"cousin Unity,\"\n who along with their sister Mary may have served as a kind\n of surrogate mother.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIndeed, when John married Martha Ann Fulton in October\n of 1867, he became Chloe's step-son-in-law, since Chloe had\n married Martha's father William Fulton (1821-18?) just a\n few months before. It is easy to imagine that the two\n cousins were pleased by this relationship, as their\n respective marriages unified and tightened the Booker and\n Blair families which had suffered so many losses during the\n war years.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/bioghist\u003e","\u003cp\u003eChloe Unity Blair (1833-1875) was born to Chloe Coleman\n Blair (1801-1854) and Drury Blair (1801-1864). Her father\n was Nancy Booker's younger brother, making James and John\n her first cousins. Chloe Unity had several brothers and\n sisters, some of whom James and John mention in their\n letters: Polly Ann, William, and Drury Addison \"Addie\"\n Blair, who briefly served in the 38th Regiment with the\n Bookers.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eUnfortunately, all of Chloe Unity's letters to her\n Booker cousins were either destroyed or are as yet\n undiscovered. From their responses, however, we can see\n that both John and James greatly appreciated her letters.\n They depended upon her for news of the family and they\n often asked her to \"remember\" them to different family\n members. The Bookers also periodically asked their cousin\n to have their sister Mary forward certain items such as\n clothing or James' \"soldier likeness\" (October 4, 1863).\n Chloe Unity would send them gifts and provisions as well,\n prompting James to write, \"I am under many obligations to\n you all for send ing us such a fine box it was a great\n treat to us,\" (October 4, 1863). James and John are always\n polite and solicitous in tone to their cousin, and yet the\n letters also convey warmth and friendship: having lost\n their parents and two siblings just before the war, John\n and James may have been especially close to \"cousin Unity,\"\n who along with their sister Mary may have served as a kind\n of surrogate mother.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIndeed, when John married Martha Ann Fulton in October\n of 1867, he became Chloe's step-son-in-law, since Chloe had\n married Martha's father William Fulton (1821-18?) just a\n few months before. It is easy to imagine that the two\n cousins were pleased by this relationship, as their\n respective marriages unified and tightened the Booker and\n Blair families which had suffered so many losses during the\n war years.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cbioghist\u003e\n \u003chead\u003eThe 38th Virginia Infantry: A Brief History of the\n Regiment\u003c/head\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOn May 3, 1861, Governor John Letcher called for the men\n of Virginia to leave their families and occupations and\n join the Confederate Army. Soon after, the 38th Virginia\n Volunteer Infantry Regiment was formed, lead by Colonel\n Edward Edmonds, Lieutenant Colonel Powhatan Whittle and\n Major Isaac Carrington. During the course of the war, the\n 38th was assigned to several different brigades, including\n Smith's, Early's and Armistead's Brigade. There was also\n considerable turnover of officers, as some were wounded,\n killed, or not re-elected.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe 38th consisted of ten companies, most of which were\n organized in Pittsylvania County, VA. Company D, which the\n Bookers joined, was organized at Whitmell. Its initial\n leader was Captain Ralph Herndon.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\n \u003clist type=\"simple\"\u003e\n \u003chead\u003eEngagements and Assignments of the 38th\n Virginia Infantry\u003c/head\u003e\n \u003citem\u003eMay 5, 1862: The Battle of Williamsburg:\n Whittle is wounded.\u003c/item\u003e\n \u003citem\u003eMay 31, 1862: The Battle of Seven Pines: The\n 38th suffers a casualty rate of 42%.\u003c/item\u003e\n \u003citem\u003eJuly 1, 1862: The Battle of Malvern Hill: The\n 38th suffers severely with 11 killed, 72 wounded and\n 11 missing.\u003c/item\u003e\n \u003citem\u003eSeptember 15, 1862: The 38th takes part in\n capturing Harper's Ferry.\u003c/item\u003e\n \u003citem\u003eSeptember 16, 1862: The 38th joins the Battle\n of Sharpsburg.\u003c/item\u003e\n \u003citem\u003eJuly 3, 1863: The 38th is part of Pickett's\n Charge at the Battle of Gettysburg; Colonel Edmonds\n is killed; of the 481 members of the 38th who\n participated in the battle, \"40 were killed on the\n battlefield (8%); 51 were wounded (10%); and 103 were\n captured (21%)\" (Gregory 43).\u003c/item\u003e\n \u003citem\u003eMay 10, 1864: The Battle of Chester Station;\n Colonel Cabell is killed; Lieutenant Colonel Griggs\n is promoted to Colonel of the 38th.\u003c/item\u003e\n \u003citem\u003eMay 16, 1864: The Battle of Drewry's Bluff;\n from the 38th, 23 killed and 77 wounded.\u003c/item\u003e\n \u003citem\u003eSeptember 3, 1864: Brigadier General George\n Steuart assumes command of Armistead's Brigade.\n Desertions are frequent.\u003c/item\u003e\n \u003citem\u003eNovember 17, 1864: The 38th captures the Union\n line near Petersburg.\u003c/item\u003e\n \u003citem\u003eApril 1, 1865: The Battle of Five Forks.\u003c/item\u003e\n \u003citem\u003eApril 6, 1865: The Battle of Sayler's\n Creek--the 38th's final battle.\u003c/item\u003e\n \u003citem\u003eApril 9, 1865: Lee surrenders at Appomattox\n Court House; the 38th is nearby at \"Pleasant\n Retreat,\" two miles east of the court house.\u003c/item\u003e\n \u003citem\u003eApril 13, 1865: The 38th breaks camp and heads\n home.\u003c/item\u003e\n \u003c/list\u003e\n \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/bioghist\u003e","\u003cp\u003eOn May 3, 1861, Governor John Letcher called for the men\n of Virginia to leave their families and occupations and\n join the Confederate Army. Soon after, the 38th Virginia\n Volunteer Infantry Regiment was formed, lead by Colonel\n Edward Edmonds, Lieutenant Colonel Powhatan Whittle and\n Major Isaac Carrington. During the course of the war, the\n 38th was assigned to several different brigades, including\n Smith's, Early's and Armistead's Brigade. There was also\n considerable turnover of officers, as some were wounded,\n killed, or not re-elected.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe 38th consisted of ten companies, most of which were\n organized in Pittsylvania County, VA. Company D, which the\n Bookers joined, was organized at Whitmell. Its initial\n leader was Captain Ralph Herndon.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\n \u003clist type=\"simple\"\u003e\n \u003chead\u003eEngagements and Assignments of the 38th\n Virginia Infantry\u003c/head\u003e\n \u003citem\u003eMay 5, 1862: The Battle of Williamsburg:\n Whittle is wounded.\u003c/item\u003e\n \u003citem\u003eMay 31, 1862: The Battle of Seven Pines: The\n 38th suffers a casualty rate of 42%.\u003c/item\u003e\n \u003citem\u003eJuly 1, 1862: The Battle of Malvern Hill: The\n 38th suffers severely with 11 killed, 72 wounded and\n 11 missing.\u003c/item\u003e\n \u003citem\u003eSeptember 15, 1862: The 38th takes part in\n capturing Harper's Ferry.\u003c/item\u003e\n \u003citem\u003eSeptember 16, 1862: The 38th joins the Battle\n of Sharpsburg.\u003c/item\u003e\n \u003citem\u003eJuly 3, 1863: The 38th is part of Pickett's\n Charge at the Battle of Gettysburg; Colonel Edmonds\n is killed; of the 481 members of the 38th who\n participated in the battle, \"40 were killed on the\n battlefield (8%); 51 were wounded (10%); and 103 were\n captured (21%)\" (Gregory 43).\u003c/item\u003e\n \u003citem\u003eMay 10, 1864: The Battle of Chester Station;\n Colonel Cabell is killed; Lieutenant Colonel Griggs\n is promoted to Colonel of the 38th.\u003c/item\u003e\n \u003citem\u003eMay 16, 1864: The Battle of Drewry's Bluff;\n from the 38th, 23 killed and 77 wounded.\u003c/item\u003e\n \u003citem\u003eSeptember 3, 1864: Brigadier General George\n Steuart assumes command of Armistead's Brigade.\n Desertions are frequent.\u003c/item\u003e\n \u003citem\u003eNovember 17, 1864: The 38th captures the Union\n line near Petersburg.\u003c/item\u003e\n \u003citem\u003eApril 1, 1865: The Battle of Five Forks.\u003c/item\u003e\n \u003citem\u003eApril 6, 1865: The Battle of Sayler's\n Creek--the 38th's final battle.\u003c/item\u003e\n \u003citem\u003eApril 9, 1865: Lee surrenders at Appomattox\n Court House; the 38th is nearby at \"Pleasant\n Retreat,\" two miles east of the court house.\u003c/item\u003e\n \u003citem\u003eApril 13, 1865: The 38th breaks camp and heads\n home.\u003c/item\u003e\n \u003c/list\u003e\n \u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical/Historical Information","James Booker and John Booker","Chloe Unity Blair","The 38th Virginia Infantry: A Brief History of the\n Regiment"],"bioghist_tesim":["James Booker and John Booker The twins, John and James, were born to \n John Booker (1797-1859) and \n Nancy Blair Reynolds Booker\n (1796-1859) on October 10, 1840. Nancy and John\n had been married since November 15, 1824 and had four other\n children besides the twins: Mary Ann Booker Sparks\n (1825-1872), Armistead M. Booker (1827-1838), Caroline\n Booker (1833-1859) and William Booker (1836-1859). Nancy also had another child --Margaret Benson Reynolds\n (1815-1867) --from a previous marriage to William Reynolds\n (March 29, 1814) (Austin). In the first three months of 1859, typhoid fever struck\n the Booker family, killing Nancy, John Sr., Caroline and\n William. James and John were 19 years old. For the next two\n years, the twins stayed with relatives, including Aunt\n Kitty and Uncle John Blair, who later moved to Texas in\n 1860 (James Booker, September 6, 1861). At the age of 21, James and John enlisted in the\n Confederate Army, the 38th Regiment of Virginia, on May 24,\n 1861 in \n Whitmell, Virginia , in \n Company D, 38th Virginia Regiment, Infantry (also\n known as \"the Whitmell Guards\"). For more\n information about the regiment see \n 38th Virginia Infantry by G. Howard Gregory\n (E 581.5 38th .G73 1988) . The Booker brothers\n remained in service throughout the war, and were both\n promoted to Sergeant sometime before April, 1864 (Gregory,\n 82). In March of 1862, James was hospitalized in Richmond\n with chronic diarrhea, but returned to his company soon\n after. Both brothers were severely wounded at the \n Battle of Drewry's Bluff near Petersburg,\n Virginia , on May 16, 1864 and transferred to \n Chimborazo Hospital . John received a\n chest wound and James was wounded in the right thigh. Only\n James, however, would survive. John died of his wound on\n August 26, 1864. After the war, James returned to Pittsylvania County and\n on October 31, 1867, he married \n Martha Ann Fulton (?-1923) (nicknamed\n \"Pat\") of \n Pittsylvania County , on October 31,\n 1867. She was one of the \"sweethearts\" mentioned in his\n letters. James and Pat Booker had seven children. They died\n within two months of each other in 1923. A typed page\n listing their children and mentioning her relatives can be\n found with the copies of the typescripts of the brothers'\n letters.","The twins, John and James, were born to \n John Booker (1797-1859) and \n Nancy Blair Reynolds Booker\n (1796-1859) on October 10, 1840. Nancy and John\n had been married since November 15, 1824 and had four other\n children besides the twins: Mary Ann Booker Sparks\n (1825-1872), Armistead M. Booker (1827-1838), Caroline\n Booker (1833-1859) and William Booker (1836-1859).","Nancy also had another child --Margaret Benson Reynolds\n (1815-1867) --from a previous marriage to William Reynolds\n (March 29, 1814) (Austin).","In the first three months of 1859, typhoid fever struck\n the Booker family, killing Nancy, John Sr., Caroline and\n William. James and John were 19 years old. For the next two\n years, the twins stayed with relatives, including Aunt\n Kitty and Uncle John Blair, who later moved to Texas in\n 1860 (James Booker, September 6, 1861).","At the age of 21, James and John enlisted in the\n Confederate Army, the 38th Regiment of Virginia, on May 24,\n 1861 in \n Whitmell, Virginia , in \n Company D, 38th Virginia Regiment, Infantry (also\n known as \"the Whitmell Guards\"). For more\n information about the regiment see \n 38th Virginia Infantry by G. Howard Gregory\n (E 581.5 38th .G73 1988) . The Booker brothers\n remained in service throughout the war, and were both\n promoted to Sergeant sometime before April, 1864 (Gregory,\n 82).","In March of 1862, James was hospitalized in Richmond\n with chronic diarrhea, but returned to his company soon\n after. Both brothers were severely wounded at the \n Battle of Drewry's Bluff near Petersburg,\n Virginia , on May 16, 1864 and transferred to \n Chimborazo Hospital . John received a\n chest wound and James was wounded in the right thigh. Only\n James, however, would survive. John died of his wound on\n August 26, 1864.","After the war, James returned to Pittsylvania County and\n on October 31, 1867, he married \n Martha Ann Fulton (?-1923) (nicknamed\n \"Pat\") of \n Pittsylvania County , on October 31,\n 1867. She was one of the \"sweethearts\" mentioned in his\n letters. James and Pat Booker had seven children. They died\n within two months of each other in 1923. A typed page\n listing their children and mentioning her relatives can be\n found with the copies of the typescripts of the brothers'\n letters.","Chloe Unity Blair Chloe Unity Blair (1833-1875) was born to Chloe Coleman\n Blair (1801-1854) and Drury Blair (1801-1864). Her father\n was Nancy Booker's younger brother, making James and John\n her first cousins. Chloe Unity had several brothers and\n sisters, some of whom James and John mention in their\n letters: Polly Ann, William, and Drury Addison \"Addie\"\n Blair, who briefly served in the 38th Regiment with the\n Bookers. Unfortunately, all of Chloe Unity's letters to her\n Booker cousins were either destroyed or are as yet\n undiscovered. From their responses, however, we can see\n that both John and James greatly appreciated her letters.\n They depended upon her for news of the family and they\n often asked her to \"remember\" them to different family\n members. The Bookers also periodically asked their cousin\n to have their sister Mary forward certain items such as\n clothing or James' \"soldier likeness\" (October 4, 1863).\n Chloe Unity would send them gifts and provisions as well,\n prompting James to write, \"I am under many obligations to\n you all for send ing us such a fine box it was a great\n treat to us,\" (October 4, 1863). James and John are always\n polite and solicitous in tone to their cousin, and yet the\n letters also convey warmth and friendship: having lost\n their parents and two siblings just before the war, John\n and James may have been especially close to \"cousin Unity,\"\n who along with their sister Mary may have served as a kind\n of surrogate mother. Indeed, when John married Martha Ann Fulton in October\n of 1867, he became Chloe's step-son-in-law, since Chloe had\n married Martha's father William Fulton (1821-18?) just a\n few months before. It is easy to imagine that the two\n cousins were pleased by this relationship, as their\n respective marriages unified and tightened the Booker and\n Blair families which had suffered so many losses during the\n war years.","Chloe Unity Blair (1833-1875) was born to Chloe Coleman\n Blair (1801-1854) and Drury Blair (1801-1864). Her father\n was Nancy Booker's younger brother, making James and John\n her first cousins. Chloe Unity had several brothers and\n sisters, some of whom James and John mention in their\n letters: Polly Ann, William, and Drury Addison \"Addie\"\n Blair, who briefly served in the 38th Regiment with the\n Bookers.","Unfortunately, all of Chloe Unity's letters to her\n Booker cousins were either destroyed or are as yet\n undiscovered. From their responses, however, we can see\n that both John and James greatly appreciated her letters.\n They depended upon her for news of the family and they\n often asked her to \"remember\" them to different family\n members. The Bookers also periodically asked their cousin\n to have their sister Mary forward certain items such as\n clothing or James' \"soldier likeness\" (October 4, 1863).\n Chloe Unity would send them gifts and provisions as well,\n prompting James to write, \"I am under many obligations to\n you all for send ing us such a fine box it was a great\n treat to us,\" (October 4, 1863). James and John are always\n polite and solicitous in tone to their cousin, and yet the\n letters also convey warmth and friendship: having lost\n their parents and two siblings just before the war, John\n and James may have been especially close to \"cousin Unity,\"\n who along with their sister Mary may have served as a kind\n of surrogate mother.","Indeed, when John married Martha Ann Fulton in October\n of 1867, he became Chloe's step-son-in-law, since Chloe had\n married Martha's father William Fulton (1821-18?) just a\n few months before. It is easy to imagine that the two\n cousins were pleased by this relationship, as their\n respective marriages unified and tightened the Booker and\n Blair families which had suffered so many losses during the\n war years.","The 38th Virginia Infantry: A Brief History of the\n Regiment On May 3, 1861, Governor John Letcher called for the men\n of Virginia to leave their families and occupations and\n join the Confederate Army. Soon after, the 38th Virginia\n Volunteer Infantry Regiment was formed, lead by Colonel\n Edward Edmonds, Lieutenant Colonel Powhatan Whittle and\n Major Isaac Carrington. During the course of the war, the\n 38th was assigned to several different brigades, including\n Smith's, Early's and Armistead's Brigade. There was also\n considerable turnover of officers, as some were wounded,\n killed, or not re-elected. The 38th consisted of ten companies, most of which were\n organized in Pittsylvania County, VA. Company D, which the\n Bookers joined, was organized at Whitmell. Its initial\n leader was Captain Ralph Herndon. Engagements and Assignments of the 38th\n Virginia Infantry May 5, 1862: The Battle of Williamsburg:\n Whittle is wounded. May 31, 1862: The Battle of Seven Pines: The\n 38th suffers a casualty rate of 42%. July 1, 1862: The Battle of Malvern Hill: The\n 38th suffers severely with 11 killed, 72 wounded and\n 11 missing. September 15, 1862: The 38th takes part in\n capturing Harper's Ferry. September 16, 1862: The 38th joins the Battle\n of Sharpsburg. July 3, 1863: The 38th is part of Pickett's\n Charge at the Battle of Gettysburg; Colonel Edmonds\n is killed; of the 481 members of the 38th who\n participated in the battle, \"40 were killed on the\n battlefield (8%); 51 were wounded (10%); and 103 were\n captured (21%)\" (Gregory 43). May 10, 1864: The Battle of Chester Station;\n Colonel Cabell is killed; Lieutenant Colonel Griggs\n is promoted to Colonel of the 38th. May 16, 1864: The Battle of Drewry's Bluff;\n from the 38th, 23 killed and 77 wounded. September 3, 1864: Brigadier General George\n Steuart assumes command of Armistead's Brigade.\n Desertions are frequent. November 17, 1864: The 38th captures the Union\n line near Petersburg. April 1, 1865: The Battle of Five Forks. April 6, 1865: The Battle of Sayler's\n Creek--the 38th's final battle. April 9, 1865: Lee surrenders at Appomattox\n Court House; the 38th is nearby at \"Pleasant\n Retreat,\" two miles east of the court house. April 13, 1865: The 38th breaks camp and heads\n home.","On May 3, 1861, Governor John Letcher called for the men\n of Virginia to leave their families and occupations and\n join the Confederate Army. Soon after, the 38th Virginia\n Volunteer Infantry Regiment was formed, lead by Colonel\n Edward Edmonds, Lieutenant Colonel Powhatan Whittle and\n Major Isaac Carrington. During the course of the war, the\n 38th was assigned to several different brigades, including\n Smith's, Early's and Armistead's Brigade. There was also\n considerable turnover of officers, as some were wounded,\n killed, or not re-elected.","The 38th consisted of ten companies, most of which were\n organized in Pittsylvania County, VA. Company D, which the\n Bookers joined, was organized at Whitmell. Its initial\n leader was Captain Ralph Herndon.","Engagements and Assignments of the 38th\n Virginia Infantry May 5, 1862: The Battle of Williamsburg:\n Whittle is wounded. May 31, 1862: The Battle of Seven Pines: The\n 38th suffers a casualty rate of 42%. July 1, 1862: The Battle of Malvern Hill: The\n 38th suffers severely with 11 killed, 72 wounded and\n 11 missing. September 15, 1862: The 38th takes part in\n capturing Harper's Ferry. September 16, 1862: The 38th joins the Battle\n of Sharpsburg. July 3, 1863: The 38th is part of Pickett's\n Charge at the Battle of Gettysburg; Colonel Edmonds\n is killed; of the 481 members of the 38th who\n participated in the battle, \"40 were killed on the\n battlefield (8%); 51 were wounded (10%); and 103 were\n captured (21%)\" (Gregory 43). May 10, 1864: The Battle of Chester Station;\n Colonel Cabell is killed; Lieutenant Colonel Griggs\n is promoted to Colonel of the 38th. May 16, 1864: The Battle of Drewry's Bluff;\n from the 38th, 23 killed and 77 wounded. September 3, 1864: Brigadier General George\n Steuart assumes command of Armistead's Brigade.\n Desertions are frequent. November 17, 1864: The 38th captures the Union\n line near Petersburg. April 1, 1865: The Battle of Five Forks. April 6, 1865: The Battle of Sayler's\n Creek--the 38th's final battle. April 9, 1865: Lee surrenders at Appomattox\n Court House; the 38th is nearby at \"Pleasant\n Retreat,\" two miles east of the court house. April 13, 1865: The 38th breaks camp and heads\n home."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eJames and John Booker\n Collection, Accession 11237, Special Collections Department, University of\n Virginia Library\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["James and John Booker\n Collection, Accession 11237, Special Collections Department, University of\n Virginia Library"],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eFunded in part by a grant from the National Endowment\n for the Humanities\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Funding Note"],"processinfo_tesim":["Funded in part by a grant from the National Endowment\n for the Humanities"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content Information","Scope and Content","Overview of Themes Discussed in the Letters","Preparing for Battle","Health","Food and Supplies","Interactions with Civilians","Morale","Religion"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Scope and Content This collection consists of ca. twenty-six items,\n 1861-1864, chiefly the letters of \n John Booker (1840-1864) and \n James Booker (1840-1923) of \n Pittsylvania County, Virginia, to their\n cousin, \n Chloe Unity Blair (1839-1875) ;\n electrostatic copies of Bible records for the Booker and\n Blair families; and electrostatic copies of typed\n transcripts of the letters. The original bound volume of\n the transcripts was returned to the donor.","This collection consists of ca. twenty-six items,\n 1861-1864, chiefly the letters of \n John Booker (1840-1864) and \n James Booker (1840-1923) of \n Pittsylvania County, Virginia, to their\n cousin, \n Chloe Unity Blair (1839-1875) ;\n electrostatic copies of Bible records for the Booker and\n Blair families; and electrostatic copies of typed\n transcripts of the letters. The original bound volume of\n the transcripts was returned to the donor.","Overview of Themes Discussed in the Letters The letters of James and John Booker give a sense of\n what life was like for an ordinary soldier serving in the\n Confederate army. Of course, the Bookers depict the drama\n of battle --describing gunfire and cannonades, listing the\n dead and wounded, and giving thanks for their own escapes\n from death or imprisonment--but the letters are more\n concerned with the rhythms of everyday life at camp. The\n Bookers worry over their health and their comrades'; enjoy\n the plenty or (more often) lament the lack of food and\n supplies; report on the interactions between civilians and\n soldiers; and describe religious revivals held at the camp.\n As the war goes on, the Bookers begin to articulate with\n more intensity not only what happens to them, but how they\n feel about it. Whereas John fumes against the elites\n (officers, politicians, and the wealthy) for evading their\n responsibilities and mistreating the common soldier, James\n grows more fatalistic and religious, trusting that his\n suffering is God's will.","The letters of James and John Booker give a sense of\n what life was like for an ordinary soldier serving in the\n Confederate army. Of course, the Bookers depict the drama\n of battle --describing gunfire and cannonades, listing the\n dead and wounded, and giving thanks for their own escapes\n from death or imprisonment--but the letters are more\n concerned with the rhythms of everyday life at camp. The\n Bookers worry over their health and their comrades'; enjoy\n the plenty or (more often) lament the lack of food and\n supplies; report on the interactions between civilians and\n soldiers; and describe religious revivals held at the camp.\n As the war goes on, the Bookers begin to articulate with\n more intensity not only what happens to them, but how they\n feel about it. Whereas John fumes against the elites\n (officers, politicians, and the wealthy) for evading their\n responsibilities and mistreating the common soldier, James\n grows more fatalistic and religious, trusting that his\n suffering is God's will.","Preparing for Battle The members of the 38th Virginia spent much of their\n time drilling, marching, serving picket duty, and\n speculating about when and where the next battle would be.\n Indeed, the Bookers seem to devote more energy to\n anticipating battles than to describing them (perhaps\n because they did not want to upset their cousin). They\n acquired much of the information that fueled their\n speculations from gossipping with citizens and other\n soldiers. In a letter from 1861, for instance, James Booker\n predicts that a \"hard battle\" will break out soon, basing\n his prediction on a conversation he had with a soldier\n whose company is located closer to the front (October 8).\n Sometimes more immediate experiences led the Bookers to\n forecast a battle, especially when they could see Union\n troops or hear cannonades and gunfire nearby. Writing from\n a rain-soaked outpost near Yorktown, Virginia in 1862, for\n instance, James reports that the Union forces have been\n \"shooting at our men constantly tho it is very cildom thay\n hit eny of them\" (April 19). He predicts that soon a battle\n will occur that will decide the war, since he has heard\n that Yankee prisoners \"say that thay have got to whip or\n die here\" (April 19, 1862). But in this prediction, as in\n others, James was disappointed. As the war dragged on, the\n Bookers stopped assuming that it would reach a speedy\n conclusion; indeed, by 1864 John came to the conclusion\n that the \"leaden men\" were not really interested in\n achieving peace (March 1, 1864). Although the Bookers participated in several battles and\n skirmishes, the most devastating battle for their regiment\n was Gettysburg (see the section on Regimental History for a\n complete list of the engagements that the 38th took part\n in). While participating in Pickett's Charge, the 38th\n Virginia lost Colonel Edmonds, whom James Booker describes\n as \"one of the best men in service,\" and many other\n officers and soldiers (July 11, 1863). The Booker brothers\n themselves had to scramble to avoid being captured by Union\n troops; several of their companions, however, \"let the\n Yankees take them\" (John Booker, July 11, 1863). Not only were the Bookers shocked by their experiences\n in battle, but by chilling events that upset camp routines.\n In the first weeks of the war, James Booker reports, a\n young man accidentally shot another soldier from his\n hometown and now is \"about to grieve himself to death about\n it\" (July 14, 1861). But James passes on an even more\n shocking story in a later letter: two soldiers were caught\n conspiring to kill their commanding officer and were\n executed. In an attempt to \"save their souls,\" the\n condemned soldiers \"gave the Roman Catholic Priest 25\n dollars apiece\" (December 15, 1861).","The members of the 38th Virginia spent much of their\n time drilling, marching, serving picket duty, and\n speculating about when and where the next battle would be.\n Indeed, the Bookers seem to devote more energy to\n anticipating battles than to describing them (perhaps\n because they did not want to upset their cousin). They\n acquired much of the information that fueled their\n speculations from gossipping with citizens and other\n soldiers. In a letter from 1861, for instance, James Booker\n predicts that a \"hard battle\" will break out soon, basing\n his prediction on a conversation he had with a soldier\n whose company is located closer to the front (October 8).\n Sometimes more immediate experiences led the Bookers to\n forecast a battle, especially when they could see Union\n troops or hear cannonades and gunfire nearby. Writing from\n a rain-soaked outpost near Yorktown, Virginia in 1862, for\n instance, James reports that the Union forces have been\n \"shooting at our men constantly tho it is very cildom thay\n hit eny of them\" (April 19). He predicts that soon a battle\n will occur that will decide the war, since he has heard\n that Yankee prisoners \"say that thay have got to whip or\n die here\" (April 19, 1862). But in this prediction, as in\n others, James was disappointed. As the war dragged on, the\n Bookers stopped assuming that it would reach a speedy\n conclusion; indeed, by 1864 John came to the conclusion\n that the \"leaden men\" were not really interested in\n achieving peace (March 1, 1864).","Although the Bookers participated in several battles and\n skirmishes, the most devastating battle for their regiment\n was Gettysburg (see the section on Regimental History for a\n complete list of the engagements that the 38th took part\n in). While participating in Pickett's Charge, the 38th\n Virginia lost Colonel Edmonds, whom James Booker describes\n as \"one of the best men in service,\" and many other\n officers and soldiers (July 11, 1863). The Booker brothers\n themselves had to scramble to avoid being captured by Union\n troops; several of their companions, however, \"let the\n Yankees take them\" (John Booker, July 11, 1863).","Not only were the Bookers shocked by their experiences\n in battle, but by chilling events that upset camp routines.\n In the first weeks of the war, James Booker reports, a\n young man accidentally shot another soldier from his\n hometown and now is \"about to grieve himself to death about\n it\" (July 14, 1861). But James passes on an even more\n shocking story in a later letter: two soldiers were caught\n conspiring to kill their commanding officer and were\n executed. In an attempt to \"save their souls,\" the\n condemned soldiers \"gave the Roman Catholic Priest 25\n dollars apiece\" (December 15, 1861).","Health More explainable than violence in the camps, but\n ultimately more destructive, was disease. Illness and\n disease killed two-thirds of the Southern soldiers who died\n during the Civil War, so not surprisingly the Bookers often\n detail the health problems that they and their fellow\n soldiers were suffering (Robertson 88-89). These ailments\n include jaundice, typhoid, stomach disorders, fever, and\n mumps. The Bookers imply that much of the illness is due to\n the conditions the soldiers must face; sometimes the\n soldiers lacked adequate shelter, at times they would have\n to wade rivers and then march miles wearing wet clothing,\n and often they lacked adequate provisions (John Booker,\n April 29, 1862). Although sick soldiers were typically sent\n to the hospital, the men also took care of each other. In\n the fall of 1861, James and John Booker, apparently just\n recovering from sickness themselves, were responsible for\n nursing three members of their company (James Booker,\n September 6). Several months later, James Booker fell sick\n with chronic diarrhea and was sent to Greaner's Hospital in\n Richmond to recuperate. While in the hospital, Booker was\n stuck in a Catch-22: he wanted to get a furlough so that he\n could recover his health at home, but he did not know where\n his company was, so he could not get the permission of his\n commanding officer to return to Pittsylvania. Eventually\n James re-joined his company, but he did not receive the\n furlough that he wished for.","More explainable than violence in the camps, but\n ultimately more destructive, was disease. Illness and\n disease killed two-thirds of the Southern soldiers who died\n during the Civil War, so not surprisingly the Bookers often\n detail the health problems that they and their fellow\n soldiers were suffering (Robertson 88-89). These ailments\n include jaundice, typhoid, stomach disorders, fever, and\n mumps. The Bookers imply that much of the illness is due to\n the conditions the soldiers must face; sometimes the\n soldiers lacked adequate shelter, at times they would have\n to wade rivers and then march miles wearing wet clothing,\n and often they lacked adequate provisions (John Booker,\n April 29, 1862). Although sick soldiers were typically sent\n to the hospital, the men also took care of each other. In\n the fall of 1861, James and John Booker, apparently just\n recovering from sickness themselves, were responsible for\n nursing three members of their company (James Booker,\n September 6). Several months later, James Booker fell sick\n with chronic diarrhea and was sent to Greaner's Hospital in\n Richmond to recuperate. While in the hospital, Booker was\n stuck in a Catch-22: he wanted to get a furlough so that he\n could recover his health at home, but he did not know where\n his company was, so he could not get the permission of his\n commanding officer to return to Pittsylvania. Eventually\n James re-joined his company, but he did not receive the\n furlough that he wished for.","Food and Supplies Although in his first letter James Booker claims that\n the soldiers get \"plenty of good pervision,\" the Bookers\n later complained that they often didn't get enough to eat\n (July 14, 1861). As James writes in 1862, \"the rations has\n bin very scanty a large portion of the time sence we have\n bin marching\" (September 30). But sometimes the 38th\n Virginia did enjoy plentiful supplies, particularly when\n they camped in locations where food was abundant. When the\n 38th Virginia arrived near Chambersburg, Pennsylvania, for\n instance, James Booker reported that \"we can get plenty of\n milk \u0026 butter and apple butter that is verry good\"\n (June 30, 1863). Often civilians would supply soldiers with\n food, whether because they feared or supported the\n troops.","Although in his first letter James Booker claims that\n the soldiers get \"plenty of good pervision,\" the Bookers\n later complained that they often didn't get enough to eat\n (July 14, 1861). As James writes in 1862, \"the rations has\n bin very scanty a large portion of the time sence we have\n bin marching\" (September 30). But sometimes the 38th\n Virginia did enjoy plentiful supplies, particularly when\n they camped in locations where food was abundant. When the\n 38th Virginia arrived near Chambersburg, Pennsylvania, for\n instance, James Booker reported that \"we can get plenty of\n milk \u0026 butter and apple butter that is verry good\"\n (June 30, 1863). Often civilians would supply soldiers with\n food, whether because they feared or supported the\n troops.","Interactions with Civilians Throughout the letters, the Bookers demonstrate their\n consciousness of the effect the war is having on the\n civilians. At the beginning of the war, James Booker\n describes the friendly exchanges between Southern soldiers\n and civilians, reporting gleefully from a camp near\n Winchester that the men have \"a fine chance of beautiful\n young Ladies, and the kindest that I ever saw\" (July 14,\n 1861). Besides providing moral support, Southern civilians\n would exchange information about the war with the\n Confederate troops (James Booker, November 24, 1862). Both\n Southern and Northern civilians would sell or give supplies\n to Confederate troops. Writing from Winchester, Virginia in\n 1862, James Booker even claims that he prefers Yankees to\n Quakers, since \"the Yankees will sell us eny thing cheap\n for the specia\" while \"the quakers will sell any thing thay\n have got when the spirit moves them, tho we cant catch them\n rite half our time\" (James Booker, October 17, 1862).\n Likewise, in Fredericksburg, Pennsylvania, the Yankee\n citizens treated the Confederate soldiers \"verry kind,\"\n providing them food without charging them for it, though\n James suggests that \"it is don through fear\" (June 30,\n 1863). While in Fredericksburg, James enjoyed a mutually\n supportive relationship with a local civilian, guarding his\n home in exchange for lodging. Although civilians and soldiers often cooperated with\n each other, the Bookers realized that the war was damaging\n the lives of those not directly involved in the fighting.\n In particular, James argues, citizens who live near the\n \"line of the enemy\" \"have great deal to see trouble about\"\n (June 14, 1863). Even those areas not yet scarred by the\n war would soon be, James predicts. As he says of\n Fredericksburg, Pennsylvania,\"this is a verry flourishing\n looking Country the crops all look fine. it has never felt\n the affect of the war, though I guess if we stay here long\n it will feel the affect of it\" (June 30, 1863). James\n especially blames Northern soldiers for looting the homes\n of Southern citizens, claiming that \"the yankees is geting\n too mean to live\" (June 14, 1863). But he admits that some\n Confederate soldiers likewise have stolen from citizens,\n disobeying General Lee's orders. Indeed, one woman stormed\n into the Confederate camp near Kinston, North Carolina,\n hoping to recover a skillet of soup that had been stolen\n (June 30, 1863; January 1, 1864). Confederate soldiers also\n stole over 18,000 dollars from the Quarter Master (January\n 1, 1864). Despite these incidents, James Booker was\n offended when Confederate General Seth Maxwell Barton\n called the members of his brigade \"rags and thieves,\" since\n \"it is not healthy for him to gave honist people such a bad\n name because some men does wrong\" (January 1, 1864).","Throughout the letters, the Bookers demonstrate their\n consciousness of the effect the war is having on the\n civilians. At the beginning of the war, James Booker\n describes the friendly exchanges between Southern soldiers\n and civilians, reporting gleefully from a camp near\n Winchester that the men have \"a fine chance of beautiful\n young Ladies, and the kindest that I ever saw\" (July 14,\n 1861). Besides providing moral support, Southern civilians\n would exchange information about the war with the\n Confederate troops (James Booker, November 24, 1862). Both\n Southern and Northern civilians would sell or give supplies\n to Confederate troops. Writing from Winchester, Virginia in\n 1862, James Booker even claims that he prefers Yankees to\n Quakers, since \"the Yankees will sell us eny thing cheap\n for the specia\" while \"the quakers will sell any thing thay\n have got when the spirit moves them, tho we cant catch them\n rite half our time\" (James Booker, October 17, 1862).\n Likewise, in Fredericksburg, Pennsylvania, the Yankee\n citizens treated the Confederate soldiers \"verry kind,\"\n providing them food without charging them for it, though\n James suggests that \"it is don through fear\" (June 30,\n 1863). While in Fredericksburg, James enjoyed a mutually\n supportive relationship with a local civilian, guarding his\n home in exchange for lodging.","Although civilians and soldiers often cooperated with\n each other, the Bookers realized that the war was damaging\n the lives of those not directly involved in the fighting.\n In particular, James argues, citizens who live near the\n \"line of the enemy\" \"have great deal to see trouble about\"\n (June 14, 1863). Even those areas not yet scarred by the\n war would soon be, James predicts. As he says of\n Fredericksburg, Pennsylvania,\"this is a verry flourishing\n looking Country the crops all look fine. it has never felt\n the affect of the war, though I guess if we stay here long\n it will feel the affect of it\" (June 30, 1863). James\n especially blames Northern soldiers for looting the homes\n of Southern citizens, claiming that \"the yankees is geting\n too mean to live\" (June 14, 1863). But he admits that some\n Confederate soldiers likewise have stolen from citizens,\n disobeying General Lee's orders. Indeed, one woman stormed\n into the Confederate camp near Kinston, North Carolina,\n hoping to recover a skillet of soup that had been stolen\n (June 30, 1863; January 1, 1864). Confederate soldiers also\n stole over 18,000 dollars from the Quarter Master (January\n 1, 1864). Despite these incidents, James Booker was\n offended when Confederate General Seth Maxwell Barton\n called the members of his brigade \"rags and thieves,\" since\n \"it is not healthy for him to gave honist people such a bad\n name because some men does wrong\" (January 1, 1864).","Morale Early in the war, James and John Booker seemed to\n believe that the South would defeat the North swiftly. They\n contended that the South had a stronger army, and they\n noted that Northerners \"dont unite like our people do,\"\n since the Democrats and the Republicans were at odds (James\n Booker, June 30, 1863). Soon their hope had begun to fade. Though James Booker\n longed to return home, by 1863 he no longer believed that\n the North and South would achieve a quick peace: \n \"I am a fread it will be a long time first if ever, I\n think the prosspect for peece is very gloomy now it dont\n look like eather side is make in any prepperration for\n Piece, thare are greater preperation for fighten than\n ever\" (September 23, 1863). John Booker was even more pessimistic, and\n certainly much more cynical, as he accused the Southern\n leadership of needlessly prolonging the war: \n \"I beleave that we mout have hud piece be fore this\n time if our head leaden men would would have tride\"\n (March 1, 1864). The Bookers, particularly John, felt that while Southern\n elites were making decisions that extended the war, the\n poor were actually fighting most of the battles and\n suffering the consequences of those decisions. Because the\n First Conscription Act allowed a drafted man to hire a\n \"substitute\" to serve his term in the army, wealthy men\n could evade service (Current, 396-99). This provision\n enraged many of the Confederate soldiers, who contended\n that it placed the burden of the war on those who could not\n afford to pay for a substitute. Not only did substitution\n fan class tensions, but it also failed to bring competent\n soldiers into the army. James Booker mentions that that the\n substitute for John Millner deserted, and many other\n substitutes did likewise (August 3, 1862). Some men even\n made a business of agreeing to substitute for one person,\n deserting, and then collecting money to substitute for\n someone else. Although James Booker did not get angry about\n the practice of substitution, he understood that it\n weakened the Confederate Army: \n \"I dont blame no man to put in a substitute if he\n can, tho I think if it is kept up much long er it will\n ruin our army\" (August 3, 1862). His brother John, however, was less tentative in\n condemning substitution: \n \"I say put every one on equal foottin for this is a\n rich mans war an a por mans fight, I be leave thare are\n some of the men that have but in substitute are dooen a\n great [d]eal of good but the most of them are doo en\n more harm than good they are just speculaten on the poor\n people, an soldiers\" (December 22, 1863). Further feeding John Booker's indignation was the\n distribution of furloughs. According to the First\n Conscription Act, a \"twelvemonth man\" was entitled to a\n sixty-day furlough each year, but neither Booker received a\n furlough during his time in the army (Current, 396-99).\n John Booker noted that while officers freely took furloughs\n themselves, the captain in charge of his company, John\n Herndon, was \"too lazy\" to give his exhausted men a break\n (Decemeber 22, 1863). As a result of the inequalities and inefficiencies of\n miltary adminstration, John Booker believed that soldiers\n should refuse to re-enlist. In his March 1, 1864 letter, he\n derides the miltary pagaent staged by Virginia Governor\n William \"Extra Billy\" Smith and Colonel Cabell in an\n attempt to persuade the men to re-enlist. After commanding\n the soldiers to line up, the Colonel ordered that the\n Colors (the flags of the regiment) be borne to the front\n and asked \"all who wer determen to be freemen to step out\n on the line with the cullars and all who wer willen to be\n slaves for thare enemyes to stand fast\" (March 1, 1864).\n Angry that he hadn't yet received a furlough, and convinced\n that re-enlisting would only encourage the Southern\n leadership to continue the war, John Booker rejected the\n Colonel's challenge that he re-enlist; two-thirds of the\n soldiers stood back with him. As he explains, \"I dideant\n inten to reinlist nor I wes not willen to be a Slave for my\n enemyes and I dident go on line with the reinlisted, and I\n dideant wish to bee in eather line\" (March 1, 1864).","Early in the war, James and John Booker seemed to\n believe that the South would defeat the North swiftly. They\n contended that the South had a stronger army, and they\n noted that Northerners \"dont unite like our people do,\"\n since the Democrats and the Republicans were at odds (James\n Booker, June 30, 1863).","Soon their hope had begun to fade. Though James Booker\n longed to return home, by 1863 he no longer believed that\n the North and South would achieve a quick peace: \n \"I am a fread it will be a long time first if ever, I\n think the prosspect for peece is very gloomy now it dont\n look like eather side is make in any prepperration for\n Piece, thare are greater preperation for fighten than\n ever\" (September 23, 1863). John Booker was even more pessimistic, and\n certainly much more cynical, as he accused the Southern\n leadership of needlessly prolonging the war: \n \"I beleave that we mout have hud piece be fore this\n time if our head leaden men would would have tride\"\n (March 1, 1864).","The Bookers, particularly John, felt that while Southern\n elites were making decisions that extended the war, the\n poor were actually fighting most of the battles and\n suffering the consequences of those decisions. Because the\n First Conscription Act allowed a drafted man to hire a\n \"substitute\" to serve his term in the army, wealthy men\n could evade service (Current, 396-99). This provision\n enraged many of the Confederate soldiers, who contended\n that it placed the burden of the war on those who could not\n afford to pay for a substitute. Not only did substitution\n fan class tensions, but it also failed to bring competent\n soldiers into the army. James Booker mentions that that the\n substitute for John Millner deserted, and many other\n substitutes did likewise (August 3, 1862). Some men even\n made a business of agreeing to substitute for one person,\n deserting, and then collecting money to substitute for\n someone else. Although James Booker did not get angry about\n the practice of substitution, he understood that it\n weakened the Confederate Army: \n \"I dont blame no man to put in a substitute if he\n can, tho I think if it is kept up much long er it will\n ruin our army\" (August 3, 1862).","His brother John, however, was less tentative in\n condemning substitution: \n \"I say put every one on equal foottin for this is a\n rich mans war an a por mans fight, I be leave thare are\n some of the men that have but in substitute are dooen a\n great [d]eal of good but the most of them are doo en\n more harm than good they are just speculaten on the poor\n people, an soldiers\" (December 22, 1863).","Further feeding John Booker's indignation was the\n distribution of furloughs. According to the First\n Conscription Act, a \"twelvemonth man\" was entitled to a\n sixty-day furlough each year, but neither Booker received a\n furlough during his time in the army (Current, 396-99).\n John Booker noted that while officers freely took furloughs\n themselves, the captain in charge of his company, John\n Herndon, was \"too lazy\" to give his exhausted men a break\n (Decemeber 22, 1863).","As a result of the inequalities and inefficiencies of\n miltary adminstration, John Booker believed that soldiers\n should refuse to re-enlist. In his March 1, 1864 letter, he\n derides the miltary pagaent staged by Virginia Governor\n William \"Extra Billy\" Smith and Colonel Cabell in an\n attempt to persuade the men to re-enlist. After commanding\n the soldiers to line up, the Colonel ordered that the\n Colors (the flags of the regiment) be borne to the front\n and asked \"all who wer determen to be freemen to step out\n on the line with the cullars and all who wer willen to be\n slaves for thare enemyes to stand fast\" (March 1, 1864).\n Angry that he hadn't yet received a furlough, and convinced\n that re-enlisting would only encourage the Southern\n leadership to continue the war, John Booker rejected the\n Colonel's challenge that he re-enlist; two-thirds of the\n soldiers stood back with him. As he explains, \"I dideant\n inten to reinlist nor I wes not willen to be a Slave for my\n enemyes and I dident go on line with the reinlisted, and I\n dideant wish to bee in eather line\" (March 1, 1864).","Religion Whereas John Booker responded to terrible conditions by\n getting angry, his brother James turned to religion as a\n way of making sense of his suffering and connecting with\n home. As he writes of his homesickness, James Booker\n occasionally expresses his desire to join his relatives at\n the religious revivals held at Mount Hermon Baptist Church\n near Danville, Virginia (August 3, 1862). But he reassures\n his cousin that revivals often take place in the camp and\n that many soldiers have been converted. According to James,\n a sense of gratitude in war-time motivates many of the men\n to convert: \"I think it is time for them to turn after\n being blesed so plainley as they have bin in the past\n battles\" (October 17, 1862). Likewise, James' faith seems\n to have strengthened him and given him hope of returning\n home, whether to Pittsylvania County or to Heaven. In a\n letter written on New Years Day of 1864, James includes two\n quotations about coming home to and through God. Quoting\n from the third stanza of \"Amazing Grace,\" James writes, \n Tis grace that brought me safe thus far And grace\n will lead me home. In March of 1864, however, James believed that he might\n not arrive home safely, at least not home to Pittsylvania,\n since the spring campaign would soon open and \"then we poor\n soldiers will see a hard time\" (March 16, 1864). But James\n embraced a spirit of Christian fatalism, contending that\n his life was in God's hands: \"If it is the will of [my]\n maker for me to be cut down in this war I dont ask to be\n spared for I beleave that he will do what is the best for\n me, thare is but few things that I would ask to stay in\n this trouble some world for\" (March 16, 1864). After\n writing this letter, James Booker lived for almost sixty\n more years, but his twin John died five months later of\n wounds he received at Drewry's Bluff.","Whereas John Booker responded to terrible conditions by\n getting angry, his brother James turned to religion as a\n way of making sense of his suffering and connecting with\n home. As he writes of his homesickness, James Booker\n occasionally expresses his desire to join his relatives at\n the religious revivals held at Mount Hermon Baptist Church\n near Danville, Virginia (August 3, 1862). But he reassures\n his cousin that revivals often take place in the camp and\n that many soldiers have been converted. According to James,\n a sense of gratitude in war-time motivates many of the men\n to convert: \"I think it is time for them to turn after\n being blesed so plainley as they have bin in the past\n battles\" (October 17, 1862). Likewise, James' faith seems\n to have strengthened him and given him hope of returning\n home, whether to Pittsylvania County or to Heaven. In a\n letter written on New Years Day of 1864, James includes two\n quotations about coming home to and through God. Quoting\n from the third stanza of \"Amazing Grace,\" James writes, \n Tis grace that brought me safe thus far And grace\n will lead me home.","In March of 1864, however, James believed that he might\n not arrive home safely, at least not home to Pittsylvania,\n since the spring campaign would soon open and \"then we poor\n soldiers will see a hard time\" (March 16, 1864). But James\n embraced a spirit of Christian fatalism, contending that\n his life was in God's hands: \"If it is the will of [my]\n maker for me to be cut down in this war I dont ask to be\n spared for I beleave that he will do what is the best for\n me, thare is but few things that I would ask to stay in\n this trouble some world for\" (March 16, 1864). After\n writing this letter, James Booker lived for almost sixty\n more years, but his twin John died five months later of\n wounds he received at Drewry's Bluff.","Optimistic at the beginning of the war, James\n Booker praises the \"elegant water,\" \"beautiful young\n Ladies,\" and \"most beautiful country\" he finds at the\n 38th's camp at Winchester. But he notes that one\n member of the regiment accidentally shot another\n member from his hometown and now feel terrible. He\n warns that \"cowardly boys\" who are avoiding service\n should beware, since they are likely to be drafted or\n made to put up breastworks. After salutations and\n greetings, James indicates where letters should be\n sent. A. Blair, a relative of James' and possibly\n Chloe Blair's brother, writes a short note to be\n included. Blair indicates that he is including a\n letter that \"brother William\" received from\n \"brother,\" who was expecting to go to Manassas. Blair\n finishes by saying that all are well.","James Booker complains of not hearing from his\n family. He mentions being too ill to serve and that\n he, consequently, works in the hospital. He talks\n about patients suffering from jaundice and yellow\n fever and mentions the poor health of James May, Hugh\n Norton and Josiah Burnett, as well as the death of\n Billy Pruett from eating \"too much beef liver.\" In\n spite of their complaints, he notes that the health\n of the men in camp is improving. He alludes to having\n received bad news from Texas, and then states that he\n will probably not come home as long as he is healthy\n or until peace is declared. The postscript states\n that James will try to send for things via any\n returning soldiers.","James Booker reports that his company is healthier\n than it has been for some time. He has heard about\n fighting at Falls Church the day before, and reports\n a conversation with a man from the Danville Grays,\n who told him that the Yankees are within four miles\n of his company at Fairfax Court House. From this\n information, James Booker predicts that a \"hard\n battle\" will soon take place. He mentions getting a\n letter from Addie (perhaps Drury Addison Blair),\n whose condition is improving.","This letter is a reply to one or more letters that\n James had received from his cousin and \"sweethearts\"\n a few days earlier. He has just heard that his\n regiment is about to move into their winter quarters\n in Gainesville. He will join it when the winter\n quarters are ready. Meanwhile, the work in his\n current quarters is lighter and the pay better. He\n believes the fighting in Centreville will not\n continue past winter. He mentions meeting a man who\n had been captured by the Union and who was recently\n released. According to this man, there are 60,000\n sick Yankees in Washington. He also adds that he has\n heard that two men in Centreville were shot for\n trying to kill their commanding officer. James closes\n the letter by asking to be remembered to cousin Eliza\n Ann Williams and to all the \"ladies\" at Christmas\n time.","Writing from the company's winter quarters near\n the battlefield of First Manassas, John Booker\n describes his brother James' sickness, which has left\n him weak and without an appetite. Other soldiers,\n including Nathaniel Robertson and Neal Gilbert, have\n struggled with illness; one, Josiah Burnett, has\n died. Booker ends his letter by expressing his\n pleasure at having received his cousin Unity's letter\n and apologizing that his brother James was unable to\n write.","James Booker explains why he has been so long in\n answering Unity's latest letters, stating that he has\n been in hospital, too ill to write. He had hoped to\n come home on furlough, but has been separated from\n his regiment and could not obtain leave. He asks that\n Unity write to him with the location of his regiment.\n He also complains about the quality of the food and\n mentions seeing many acquaintances on their way to\n the front. He closes by asking his cousin to direct\n her replies to Greaner's Hospital, care of Surgeon R.\n G. Banks.","James Booker writes to inform his cousin of the\n location of his regiment. He indicates that they have\n been shot at but infrequently hit. He mentions that a\n man named Tucker, who was wounded in the chin, was\n the only man from his regiment (he was attached to\n Captain Carter's Company F) to have been shot. He\n also notes that many men, mainly Yankees, were killed\n at last Wednesday's battle and that this evening the\n Yankees flew a truce flag in order to safely bury\n their dead. He feels that, because the best of both\n armies are here, the war will be settled here. He\n closes by asking that Unity write soon, and direct\n her letters to him at Yorktown. He also asks her to\n notify \"sister Mary\" that Pickney has not yet\n arrived.","John Booker describes a new posting and notes\n that, since leaving the Orange Court House, the\n troops are living without tents. They stay in the\n entrenchments every other day and night, and are\n under constant bombardment by the Yankees. He\n mentions that there is a good deal of sickness and\n many are being wounded. Also, he notes that they have\n elected officers for the next two years. John closes\n by asking Unity to direct her letter to him at\n Yorktown.","James begins by apologizing for the tardiness of\n his letter: he explains that he has been ill. He then\n discusses the practice of substitution (arranging for\n a replacement in the army), concluding that it is\n having a bad effect on the Confederate Army. He also\n discusses his work assignment and his health. In a\n separate letter on the same paper, John tells his\n cousin about his cold and sore throat. He also states\n that there is currently no fighting, but he can hear\n the Yankees firing cannonade \"down on the river.\"","James Booker writes that he and his brother John\n are in good health. They have been marching hard but\n usually have not gotten enough to eat. Booker reports\n that the general feeling in the camp is that peace\n will come soon. Four sick conscripts have arrived\n (and are named). James complains of having to march\n in wet clothing after crossing bridge-less streams.\n He also notes that the sick and wounded have been\n ordered from Winchester to Staunton and thinks that\n everyone else will be going to Richmond soon. James\n looks forward to going there since he has not heard\n from home since leaving Richmond. He greets other\n family members and mentions that John will write\n soon.","Claiming that he would be able to \"stand\" being a\n soldier if he received enough to eat, James Booker\n notes that recently the supply of food has been\n adequate, but that the men have not gotten enough\n salt. James Booker notes the illnesses of two men in\n camp, Bage Pritchett and John Hundley. He compares\n the entrepreneurship of the Yankees with the more\n whimsical quality of the Quakers' mercantilism and\n notes the use of Confederate money and specie to buy\n provisions. He also describes a month-long religious\n revival meeting underway in camp.","After reporting that he and his brother John are\n well, James Booker writes that the company has been\n marching for the past four days and has finally\n arrived at its camp near Fredericksburg. Many Union\n soldiers are nearby, and he predicts that the Union\n troops will soon begin shelling the Confederates. He\n expects a \"hard\" battle to commence soon.","Writing on the Sabbath, James Booker tells his\n cousin that both he and his brother are well. The\n members of Company D marched for the past ten days,\n and they expect to march again the next day, since\n they are following the movements of the Union troops.\n A few days previously, the Union had surprised the\n Confederate cavalry, but the Confederates managed to\n drive their enemies across the river and take several\n hundred prisoners. Complaining that \"the Yankees is\n getting too mean to live,\" James Booker writes that\n they steal and destroy Southern property, such as\n meat, corn, and horses. He notes, \"I still live in\n hope of peace soon though I may not live to see it.\"\n He observes that at a \"very interesting\" camp meeting\n several men, including Captain Herndon, were\n converted.","James Booker reports that he and his brother John\n are well. He mentions that local residents seem\n fearful of the army and that General Robert E. Lee\n has ordered his troops to respect private property.\n He describes the flourishing condition of\n Pennsylvania farms, noting that this part of the\n country has not yet felt the effects of the war.\n James perceives disunity in the people's attitude\n toward the war, comments on the abolitionists'\n motives, and mentions that he is boarding at a\n private house for free in return for guarding the\n owner's property. He closes by asking that Unity\n write soon, for he the last letter he received was\n dated the 13th.","Writing a few days after Gettysburg, James Booker\n describes the heavy losses suffered by his division\n during Pickett's Charge; most of the regiment's\n officers and many of the enlisted men were killed,\n wounded, or captured during the assault. James and\n John Booker escaped harm, though they were nearly\n taken prisoner by the Union forces. His division has\n been assigned to escort 5000-6000 Union prisoners to\n the South. He reports hearing daily of small battles\n and expects another major battle imminently, although\n he does not expect his division to be involved\n because it is on guard in Williamsport, a city where\n most of the citizens appear to favor the North.","John Booker writes that he is happy that Chloe\n enjoyed the revival meeting at Hermon (perhaps the\n Mount Hermon Baptist Church near Danville), then\n notes that there is \"good preaching\" at the camp. He\n contends that \"the prosspect for peece is very gloomy\n now,\" given that both sides are preparing for war\n with more intensity than ever. He reports that,\n despite rumors, Pickett's division will remain in\n Virginia. The troops are elated at this news, even\n though they have little more to do than guard camp\n and drill three times a day. In a postscript, James\n Booker asks Chloe Unity Blair to send his letter to\n his sister soon.","Apparently upset that he did not receive a\n furlough, James Booker wishes for the warmth and\n comforts of home, writing, \"there is none of them\n that knows how to appreciate a blessing until they\n are deprived of it.\" Still, he admits, in wartime he\n should find satisfaction simply in having enough to\n eat and enjoying good health; but he cannot be\n satisfied when speculators sell food to women and\n children at inflated prices. He observes that the\n married soldiers have sent for their wives and were\n boarding them at the homes of local citizens. He\n observes that General Corse's Brigade had been at the\n camp near Petersburg, but that they were sent to\n Tennessee. He also mentions writing to his sister\n Mary, telling her that he did not need clothing, as\n he received the box that \"you all\" sent him. The\n letter closes with a one-page postscript stating that\n John made a potato pie, and Cousin Tom ate with the\n two of them. He sends his regards to Cousin Pollie\n Ann and mentions that Cousin William Blair and Luther\n are stationed nearby but will be leaving for\n Chatanooga, Tennessee, within the next two days. He\n closes asking for Unity to return his \"soldier\n likeness\" to him so he can exchange it for a new\n one.","After observing that letters from home bring him\n great pleasure, John Booker chastises his cousin for\n not writing sooner. He notes that \"Flem\" Gregory has\n been ill, but is recuperating. Then he launches into\n a complaint that energizes the letter: Captain John\n Herndon is too \"lazy\" to grant the soldiers in his\n company furloughs, even though it is Christmas time,\n and even though the men are not doing anything, not\n even picket duty. So discontented are the soldiers\n that many say they will not re-enlist. John Booker\n claims that he opposes desertion, but that the\n wealthier men who paid substitutes to serve in the\n army should have to join, while veteran soldiers\n should receive furloughs. Angered at the inequality,\n John exclaims, \"this is a rich mans war an a poor\n mans fight.\" He ends his letter by observing that\n Memory Inman, another member of the D Company, is\n heading home to get married.","Booker reports that although his regiment had\n begun to march to meet the Yankees in battle, the\n Union had attacked --and been defeated by --another\n group of Confederate soldiers thirty-five miles away.\n He reports that the winter has been fairly pleasant\n and that food is cheap and plentiful. Despite such\n abundance, he notes, soldiers have been stealing food\n from local residents. He mentions a serious theft of\n $18,000 from the Quarter Master; soldiers are\n suspected of the deed. James expresses concern over\n General Barton's attitude towards the Regiment.\n (Barton has said his men come from \"rags and\n thieves.\") James complains that after three years of\n service he has still not received a furlough. He\n closes the letter with a stanza from \"Amazing\n Grace.\"","John Booker describes the attempt by Virginia\n Governor William \"Extra Billy\" Smith and Colonel\n [Joseph Robert] Cabell to make the men of the 38th\n Regiment re-enlist. He deplores the strategies they\n used: calling the men to stand before the \"Colors,\"\n declaring that any man who wanted to be a slave to\n the enemy should not re-enlist. John fears that his\n leaders want to continue to fight at all costs,\n rather than press for peace; and as long as men\n re-enlist the war will go on. John also expresses his\n dissatisfaction with the administration of the\n Regiment: only the men who re-enlist are granted\n furloughs, and John has still not received the\n furlough owed to him in 1862. He mentions that the\n two new recrutes to Company D are receiving their\n furloughs ahead of him. Changing the subject, John\n writes of nearby Union activity and says that they\n have been expecting a raid. Finally, he writes of\n Memory Inman's court martial and Captain John\n Herndon's marriage. He closes the letter by\n apologizing for its angry tone, writing, \"I have bin\n mad all day.\"","James Booker informs his cousin of his and his\n brother's good health. He discusses the treatment of\n prisoners of war, the unavailability of certain types\n of foodstuffs and the deprivations of civilians due\n to the war. He further comments on the weather and\n his coming duty in the field. He laments the lack of\n correspondence from home and closes his\n correspondence with salutations and wishes for his\n family's good health He apologizes for his poor\n writing, attributing it to having to finish the\n letter by firelight.","James Booker replies to Unity's letters of the\n 17th and 24th. He mentions that his company has been\n fishing about 20 miles away and that the Yankees are\n getting closer and are expected to drive the men out\n of the fishery. He states that the Yankees are\n believed to be heading for Richmond. James hopes that\n \"this cruel war\" may end soon and \"in our favor.\" He\n closes with a quotation from \n 1 John . The postscript,\n written on April 30th, states that the rumor that the\n Yankees are coming may be false."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eSee the \n \u003cextref type=\"simple\" href=\"https://www.library.virginia.edu/policies/use-of-materials\"\u003e\n University of Virginia Library’s use policy.\u003c/extref\u003e\n \u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions"],"userestrict_tesim":["See the \n \n University of Virginia Library’s use policy."],"physloc_html_tesm":["\u003cphysloc/\u003e"],"physloc_tesim":[""],"names_ssim":["University of Virginia. Library. Special\n Collections Dept.","Company D, 38th Virginia Regiment, Infantry (also\n known as \"the Whitmell Guards\").","Chimborazo Hospital","John Booker (1797-1859)","Nancy Blair Reynolds Booker\n (1796-1859)","Martha Ann Fulton (?-1923)","John Booker (1840-1864)","James Booker (1840-1923)","Chloe Unity Blair (1839-1875)"],"corpname_ssim":["University of Virginia. Library. Special\n Collections Dept.","Company D, 38th Virginia Regiment, Infantry (also\n known as \"the Whitmell Guards\").","Chimborazo Hospital"],"persname_ssim":["John Booker (1797-1859)","Nancy Blair Reynolds Booker\n (1796-1859)","Martha Ann Fulton (?-1923)","John Booker (1840-1864)","James Booker (1840-1923)","Chloe Unity Blair (1839-1875)"],"language_ssim":["English"],"total_component_count_is":23,"online_item_count_is":22,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-21T13:07:18.853Z","scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cscopecontent\u003e\n \u003chead\u003eScope and Content\u003c/head\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThis collection consists of ca. twenty-six items,\n 1861-1864, chiefly the letters of \n \u003cpersname\u003eJohn Booker (1840-1864)\u003c/persname\u003eand \n \u003cpersname\u003eJames Booker (1840-1923)\u003c/persname\u003eof \n \u003cgeogname\u003ePittsylvania County, Virginia,\u003c/geogname\u003eto their\n cousin, \n \u003cpersname\u003eChloe Unity Blair (1839-1875)\u003c/persname\u003e;\n electrostatic copies of Bible records for the Booker and\n Blair families; and electrostatic copies of typed\n transcripts of the letters. The original bound volume of\n the transcripts was returned to the donor.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/scopecontent\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis collection consists of ca. twenty-six items,\n 1861-1864, chiefly the letters of \n \u003cpersname\u003eJohn Booker (1840-1864)\u003c/persname\u003eand \n \u003cpersname\u003eJames Booker (1840-1923)\u003c/persname\u003eof \n \u003cgeogname\u003ePittsylvania County, Virginia,\u003c/geogname\u003eto their\n cousin, \n \u003cpersname\u003eChloe Unity Blair (1839-1875)\u003c/persname\u003e;\n electrostatic copies of Bible records for the Booker and\n Blair families; and electrostatic copies of typed\n transcripts of the letters. The original bound volume of\n the transcripts was returned to the donor.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cscopecontent\u003e\n \u003chead\u003eOverview of Themes Discussed in the Letters\u003c/head\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe letters of James and John Booker give a sense of\n what life was like for an ordinary soldier serving in the\n Confederate army. Of course, the Bookers depict the drama\n of battle --describing gunfire and cannonades, listing the\n dead and wounded, and giving thanks for their own escapes\n from death or imprisonment--but the letters are more\n concerned with the rhythms of everyday life at camp. The\n Bookers worry over their health and their comrades'; enjoy\n the plenty or (more often) lament the lack of food and\n supplies; report on the interactions between civilians and\n soldiers; and describe religious revivals held at the camp.\n As the war goes on, the Bookers begin to articulate with\n more intensity not only what happens to them, but how they\n feel about it. Whereas John fumes against the elites\n (officers, politicians, and the wealthy) for evading their\n responsibilities and mistreating the common soldier, James\n grows more fatalistic and religious, trusting that his\n suffering is God's will.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/scopecontent\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe letters of James and John Booker give a sense of\n what life was like for an ordinary soldier serving in the\n Confederate army. Of course, the Bookers depict the drama\n of battle --describing gunfire and cannonades, listing the\n dead and wounded, and giving thanks for their own escapes\n from death or imprisonment--but the letters are more\n concerned with the rhythms of everyday life at camp. The\n Bookers worry over their health and their comrades'; enjoy\n the plenty or (more often) lament the lack of food and\n supplies; report on the interactions between civilians and\n soldiers; and describe religious revivals held at the camp.\n As the war goes on, the Bookers begin to articulate with\n more intensity not only what happens to them, but how they\n feel about it. Whereas John fumes against the elites\n (officers, politicians, and the wealthy) for evading their\n responsibilities and mistreating the common soldier, James\n grows more fatalistic and religious, trusting that his\n suffering is God's will.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cscopecontent\u003e\n \u003chead\u003ePreparing for Battle\u003c/head\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe members of the 38th Virginia spent much of their\n time drilling, marching, serving picket duty, and\n speculating about when and where the next battle would be.\n Indeed, the Bookers seem to devote more energy to\n anticipating battles than to describing them (perhaps\n because they did not want to upset their cousin). They\n acquired much of the information that fueled their\n speculations from gossipping with citizens and other\n soldiers. In a letter from 1861, for instance, James Booker\n predicts that a \"hard battle\" will break out soon, basing\n his prediction on a conversation he had with a soldier\n whose company is located closer to the front (October 8).\n Sometimes more immediate experiences led the Bookers to\n forecast a battle, especially when they could see Union\n troops or hear cannonades and gunfire nearby. Writing from\n a rain-soaked outpost near Yorktown, Virginia in 1862, for\n instance, James reports that the Union forces have been\n \"shooting at our men constantly tho it is very cildom thay\n hit eny of them\" (April 19). He predicts that soon a battle\n will occur that will decide the war, since he has heard\n that Yankee prisoners \"say that thay have got to whip or\n die here\" (April 19, 1862). But in this prediction, as in\n others, James was disappointed. As the war dragged on, the\n Bookers stopped assuming that it would reach a speedy\n conclusion; indeed, by 1864 John came to the conclusion\n that the \"leaden men\" were not really interested in\n achieving peace (March 1, 1864).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAlthough the Bookers participated in several battles and\n skirmishes, the most devastating battle for their regiment\n was Gettysburg (see the section on Regimental History for a\n complete list of the engagements that the 38th took part\n in). While participating in Pickett's Charge, the 38th\n Virginia lost Colonel Edmonds, whom James Booker describes\n as \"one of the best men in service,\" and many other\n officers and soldiers (July 11, 1863). The Booker brothers\n themselves had to scramble to avoid being captured by Union\n troops; several of their companions, however, \"let the\n Yankees take them\" (John Booker, July 11, 1863).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNot only were the Bookers shocked by their experiences\n in battle, but by chilling events that upset camp routines.\n In the first weeks of the war, James Booker reports, a\n young man accidentally shot another soldier from his\n hometown and now is \"about to grieve himself to death about\n it\" (July 14, 1861). But James passes on an even more\n shocking story in a later letter: two soldiers were caught\n conspiring to kill their commanding officer and were\n executed. In an attempt to \"save their souls,\" the\n condemned soldiers \"gave the Roman Catholic Priest 25\n dollars apiece\" (December 15, 1861).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/scopecontent\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe members of the 38th Virginia spent much of their\n time drilling, marching, serving picket duty, and\n speculating about when and where the next battle would be.\n Indeed, the Bookers seem to devote more energy to\n anticipating battles than to describing them (perhaps\n because they did not want to upset their cousin). They\n acquired much of the information that fueled their\n speculations from gossipping with citizens and other\n soldiers. In a letter from 1861, for instance, James Booker\n predicts that a \"hard battle\" will break out soon, basing\n his prediction on a conversation he had with a soldier\n whose company is located closer to the front (October 8).\n Sometimes more immediate experiences led the Bookers to\n forecast a battle, especially when they could see Union\n troops or hear cannonades and gunfire nearby. Writing from\n a rain-soaked outpost near Yorktown, Virginia in 1862, for\n instance, James reports that the Union forces have been\n \"shooting at our men constantly tho it is very cildom thay\n hit eny of them\" (April 19). He predicts that soon a battle\n will occur that will decide the war, since he has heard\n that Yankee prisoners \"say that thay have got to whip or\n die here\" (April 19, 1862). But in this prediction, as in\n others, James was disappointed. As the war dragged on, the\n Bookers stopped assuming that it would reach a speedy\n conclusion; indeed, by 1864 John came to the conclusion\n that the \"leaden men\" were not really interested in\n achieving peace (March 1, 1864).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAlthough the Bookers participated in several battles and\n skirmishes, the most devastating battle for their regiment\n was Gettysburg (see the section on Regimental History for a\n complete list of the engagements that the 38th took part\n in). While participating in Pickett's Charge, the 38th\n Virginia lost Colonel Edmonds, whom James Booker describes\n as \"one of the best men in service,\" and many other\n officers and soldiers (July 11, 1863). The Booker brothers\n themselves had to scramble to avoid being captured by Union\n troops; several of their companions, however, \"let the\n Yankees take them\" (John Booker, July 11, 1863).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eNot only were the Bookers shocked by their experiences\n in battle, but by chilling events that upset camp routines.\n In the first weeks of the war, James Booker reports, a\n young man accidentally shot another soldier from his\n hometown and now is \"about to grieve himself to death about\n it\" (July 14, 1861). But James passes on an even more\n shocking story in a later letter: two soldiers were caught\n conspiring to kill their commanding officer and were\n executed. In an attempt to \"save their souls,\" the\n condemned soldiers \"gave the Roman Catholic Priest 25\n dollars apiece\" (December 15, 1861).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cscopecontent\u003e\n \u003chead\u003eHealth\u003c/head\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMore explainable than violence in the camps, but\n ultimately more destructive, was disease. Illness and\n disease killed two-thirds of the Southern soldiers who died\n during the Civil War, so not surprisingly the Bookers often\n detail the health problems that they and their fellow\n soldiers were suffering (Robertson 88-89). These ailments\n include jaundice, typhoid, stomach disorders, fever, and\n mumps. The Bookers imply that much of the illness is due to\n the conditions the soldiers must face; sometimes the\n soldiers lacked adequate shelter, at times they would have\n to wade rivers and then march miles wearing wet clothing,\n and often they lacked adequate provisions (John Booker,\n April 29, 1862). Although sick soldiers were typically sent\n to the hospital, the men also took care of each other. In\n the fall of 1861, James and John Booker, apparently just\n recovering from sickness themselves, were responsible for\n nursing three members of their company (James Booker,\n September 6). Several months later, James Booker fell sick\n with chronic diarrhea and was sent to Greaner's Hospital in\n Richmond to recuperate. While in the hospital, Booker was\n stuck in a Catch-22: he wanted to get a furlough so that he\n could recover his health at home, but he did not know where\n his company was, so he could not get the permission of his\n commanding officer to return to Pittsylvania. Eventually\n James re-joined his company, but he did not receive the\n furlough that he wished for.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/scopecontent\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMore explainable than violence in the camps, but\n ultimately more destructive, was disease. Illness and\n disease killed two-thirds of the Southern soldiers who died\n during the Civil War, so not surprisingly the Bookers often\n detail the health problems that they and their fellow\n soldiers were suffering (Robertson 88-89). These ailments\n include jaundice, typhoid, stomach disorders, fever, and\n mumps. The Bookers imply that much of the illness is due to\n the conditions the soldiers must face; sometimes the\n soldiers lacked adequate shelter, at times they would have\n to wade rivers and then march miles wearing wet clothing,\n and often they lacked adequate provisions (John Booker,\n April 29, 1862). Although sick soldiers were typically sent\n to the hospital, the men also took care of each other. In\n the fall of 1861, James and John Booker, apparently just\n recovering from sickness themselves, were responsible for\n nursing three members of their company (James Booker,\n September 6). Several months later, James Booker fell sick\n with chronic diarrhea and was sent to Greaner's Hospital in\n Richmond to recuperate. While in the hospital, Booker was\n stuck in a Catch-22: he wanted to get a furlough so that he\n could recover his health at home, but he did not know where\n his company was, so he could not get the permission of his\n commanding officer to return to Pittsylvania. Eventually\n James re-joined his company, but he did not receive the\n furlough that he wished for.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cscopecontent\u003e\n \u003chead\u003eFood and Supplies\u003c/head\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAlthough in his first letter James Booker claims that\n the soldiers get \"plenty of good pervision,\" the Bookers\n later complained that they often didn't get enough to eat\n (July 14, 1861). As James writes in 1862, \"the rations has\n bin very scanty a large portion of the time sence we have\n bin marching\" (September 30). But sometimes the 38th\n Virginia did enjoy plentiful supplies, particularly when\n they camped in locations where food was abundant. When the\n 38th Virginia arrived near Chambersburg, Pennsylvania, for\n instance, James Booker reported that \"we can get plenty of\n milk \u0026amp; butter and apple butter that is verry good\"\n (June 30, 1863). Often civilians would supply soldiers with\n food, whether because they feared or supported the\n troops.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/scopecontent\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAlthough in his first letter James Booker claims that\n the soldiers get \"plenty of good pervision,\" the Bookers\n later complained that they often didn't get enough to eat\n (July 14, 1861). As James writes in 1862, \"the rations has\n bin very scanty a large portion of the time sence we have\n bin marching\" (September 30). But sometimes the 38th\n Virginia did enjoy plentiful supplies, particularly when\n they camped in locations where food was abundant. When the\n 38th Virginia arrived near Chambersburg, Pennsylvania, for\n instance, James Booker reported that \"we can get plenty of\n milk \u0026amp; butter and apple butter that is verry good\"\n (June 30, 1863). Often civilians would supply soldiers with\n food, whether because they feared or supported the\n troops.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cscopecontent\u003e\n \u003chead\u003eInteractions with Civilians\u003c/head\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThroughout the letters, the Bookers demonstrate their\n consciousness of the effect the war is having on the\n civilians. At the beginning of the war, James Booker\n describes the friendly exchanges between Southern soldiers\n and civilians, reporting gleefully from a camp near\n Winchester that the men have \"a fine chance of beautiful\n young Ladies, and the kindest that I ever saw\" (July 14,\n 1861). Besides providing moral support, Southern civilians\n would exchange information about the war with the\n Confederate troops (James Booker, November 24, 1862). Both\n Southern and Northern civilians would sell or give supplies\n to Confederate troops. Writing from Winchester, Virginia in\n 1862, James Booker even claims that he prefers Yankees to\n Quakers, since \"the Yankees will sell us eny thing cheap\n for the specia\" while \"the quakers will sell any thing thay\n have got when the spirit moves them, tho we cant catch them\n rite half our time\" (James Booker, October 17, 1862).\n Likewise, in Fredericksburg, Pennsylvania, the Yankee\n citizens treated the Confederate soldiers \"verry kind,\"\n providing them food without charging them for it, though\n James suggests that \"it is don through fear\" (June 30,\n 1863). While in Fredericksburg, James enjoyed a mutually\n supportive relationship with a local civilian, guarding his\n home in exchange for lodging.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAlthough civilians and soldiers often cooperated with\n each other, the Bookers realized that the war was damaging\n the lives of those not directly involved in the fighting.\n In particular, James argues, citizens who live near the\n \"line of the enemy\" \"have great deal to see trouble about\"\n (June 14, 1863). Even those areas not yet scarred by the\n war would soon be, James predicts. As he says of\n Fredericksburg, Pennsylvania,\"this is a verry flourishing\n looking Country the crops all look fine. it has never felt\n the affect of the war, though I guess if we stay here long\n it will feel the affect of it\" (June 30, 1863). James\n especially blames Northern soldiers for looting the homes\n of Southern citizens, claiming that \"the yankees is geting\n too mean to live\" (June 14, 1863). But he admits that some\n Confederate soldiers likewise have stolen from citizens,\n disobeying General Lee's orders. Indeed, one woman stormed\n into the Confederate camp near Kinston, North Carolina,\n hoping to recover a skillet of soup that had been stolen\n (June 30, 1863; January 1, 1864). Confederate soldiers also\n stole over 18,000 dollars from the Quarter Master (January\n 1, 1864). Despite these incidents, James Booker was\n offended when Confederate General Seth Maxwell Barton\n called the members of his brigade \"rags and thieves,\" since\n \"it is not healthy for him to gave honist people such a bad\n name because some men does wrong\" (January 1, 1864).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/scopecontent\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThroughout the letters, the Bookers demonstrate their\n consciousness of the effect the war is having on the\n civilians. At the beginning of the war, James Booker\n describes the friendly exchanges between Southern soldiers\n and civilians, reporting gleefully from a camp near\n Winchester that the men have \"a fine chance of beautiful\n young Ladies, and the kindest that I ever saw\" (July 14,\n 1861). Besides providing moral support, Southern civilians\n would exchange information about the war with the\n Confederate troops (James Booker, November 24, 1862). Both\n Southern and Northern civilians would sell or give supplies\n to Confederate troops. Writing from Winchester, Virginia in\n 1862, James Booker even claims that he prefers Yankees to\n Quakers, since \"the Yankees will sell us eny thing cheap\n for the specia\" while \"the quakers will sell any thing thay\n have got when the spirit moves them, tho we cant catch them\n rite half our time\" (James Booker, October 17, 1862).\n Likewise, in Fredericksburg, Pennsylvania, the Yankee\n citizens treated the Confederate soldiers \"verry kind,\"\n providing them food without charging them for it, though\n James suggests that \"it is don through fear\" (June 30,\n 1863). While in Fredericksburg, James enjoyed a mutually\n supportive relationship with a local civilian, guarding his\n home in exchange for lodging.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAlthough civilians and soldiers often cooperated with\n each other, the Bookers realized that the war was damaging\n the lives of those not directly involved in the fighting.\n In particular, James argues, citizens who live near the\n \"line of the enemy\" \"have great deal to see trouble about\"\n (June 14, 1863). Even those areas not yet scarred by the\n war would soon be, James predicts. As he says of\n Fredericksburg, Pennsylvania,\"this is a verry flourishing\n looking Country the crops all look fine. it has never felt\n the affect of the war, though I guess if we stay here long\n it will feel the affect of it\" (June 30, 1863). James\n especially blames Northern soldiers for looting the homes\n of Southern citizens, claiming that \"the yankees is geting\n too mean to live\" (June 14, 1863). But he admits that some\n Confederate soldiers likewise have stolen from citizens,\n disobeying General Lee's orders. Indeed, one woman stormed\n into the Confederate camp near Kinston, North Carolina,\n hoping to recover a skillet of soup that had been stolen\n (June 30, 1863; January 1, 1864). Confederate soldiers also\n stole over 18,000 dollars from the Quarter Master (January\n 1, 1864). Despite these incidents, James Booker was\n offended when Confederate General Seth Maxwell Barton\n called the members of his brigade \"rags and thieves,\" since\n \"it is not healthy for him to gave honist people such a bad\n name because some men does wrong\" (January 1, 1864).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cscopecontent\u003e\n \u003chead\u003eMorale\u003c/head\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEarly in the war, James and John Booker seemed to\n believe that the South would defeat the North swiftly. They\n contended that the South had a stronger army, and they\n noted that Northerners \"dont unite like our people do,\"\n since the Democrats and the Republicans were at odds (James\n Booker, June 30, 1863).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSoon their hope had begun to fade. Though James Booker\n longed to return home, by 1863 he no longer believed that\n the North and South would achieve a quick peace: \n \u003cblockquote\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\"I am a fread it will be a long time first if ever, I\n think the prosspect for peece is very gloomy now it dont\n look like eather side is make in any prepperration for\n Piece, thare are greater preperation for fighten than\n ever\" (September 23, 1863).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/blockquote\u003eJohn Booker was even more pessimistic, and\n certainly much more cynical, as he accused the Southern\n leadership of needlessly prolonging the war: \n \u003cblockquote\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\"I beleave that we mout have hud piece be fore this\n time if our head leaden men would would have tride\"\n (March 1, 1864).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/blockquote\u003e\n \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe Bookers, particularly John, felt that while Southern\n elites were making decisions that extended the war, the\n poor were actually fighting most of the battles and\n suffering the consequences of those decisions. Because the\n First Conscription Act allowed a drafted man to hire a\n \"substitute\" to serve his term in the army, wealthy men\n could evade service (Current, 396-99). This provision\n enraged many of the Confederate soldiers, who contended\n that it placed the burden of the war on those who could not\n afford to pay for a substitute. Not only did substitution\n fan class tensions, but it also failed to bring competent\n soldiers into the army. James Booker mentions that that the\n substitute for John Millner deserted, and many other\n substitutes did likewise (August 3, 1862). Some men even\n made a business of agreeing to substitute for one person,\n deserting, and then collecting money to substitute for\n someone else. Although James Booker did not get angry about\n the practice of substitution, he understood that it\n weakened the Confederate Army: \n \u003cblockquote\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\"I dont blame no man to put in a substitute if he\n can, tho I think if it is kept up much long er it will\n ruin our army\" (August 3, 1862).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/blockquote\u003e\n \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHis brother John, however, was less tentative in\n condemning substitution: \n \u003cblockquote\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\"I say put every one on equal foottin for this is a\n rich mans war an a por mans fight, I be leave thare are\n some of the men that have but in substitute are dooen a\n great [d]eal of good but the most of them are doo en\n more harm than good they are just speculaten on the poor\n people, an soldiers\" (December 22, 1863).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/blockquote\u003e\n \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFurther feeding John Booker's indignation was the\n distribution of furloughs. According to the First\n Conscription Act, a \"twelvemonth man\" was entitled to a\n sixty-day furlough each year, but neither Booker received a\n furlough during his time in the army (Current, 396-99).\n John Booker noted that while officers freely took furloughs\n themselves, the captain in charge of his company, John\n Herndon, was \"too lazy\" to give his exhausted men a break\n (Decemeber 22, 1863).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAs a result of the inequalities and inefficiencies of\n miltary adminstration, John Booker believed that soldiers\n should refuse to re-enlist. In his March 1, 1864 letter, he\n derides the miltary pagaent staged by Virginia Governor\n William \"Extra Billy\" Smith and Colonel Cabell in an\n attempt to persuade the men to re-enlist. After commanding\n the soldiers to line up, the Colonel ordered that the\n Colors (the flags of the regiment) be borne to the front\n and asked \"all who wer determen to be freemen to step out\n on the line with the cullars and all who wer willen to be\n slaves for thare enemyes to stand fast\" (March 1, 1864).\n Angry that he hadn't yet received a furlough, and convinced\n that re-enlisting would only encourage the Southern\n leadership to continue the war, John Booker rejected the\n Colonel's challenge that he re-enlist; two-thirds of the\n soldiers stood back with him. As he explains, \"I dideant\n inten to reinlist nor I wes not willen to be a Slave for my\n enemyes and I dident go on line with the reinlisted, and I\n dideant wish to bee in eather line\" (March 1, 1864).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/scopecontent\u003e","\u003cp\u003eEarly in the war, James and John Booker seemed to\n believe that the South would defeat the North swiftly. They\n contended that the South had a stronger army, and they\n noted that Northerners \"dont unite like our people do,\"\n since the Democrats and the Republicans were at odds (James\n Booker, June 30, 1863).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSoon their hope had begun to fade. Though James Booker\n longed to return home, by 1863 he no longer believed that\n the North and South would achieve a quick peace: \n \u003cblockquote\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\"I am a fread it will be a long time first if ever, I\n think the prosspect for peece is very gloomy now it dont\n look like eather side is make in any prepperration for\n Piece, thare are greater preperation for fighten than\n ever\" (September 23, 1863).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/blockquote\u003eJohn Booker was even more pessimistic, and\n certainly much more cynical, as he accused the Southern\n leadership of needlessly prolonging the war: \n \u003cblockquote\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\"I beleave that we mout have hud piece be fore this\n time if our head leaden men would would have tride\"\n (March 1, 1864).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/blockquote\u003e\n \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe Bookers, particularly John, felt that while Southern\n elites were making decisions that extended the war, the\n poor were actually fighting most of the battles and\n suffering the consequences of those decisions. Because the\n First Conscription Act allowed a drafted man to hire a\n \"substitute\" to serve his term in the army, wealthy men\n could evade service (Current, 396-99). This provision\n enraged many of the Confederate soldiers, who contended\n that it placed the burden of the war on those who could not\n afford to pay for a substitute. Not only did substitution\n fan class tensions, but it also failed to bring competent\n soldiers into the army. James Booker mentions that that the\n substitute for John Millner deserted, and many other\n substitutes did likewise (August 3, 1862). Some men even\n made a business of agreeing to substitute for one person,\n deserting, and then collecting money to substitute for\n someone else. Although James Booker did not get angry about\n the practice of substitution, he understood that it\n weakened the Confederate Army: \n \u003cblockquote\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\"I dont blame no man to put in a substitute if he\n can, tho I think if it is kept up much long er it will\n ruin our army\" (August 3, 1862).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/blockquote\u003e\n \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHis brother John, however, was less tentative in\n condemning substitution: \n \u003cblockquote\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\"I say put every one on equal foottin for this is a\n rich mans war an a por mans fight, I be leave thare are\n some of the men that have but in substitute are dooen a\n great [d]eal of good but the most of them are doo en\n more harm than good they are just speculaten on the poor\n people, an soldiers\" (December 22, 1863).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/blockquote\u003e\n \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFurther feeding John Booker's indignation was the\n distribution of furloughs. According to the First\n Conscription Act, a \"twelvemonth man\" was entitled to a\n sixty-day furlough each year, but neither Booker received a\n furlough during his time in the army (Current, 396-99).\n John Booker noted that while officers freely took furloughs\n themselves, the captain in charge of his company, John\n Herndon, was \"too lazy\" to give his exhausted men a break\n (Decemeber 22, 1863).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAs a result of the inequalities and inefficiencies of\n miltary adminstration, John Booker believed that soldiers\n should refuse to re-enlist. In his March 1, 1864 letter, he\n derides the miltary pagaent staged by Virginia Governor\n William \"Extra Billy\" Smith and Colonel Cabell in an\n attempt to persuade the men to re-enlist. After commanding\n the soldiers to line up, the Colonel ordered that the\n Colors (the flags of the regiment) be borne to the front\n and asked \"all who wer determen to be freemen to step out\n on the line with the cullars and all who wer willen to be\n slaves for thare enemyes to stand fast\" (March 1, 1864).\n Angry that he hadn't yet received a furlough, and convinced\n that re-enlisting would only encourage the Southern\n leadership to continue the war, John Booker rejected the\n Colonel's challenge that he re-enlist; two-thirds of the\n soldiers stood back with him. As he explains, \"I dideant\n inten to reinlist nor I wes not willen to be a Slave for my\n enemyes and I dident go on line with the reinlisted, and I\n dideant wish to bee in eather line\" (March 1, 1864).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cscopecontent\u003e\n \u003chead\u003eReligion\u003c/head\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWhereas John Booker responded to terrible conditions by\n getting angry, his brother James turned to religion as a\n way of making sense of his suffering and connecting with\n home. As he writes of his homesickness, James Booker\n occasionally expresses his desire to join his relatives at\n the religious revivals held at Mount Hermon Baptist Church\n near Danville, Virginia (August 3, 1862). But he reassures\n his cousin that revivals often take place in the camp and\n that many soldiers have been converted. According to James,\n a sense of gratitude in war-time motivates many of the men\n to convert: \"I think it is time for them to turn after\n being blesed so plainley as they have bin in the past\n battles\" (October 17, 1862). Likewise, James' faith seems\n to have strengthened him and given him hope of returning\n home, whether to Pittsylvania County or to Heaven. In a\n letter written on New Years Day of 1864, James includes two\n quotations about coming home to and through God. Quoting\n from the third stanza of \"Amazing Grace,\" James writes, \n \u003cblockquote\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTis grace that brought me safe thus far And grace\n will lead me home.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/blockquote\u003e\n \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIn March of 1864, however, James believed that he might\n not arrive home safely, at least not home to Pittsylvania,\n since the spring campaign would soon open and \"then we poor\n soldiers will see a hard time\" (March 16, 1864). But James\n embraced a spirit of Christian fatalism, contending that\n his life was in God's hands: \"If it is the will of [my]\n maker for me to be cut down in this war I dont ask to be\n spared for I beleave that he will do what is the best for\n me, thare is but few things that I would ask to stay in\n this trouble some world for\" (March 16, 1864). After\n writing this letter, James Booker lived for almost sixty\n more years, but his twin John died five months later of\n wounds he received at Drewry's Bluff.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/scopecontent\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWhereas John Booker responded to terrible conditions by\n getting angry, his brother James turned to religion as a\n way of making sense of his suffering and connecting with\n home. As he writes of his homesickness, James Booker\n occasionally expresses his desire to join his relatives at\n the religious revivals held at Mount Hermon Baptist Church\n near Danville, Virginia (August 3, 1862). But he reassures\n his cousin that revivals often take place in the camp and\n that many soldiers have been converted. According to James,\n a sense of gratitude in war-time motivates many of the men\n to convert: \"I think it is time for them to turn after\n being blesed so plainley as they have bin in the past\n battles\" (October 17, 1862). Likewise, James' faith seems\n to have strengthened him and given him hope of returning\n home, whether to Pittsylvania County or to Heaven. In a\n letter written on New Years Day of 1864, James includes two\n quotations about coming home to and through God. Quoting\n from the third stanza of \"Amazing Grace,\" James writes, \n \u003cblockquote\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTis grace that brought me safe thus far And grace\n will lead me home.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/blockquote\u003e\n \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn March of 1864, however, James believed that he might\n not arrive home safely, at least not home to Pittsylvania,\n since the spring campaign would soon open and \"then we poor\n soldiers will see a hard time\" (March 16, 1864). But James\n embraced a spirit of Christian fatalism, contending that\n his life was in God's hands: \"If it is the will of [my]\n maker for me to be cut down in this war I dont ask to be\n spared for I beleave that he will do what is the best for\n me, thare is but few things that I would ask to stay in\n this trouble some world for\" (March 16, 1864). After\n writing this letter, James Booker lived for almost sixty\n more years, but his twin John died five months later of\n wounds he received at Drewry's Bluff.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eOptimistic at the beginning of the war, James\n Booker praises the \"elegant water,\" \"beautiful young\n Ladies,\" and \"most beautiful country\" he finds at the\n 38th's camp at Winchester. But he notes that one\n member of the regiment accidentally shot another\n member from his hometown and now feel terrible. He\n warns that \"cowardly boys\" who are avoiding service\n should beware, since they are likely to be drafted or\n made to put up breastworks. After salutations and\n greetings, James indicates where letters should be\n sent. A. Blair, a relative of James' and possibly\n Chloe Blair's brother, writes a short note to be\n included. Blair indicates that he is including a\n letter that \"brother William\" received from\n \"brother,\" who was expecting to go to Manassas. Blair\n finishes by saying that all are well.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eJames Booker complains of not hearing from his\n family. He mentions being too ill to serve and that\n he, consequently, works in the hospital. He talks\n about patients suffering from jaundice and yellow\n fever and mentions the poor health of James May, Hugh\n Norton and Josiah Burnett, as well as the death of\n Billy Pruett from eating \"too much beef liver.\" In\n spite of their complaints, he notes that the health\n of the men in camp is improving. He alludes to having\n received bad news from Texas, and then states that he\n will probably not come home as long as he is healthy\n or until peace is declared. The postscript states\n that James will try to send for things via any\n returning soldiers.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eJames Booker reports that his company is healthier\n than it has been for some time. He has heard about\n fighting at Falls Church the day before, and reports\n a conversation with a man from the Danville Grays,\n who told him that the Yankees are within four miles\n of his company at Fairfax Court House. From this\n information, James Booker predicts that a \"hard\n battle\" will soon take place. He mentions getting a\n letter from Addie (perhaps Drury Addison Blair),\n whose condition is improving.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis letter is a reply to one or more letters that\n James had received from his cousin and \"sweethearts\"\n a few days earlier. He has just heard that his\n regiment is about to move into their winter quarters\n in Gainesville. He will join it when the winter\n quarters are ready. Meanwhile, the work in his\n current quarters is lighter and the pay better. He\n believes the fighting in Centreville will not\n continue past winter. He mentions meeting a man who\n had been captured by the Union and who was recently\n released. According to this man, there are 60,000\n sick Yankees in Washington. He also adds that he has\n heard that two men in Centreville were shot for\n trying to kill their commanding officer. James closes\n the letter by asking to be remembered to cousin Eliza\n Ann Williams and to all the \"ladies\" at Christmas\n time.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWriting from the company's winter quarters near\n the battlefield of First Manassas, John Booker\n describes his brother James' sickness, which has left\n him weak and without an appetite. Other soldiers,\n including Nathaniel Robertson and Neal Gilbert, have\n struggled with illness; one, Josiah Burnett, has\n died. Booker ends his letter by expressing his\n pleasure at having received his cousin Unity's letter\n and apologizing that his brother James was unable to\n write.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eJames Booker explains why he has been so long in\n answering Unity's latest letters, stating that he has\n been in hospital, too ill to write. He had hoped to\n come home on furlough, but has been separated from\n his regiment and could not obtain leave. He asks that\n Unity write to him with the location of his regiment.\n He also complains about the quality of the food and\n mentions seeing many acquaintances on their way to\n the front. He closes by asking his cousin to direct\n her replies to Greaner's Hospital, care of Surgeon R.\n G. Banks.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eJames Booker writes to inform his cousin of the\n location of his regiment. He indicates that they have\n been shot at but infrequently hit. He mentions that a\n man named Tucker, who was wounded in the chin, was\n the only man from his regiment (he was attached to\n Captain Carter's Company F) to have been shot. He\n also notes that many men, mainly Yankees, were killed\n at last Wednesday's battle and that this evening the\n Yankees flew a truce flag in order to safely bury\n their dead. He feels that, because the best of both\n armies are here, the war will be settled here. He\n closes by asking that Unity write soon, and direct\n her letters to him at Yorktown. He also asks her to\n notify \"sister Mary\" that Pickney has not yet\n arrived.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eJohn Booker describes a new posting and notes\n that, since leaving the Orange Court House, the\n troops are living without tents. They stay in the\n entrenchments every other day and night, and are\n under constant bombardment by the Yankees. He\n mentions that there is a good deal of sickness and\n many are being wounded. Also, he notes that they have\n elected officers for the next two years. John closes\n by asking Unity to direct her letter to him at\n Yorktown.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eJames begins by apologizing for the tardiness of\n his letter: he explains that he has been ill. He then\n discusses the practice of substitution (arranging for\n a replacement in the army), concluding that it is\n having a bad effect on the Confederate Army. He also\n discusses his work assignment and his health. In a\n separate letter on the same paper, John tells his\n cousin about his cold and sore throat. He also states\n that there is currently no fighting, but he can hear\n the Yankees firing cannonade \"down on the river.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eJames Booker writes that he and his brother John\n are in good health. They have been marching hard but\n usually have not gotten enough to eat. Booker reports\n that the general feeling in the camp is that peace\n will come soon. Four sick conscripts have arrived\n (and are named). James complains of having to march\n in wet clothing after crossing bridge-less streams.\n He also notes that the sick and wounded have been\n ordered from Winchester to Staunton and thinks that\n everyone else will be going to Richmond soon. James\n looks forward to going there since he has not heard\n from home since leaving Richmond. He greets other\n family members and mentions that John will write\n soon.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eClaiming that he would be able to \"stand\" being a\n soldier if he received enough to eat, James Booker\n notes that recently the supply of food has been\n adequate, but that the men have not gotten enough\n salt. James Booker notes the illnesses of two men in\n camp, Bage Pritchett and John Hundley. He compares\n the entrepreneurship of the Yankees with the more\n whimsical quality of the Quakers' mercantilism and\n notes the use of Confederate money and specie to buy\n provisions. He also describes a month-long religious\n revival meeting underway in camp.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAfter reporting that he and his brother John are\n well, James Booker writes that the company has been\n marching for the past four days and has finally\n arrived at its camp near Fredericksburg. Many Union\n soldiers are nearby, and he predicts that the Union\n troops will soon begin shelling the Confederates. He\n expects a \"hard\" battle to commence soon.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWriting on the Sabbath, James Booker tells his\n cousin that both he and his brother are well. The\n members of Company D marched for the past ten days,\n and they expect to march again the next day, since\n they are following the movements of the Union troops.\n A few days previously, the Union had surprised the\n Confederate cavalry, but the Confederates managed to\n drive their enemies across the river and take several\n hundred prisoners. Complaining that \"the Yankees is\n getting too mean to live,\" James Booker writes that\n they steal and destroy Southern property, such as\n meat, corn, and horses. He notes, \"I still live in\n hope of peace soon though I may not live to see it.\"\n He observes that at a \"very interesting\" camp meeting\n several men, including Captain Herndon, were\n converted.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eJames Booker reports that he and his brother John\n are well. He mentions that local residents seem\n fearful of the army and that General Robert E. Lee\n has ordered his troops to respect private property.\n He describes the flourishing condition of\n Pennsylvania farms, noting that this part of the\n country has not yet felt the effects of the war.\n James perceives disunity in the people's attitude\n toward the war, comments on the abolitionists'\n motives, and mentions that he is boarding at a\n private house for free in return for guarding the\n owner's property. He closes by asking that Unity\n write soon, for he the last letter he received was\n dated the 13th.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWriting a few days after Gettysburg, James Booker\n describes the heavy losses suffered by his division\n during Pickett's Charge; most of the regiment's\n officers and many of the enlisted men were killed,\n wounded, or captured during the assault. James and\n John Booker escaped harm, though they were nearly\n taken prisoner by the Union forces. His division has\n been assigned to escort 5000-6000 Union prisoners to\n the South. He reports hearing daily of small battles\n and expects another major battle imminently, although\n he does not expect his division to be involved\n because it is on guard in Williamsport, a city where\n most of the citizens appear to favor the North.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eJohn Booker writes that he is happy that Chloe\n enjoyed the revival meeting at Hermon (perhaps the\n Mount Hermon Baptist Church near Danville), then\n notes that there is \"good preaching\" at the camp. He\n contends that \"the prosspect for peece is very gloomy\n now,\" given that both sides are preparing for war\n with more intensity than ever. He reports that,\n despite rumors, Pickett's division will remain in\n Virginia. The troops are elated at this news, even\n though they have little more to do than guard camp\n and drill three times a day. In a postscript, James\n Booker asks Chloe Unity Blair to send his letter to\n his sister soon.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eApparently upset that he did not receive a\n furlough, James Booker wishes for the warmth and\n comforts of home, writing, \"there is none of them\n that knows how to appreciate a blessing until they\n are deprived of it.\" Still, he admits, in wartime he\n should find satisfaction simply in having enough to\n eat and enjoying good health; but he cannot be\n satisfied when speculators sell food to women and\n children at inflated prices. He observes that the\n married soldiers have sent for their wives and were\n boarding them at the homes of local citizens. He\n observes that General Corse's Brigade had been at the\n camp near Petersburg, but that they were sent to\n Tennessee. He also mentions writing to his sister\n Mary, telling her that he did not need clothing, as\n he received the box that \"you all\" sent him. The\n letter closes with a one-page postscript stating that\n John made a potato pie, and Cousin Tom ate with the\n two of them. He sends his regards to Cousin Pollie\n Ann and mentions that Cousin William Blair and Luther\n are stationed nearby but will be leaving for\n Chatanooga, Tennessee, within the next two days. He\n closes asking for Unity to return his \"soldier\n likeness\" to him so he can exchange it for a new\n one.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAfter observing that letters from home bring him\n great pleasure, John Booker chastises his cousin for\n not writing sooner. He notes that \"Flem\" Gregory has\n been ill, but is recuperating. Then he launches into\n a complaint that energizes the letter: Captain John\n Herndon is too \"lazy\" to grant the soldiers in his\n company furloughs, even though it is Christmas time,\n and even though the men are not doing anything, not\n even picket duty. So discontented are the soldiers\n that many say they will not re-enlist. John Booker\n claims that he opposes desertion, but that the\n wealthier men who paid substitutes to serve in the\n army should have to join, while veteran soldiers\n should receive furloughs. Angered at the inequality,\n John exclaims, \"this is a rich mans war an a poor\n mans fight.\" He ends his letter by observing that\n Memory Inman, another member of the D Company, is\n heading home to get married.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBooker reports that although his regiment had\n begun to march to meet the Yankees in battle, the\n Union had attacked --and been defeated by --another\n group of Confederate soldiers thirty-five miles away.\n He reports that the winter has been fairly pleasant\n and that food is cheap and plentiful. Despite such\n abundance, he notes, soldiers have been stealing food\n from local residents. He mentions a serious theft of\n $18,000 from the Quarter Master; soldiers are\n suspected of the deed. James expresses concern over\n General Barton's attitude towards the Regiment.\n (Barton has said his men come from \"rags and\n thieves.\") James complains that after three years of\n service he has still not received a furlough. He\n closes the letter with a stanza from \"Amazing\n Grace.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eJohn Booker describes the attempt by Virginia\n Governor William \"Extra Billy\" Smith and Colonel\n [Joseph Robert] Cabell to make the men of the 38th\n Regiment re-enlist. He deplores the strategies they\n used: calling the men to stand before the \"Colors,\"\n declaring that any man who wanted to be a slave to\n the enemy should not re-enlist. John fears that his\n leaders want to continue to fight at all costs,\n rather than press for peace; and as long as men\n re-enlist the war will go on. John also expresses his\n dissatisfaction with the administration of the\n Regiment: only the men who re-enlist are granted\n furloughs, and John has still not received the\n furlough owed to him in 1862. He mentions that the\n two new recrutes to Company D are receiving their\n furloughs ahead of him. Changing the subject, John\n writes of nearby Union activity and says that they\n have been expecting a raid. Finally, he writes of\n Memory Inman's court martial and Captain John\n Herndon's marriage. He closes the letter by\n apologizing for its angry tone, writing, \"I have bin\n mad all day.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eJames Booker informs his cousin of his and his\n brother's good health. He discusses the treatment of\n prisoners of war, the unavailability of certain types\n of foodstuffs and the deprivations of civilians due\n to the war. He further comments on the weather and\n his coming duty in the field. He laments the lack of\n correspondence from home and closes his\n correspondence with salutations and wishes for his\n family's good health He apologizes for his poor\n writing, attributing it to having to finish the\n letter by firelight.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eJames Booker replies to Unity's letters of the\n 17th and 24th. He mentions that his company has been\n fishing about 20 miles away and that the Yankees are\n getting closer and are expected to drive the men out\n of the fishery. He states that the Yankees are\n believed to be heading for Richmond. James hopes that\n \"this cruel war\" may end soon and \"in our favor.\" He\n closes with a quotation from \n \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003e1 John\u003c/emph\u003e. The postscript,\n written on April 30th, states that the rumor that the\n Yankees are coming may be false.\u003c/p\u003e"]}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_viu01838_c01_c03"}},{"id":"viu_viu01838_c01_c04","type":"Item","attributes":{"title":"James Booker, Manassas\n Junction, Virginia, letter to Chloe Unity\n Blair","abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_viu01838_c01_c04#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eThis letter is a reply to one or more letters that James had received from his cousin and \"sweethearts\" a few days earlier. He has just heard that his regiment is about to move into their winter quarters in Gainesville. He will join it when the winter quarters are ready. Meanwhile, the work in his current quarters is lighter and the pay better. He believes the fighting in Centreville will not continue past winter. He mentions meeting a man who had been captured by the Union and who was recently released. According to this man, there are 60,000 sick Yankees in Washington. He also adds that he has heard that two men in Centreville were shot for trying to kill their commanding officer. James closes the letter by asking to be remembered to cousin Eliza Ann Williams and to all the \"ladies\" at Christmas time.\u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_viu01838_c01_c04#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"viu_viu01838_c01_c04","ref_ssm":["viu_viu01838_c01_c04"],"id":"viu_viu01838_c01_c04","ead_ssi":"viu_viu01838","_root_":"viu_viu01838","_nest_parent_":"viu_viu01838_c01","parent_ssi":"viu_viu01838_c01","parent_ssim":["viu_viu01838","viu_viu01838_c01"],"parent_ids_ssim":["viu_viu01838","viu_viu01838_c01"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["James and John Booker Collection \n 1861-1864","c01: Manuscripts"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["James and John Booker Collection \n 1861-1864","c01: Manuscripts"],"text":["James and John Booker Collection \n 1861-1864","c01: Manuscripts","James Booker, Manassas\n Junction, Virginia, letter to Chloe Unity\n Blair","ALS","This letter is a reply to one or more letters that\n James had received from his cousin and \"sweethearts\"\n a few days earlier. He has just heard that his\n regiment is about to move into their winter quarters\n in Gainesville. He will join it when the winter\n quarters are ready. Meanwhile, the work in his\n current quarters is lighter and the pay better. He\n believes the fighting in Centreville will not\n continue past winter. He mentions meeting a man who\n had been captured by the Union and who was recently\n released. According to this man, there are 60,000\n sick Yankees in Washington. He also adds that he has\n heard that two men in Centreville were shot for\n trying to kill their commanding officer. James closes\n the letter by asking to be remembered to cousin Eliza\n Ann Williams and to all the \"ladies\" at Christmas\n time."],"title_filing_ssi":"James Booker, Manassas\n Junction, Virginia, letter to Chloe Unity\n Blair","title_ssm":["James Booker, Manassas\n Junction, Virginia, letter to Chloe Unity\n Blair"],"title_tesim":["James Booker, Manassas\n Junction, Virginia, letter to Chloe Unity\n Blair"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["1861 December 15"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1861"],"normalized_title_ssm":["James Booker, Manassas\n Junction, Virginia, letter to Chloe Unity\n Blair"],"component_level_isim":[2],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"collection_ssim":["James and John Booker Collection \n 1861-1864"],"physdesc_tesim":["ALS"],"extent_ssm":["3p."],"extent_tesim":["3p."],"has_online_content_ssim":["true"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"level_ssm":["Item"],"level_ssim":["Item"],"sort_isi":5,"digital_objects_ssm":["{\"label\":\"Text transcription\",\"href\":\"http://xtf.lib.virginia.edu/xtf/view?docId=legacy_mss/uvaBook/tei/booker_letters/Boo1l15.xml\"}"],"date_range_isim":[1861],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis letter is a reply to one or more letters that\n James had received from his cousin and \"sweethearts\"\n a few days earlier. He has just heard that his\n regiment is about to move into their winter quarters\n in Gainesville. He will join it when the winter\n quarters are ready. Meanwhile, the work in his\n current quarters is lighter and the pay better. He\n believes the fighting in Centreville will not\n continue past winter. He mentions meeting a man who\n had been captured by the Union and who was recently\n released. According to this man, there are 60,000\n sick Yankees in Washington. He also adds that he has\n heard that two men in Centreville were shot for\n trying to kill their commanding officer. James closes\n the letter by asking to be remembered to cousin Eliza\n Ann Williams and to all the \"ladies\" at Christmas\n time.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This letter is a reply to one or more letters that\n James had received from his cousin and \"sweethearts\"\n a few days earlier. He has just heard that his\n regiment is about to move into their winter quarters\n in Gainesville. He will join it when the winter\n quarters are ready. Meanwhile, the work in his\n current quarters is lighter and the pay better. He\n believes the fighting in Centreville will not\n continue past winter. He mentions meeting a man who\n had been captured by the Union and who was recently\n released. According to this man, there are 60,000\n sick Yankees in Washington. He also adds that he has\n heard that two men in Centreville were shot for\n trying to kill their commanding officer. James closes\n the letter by asking to be remembered to cousin Eliza\n Ann Williams and to all the \"ladies\" at Christmas\n time."],"_nest_path_":"/components#0/components#3","timestamp":"2026-05-21T13:07:18.853Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viu_viu01838","ead_ssi":"viu_viu01838","_root_":"viu_viu01838","_nest_parent_":"viu_viu01838","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/uva-sc/viu01838.xml","title_ssm":["James and John Booker Collection \n 1861-1864"],"title_tesim":["James and John Booker Collection \n 1861-1864"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["11237"],"text":["11237","James and John Booker Collection \n 1861-1864","26 items","There are no restrictions.","Print Sources Encyclopedia of the\n Confederacy . Richard N. Current, Ed. NY: Simon \u0026\n Schuster, 1993. Gregory, G. Howard. \n 38th Virginia Infantry .\n Lynchburg, VA: H.E. Howard, Inc., 1988. (part of \n The Virginia Regimental Histories\n Series ) Hewett, Janet B., ed. \n Roster of Confederate Soldiers\n 1861-1865 . Vol 8. Wilmington NC: Broadfoot\n Publishing Company, 1996. Sublett, Charles W. \n 57th Virginia Infantry .\n Lynchburg, VA: H.E. Howard, Inc., 1985. (part of The\n Virginia Regimental Histories Series)","Encyclopedia of the\n Confederacy . Richard N. Current, Ed. NY: Simon \u0026\n Schuster, 1993.","Gregory, G. Howard. \n 38th Virginia Infantry .\n Lynchburg, VA: H.E. Howard, Inc., 1988. (part of \n The Virginia Regimental Histories\n Series )","Hewett, Janet B., ed. \n Roster of Confederate Soldiers\n 1861-1865 . Vol 8. Wilmington NC: Broadfoot\n Publishing Company, 1996.","Sublett, Charles W. \n 57th Virginia Infantry .\n Lynchburg, VA: H.E. Howard, Inc., 1985. (part of The\n Virginia Regimental Histories Series)","Electronic Sources Austin, Gayle. \"Pittsylvania Co. VA Homepage.\" 1997. \n \n http://www.rootsweb.com/~vapittsy/ (9 September,\n 1997). \"Southside on the Net, Directory of Churches and\n Religious Organizations.\" 1997. \n \n http://www.petersburg.com/c/c1.htm (9 September\n 1997). Webb, Kerry. \"U.S. Civil War Generals.\" 1997. \n \n http://funnelweb.utcc.utk.edu/~hoemann/generals.html (28\n August 1997).","Austin, Gayle. \"Pittsylvania Co. VA Homepage.\" 1997. \n \n http://www.rootsweb.com/~vapittsy/ (9 September,\n 1997).","\"Southside on the Net, Directory of Churches and\n Religious Organizations.\" 1997. \n \n http://www.petersburg.com/c/c1.htm (9 September\n 1997).","Webb, Kerry. \"U.S. Civil War Generals.\" 1997. \n \n http://funnelweb.utcc.utk.edu/~hoemann/generals.html (28\n August 1997).","Other Civil War Sites on the World\n Wide Web Index of Civil War Information on the Web \n \n http://www.cwc.lsu.edu/civlink.htm Civil War Miscellany \n \n http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Forum/6806/ Pickett's Division \n \n http://home.ptd.net/~jeff1863/pickett.html War Links \n \n http://members.aol.com/histcw/civil.html/","Index of Civil War Information on the Web \n \n http://www.cwc.lsu.edu/civlink.htm","Civil War Miscellany \n \n http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Forum/6806/","Pickett's Division \n \n http://home.ptd.net/~jeff1863/pickett.html","War Links \n \n http://members.aol.com/histcw/civil.html/","James Booker and John Booker The twins, John and James, were born to \n John Booker (1797-1859) and \n Nancy Blair Reynolds Booker\n (1796-1859) on October 10, 1840. Nancy and John\n had been married since November 15, 1824 and had four other\n children besides the twins: Mary Ann Booker Sparks\n (1825-1872), Armistead M. Booker (1827-1838), Caroline\n Booker (1833-1859) and William Booker (1836-1859). Nancy also had another child --Margaret Benson Reynolds\n (1815-1867) --from a previous marriage to William Reynolds\n (March 29, 1814) (Austin). In the first three months of 1859, typhoid fever struck\n the Booker family, killing Nancy, John Sr., Caroline and\n William. James and John were 19 years old. For the next two\n years, the twins stayed with relatives, including Aunt\n Kitty and Uncle John Blair, who later moved to Texas in\n 1860 (James Booker, September 6, 1861). At the age of 21, James and John enlisted in the\n Confederate Army, the 38th Regiment of Virginia, on May 24,\n 1861 in \n Whitmell, Virginia , in \n Company D, 38th Virginia Regiment, Infantry (also\n known as \"the Whitmell Guards\"). For more\n information about the regiment see \n 38th Virginia Infantry by G. Howard Gregory\n (E 581.5 38th .G73 1988) . The Booker brothers\n remained in service throughout the war, and were both\n promoted to Sergeant sometime before April, 1864 (Gregory,\n 82). In March of 1862, James was hospitalized in Richmond\n with chronic diarrhea, but returned to his company soon\n after. Both brothers were severely wounded at the \n Battle of Drewry's Bluff near Petersburg,\n Virginia , on May 16, 1864 and transferred to \n Chimborazo Hospital . John received a\n chest wound and James was wounded in the right thigh. Only\n James, however, would survive. John died of his wound on\n August 26, 1864. After the war, James returned to Pittsylvania County and\n on October 31, 1867, he married \n Martha Ann Fulton (?-1923) (nicknamed\n \"Pat\") of \n Pittsylvania County , on October 31,\n 1867. She was one of the \"sweethearts\" mentioned in his\n letters. James and Pat Booker had seven children. They died\n within two months of each other in 1923. A typed page\n listing their children and mentioning her relatives can be\n found with the copies of the typescripts of the brothers'\n letters.","The twins, John and James, were born to \n John Booker (1797-1859) and \n Nancy Blair Reynolds Booker\n (1796-1859) on October 10, 1840. Nancy and John\n had been married since November 15, 1824 and had four other\n children besides the twins: Mary Ann Booker Sparks\n (1825-1872), Armistead M. Booker (1827-1838), Caroline\n Booker (1833-1859) and William Booker (1836-1859).","Nancy also had another child --Margaret Benson Reynolds\n (1815-1867) --from a previous marriage to William Reynolds\n (March 29, 1814) (Austin).","In the first three months of 1859, typhoid fever struck\n the Booker family, killing Nancy, John Sr., Caroline and\n William. James and John were 19 years old. For the next two\n years, the twins stayed with relatives, including Aunt\n Kitty and Uncle John Blair, who later moved to Texas in\n 1860 (James Booker, September 6, 1861).","At the age of 21, James and John enlisted in the\n Confederate Army, the 38th Regiment of Virginia, on May 24,\n 1861 in \n Whitmell, Virginia , in \n Company D, 38th Virginia Regiment, Infantry (also\n known as \"the Whitmell Guards\"). For more\n information about the regiment see \n 38th Virginia Infantry by G. Howard Gregory\n (E 581.5 38th .G73 1988) . The Booker brothers\n remained in service throughout the war, and were both\n promoted to Sergeant sometime before April, 1864 (Gregory,\n 82).","In March of 1862, James was hospitalized in Richmond\n with chronic diarrhea, but returned to his company soon\n after. Both brothers were severely wounded at the \n Battle of Drewry's Bluff near Petersburg,\n Virginia , on May 16, 1864 and transferred to \n Chimborazo Hospital . John received a\n chest wound and James was wounded in the right thigh. Only\n James, however, would survive. John died of his wound on\n August 26, 1864.","After the war, James returned to Pittsylvania County and\n on October 31, 1867, he married \n Martha Ann Fulton (?-1923) (nicknamed\n \"Pat\") of \n Pittsylvania County , on October 31,\n 1867. She was one of the \"sweethearts\" mentioned in his\n letters. James and Pat Booker had seven children. They died\n within two months of each other in 1923. A typed page\n listing their children and mentioning her relatives can be\n found with the copies of the typescripts of the brothers'\n letters.","Chloe Unity Blair Chloe Unity Blair (1833-1875) was born to Chloe Coleman\n Blair (1801-1854) and Drury Blair (1801-1864). Her father\n was Nancy Booker's younger brother, making James and John\n her first cousins. Chloe Unity had several brothers and\n sisters, some of whom James and John mention in their\n letters: Polly Ann, William, and Drury Addison \"Addie\"\n Blair, who briefly served in the 38th Regiment with the\n Bookers. Unfortunately, all of Chloe Unity's letters to her\n Booker cousins were either destroyed or are as yet\n undiscovered. From their responses, however, we can see\n that both John and James greatly appreciated her letters.\n They depended upon her for news of the family and they\n often asked her to \"remember\" them to different family\n members. The Bookers also periodically asked their cousin\n to have their sister Mary forward certain items such as\n clothing or James' \"soldier likeness\" (October 4, 1863).\n Chloe Unity would send them gifts and provisions as well,\n prompting James to write, \"I am under many obligations to\n you all for send ing us such a fine box it was a great\n treat to us,\" (October 4, 1863). James and John are always\n polite and solicitous in tone to their cousin, and yet the\n letters also convey warmth and friendship: having lost\n their parents and two siblings just before the war, John\n and James may have been especially close to \"cousin Unity,\"\n who along with their sister Mary may have served as a kind\n of surrogate mother. Indeed, when John married Martha Ann Fulton in October\n of 1867, he became Chloe's step-son-in-law, since Chloe had\n married Martha's father William Fulton (1821-18?) just a\n few months before. It is easy to imagine that the two\n cousins were pleased by this relationship, as their\n respective marriages unified and tightened the Booker and\n Blair families which had suffered so many losses during the\n war years.","Chloe Unity Blair (1833-1875) was born to Chloe Coleman\n Blair (1801-1854) and Drury Blair (1801-1864). Her father\n was Nancy Booker's younger brother, making James and John\n her first cousins. Chloe Unity had several brothers and\n sisters, some of whom James and John mention in their\n letters: Polly Ann, William, and Drury Addison \"Addie\"\n Blair, who briefly served in the 38th Regiment with the\n Bookers.","Unfortunately, all of Chloe Unity's letters to her\n Booker cousins were either destroyed or are as yet\n undiscovered. From their responses, however, we can see\n that both John and James greatly appreciated her letters.\n They depended upon her for news of the family and they\n often asked her to \"remember\" them to different family\n members. The Bookers also periodically asked their cousin\n to have their sister Mary forward certain items such as\n clothing or James' \"soldier likeness\" (October 4, 1863).\n Chloe Unity would send them gifts and provisions as well,\n prompting James to write, \"I am under many obligations to\n you all for send ing us such a fine box it was a great\n treat to us,\" (October 4, 1863). James and John are always\n polite and solicitous in tone to their cousin, and yet the\n letters also convey warmth and friendship: having lost\n their parents and two siblings just before the war, John\n and James may have been especially close to \"cousin Unity,\"\n who along with their sister Mary may have served as a kind\n of surrogate mother.","Indeed, when John married Martha Ann Fulton in October\n of 1867, he became Chloe's step-son-in-law, since Chloe had\n married Martha's father William Fulton (1821-18?) just a\n few months before. It is easy to imagine that the two\n cousins were pleased by this relationship, as their\n respective marriages unified and tightened the Booker and\n Blair families which had suffered so many losses during the\n war years.","The 38th Virginia Infantry: A Brief History of the\n Regiment On May 3, 1861, Governor John Letcher called for the men\n of Virginia to leave their families and occupations and\n join the Confederate Army. Soon after, the 38th Virginia\n Volunteer Infantry Regiment was formed, lead by Colonel\n Edward Edmonds, Lieutenant Colonel Powhatan Whittle and\n Major Isaac Carrington. During the course of the war, the\n 38th was assigned to several different brigades, including\n Smith's, Early's and Armistead's Brigade. There was also\n considerable turnover of officers, as some were wounded,\n killed, or not re-elected. The 38th consisted of ten companies, most of which were\n organized in Pittsylvania County, VA. Company D, which the\n Bookers joined, was organized at Whitmell. Its initial\n leader was Captain Ralph Herndon. Engagements and Assignments of the 38th\n Virginia Infantry May 5, 1862: The Battle of Williamsburg:\n Whittle is wounded. May 31, 1862: The Battle of Seven Pines: The\n 38th suffers a casualty rate of 42%. July 1, 1862: The Battle of Malvern Hill: The\n 38th suffers severely with 11 killed, 72 wounded and\n 11 missing. September 15, 1862: The 38th takes part in\n capturing Harper's Ferry. September 16, 1862: The 38th joins the Battle\n of Sharpsburg. July 3, 1863: The 38th is part of Pickett's\n Charge at the Battle of Gettysburg; Colonel Edmonds\n is killed; of the 481 members of the 38th who\n participated in the battle, \"40 were killed on the\n battlefield (8%); 51 were wounded (10%); and 103 were\n captured (21%)\" (Gregory 43). May 10, 1864: The Battle of Chester Station;\n Colonel Cabell is killed; Lieutenant Colonel Griggs\n is promoted to Colonel of the 38th. May 16, 1864: The Battle of Drewry's Bluff;\n from the 38th, 23 killed and 77 wounded. September 3, 1864: Brigadier General George\n Steuart assumes command of Armistead's Brigade.\n Desertions are frequent. November 17, 1864: The 38th captures the Union\n line near Petersburg. April 1, 1865: The Battle of Five Forks. April 6, 1865: The Battle of Sayler's\n Creek--the 38th's final battle. April 9, 1865: Lee surrenders at Appomattox\n Court House; the 38th is nearby at \"Pleasant\n Retreat,\" two miles east of the court house. April 13, 1865: The 38th breaks camp and heads\n home.","On May 3, 1861, Governor John Letcher called for the men\n of Virginia to leave their families and occupations and\n join the Confederate Army. Soon after, the 38th Virginia\n Volunteer Infantry Regiment was formed, lead by Colonel\n Edward Edmonds, Lieutenant Colonel Powhatan Whittle and\n Major Isaac Carrington. During the course of the war, the\n 38th was assigned to several different brigades, including\n Smith's, Early's and Armistead's Brigade. There was also\n considerable turnover of officers, as some were wounded,\n killed, or not re-elected.","The 38th consisted of ten companies, most of which were\n organized in Pittsylvania County, VA. Company D, which the\n Bookers joined, was organized at Whitmell. Its initial\n leader was Captain Ralph Herndon.","Engagements and Assignments of the 38th\n Virginia Infantry May 5, 1862: The Battle of Williamsburg:\n Whittle is wounded. May 31, 1862: The Battle of Seven Pines: The\n 38th suffers a casualty rate of 42%. July 1, 1862: The Battle of Malvern Hill: The\n 38th suffers severely with 11 killed, 72 wounded and\n 11 missing. September 15, 1862: The 38th takes part in\n capturing Harper's Ferry. September 16, 1862: The 38th joins the Battle\n of Sharpsburg. July 3, 1863: The 38th is part of Pickett's\n Charge at the Battle of Gettysburg; Colonel Edmonds\n is killed; of the 481 members of the 38th who\n participated in the battle, \"40 were killed on the\n battlefield (8%); 51 were wounded (10%); and 103 were\n captured (21%)\" (Gregory 43). May 10, 1864: The Battle of Chester Station;\n Colonel Cabell is killed; Lieutenant Colonel Griggs\n is promoted to Colonel of the 38th. May 16, 1864: The Battle of Drewry's Bluff;\n from the 38th, 23 killed and 77 wounded. September 3, 1864: Brigadier General George\n Steuart assumes command of Armistead's Brigade.\n Desertions are frequent. November 17, 1864: The 38th captures the Union\n line near Petersburg. April 1, 1865: The Battle of Five Forks. April 6, 1865: The Battle of Sayler's\n Creek--the 38th's final battle. April 9, 1865: Lee surrenders at Appomattox\n Court House; the 38th is nearby at \"Pleasant\n Retreat,\" two miles east of the court house. April 13, 1865: The 38th breaks camp and heads\n home.","Funded in part by a grant from the National Endowment\n for the Humanities","Scope and Content This collection consists of ca. twenty-six items,\n 1861-1864, chiefly the letters of \n John Booker (1840-1864) and \n James Booker (1840-1923) of \n Pittsylvania County, Virginia, to their\n cousin, \n Chloe Unity Blair (1839-1875) ;\n electrostatic copies of Bible records for the Booker and\n Blair families; and electrostatic copies of typed\n transcripts of the letters. The original bound volume of\n the transcripts was returned to the donor.","This collection consists of ca. twenty-six items,\n 1861-1864, chiefly the letters of \n John Booker (1840-1864) and \n James Booker (1840-1923) of \n Pittsylvania County, Virginia, to their\n cousin, \n Chloe Unity Blair (1839-1875) ;\n electrostatic copies of Bible records for the Booker and\n Blair families; and electrostatic copies of typed\n transcripts of the letters. The original bound volume of\n the transcripts was returned to the donor.","Overview of Themes Discussed in the Letters The letters of James and John Booker give a sense of\n what life was like for an ordinary soldier serving in the\n Confederate army. Of course, the Bookers depict the drama\n of battle --describing gunfire and cannonades, listing the\n dead and wounded, and giving thanks for their own escapes\n from death or imprisonment--but the letters are more\n concerned with the rhythms of everyday life at camp. The\n Bookers worry over their health and their comrades'; enjoy\n the plenty or (more often) lament the lack of food and\n supplies; report on the interactions between civilians and\n soldiers; and describe religious revivals held at the camp.\n As the war goes on, the Bookers begin to articulate with\n more intensity not only what happens to them, but how they\n feel about it. Whereas John fumes against the elites\n (officers, politicians, and the wealthy) for evading their\n responsibilities and mistreating the common soldier, James\n grows more fatalistic and religious, trusting that his\n suffering is God's will.","The letters of James and John Booker give a sense of\n what life was like for an ordinary soldier serving in the\n Confederate army. Of course, the Bookers depict the drama\n of battle --describing gunfire and cannonades, listing the\n dead and wounded, and giving thanks for their own escapes\n from death or imprisonment--but the letters are more\n concerned with the rhythms of everyday life at camp. The\n Bookers worry over their health and their comrades'; enjoy\n the plenty or (more often) lament the lack of food and\n supplies; report on the interactions between civilians and\n soldiers; and describe religious revivals held at the camp.\n As the war goes on, the Bookers begin to articulate with\n more intensity not only what happens to them, but how they\n feel about it. Whereas John fumes against the elites\n (officers, politicians, and the wealthy) for evading their\n responsibilities and mistreating the common soldier, James\n grows more fatalistic and religious, trusting that his\n suffering is God's will.","Preparing for Battle The members of the 38th Virginia spent much of their\n time drilling, marching, serving picket duty, and\n speculating about when and where the next battle would be.\n Indeed, the Bookers seem to devote more energy to\n anticipating battles than to describing them (perhaps\n because they did not want to upset their cousin). They\n acquired much of the information that fueled their\n speculations from gossipping with citizens and other\n soldiers. In a letter from 1861, for instance, James Booker\n predicts that a \"hard battle\" will break out soon, basing\n his prediction on a conversation he had with a soldier\n whose company is located closer to the front (October 8).\n Sometimes more immediate experiences led the Bookers to\n forecast a battle, especially when they could see Union\n troops or hear cannonades and gunfire nearby. Writing from\n a rain-soaked outpost near Yorktown, Virginia in 1862, for\n instance, James reports that the Union forces have been\n \"shooting at our men constantly tho it is very cildom thay\n hit eny of them\" (April 19). He predicts that soon a battle\n will occur that will decide the war, since he has heard\n that Yankee prisoners \"say that thay have got to whip or\n die here\" (April 19, 1862). But in this prediction, as in\n others, James was disappointed. As the war dragged on, the\n Bookers stopped assuming that it would reach a speedy\n conclusion; indeed, by 1864 John came to the conclusion\n that the \"leaden men\" were not really interested in\n achieving peace (March 1, 1864). Although the Bookers participated in several battles and\n skirmishes, the most devastating battle for their regiment\n was Gettysburg (see the section on Regimental History for a\n complete list of the engagements that the 38th took part\n in). While participating in Pickett's Charge, the 38th\n Virginia lost Colonel Edmonds, whom James Booker describes\n as \"one of the best men in service,\" and many other\n officers and soldiers (July 11, 1863). The Booker brothers\n themselves had to scramble to avoid being captured by Union\n troops; several of their companions, however, \"let the\n Yankees take them\" (John Booker, July 11, 1863). Not only were the Bookers shocked by their experiences\n in battle, but by chilling events that upset camp routines.\n In the first weeks of the war, James Booker reports, a\n young man accidentally shot another soldier from his\n hometown and now is \"about to grieve himself to death about\n it\" (July 14, 1861). But James passes on an even more\n shocking story in a later letter: two soldiers were caught\n conspiring to kill their commanding officer and were\n executed. In an attempt to \"save their souls,\" the\n condemned soldiers \"gave the Roman Catholic Priest 25\n dollars apiece\" (December 15, 1861).","The members of the 38th Virginia spent much of their\n time drilling, marching, serving picket duty, and\n speculating about when and where the next battle would be.\n Indeed, the Bookers seem to devote more energy to\n anticipating battles than to describing them (perhaps\n because they did not want to upset their cousin). They\n acquired much of the information that fueled their\n speculations from gossipping with citizens and other\n soldiers. In a letter from 1861, for instance, James Booker\n predicts that a \"hard battle\" will break out soon, basing\n his prediction on a conversation he had with a soldier\n whose company is located closer to the front (October 8).\n Sometimes more immediate experiences led the Bookers to\n forecast a battle, especially when they could see Union\n troops or hear cannonades and gunfire nearby. Writing from\n a rain-soaked outpost near Yorktown, Virginia in 1862, for\n instance, James reports that the Union forces have been\n \"shooting at our men constantly tho it is very cildom thay\n hit eny of them\" (April 19). He predicts that soon a battle\n will occur that will decide the war, since he has heard\n that Yankee prisoners \"say that thay have got to whip or\n die here\" (April 19, 1862). But in this prediction, as in\n others, James was disappointed. As the war dragged on, the\n Bookers stopped assuming that it would reach a speedy\n conclusion; indeed, by 1864 John came to the conclusion\n that the \"leaden men\" were not really interested in\n achieving peace (March 1, 1864).","Although the Bookers participated in several battles and\n skirmishes, the most devastating battle for their regiment\n was Gettysburg (see the section on Regimental History for a\n complete list of the engagements that the 38th took part\n in). While participating in Pickett's Charge, the 38th\n Virginia lost Colonel Edmonds, whom James Booker describes\n as \"one of the best men in service,\" and many other\n officers and soldiers (July 11, 1863). The Booker brothers\n themselves had to scramble to avoid being captured by Union\n troops; several of their companions, however, \"let the\n Yankees take them\" (John Booker, July 11, 1863).","Not only were the Bookers shocked by their experiences\n in battle, but by chilling events that upset camp routines.\n In the first weeks of the war, James Booker reports, a\n young man accidentally shot another soldier from his\n hometown and now is \"about to grieve himself to death about\n it\" (July 14, 1861). But James passes on an even more\n shocking story in a later letter: two soldiers were caught\n conspiring to kill their commanding officer and were\n executed. In an attempt to \"save their souls,\" the\n condemned soldiers \"gave the Roman Catholic Priest 25\n dollars apiece\" (December 15, 1861).","Health More explainable than violence in the camps, but\n ultimately more destructive, was disease. Illness and\n disease killed two-thirds of the Southern soldiers who died\n during the Civil War, so not surprisingly the Bookers often\n detail the health problems that they and their fellow\n soldiers were suffering (Robertson 88-89). These ailments\n include jaundice, typhoid, stomach disorders, fever, and\n mumps. The Bookers imply that much of the illness is due to\n the conditions the soldiers must face; sometimes the\n soldiers lacked adequate shelter, at times they would have\n to wade rivers and then march miles wearing wet clothing,\n and often they lacked adequate provisions (John Booker,\n April 29, 1862). Although sick soldiers were typically sent\n to the hospital, the men also took care of each other. In\n the fall of 1861, James and John Booker, apparently just\n recovering from sickness themselves, were responsible for\n nursing three members of their company (James Booker,\n September 6). Several months later, James Booker fell sick\n with chronic diarrhea and was sent to Greaner's Hospital in\n Richmond to recuperate. While in the hospital, Booker was\n stuck in a Catch-22: he wanted to get a furlough so that he\n could recover his health at home, but he did not know where\n his company was, so he could not get the permission of his\n commanding officer to return to Pittsylvania. Eventually\n James re-joined his company, but he did not receive the\n furlough that he wished for.","More explainable than violence in the camps, but\n ultimately more destructive, was disease. Illness and\n disease killed two-thirds of the Southern soldiers who died\n during the Civil War, so not surprisingly the Bookers often\n detail the health problems that they and their fellow\n soldiers were suffering (Robertson 88-89). These ailments\n include jaundice, typhoid, stomach disorders, fever, and\n mumps. The Bookers imply that much of the illness is due to\n the conditions the soldiers must face; sometimes the\n soldiers lacked adequate shelter, at times they would have\n to wade rivers and then march miles wearing wet clothing,\n and often they lacked adequate provisions (John Booker,\n April 29, 1862). Although sick soldiers were typically sent\n to the hospital, the men also took care of each other. In\n the fall of 1861, James and John Booker, apparently just\n recovering from sickness themselves, were responsible for\n nursing three members of their company (James Booker,\n September 6). Several months later, James Booker fell sick\n with chronic diarrhea and was sent to Greaner's Hospital in\n Richmond to recuperate. While in the hospital, Booker was\n stuck in a Catch-22: he wanted to get a furlough so that he\n could recover his health at home, but he did not know where\n his company was, so he could not get the permission of his\n commanding officer to return to Pittsylvania. Eventually\n James re-joined his company, but he did not receive the\n furlough that he wished for.","Food and Supplies Although in his first letter James Booker claims that\n the soldiers get \"plenty of good pervision,\" the Bookers\n later complained that they often didn't get enough to eat\n (July 14, 1861). As James writes in 1862, \"the rations has\n bin very scanty a large portion of the time sence we have\n bin marching\" (September 30). But sometimes the 38th\n Virginia did enjoy plentiful supplies, particularly when\n they camped in locations where food was abundant. When the\n 38th Virginia arrived near Chambersburg, Pennsylvania, for\n instance, James Booker reported that \"we can get plenty of\n milk \u0026 butter and apple butter that is verry good\"\n (June 30, 1863). Often civilians would supply soldiers with\n food, whether because they feared or supported the\n troops.","Although in his first letter James Booker claims that\n the soldiers get \"plenty of good pervision,\" the Bookers\n later complained that they often didn't get enough to eat\n (July 14, 1861). As James writes in 1862, \"the rations has\n bin very scanty a large portion of the time sence we have\n bin marching\" (September 30). But sometimes the 38th\n Virginia did enjoy plentiful supplies, particularly when\n they camped in locations where food was abundant. When the\n 38th Virginia arrived near Chambersburg, Pennsylvania, for\n instance, James Booker reported that \"we can get plenty of\n milk \u0026 butter and apple butter that is verry good\"\n (June 30, 1863). Often civilians would supply soldiers with\n food, whether because they feared or supported the\n troops.","Interactions with Civilians Throughout the letters, the Bookers demonstrate their\n consciousness of the effect the war is having on the\n civilians. At the beginning of the war, James Booker\n describes the friendly exchanges between Southern soldiers\n and civilians, reporting gleefully from a camp near\n Winchester that the men have \"a fine chance of beautiful\n young Ladies, and the kindest that I ever saw\" (July 14,\n 1861). Besides providing moral support, Southern civilians\n would exchange information about the war with the\n Confederate troops (James Booker, November 24, 1862). Both\n Southern and Northern civilians would sell or give supplies\n to Confederate troops. Writing from Winchester, Virginia in\n 1862, James Booker even claims that he prefers Yankees to\n Quakers, since \"the Yankees will sell us eny thing cheap\n for the specia\" while \"the quakers will sell any thing thay\n have got when the spirit moves them, tho we cant catch them\n rite half our time\" (James Booker, October 17, 1862).\n Likewise, in Fredericksburg, Pennsylvania, the Yankee\n citizens treated the Confederate soldiers \"verry kind,\"\n providing them food without charging them for it, though\n James suggests that \"it is don through fear\" (June 30,\n 1863). While in Fredericksburg, James enjoyed a mutually\n supportive relationship with a local civilian, guarding his\n home in exchange for lodging. Although civilians and soldiers often cooperated with\n each other, the Bookers realized that the war was damaging\n the lives of those not directly involved in the fighting.\n In particular, James argues, citizens who live near the\n \"line of the enemy\" \"have great deal to see trouble about\"\n (June 14, 1863). Even those areas not yet scarred by the\n war would soon be, James predicts. As he says of\n Fredericksburg, Pennsylvania,\"this is a verry flourishing\n looking Country the crops all look fine. it has never felt\n the affect of the war, though I guess if we stay here long\n it will feel the affect of it\" (June 30, 1863). James\n especially blames Northern soldiers for looting the homes\n of Southern citizens, claiming that \"the yankees is geting\n too mean to live\" (June 14, 1863). But he admits that some\n Confederate soldiers likewise have stolen from citizens,\n disobeying General Lee's orders. Indeed, one woman stormed\n into the Confederate camp near Kinston, North Carolina,\n hoping to recover a skillet of soup that had been stolen\n (June 30, 1863; January 1, 1864). Confederate soldiers also\n stole over 18,000 dollars from the Quarter Master (January\n 1, 1864). Despite these incidents, James Booker was\n offended when Confederate General Seth Maxwell Barton\n called the members of his brigade \"rags and thieves,\" since\n \"it is not healthy for him to gave honist people such a bad\n name because some men does wrong\" (January 1, 1864).","Throughout the letters, the Bookers demonstrate their\n consciousness of the effect the war is having on the\n civilians. At the beginning of the war, James Booker\n describes the friendly exchanges between Southern soldiers\n and civilians, reporting gleefully from a camp near\n Winchester that the men have \"a fine chance of beautiful\n young Ladies, and the kindest that I ever saw\" (July 14,\n 1861). Besides providing moral support, Southern civilians\n would exchange information about the war with the\n Confederate troops (James Booker, November 24, 1862). Both\n Southern and Northern civilians would sell or give supplies\n to Confederate troops. Writing from Winchester, Virginia in\n 1862, James Booker even claims that he prefers Yankees to\n Quakers, since \"the Yankees will sell us eny thing cheap\n for the specia\" while \"the quakers will sell any thing thay\n have got when the spirit moves them, tho we cant catch them\n rite half our time\" (James Booker, October 17, 1862).\n Likewise, in Fredericksburg, Pennsylvania, the Yankee\n citizens treated the Confederate soldiers \"verry kind,\"\n providing them food without charging them for it, though\n James suggests that \"it is don through fear\" (June 30,\n 1863). While in Fredericksburg, James enjoyed a mutually\n supportive relationship with a local civilian, guarding his\n home in exchange for lodging.","Although civilians and soldiers often cooperated with\n each other, the Bookers realized that the war was damaging\n the lives of those not directly involved in the fighting.\n In particular, James argues, citizens who live near the\n \"line of the enemy\" \"have great deal to see trouble about\"\n (June 14, 1863). Even those areas not yet scarred by the\n war would soon be, James predicts. As he says of\n Fredericksburg, Pennsylvania,\"this is a verry flourishing\n looking Country the crops all look fine. it has never felt\n the affect of the war, though I guess if we stay here long\n it will feel the affect of it\" (June 30, 1863). James\n especially blames Northern soldiers for looting the homes\n of Southern citizens, claiming that \"the yankees is geting\n too mean to live\" (June 14, 1863). But he admits that some\n Confederate soldiers likewise have stolen from citizens,\n disobeying General Lee's orders. Indeed, one woman stormed\n into the Confederate camp near Kinston, North Carolina,\n hoping to recover a skillet of soup that had been stolen\n (June 30, 1863; January 1, 1864). Confederate soldiers also\n stole over 18,000 dollars from the Quarter Master (January\n 1, 1864). Despite these incidents, James Booker was\n offended when Confederate General Seth Maxwell Barton\n called the members of his brigade \"rags and thieves,\" since\n \"it is not healthy for him to gave honist people such a bad\n name because some men does wrong\" (January 1, 1864).","Morale Early in the war, James and John Booker seemed to\n believe that the South would defeat the North swiftly. They\n contended that the South had a stronger army, and they\n noted that Northerners \"dont unite like our people do,\"\n since the Democrats and the Republicans were at odds (James\n Booker, June 30, 1863). Soon their hope had begun to fade. Though James Booker\n longed to return home, by 1863 he no longer believed that\n the North and South would achieve a quick peace: \n \"I am a fread it will be a long time first if ever, I\n think the prosspect for peece is very gloomy now it dont\n look like eather side is make in any prepperration for\n Piece, thare are greater preperation for fighten than\n ever\" (September 23, 1863). John Booker was even more pessimistic, and\n certainly much more cynical, as he accused the Southern\n leadership of needlessly prolonging the war: \n \"I beleave that we mout have hud piece be fore this\n time if our head leaden men would would have tride\"\n (March 1, 1864). The Bookers, particularly John, felt that while Southern\n elites were making decisions that extended the war, the\n poor were actually fighting most of the battles and\n suffering the consequences of those decisions. Because the\n First Conscription Act allowed a drafted man to hire a\n \"substitute\" to serve his term in the army, wealthy men\n could evade service (Current, 396-99). This provision\n enraged many of the Confederate soldiers, who contended\n that it placed the burden of the war on those who could not\n afford to pay for a substitute. Not only did substitution\n fan class tensions, but it also failed to bring competent\n soldiers into the army. James Booker mentions that that the\n substitute for John Millner deserted, and many other\n substitutes did likewise (August 3, 1862). Some men even\n made a business of agreeing to substitute for one person,\n deserting, and then collecting money to substitute for\n someone else. Although James Booker did not get angry about\n the practice of substitution, he understood that it\n weakened the Confederate Army: \n \"I dont blame no man to put in a substitute if he\n can, tho I think if it is kept up much long er it will\n ruin our army\" (August 3, 1862). His brother John, however, was less tentative in\n condemning substitution: \n \"I say put every one on equal foottin for this is a\n rich mans war an a por mans fight, I be leave thare are\n some of the men that have but in substitute are dooen a\n great [d]eal of good but the most of them are doo en\n more harm than good they are just speculaten on the poor\n people, an soldiers\" (December 22, 1863). Further feeding John Booker's indignation was the\n distribution of furloughs. According to the First\n Conscription Act, a \"twelvemonth man\" was entitled to a\n sixty-day furlough each year, but neither Booker received a\n furlough during his time in the army (Current, 396-99).\n John Booker noted that while officers freely took furloughs\n themselves, the captain in charge of his company, John\n Herndon, was \"too lazy\" to give his exhausted men a break\n (Decemeber 22, 1863). As a result of the inequalities and inefficiencies of\n miltary adminstration, John Booker believed that soldiers\n should refuse to re-enlist. In his March 1, 1864 letter, he\n derides the miltary pagaent staged by Virginia Governor\n William \"Extra Billy\" Smith and Colonel Cabell in an\n attempt to persuade the men to re-enlist. After commanding\n the soldiers to line up, the Colonel ordered that the\n Colors (the flags of the regiment) be borne to the front\n and asked \"all who wer determen to be freemen to step out\n on the line with the cullars and all who wer willen to be\n slaves for thare enemyes to stand fast\" (March 1, 1864).\n Angry that he hadn't yet received a furlough, and convinced\n that re-enlisting would only encourage the Southern\n leadership to continue the war, John Booker rejected the\n Colonel's challenge that he re-enlist; two-thirds of the\n soldiers stood back with him. As he explains, \"I dideant\n inten to reinlist nor I wes not willen to be a Slave for my\n enemyes and I dident go on line with the reinlisted, and I\n dideant wish to bee in eather line\" (March 1, 1864).","Early in the war, James and John Booker seemed to\n believe that the South would defeat the North swiftly. They\n contended that the South had a stronger army, and they\n noted that Northerners \"dont unite like our people do,\"\n since the Democrats and the Republicans were at odds (James\n Booker, June 30, 1863).","Soon their hope had begun to fade. Though James Booker\n longed to return home, by 1863 he no longer believed that\n the North and South would achieve a quick peace: \n \"I am a fread it will be a long time first if ever, I\n think the prosspect for peece is very gloomy now it dont\n look like eather side is make in any prepperration for\n Piece, thare are greater preperation for fighten than\n ever\" (September 23, 1863). John Booker was even more pessimistic, and\n certainly much more cynical, as he accused the Southern\n leadership of needlessly prolonging the war: \n \"I beleave that we mout have hud piece be fore this\n time if our head leaden men would would have tride\"\n (March 1, 1864).","The Bookers, particularly John, felt that while Southern\n elites were making decisions that extended the war, the\n poor were actually fighting most of the battles and\n suffering the consequences of those decisions. Because the\n First Conscription Act allowed a drafted man to hire a\n \"substitute\" to serve his term in the army, wealthy men\n could evade service (Current, 396-99). This provision\n enraged many of the Confederate soldiers, who contended\n that it placed the burden of the war on those who could not\n afford to pay for a substitute. Not only did substitution\n fan class tensions, but it also failed to bring competent\n soldiers into the army. James Booker mentions that that the\n substitute for John Millner deserted, and many other\n substitutes did likewise (August 3, 1862). Some men even\n made a business of agreeing to substitute for one person,\n deserting, and then collecting money to substitute for\n someone else. Although James Booker did not get angry about\n the practice of substitution, he understood that it\n weakened the Confederate Army: \n \"I dont blame no man to put in a substitute if he\n can, tho I think if it is kept up much long er it will\n ruin our army\" (August 3, 1862).","His brother John, however, was less tentative in\n condemning substitution: \n \"I say put every one on equal foottin for this is a\n rich mans war an a por mans fight, I be leave thare are\n some of the men that have but in substitute are dooen a\n great [d]eal of good but the most of them are doo en\n more harm than good they are just speculaten on the poor\n people, an soldiers\" (December 22, 1863).","Further feeding John Booker's indignation was the\n distribution of furloughs. According to the First\n Conscription Act, a \"twelvemonth man\" was entitled to a\n sixty-day furlough each year, but neither Booker received a\n furlough during his time in the army (Current, 396-99).\n John Booker noted that while officers freely took furloughs\n themselves, the captain in charge of his company, John\n Herndon, was \"too lazy\" to give his exhausted men a break\n (Decemeber 22, 1863).","As a result of the inequalities and inefficiencies of\n miltary adminstration, John Booker believed that soldiers\n should refuse to re-enlist. In his March 1, 1864 letter, he\n derides the miltary pagaent staged by Virginia Governor\n William \"Extra Billy\" Smith and Colonel Cabell in an\n attempt to persuade the men to re-enlist. After commanding\n the soldiers to line up, the Colonel ordered that the\n Colors (the flags of the regiment) be borne to the front\n and asked \"all who wer determen to be freemen to step out\n on the line with the cullars and all who wer willen to be\n slaves for thare enemyes to stand fast\" (March 1, 1864).\n Angry that he hadn't yet received a furlough, and convinced\n that re-enlisting would only encourage the Southern\n leadership to continue the war, John Booker rejected the\n Colonel's challenge that he re-enlist; two-thirds of the\n soldiers stood back with him. As he explains, \"I dideant\n inten to reinlist nor I wes not willen to be a Slave for my\n enemyes and I dident go on line with the reinlisted, and I\n dideant wish to bee in eather line\" (March 1, 1864).","Religion Whereas John Booker responded to terrible conditions by\n getting angry, his brother James turned to religion as a\n way of making sense of his suffering and connecting with\n home. As he writes of his homesickness, James Booker\n occasionally expresses his desire to join his relatives at\n the religious revivals held at Mount Hermon Baptist Church\n near Danville, Virginia (August 3, 1862). But he reassures\n his cousin that revivals often take place in the camp and\n that many soldiers have been converted. According to James,\n a sense of gratitude in war-time motivates many of the men\n to convert: \"I think it is time for them to turn after\n being blesed so plainley as they have bin in the past\n battles\" (October 17, 1862). Likewise, James' faith seems\n to have strengthened him and given him hope of returning\n home, whether to Pittsylvania County or to Heaven. In a\n letter written on New Years Day of 1864, James includes two\n quotations about coming home to and through God. Quoting\n from the third stanza of \"Amazing Grace,\" James writes, \n Tis grace that brought me safe thus far And grace\n will lead me home. In March of 1864, however, James believed that he might\n not arrive home safely, at least not home to Pittsylvania,\n since the spring campaign would soon open and \"then we poor\n soldiers will see a hard time\" (March 16, 1864). But James\n embraced a spirit of Christian fatalism, contending that\n his life was in God's hands: \"If it is the will of [my]\n maker for me to be cut down in this war I dont ask to be\n spared for I beleave that he will do what is the best for\n me, thare is but few things that I would ask to stay in\n this trouble some world for\" (March 16, 1864). After\n writing this letter, James Booker lived for almost sixty\n more years, but his twin John died five months later of\n wounds he received at Drewry's Bluff.","Whereas John Booker responded to terrible conditions by\n getting angry, his brother James turned to religion as a\n way of making sense of his suffering and connecting with\n home. As he writes of his homesickness, James Booker\n occasionally expresses his desire to join his relatives at\n the religious revivals held at Mount Hermon Baptist Church\n near Danville, Virginia (August 3, 1862). But he reassures\n his cousin that revivals often take place in the camp and\n that many soldiers have been converted. According to James,\n a sense of gratitude in war-time motivates many of the men\n to convert: \"I think it is time for them to turn after\n being blesed so plainley as they have bin in the past\n battles\" (October 17, 1862). Likewise, James' faith seems\n to have strengthened him and given him hope of returning\n home, whether to Pittsylvania County or to Heaven. In a\n letter written on New Years Day of 1864, James includes two\n quotations about coming home to and through God. Quoting\n from the third stanza of \"Amazing Grace,\" James writes, \n Tis grace that brought me safe thus far And grace\n will lead me home.","In March of 1864, however, James believed that he might\n not arrive home safely, at least not home to Pittsylvania,\n since the spring campaign would soon open and \"then we poor\n soldiers will see a hard time\" (March 16, 1864). But James\n embraced a spirit of Christian fatalism, contending that\n his life was in God's hands: \"If it is the will of [my]\n maker for me to be cut down in this war I dont ask to be\n spared for I beleave that he will do what is the best for\n me, thare is but few things that I would ask to stay in\n this trouble some world for\" (March 16, 1864). After\n writing this letter, James Booker lived for almost sixty\n more years, but his twin John died five months later of\n wounds he received at Drewry's Bluff.","Optimistic at the beginning of the war, James\n Booker praises the \"elegant water,\" \"beautiful young\n Ladies,\" and \"most beautiful country\" he finds at the\n 38th's camp at Winchester. But he notes that one\n member of the regiment accidentally shot another\n member from his hometown and now feel terrible. He\n warns that \"cowardly boys\" who are avoiding service\n should beware, since they are likely to be drafted or\n made to put up breastworks. After salutations and\n greetings, James indicates where letters should be\n sent. A. Blair, a relative of James' and possibly\n Chloe Blair's brother, writes a short note to be\n included. Blair indicates that he is including a\n letter that \"brother William\" received from\n \"brother,\" who was expecting to go to Manassas. Blair\n finishes by saying that all are well.","James Booker complains of not hearing from his\n family. He mentions being too ill to serve and that\n he, consequently, works in the hospital. He talks\n about patients suffering from jaundice and yellow\n fever and mentions the poor health of James May, Hugh\n Norton and Josiah Burnett, as well as the death of\n Billy Pruett from eating \"too much beef liver.\" In\n spite of their complaints, he notes that the health\n of the men in camp is improving. He alludes to having\n received bad news from Texas, and then states that he\n will probably not come home as long as he is healthy\n or until peace is declared. The postscript states\n that James will try to send for things via any\n returning soldiers.","James Booker reports that his company is healthier\n than it has been for some time. He has heard about\n fighting at Falls Church the day before, and reports\n a conversation with a man from the Danville Grays,\n who told him that the Yankees are within four miles\n of his company at Fairfax Court House. From this\n information, James Booker predicts that a \"hard\n battle\" will soon take place. He mentions getting a\n letter from Addie (perhaps Drury Addison Blair),\n whose condition is improving.","This letter is a reply to one or more letters that\n James had received from his cousin and \"sweethearts\"\n a few days earlier. He has just heard that his\n regiment is about to move into their winter quarters\n in Gainesville. He will join it when the winter\n quarters are ready. Meanwhile, the work in his\n current quarters is lighter and the pay better. He\n believes the fighting in Centreville will not\n continue past winter. He mentions meeting a man who\n had been captured by the Union and who was recently\n released. According to this man, there are 60,000\n sick Yankees in Washington. He also adds that he has\n heard that two men in Centreville were shot for\n trying to kill their commanding officer. James closes\n the letter by asking to be remembered to cousin Eliza\n Ann Williams and to all the \"ladies\" at Christmas\n time.","Writing from the company's winter quarters near\n the battlefield of First Manassas, John Booker\n describes his brother James' sickness, which has left\n him weak and without an appetite. Other soldiers,\n including Nathaniel Robertson and Neal Gilbert, have\n struggled with illness; one, Josiah Burnett, has\n died. Booker ends his letter by expressing his\n pleasure at having received his cousin Unity's letter\n and apologizing that his brother James was unable to\n write.","James Booker explains why he has been so long in\n answering Unity's latest letters, stating that he has\n been in hospital, too ill to write. He had hoped to\n come home on furlough, but has been separated from\n his regiment and could not obtain leave. He asks that\n Unity write to him with the location of his regiment.\n He also complains about the quality of the food and\n mentions seeing many acquaintances on their way to\n the front. He closes by asking his cousin to direct\n her replies to Greaner's Hospital, care of Surgeon R.\n G. Banks.","James Booker writes to inform his cousin of the\n location of his regiment. He indicates that they have\n been shot at but infrequently hit. He mentions that a\n man named Tucker, who was wounded in the chin, was\n the only man from his regiment (he was attached to\n Captain Carter's Company F) to have been shot. He\n also notes that many men, mainly Yankees, were killed\n at last Wednesday's battle and that this evening the\n Yankees flew a truce flag in order to safely bury\n their dead. He feels that, because the best of both\n armies are here, the war will be settled here. He\n closes by asking that Unity write soon, and direct\n her letters to him at Yorktown. He also asks her to\n notify \"sister Mary\" that Pickney has not yet\n arrived.","John Booker describes a new posting and notes\n that, since leaving the Orange Court House, the\n troops are living without tents. They stay in the\n entrenchments every other day and night, and are\n under constant bombardment by the Yankees. He\n mentions that there is a good deal of sickness and\n many are being wounded. Also, he notes that they have\n elected officers for the next two years. John closes\n by asking Unity to direct her letter to him at\n Yorktown.","James begins by apologizing for the tardiness of\n his letter: he explains that he has been ill. He then\n discusses the practice of substitution (arranging for\n a replacement in the army), concluding that it is\n having a bad effect on the Confederate Army. He also\n discusses his work assignment and his health. In a\n separate letter on the same paper, John tells his\n cousin about his cold and sore throat. He also states\n that there is currently no fighting, but he can hear\n the Yankees firing cannonade \"down on the river.\"","James Booker writes that he and his brother John\n are in good health. They have been marching hard but\n usually have not gotten enough to eat. Booker reports\n that the general feeling in the camp is that peace\n will come soon. Four sick conscripts have arrived\n (and are named). James complains of having to march\n in wet clothing after crossing bridge-less streams.\n He also notes that the sick and wounded have been\n ordered from Winchester to Staunton and thinks that\n everyone else will be going to Richmond soon. James\n looks forward to going there since he has not heard\n from home since leaving Richmond. He greets other\n family members and mentions that John will write\n soon.","Claiming that he would be able to \"stand\" being a\n soldier if he received enough to eat, James Booker\n notes that recently the supply of food has been\n adequate, but that the men have not gotten enough\n salt. James Booker notes the illnesses of two men in\n camp, Bage Pritchett and John Hundley. He compares\n the entrepreneurship of the Yankees with the more\n whimsical quality of the Quakers' mercantilism and\n notes the use of Confederate money and specie to buy\n provisions. He also describes a month-long religious\n revival meeting underway in camp.","After reporting that he and his brother John are\n well, James Booker writes that the company has been\n marching for the past four days and has finally\n arrived at its camp near Fredericksburg. Many Union\n soldiers are nearby, and he predicts that the Union\n troops will soon begin shelling the Confederates. He\n expects a \"hard\" battle to commence soon.","Writing on the Sabbath, James Booker tells his\n cousin that both he and his brother are well. The\n members of Company D marched for the past ten days,\n and they expect to march again the next day, since\n they are following the movements of the Union troops.\n A few days previously, the Union had surprised the\n Confederate cavalry, but the Confederates managed to\n drive their enemies across the river and take several\n hundred prisoners. Complaining that \"the Yankees is\n getting too mean to live,\" James Booker writes that\n they steal and destroy Southern property, such as\n meat, corn, and horses. He notes, \"I still live in\n hope of peace soon though I may not live to see it.\"\n He observes that at a \"very interesting\" camp meeting\n several men, including Captain Herndon, were\n converted.","James Booker reports that he and his brother John\n are well. He mentions that local residents seem\n fearful of the army and that General Robert E. Lee\n has ordered his troops to respect private property.\n He describes the flourishing condition of\n Pennsylvania farms, noting that this part of the\n country has not yet felt the effects of the war.\n James perceives disunity in the people's attitude\n toward the war, comments on the abolitionists'\n motives, and mentions that he is boarding at a\n private house for free in return for guarding the\n owner's property. He closes by asking that Unity\n write soon, for he the last letter he received was\n dated the 13th.","Writing a few days after Gettysburg, James Booker\n describes the heavy losses suffered by his division\n during Pickett's Charge; most of the regiment's\n officers and many of the enlisted men were killed,\n wounded, or captured during the assault. James and\n John Booker escaped harm, though they were nearly\n taken prisoner by the Union forces. His division has\n been assigned to escort 5000-6000 Union prisoners to\n the South. He reports hearing daily of small battles\n and expects another major battle imminently, although\n he does not expect his division to be involved\n because it is on guard in Williamsport, a city where\n most of the citizens appear to favor the North.","John Booker writes that he is happy that Chloe\n enjoyed the revival meeting at Hermon (perhaps the\n Mount Hermon Baptist Church near Danville), then\n notes that there is \"good preaching\" at the camp. He\n contends that \"the prosspect for peece is very gloomy\n now,\" given that both sides are preparing for war\n with more intensity than ever. He reports that,\n despite rumors, Pickett's division will remain in\n Virginia. The troops are elated at this news, even\n though they have little more to do than guard camp\n and drill three times a day. In a postscript, James\n Booker asks Chloe Unity Blair to send his letter to\n his sister soon.","Apparently upset that he did not receive a\n furlough, James Booker wishes for the warmth and\n comforts of home, writing, \"there is none of them\n that knows how to appreciate a blessing until they\n are deprived of it.\" Still, he admits, in wartime he\n should find satisfaction simply in having enough to\n eat and enjoying good health; but he cannot be\n satisfied when speculators sell food to women and\n children at inflated prices. He observes that the\n married soldiers have sent for their wives and were\n boarding them at the homes of local citizens. He\n observes that General Corse's Brigade had been at the\n camp near Petersburg, but that they were sent to\n Tennessee. He also mentions writing to his sister\n Mary, telling her that he did not need clothing, as\n he received the box that \"you all\" sent him. The\n letter closes with a one-page postscript stating that\n John made a potato pie, and Cousin Tom ate with the\n two of them. He sends his regards to Cousin Pollie\n Ann and mentions that Cousin William Blair and Luther\n are stationed nearby but will be leaving for\n Chatanooga, Tennessee, within the next two days. He\n closes asking for Unity to return his \"soldier\n likeness\" to him so he can exchange it for a new\n one.","After observing that letters from home bring him\n great pleasure, John Booker chastises his cousin for\n not writing sooner. He notes that \"Flem\" Gregory has\n been ill, but is recuperating. Then he launches into\n a complaint that energizes the letter: Captain John\n Herndon is too \"lazy\" to grant the soldiers in his\n company furloughs, even though it is Christmas time,\n and even though the men are not doing anything, not\n even picket duty. So discontented are the soldiers\n that many say they will not re-enlist. John Booker\n claims that he opposes desertion, but that the\n wealthier men who paid substitutes to serve in the\n army should have to join, while veteran soldiers\n should receive furloughs. Angered at the inequality,\n John exclaims, \"this is a rich mans war an a poor\n mans fight.\" He ends his letter by observing that\n Memory Inman, another member of the D Company, is\n heading home to get married.","Booker reports that although his regiment had\n begun to march to meet the Yankees in battle, the\n Union had attacked --and been defeated by --another\n group of Confederate soldiers thirty-five miles away.\n He reports that the winter has been fairly pleasant\n and that food is cheap and plentiful. Despite such\n abundance, he notes, soldiers have been stealing food\n from local residents. He mentions a serious theft of\n $18,000 from the Quarter Master; soldiers are\n suspected of the deed. James expresses concern over\n General Barton's attitude towards the Regiment.\n (Barton has said his men come from \"rags and\n thieves.\") James complains that after three years of\n service he has still not received a furlough. He\n closes the letter with a stanza from \"Amazing\n Grace.\"","John Booker describes the attempt by Virginia\n Governor William \"Extra Billy\" Smith and Colonel\n [Joseph Robert] Cabell to make the men of the 38th\n Regiment re-enlist. He deplores the strategies they\n used: calling the men to stand before the \"Colors,\"\n declaring that any man who wanted to be a slave to\n the enemy should not re-enlist. John fears that his\n leaders want to continue to fight at all costs,\n rather than press for peace; and as long as men\n re-enlist the war will go on. John also expresses his\n dissatisfaction with the administration of the\n Regiment: only the men who re-enlist are granted\n furloughs, and John has still not received the\n furlough owed to him in 1862. He mentions that the\n two new recrutes to Company D are receiving their\n furloughs ahead of him. Changing the subject, John\n writes of nearby Union activity and says that they\n have been expecting a raid. Finally, he writes of\n Memory Inman's court martial and Captain John\n Herndon's marriage. He closes the letter by\n apologizing for its angry tone, writing, \"I have bin\n mad all day.\"","James Booker informs his cousin of his and his\n brother's good health. He discusses the treatment of\n prisoners of war, the unavailability of certain types\n of foodstuffs and the deprivations of civilians due\n to the war. He further comments on the weather and\n his coming duty in the field. He laments the lack of\n correspondence from home and closes his\n correspondence with salutations and wishes for his\n family's good health He apologizes for his poor\n writing, attributing it to having to finish the\n letter by firelight.","James Booker replies to Unity's letters of the\n 17th and 24th. He mentions that his company has been\n fishing about 20 miles away and that the Yankees are\n getting closer and are expected to drive the men out\n of the fishery. He states that the Yankees are\n believed to be heading for Richmond. James hopes that\n \"this cruel war\" may end soon and \"in our favor.\" He\n closes with a quotation from \n 1 John . The postscript,\n written on April 30th, states that the rumor that the\n Yankees are coming may be false.","See the \n \n University of Virginia Library’s use policy.","","University of Virginia. Library. Special\n Collections Dept.","Company D, 38th Virginia Regiment, Infantry (also\n known as \"the Whitmell Guards\").","Chimborazo Hospital","John Booker (1797-1859)","Nancy Blair Reynolds Booker\n (1796-1859)","Martha Ann Fulton (?-1923)","John Booker (1840-1864)","James Booker (1840-1923)","Chloe Unity Blair (1839-1875)","English"],"unitid_tesim":["11237"],"normalized_title_ssm":["James and John Booker Collection \n 1861-1864"],"collection_title_tesim":["James and John Booker Collection \n 1861-1864"],"collection_ssim":["James and John Booker Collection \n 1861-1864"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"creator_ssm":[""],"creator_ssim":[""],"acqinfo_ssim":["This collection was given to the University of Virginia\n Library on May 20, 1996, by Mrs. Mary H. Payne, Danville,\n Virginia, through P. L. Anderson, Jr., Danville,\n Virginia."],"has_online_content_ssim":["true"],"physdesc_tesim":["26 items"],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThere are no restrictions.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access Restrictions"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["There are no restrictions."],"bibliography_html_tesm":["\u003cbibliography\u003e\n \u003chead\u003ePrint Sources\u003c/head\u003e\n \u003cbibref\u003e\n \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eEncyclopedia of the\n Confederacy\u003c/emph\u003e. Richard N. Current, Ed. NY: Simon \u0026amp;\n Schuster, 1993.\u003c/bibref\u003e\n \u003cbibref\u003eGregory, G. Howard. \n \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003e38th Virginia Infantry\u003c/emph\u003e.\n Lynchburg, VA: H.E. Howard, Inc., 1988. (part of \n \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eThe Virginia Regimental Histories\n Series\u003c/emph\u003e)\u003c/bibref\u003e\n \u003cbibref\u003eHewett, Janet B., ed. \n \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eRoster of Confederate Soldiers\n 1861-1865\u003c/emph\u003e. Vol 8. Wilmington NC: Broadfoot\n Publishing Company, 1996.\u003c/bibref\u003e\n \u003cbibref\u003eSublett, Charles W. \n \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003e57th Virginia Infantry\u003c/emph\u003e.\n Lynchburg, VA: H.E. Howard, Inc., 1985. (part of The\n Virginia Regimental Histories Series)\u003c/bibref\u003e\n \u003c/bibliography\u003e","\u003cbibref\u003e\n \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eEncyclopedia of the\n Confederacy\u003c/emph\u003e. Richard N. Current, Ed. NY: Simon \u0026amp;\n Schuster, 1993.\u003c/bibref\u003e","\u003cbibref\u003eGregory, G. Howard. \n \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003e38th Virginia Infantry\u003c/emph\u003e.\n Lynchburg, VA: H.E. Howard, Inc., 1988. (part of \n \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eThe Virginia Regimental Histories\n Series\u003c/emph\u003e)\u003c/bibref\u003e","\u003cbibref\u003eHewett, Janet B., ed. \n \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eRoster of Confederate Soldiers\n 1861-1865\u003c/emph\u003e. Vol 8. Wilmington NC: Broadfoot\n Publishing Company, 1996.\u003c/bibref\u003e","\u003cbibref\u003eSublett, Charles W. \n \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003e57th Virginia Infantry\u003c/emph\u003e.\n Lynchburg, VA: H.E. Howard, Inc., 1985. (part of The\n Virginia Regimental Histories Series)\u003c/bibref\u003e","\u003cbibliography\u003e\n \u003chead\u003eElectronic Sources\u003c/head\u003e\n \u003cbibref\u003eAustin, Gayle. \"Pittsylvania Co. VA Homepage.\" 1997. \n \u003cextref type=\"simple\" href=\"http://www.rootsweb.com/~vapittsy/\"\u003e\n http://www.rootsweb.com/~vapittsy/\u003c/extref\u003e(9 September,\n 1997).\u003c/bibref\u003e\n \u003cbibref\u003e\"Southside on the Net, Directory of Churches and\n Religious Organizations.\" 1997. \n \u003cextref type=\"simple\" href=\"http://www.petersburg.com/c/c1.htm\"\u003e\n http://www.petersburg.com/c/c1.htm\u003c/extref\u003e(9 September\n 1997).\u003c/bibref\u003e\n \u003cbibref\u003eWebb, Kerry. \"U.S. Civil War Generals.\" 1997. \n \u003cextref type=\"simple\" href=\"http://funnelweb.utcc.utk.edu/~hoemann/generals.html\"\u003e\n http://funnelweb.utcc.utk.edu/~hoemann/generals.html\u003c/extref\u003e(28\n August 1997).\u003c/bibref\u003e\n \u003c/bibliography\u003e","\u003cbibref\u003eAustin, Gayle. \"Pittsylvania Co. VA Homepage.\" 1997. \n \u003cextref type=\"simple\" href=\"http://www.rootsweb.com/~vapittsy/\"\u003e\n http://www.rootsweb.com/~vapittsy/\u003c/extref\u003e(9 September,\n 1997).\u003c/bibref\u003e","\u003cbibref\u003e\"Southside on the Net, Directory of Churches and\n Religious Organizations.\" 1997. \n \u003cextref type=\"simple\" href=\"http://www.petersburg.com/c/c1.htm\"\u003e\n http://www.petersburg.com/c/c1.htm\u003c/extref\u003e(9 September\n 1997).\u003c/bibref\u003e","\u003cbibref\u003eWebb, Kerry. \"U.S. Civil War Generals.\" 1997. \n \u003cextref type=\"simple\" href=\"http://funnelweb.utcc.utk.edu/~hoemann/generals.html\"\u003e\n http://funnelweb.utcc.utk.edu/~hoemann/generals.html\u003c/extref\u003e(28\n August 1997).\u003c/bibref\u003e","\u003cbibliography\u003e\n \u003chead\u003eOther Civil War Sites on the World\n Wide Web\u003c/head\u003e\n \u003cbibref\u003eIndex of Civil War Information on the Web \n \u003cextref type=\"simple\" href=\"http://www.cwc.lsu.edu/civlink.htm\"\u003e\n http://www.cwc.lsu.edu/civlink.htm\u003c/extref\u003e\n \u003c/bibref\u003e\n \u003cbibref\u003eCivil War Miscellany \n \u003cextref type=\"simple\" href=\"http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Forum/6806/\"\u003e\n http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Forum/6806/\u003c/extref\u003e\n \u003c/bibref\u003e\n \u003cbibref\u003ePickett's Division \n \u003cextref type=\"simple\" href=\"http://home.ptd.net/~jeff1863/pickett.html\"\u003e\n http://home.ptd.net/~jeff1863/pickett.html\u003c/extref\u003e\n \u003c/bibref\u003e\n \u003cbibref\u003eWar Links \n \u003cextref type=\"simple\" href=\"http://members.aol.com/histcw/civil.html/\"\u003e\n http://members.aol.com/histcw/civil.html/\u003c/extref\u003e\n \u003c/bibref\u003e\n \u003c/bibliography\u003e","\u003cbibref\u003eIndex of Civil War Information on the Web \n \u003cextref type=\"simple\" href=\"http://www.cwc.lsu.edu/civlink.htm\"\u003e\n http://www.cwc.lsu.edu/civlink.htm\u003c/extref\u003e\n \u003c/bibref\u003e","\u003cbibref\u003eCivil War Miscellany \n \u003cextref type=\"simple\" href=\"http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Forum/6806/\"\u003e\n http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Forum/6806/\u003c/extref\u003e\n \u003c/bibref\u003e","\u003cbibref\u003ePickett's Division \n \u003cextref type=\"simple\" href=\"http://home.ptd.net/~jeff1863/pickett.html\"\u003e\n http://home.ptd.net/~jeff1863/pickett.html\u003c/extref\u003e\n \u003c/bibref\u003e","\u003cbibref\u003eWar Links \n \u003cextref type=\"simple\" href=\"http://members.aol.com/histcw/civil.html/\"\u003e\n http://members.aol.com/histcw/civil.html/\u003c/extref\u003e\n \u003c/bibref\u003e"],"bibliography_heading_ssm":["Bibliography","Print Sources","Electronic Sources","Other Civil War Sites on the World\n Wide Web"],"bibliography_tesim":["Print Sources Encyclopedia of the\n Confederacy . Richard N. Current, Ed. NY: Simon \u0026\n Schuster, 1993. Gregory, G. Howard. \n 38th Virginia Infantry .\n Lynchburg, VA: H.E. Howard, Inc., 1988. (part of \n The Virginia Regimental Histories\n Series ) Hewett, Janet B., ed. \n Roster of Confederate Soldiers\n 1861-1865 . Vol 8. Wilmington NC: Broadfoot\n Publishing Company, 1996. Sublett, Charles W. \n 57th Virginia Infantry .\n Lynchburg, VA: H.E. Howard, Inc., 1985. (part of The\n Virginia Regimental Histories Series)","Encyclopedia of the\n Confederacy . Richard N. Current, Ed. NY: Simon \u0026\n Schuster, 1993.","Gregory, G. Howard. \n 38th Virginia Infantry .\n Lynchburg, VA: H.E. Howard, Inc., 1988. (part of \n The Virginia Regimental Histories\n Series )","Hewett, Janet B., ed. \n Roster of Confederate Soldiers\n 1861-1865 . Vol 8. Wilmington NC: Broadfoot\n Publishing Company, 1996.","Sublett, Charles W. \n 57th Virginia Infantry .\n Lynchburg, VA: H.E. Howard, Inc., 1985. (part of The\n Virginia Regimental Histories Series)","Electronic Sources Austin, Gayle. \"Pittsylvania Co. VA Homepage.\" 1997. \n \n http://www.rootsweb.com/~vapittsy/ (9 September,\n 1997). \"Southside on the Net, Directory of Churches and\n Religious Organizations.\" 1997. \n \n http://www.petersburg.com/c/c1.htm (9 September\n 1997). Webb, Kerry. \"U.S. Civil War Generals.\" 1997. \n \n http://funnelweb.utcc.utk.edu/~hoemann/generals.html (28\n August 1997).","Austin, Gayle. \"Pittsylvania Co. VA Homepage.\" 1997. \n \n http://www.rootsweb.com/~vapittsy/ (9 September,\n 1997).","\"Southside on the Net, Directory of Churches and\n Religious Organizations.\" 1997. \n \n http://www.petersburg.com/c/c1.htm (9 September\n 1997).","Webb, Kerry. \"U.S. Civil War Generals.\" 1997. \n \n http://funnelweb.utcc.utk.edu/~hoemann/generals.html (28\n August 1997).","Other Civil War Sites on the World\n Wide Web Index of Civil War Information on the Web \n \n http://www.cwc.lsu.edu/civlink.htm Civil War Miscellany \n \n http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Forum/6806/ Pickett's Division \n \n http://home.ptd.net/~jeff1863/pickett.html War Links \n \n http://members.aol.com/histcw/civil.html/","Index of Civil War Information on the Web \n \n http://www.cwc.lsu.edu/civlink.htm","Civil War Miscellany \n \n http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Forum/6806/","Pickett's Division \n \n http://home.ptd.net/~jeff1863/pickett.html","War Links \n \n http://members.aol.com/histcw/civil.html/"],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cbioghist\u003e\n \u003chead\u003eJames Booker and John Booker\u003c/head\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe twins, John and James, were born to \n \u003cpersname\u003eJohn Booker (1797-1859)\u003c/persname\u003eand \n \u003cpersname\u003eNancy Blair Reynolds Booker\n (1796-1859)\u003c/persname\u003eon October 10, 1840. Nancy and John\n had been married since November 15, 1824 and had four other\n children besides the twins: Mary Ann Booker Sparks\n (1825-1872), Armistead M. Booker (1827-1838), Caroline\n Booker (1833-1859) and William Booker (1836-1859).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNancy also had another child --Margaret Benson Reynolds\n (1815-1867) --from a previous marriage to William Reynolds\n (March 29, 1814) (Austin).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIn the first three months of 1859, typhoid fever struck\n the Booker family, killing Nancy, John Sr., Caroline and\n William. James and John were 19 years old. For the next two\n years, the twins stayed with relatives, including Aunt\n Kitty and Uncle John Blair, who later moved to Texas in\n 1860 (James Booker, September 6, 1861).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAt the age of 21, James and John enlisted in the\n Confederate Army, the 38th Regiment of Virginia, on May 24,\n 1861 in \n \u003cgeogname\u003eWhitmell, Virginia\u003c/geogname\u003e, in \n \u003ccorpname\u003eCompany D, 38th Virginia Regiment, Infantry (also\n known as \"the Whitmell Guards\").\u003c/corpname\u003eFor more\n information about the regiment see \n \u003cbibref\u003e\n \u003ctitle\u003e38th Virginia Infantry\u003c/title\u003eby G. Howard Gregory\n (E 581.5 38th .G73 1988)\u003c/bibref\u003e. The Booker brothers\n remained in service throughout the war, and were both\n promoted to Sergeant sometime before April, 1864 (Gregory,\n 82).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIn March of 1862, James was hospitalized in Richmond\n with chronic diarrhea, but returned to his company soon\n after. Both brothers were severely wounded at the \n \u003cgeogname\u003eBattle of Drewry's Bluff near Petersburg,\n Virginia\u003c/geogname\u003e, on May 16, 1864 and transferred to \n \u003ccorpname\u003eChimborazo Hospital\u003c/corpname\u003e. John received a\n chest wound and James was wounded in the right thigh. Only\n James, however, would survive. John died of his wound on\n August 26, 1864.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAfter the war, James returned to Pittsylvania County and\n on October 31, 1867, he married \n \u003cpersname\u003eMartha Ann Fulton (?-1923)\u003c/persname\u003e(nicknamed\n \"Pat\") of \n \u003cgeogname\u003ePittsylvania County\u003c/geogname\u003e, on October 31,\n 1867. She was one of the \"sweethearts\" mentioned in his\n letters. James and Pat Booker had seven children. They died\n within two months of each other in 1923. A typed page\n listing their children and mentioning her relatives can be\n found with the copies of the typescripts of the brothers'\n letters.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/bioghist\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe twins, John and James, were born to \n \u003cpersname\u003eJohn Booker (1797-1859)\u003c/persname\u003eand \n \u003cpersname\u003eNancy Blair Reynolds Booker\n (1796-1859)\u003c/persname\u003eon October 10, 1840. Nancy and John\n had been married since November 15, 1824 and had four other\n children besides the twins: Mary Ann Booker Sparks\n (1825-1872), Armistead M. Booker (1827-1838), Caroline\n Booker (1833-1859) and William Booker (1836-1859).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eNancy also had another child --Margaret Benson Reynolds\n (1815-1867) --from a previous marriage to William Reynolds\n (March 29, 1814) (Austin).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn the first three months of 1859, typhoid fever struck\n the Booker family, killing Nancy, John Sr., Caroline and\n William. James and John were 19 years old. For the next two\n years, the twins stayed with relatives, including Aunt\n Kitty and Uncle John Blair, who later moved to Texas in\n 1860 (James Booker, September 6, 1861).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAt the age of 21, James and John enlisted in the\n Confederate Army, the 38th Regiment of Virginia, on May 24,\n 1861 in \n \u003cgeogname\u003eWhitmell, Virginia\u003c/geogname\u003e, in \n \u003ccorpname\u003eCompany D, 38th Virginia Regiment, Infantry (also\n known as \"the Whitmell Guards\").\u003c/corpname\u003eFor more\n information about the regiment see \n \u003cbibref\u003e\n \u003ctitle\u003e38th Virginia Infantry\u003c/title\u003eby G. Howard Gregory\n (E 581.5 38th .G73 1988)\u003c/bibref\u003e. The Booker brothers\n remained in service throughout the war, and were both\n promoted to Sergeant sometime before April, 1864 (Gregory,\n 82).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn March of 1862, James was hospitalized in Richmond\n with chronic diarrhea, but returned to his company soon\n after. Both brothers were severely wounded at the \n \u003cgeogname\u003eBattle of Drewry's Bluff near Petersburg,\n Virginia\u003c/geogname\u003e, on May 16, 1864 and transferred to \n \u003ccorpname\u003eChimborazo Hospital\u003c/corpname\u003e. John received a\n chest wound and James was wounded in the right thigh. Only\n James, however, would survive. John died of his wound on\n August 26, 1864.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAfter the war, James returned to Pittsylvania County and\n on October 31, 1867, he married \n \u003cpersname\u003eMartha Ann Fulton (?-1923)\u003c/persname\u003e(nicknamed\n \"Pat\") of \n \u003cgeogname\u003ePittsylvania County\u003c/geogname\u003e, on October 31,\n 1867. She was one of the \"sweethearts\" mentioned in his\n letters. James and Pat Booker had seven children. They died\n within two months of each other in 1923. A typed page\n listing their children and mentioning her relatives can be\n found with the copies of the typescripts of the brothers'\n letters.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cbioghist\u003e\n \u003chead\u003eChloe Unity Blair\u003c/head\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChloe Unity Blair (1833-1875) was born to Chloe Coleman\n Blair (1801-1854) and Drury Blair (1801-1864). Her father\n was Nancy Booker's younger brother, making James and John\n her first cousins. Chloe Unity had several brothers and\n sisters, some of whom James and John mention in their\n letters: Polly Ann, William, and Drury Addison \"Addie\"\n Blair, who briefly served in the 38th Regiment with the\n Bookers.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUnfortunately, all of Chloe Unity's letters to her\n Booker cousins were either destroyed or are as yet\n undiscovered. From their responses, however, we can see\n that both John and James greatly appreciated her letters.\n They depended upon her for news of the family and they\n often asked her to \"remember\" them to different family\n members. The Bookers also periodically asked their cousin\n to have their sister Mary forward certain items such as\n clothing or James' \"soldier likeness\" (October 4, 1863).\n Chloe Unity would send them gifts and provisions as well,\n prompting James to write, \"I am under many obligations to\n you all for send ing us such a fine box it was a great\n treat to us,\" (October 4, 1863). James and John are always\n polite and solicitous in tone to their cousin, and yet the\n letters also convey warmth and friendship: having lost\n their parents and two siblings just before the war, John\n and James may have been especially close to \"cousin Unity,\"\n who along with their sister Mary may have served as a kind\n of surrogate mother.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIndeed, when John married Martha Ann Fulton in October\n of 1867, he became Chloe's step-son-in-law, since Chloe had\n married Martha's father William Fulton (1821-18?) just a\n few months before. It is easy to imagine that the two\n cousins were pleased by this relationship, as their\n respective marriages unified and tightened the Booker and\n Blair families which had suffered so many losses during the\n war years.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/bioghist\u003e","\u003cp\u003eChloe Unity Blair (1833-1875) was born to Chloe Coleman\n Blair (1801-1854) and Drury Blair (1801-1864). Her father\n was Nancy Booker's younger brother, making James and John\n her first cousins. Chloe Unity had several brothers and\n sisters, some of whom James and John mention in their\n letters: Polly Ann, William, and Drury Addison \"Addie\"\n Blair, who briefly served in the 38th Regiment with the\n Bookers.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eUnfortunately, all of Chloe Unity's letters to her\n Booker cousins were either destroyed or are as yet\n undiscovered. From their responses, however, we can see\n that both John and James greatly appreciated her letters.\n They depended upon her for news of the family and they\n often asked her to \"remember\" them to different family\n members. The Bookers also periodically asked their cousin\n to have their sister Mary forward certain items such as\n clothing or James' \"soldier likeness\" (October 4, 1863).\n Chloe Unity would send them gifts and provisions as well,\n prompting James to write, \"I am under many obligations to\n you all for send ing us such a fine box it was a great\n treat to us,\" (October 4, 1863). James and John are always\n polite and solicitous in tone to their cousin, and yet the\n letters also convey warmth and friendship: having lost\n their parents and two siblings just before the war, John\n and James may have been especially close to \"cousin Unity,\"\n who along with their sister Mary may have served as a kind\n of surrogate mother.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIndeed, when John married Martha Ann Fulton in October\n of 1867, he became Chloe's step-son-in-law, since Chloe had\n married Martha's father William Fulton (1821-18?) just a\n few months before. It is easy to imagine that the two\n cousins were pleased by this relationship, as their\n respective marriages unified and tightened the Booker and\n Blair families which had suffered so many losses during the\n war years.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cbioghist\u003e\n \u003chead\u003eThe 38th Virginia Infantry: A Brief History of the\n Regiment\u003c/head\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOn May 3, 1861, Governor John Letcher called for the men\n of Virginia to leave their families and occupations and\n join the Confederate Army. Soon after, the 38th Virginia\n Volunteer Infantry Regiment was formed, lead by Colonel\n Edward Edmonds, Lieutenant Colonel Powhatan Whittle and\n Major Isaac Carrington. During the course of the war, the\n 38th was assigned to several different brigades, including\n Smith's, Early's and Armistead's Brigade. There was also\n considerable turnover of officers, as some were wounded,\n killed, or not re-elected.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe 38th consisted of ten companies, most of which were\n organized in Pittsylvania County, VA. Company D, which the\n Bookers joined, was organized at Whitmell. Its initial\n leader was Captain Ralph Herndon.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\n \u003clist type=\"simple\"\u003e\n \u003chead\u003eEngagements and Assignments of the 38th\n Virginia Infantry\u003c/head\u003e\n \u003citem\u003eMay 5, 1862: The Battle of Williamsburg:\n Whittle is wounded.\u003c/item\u003e\n \u003citem\u003eMay 31, 1862: The Battle of Seven Pines: The\n 38th suffers a casualty rate of 42%.\u003c/item\u003e\n \u003citem\u003eJuly 1, 1862: The Battle of Malvern Hill: The\n 38th suffers severely with 11 killed, 72 wounded and\n 11 missing.\u003c/item\u003e\n \u003citem\u003eSeptember 15, 1862: The 38th takes part in\n capturing Harper's Ferry.\u003c/item\u003e\n \u003citem\u003eSeptember 16, 1862: The 38th joins the Battle\n of Sharpsburg.\u003c/item\u003e\n \u003citem\u003eJuly 3, 1863: The 38th is part of Pickett's\n Charge at the Battle of Gettysburg; Colonel Edmonds\n is killed; of the 481 members of the 38th who\n participated in the battle, \"40 were killed on the\n battlefield (8%); 51 were wounded (10%); and 103 were\n captured (21%)\" (Gregory 43).\u003c/item\u003e\n \u003citem\u003eMay 10, 1864: The Battle of Chester Station;\n Colonel Cabell is killed; Lieutenant Colonel Griggs\n is promoted to Colonel of the 38th.\u003c/item\u003e\n \u003citem\u003eMay 16, 1864: The Battle of Drewry's Bluff;\n from the 38th, 23 killed and 77 wounded.\u003c/item\u003e\n \u003citem\u003eSeptember 3, 1864: Brigadier General George\n Steuart assumes command of Armistead's Brigade.\n Desertions are frequent.\u003c/item\u003e\n \u003citem\u003eNovember 17, 1864: The 38th captures the Union\n line near Petersburg.\u003c/item\u003e\n \u003citem\u003eApril 1, 1865: The Battle of Five Forks.\u003c/item\u003e\n \u003citem\u003eApril 6, 1865: The Battle of Sayler's\n Creek--the 38th's final battle.\u003c/item\u003e\n \u003citem\u003eApril 9, 1865: Lee surrenders at Appomattox\n Court House; the 38th is nearby at \"Pleasant\n Retreat,\" two miles east of the court house.\u003c/item\u003e\n \u003citem\u003eApril 13, 1865: The 38th breaks camp and heads\n home.\u003c/item\u003e\n \u003c/list\u003e\n \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/bioghist\u003e","\u003cp\u003eOn May 3, 1861, Governor John Letcher called for the men\n of Virginia to leave their families and occupations and\n join the Confederate Army. Soon after, the 38th Virginia\n Volunteer Infantry Regiment was formed, lead by Colonel\n Edward Edmonds, Lieutenant Colonel Powhatan Whittle and\n Major Isaac Carrington. During the course of the war, the\n 38th was assigned to several different brigades, including\n Smith's, Early's and Armistead's Brigade. There was also\n considerable turnover of officers, as some were wounded,\n killed, or not re-elected.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe 38th consisted of ten companies, most of which were\n organized in Pittsylvania County, VA. Company D, which the\n Bookers joined, was organized at Whitmell. Its initial\n leader was Captain Ralph Herndon.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\n \u003clist type=\"simple\"\u003e\n \u003chead\u003eEngagements and Assignments of the 38th\n Virginia Infantry\u003c/head\u003e\n \u003citem\u003eMay 5, 1862: The Battle of Williamsburg:\n Whittle is wounded.\u003c/item\u003e\n \u003citem\u003eMay 31, 1862: The Battle of Seven Pines: The\n 38th suffers a casualty rate of 42%.\u003c/item\u003e\n \u003citem\u003eJuly 1, 1862: The Battle of Malvern Hill: The\n 38th suffers severely with 11 killed, 72 wounded and\n 11 missing.\u003c/item\u003e\n \u003citem\u003eSeptember 15, 1862: The 38th takes part in\n capturing Harper's Ferry.\u003c/item\u003e\n \u003citem\u003eSeptember 16, 1862: The 38th joins the Battle\n of Sharpsburg.\u003c/item\u003e\n \u003citem\u003eJuly 3, 1863: The 38th is part of Pickett's\n Charge at the Battle of Gettysburg; Colonel Edmonds\n is killed; of the 481 members of the 38th who\n participated in the battle, \"40 were killed on the\n battlefield (8%); 51 were wounded (10%); and 103 were\n captured (21%)\" (Gregory 43).\u003c/item\u003e\n \u003citem\u003eMay 10, 1864: The Battle of Chester Station;\n Colonel Cabell is killed; Lieutenant Colonel Griggs\n is promoted to Colonel of the 38th.\u003c/item\u003e\n \u003citem\u003eMay 16, 1864: The Battle of Drewry's Bluff;\n from the 38th, 23 killed and 77 wounded.\u003c/item\u003e\n \u003citem\u003eSeptember 3, 1864: Brigadier General George\n Steuart assumes command of Armistead's Brigade.\n Desertions are frequent.\u003c/item\u003e\n \u003citem\u003eNovember 17, 1864: The 38th captures the Union\n line near Petersburg.\u003c/item\u003e\n \u003citem\u003eApril 1, 1865: The Battle of Five Forks.\u003c/item\u003e\n \u003citem\u003eApril 6, 1865: The Battle of Sayler's\n Creek--the 38th's final battle.\u003c/item\u003e\n \u003citem\u003eApril 9, 1865: Lee surrenders at Appomattox\n Court House; the 38th is nearby at \"Pleasant\n Retreat,\" two miles east of the court house.\u003c/item\u003e\n \u003citem\u003eApril 13, 1865: The 38th breaks camp and heads\n home.\u003c/item\u003e\n \u003c/list\u003e\n \u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical/Historical Information","James Booker and John Booker","Chloe Unity Blair","The 38th Virginia Infantry: A Brief History of the\n Regiment"],"bioghist_tesim":["James Booker and John Booker The twins, John and James, were born to \n John Booker (1797-1859) and \n Nancy Blair Reynolds Booker\n (1796-1859) on October 10, 1840. Nancy and John\n had been married since November 15, 1824 and had four other\n children besides the twins: Mary Ann Booker Sparks\n (1825-1872), Armistead M. Booker (1827-1838), Caroline\n Booker (1833-1859) and William Booker (1836-1859). Nancy also had another child --Margaret Benson Reynolds\n (1815-1867) --from a previous marriage to William Reynolds\n (March 29, 1814) (Austin). In the first three months of 1859, typhoid fever struck\n the Booker family, killing Nancy, John Sr., Caroline and\n William. James and John were 19 years old. For the next two\n years, the twins stayed with relatives, including Aunt\n Kitty and Uncle John Blair, who later moved to Texas in\n 1860 (James Booker, September 6, 1861). At the age of 21, James and John enlisted in the\n Confederate Army, the 38th Regiment of Virginia, on May 24,\n 1861 in \n Whitmell, Virginia , in \n Company D, 38th Virginia Regiment, Infantry (also\n known as \"the Whitmell Guards\"). For more\n information about the regiment see \n 38th Virginia Infantry by G. Howard Gregory\n (E 581.5 38th .G73 1988) . The Booker brothers\n remained in service throughout the war, and were both\n promoted to Sergeant sometime before April, 1864 (Gregory,\n 82). In March of 1862, James was hospitalized in Richmond\n with chronic diarrhea, but returned to his company soon\n after. Both brothers were severely wounded at the \n Battle of Drewry's Bluff near Petersburg,\n Virginia , on May 16, 1864 and transferred to \n Chimborazo Hospital . John received a\n chest wound and James was wounded in the right thigh. Only\n James, however, would survive. John died of his wound on\n August 26, 1864. After the war, James returned to Pittsylvania County and\n on October 31, 1867, he married \n Martha Ann Fulton (?-1923) (nicknamed\n \"Pat\") of \n Pittsylvania County , on October 31,\n 1867. She was one of the \"sweethearts\" mentioned in his\n letters. James and Pat Booker had seven children. They died\n within two months of each other in 1923. A typed page\n listing their children and mentioning her relatives can be\n found with the copies of the typescripts of the brothers'\n letters.","The twins, John and James, were born to \n John Booker (1797-1859) and \n Nancy Blair Reynolds Booker\n (1796-1859) on October 10, 1840. Nancy and John\n had been married since November 15, 1824 and had four other\n children besides the twins: Mary Ann Booker Sparks\n (1825-1872), Armistead M. Booker (1827-1838), Caroline\n Booker (1833-1859) and William Booker (1836-1859).","Nancy also had another child --Margaret Benson Reynolds\n (1815-1867) --from a previous marriage to William Reynolds\n (March 29, 1814) (Austin).","In the first three months of 1859, typhoid fever struck\n the Booker family, killing Nancy, John Sr., Caroline and\n William. James and John were 19 years old. For the next two\n years, the twins stayed with relatives, including Aunt\n Kitty and Uncle John Blair, who later moved to Texas in\n 1860 (James Booker, September 6, 1861).","At the age of 21, James and John enlisted in the\n Confederate Army, the 38th Regiment of Virginia, on May 24,\n 1861 in \n Whitmell, Virginia , in \n Company D, 38th Virginia Regiment, Infantry (also\n known as \"the Whitmell Guards\"). For more\n information about the regiment see \n 38th Virginia Infantry by G. Howard Gregory\n (E 581.5 38th .G73 1988) . The Booker brothers\n remained in service throughout the war, and were both\n promoted to Sergeant sometime before April, 1864 (Gregory,\n 82).","In March of 1862, James was hospitalized in Richmond\n with chronic diarrhea, but returned to his company soon\n after. Both brothers were severely wounded at the \n Battle of Drewry's Bluff near Petersburg,\n Virginia , on May 16, 1864 and transferred to \n Chimborazo Hospital . John received a\n chest wound and James was wounded in the right thigh. Only\n James, however, would survive. John died of his wound on\n August 26, 1864.","After the war, James returned to Pittsylvania County and\n on October 31, 1867, he married \n Martha Ann Fulton (?-1923) (nicknamed\n \"Pat\") of \n Pittsylvania County , on October 31,\n 1867. She was one of the \"sweethearts\" mentioned in his\n letters. James and Pat Booker had seven children. They died\n within two months of each other in 1923. A typed page\n listing their children and mentioning her relatives can be\n found with the copies of the typescripts of the brothers'\n letters.","Chloe Unity Blair Chloe Unity Blair (1833-1875) was born to Chloe Coleman\n Blair (1801-1854) and Drury Blair (1801-1864). Her father\n was Nancy Booker's younger brother, making James and John\n her first cousins. Chloe Unity had several brothers and\n sisters, some of whom James and John mention in their\n letters: Polly Ann, William, and Drury Addison \"Addie\"\n Blair, who briefly served in the 38th Regiment with the\n Bookers. Unfortunately, all of Chloe Unity's letters to her\n Booker cousins were either destroyed or are as yet\n undiscovered. From their responses, however, we can see\n that both John and James greatly appreciated her letters.\n They depended upon her for news of the family and they\n often asked her to \"remember\" them to different family\n members. The Bookers also periodically asked their cousin\n to have their sister Mary forward certain items such as\n clothing or James' \"soldier likeness\" (October 4, 1863).\n Chloe Unity would send them gifts and provisions as well,\n prompting James to write, \"I am under many obligations to\n you all for send ing us such a fine box it was a great\n treat to us,\" (October 4, 1863). James and John are always\n polite and solicitous in tone to their cousin, and yet the\n letters also convey warmth and friendship: having lost\n their parents and two siblings just before the war, John\n and James may have been especially close to \"cousin Unity,\"\n who along with their sister Mary may have served as a kind\n of surrogate mother. Indeed, when John married Martha Ann Fulton in October\n of 1867, he became Chloe's step-son-in-law, since Chloe had\n married Martha's father William Fulton (1821-18?) just a\n few months before. It is easy to imagine that the two\n cousins were pleased by this relationship, as their\n respective marriages unified and tightened the Booker and\n Blair families which had suffered so many losses during the\n war years.","Chloe Unity Blair (1833-1875) was born to Chloe Coleman\n Blair (1801-1854) and Drury Blair (1801-1864). Her father\n was Nancy Booker's younger brother, making James and John\n her first cousins. Chloe Unity had several brothers and\n sisters, some of whom James and John mention in their\n letters: Polly Ann, William, and Drury Addison \"Addie\"\n Blair, who briefly served in the 38th Regiment with the\n Bookers.","Unfortunately, all of Chloe Unity's letters to her\n Booker cousins were either destroyed or are as yet\n undiscovered. From their responses, however, we can see\n that both John and James greatly appreciated her letters.\n They depended upon her for news of the family and they\n often asked her to \"remember\" them to different family\n members. The Bookers also periodically asked their cousin\n to have their sister Mary forward certain items such as\n clothing or James' \"soldier likeness\" (October 4, 1863).\n Chloe Unity would send them gifts and provisions as well,\n prompting James to write, \"I am under many obligations to\n you all for send ing us such a fine box it was a great\n treat to us,\" (October 4, 1863). James and John are always\n polite and solicitous in tone to their cousin, and yet the\n letters also convey warmth and friendship: having lost\n their parents and two siblings just before the war, John\n and James may have been especially close to \"cousin Unity,\"\n who along with their sister Mary may have served as a kind\n of surrogate mother.","Indeed, when John married Martha Ann Fulton in October\n of 1867, he became Chloe's step-son-in-law, since Chloe had\n married Martha's father William Fulton (1821-18?) just a\n few months before. It is easy to imagine that the two\n cousins were pleased by this relationship, as their\n respective marriages unified and tightened the Booker and\n Blair families which had suffered so many losses during the\n war years.","The 38th Virginia Infantry: A Brief History of the\n Regiment On May 3, 1861, Governor John Letcher called for the men\n of Virginia to leave their families and occupations and\n join the Confederate Army. Soon after, the 38th Virginia\n Volunteer Infantry Regiment was formed, lead by Colonel\n Edward Edmonds, Lieutenant Colonel Powhatan Whittle and\n Major Isaac Carrington. During the course of the war, the\n 38th was assigned to several different brigades, including\n Smith's, Early's and Armistead's Brigade. There was also\n considerable turnover of officers, as some were wounded,\n killed, or not re-elected. The 38th consisted of ten companies, most of which were\n organized in Pittsylvania County, VA. Company D, which the\n Bookers joined, was organized at Whitmell. Its initial\n leader was Captain Ralph Herndon. Engagements and Assignments of the 38th\n Virginia Infantry May 5, 1862: The Battle of Williamsburg:\n Whittle is wounded. May 31, 1862: The Battle of Seven Pines: The\n 38th suffers a casualty rate of 42%. July 1, 1862: The Battle of Malvern Hill: The\n 38th suffers severely with 11 killed, 72 wounded and\n 11 missing. September 15, 1862: The 38th takes part in\n capturing Harper's Ferry. September 16, 1862: The 38th joins the Battle\n of Sharpsburg. July 3, 1863: The 38th is part of Pickett's\n Charge at the Battle of Gettysburg; Colonel Edmonds\n is killed; of the 481 members of the 38th who\n participated in the battle, \"40 were killed on the\n battlefield (8%); 51 were wounded (10%); and 103 were\n captured (21%)\" (Gregory 43). May 10, 1864: The Battle of Chester Station;\n Colonel Cabell is killed; Lieutenant Colonel Griggs\n is promoted to Colonel of the 38th. May 16, 1864: The Battle of Drewry's Bluff;\n from the 38th, 23 killed and 77 wounded. September 3, 1864: Brigadier General George\n Steuart assumes command of Armistead's Brigade.\n Desertions are frequent. November 17, 1864: The 38th captures the Union\n line near Petersburg. April 1, 1865: The Battle of Five Forks. April 6, 1865: The Battle of Sayler's\n Creek--the 38th's final battle. April 9, 1865: Lee surrenders at Appomattox\n Court House; the 38th is nearby at \"Pleasant\n Retreat,\" two miles east of the court house. April 13, 1865: The 38th breaks camp and heads\n home.","On May 3, 1861, Governor John Letcher called for the men\n of Virginia to leave their families and occupations and\n join the Confederate Army. Soon after, the 38th Virginia\n Volunteer Infantry Regiment was formed, lead by Colonel\n Edward Edmonds, Lieutenant Colonel Powhatan Whittle and\n Major Isaac Carrington. During the course of the war, the\n 38th was assigned to several different brigades, including\n Smith's, Early's and Armistead's Brigade. There was also\n considerable turnover of officers, as some were wounded,\n killed, or not re-elected.","The 38th consisted of ten companies, most of which were\n organized in Pittsylvania County, VA. Company D, which the\n Bookers joined, was organized at Whitmell. Its initial\n leader was Captain Ralph Herndon.","Engagements and Assignments of the 38th\n Virginia Infantry May 5, 1862: The Battle of Williamsburg:\n Whittle is wounded. May 31, 1862: The Battle of Seven Pines: The\n 38th suffers a casualty rate of 42%. July 1, 1862: The Battle of Malvern Hill: The\n 38th suffers severely with 11 killed, 72 wounded and\n 11 missing. September 15, 1862: The 38th takes part in\n capturing Harper's Ferry. September 16, 1862: The 38th joins the Battle\n of Sharpsburg. July 3, 1863: The 38th is part of Pickett's\n Charge at the Battle of Gettysburg; Colonel Edmonds\n is killed; of the 481 members of the 38th who\n participated in the battle, \"40 were killed on the\n battlefield (8%); 51 were wounded (10%); and 103 were\n captured (21%)\" (Gregory 43). May 10, 1864: The Battle of Chester Station;\n Colonel Cabell is killed; Lieutenant Colonel Griggs\n is promoted to Colonel of the 38th. May 16, 1864: The Battle of Drewry's Bluff;\n from the 38th, 23 killed and 77 wounded. September 3, 1864: Brigadier General George\n Steuart assumes command of Armistead's Brigade.\n Desertions are frequent. November 17, 1864: The 38th captures the Union\n line near Petersburg. April 1, 1865: The Battle of Five Forks. April 6, 1865: The Battle of Sayler's\n Creek--the 38th's final battle. April 9, 1865: Lee surrenders at Appomattox\n Court House; the 38th is nearby at \"Pleasant\n Retreat,\" two miles east of the court house. April 13, 1865: The 38th breaks camp and heads\n home."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eJames and John Booker\n Collection, Accession 11237, Special Collections Department, University of\n Virginia Library\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["James and John Booker\n Collection, Accession 11237, Special Collections Department, University of\n Virginia Library"],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eFunded in part by a grant from the National Endowment\n for the Humanities\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Funding Note"],"processinfo_tesim":["Funded in part by a grant from the National Endowment\n for the Humanities"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content Information","Scope and Content","Overview of Themes Discussed in the Letters","Preparing for Battle","Health","Food and Supplies","Interactions with Civilians","Morale","Religion"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Scope and Content This collection consists of ca. twenty-six items,\n 1861-1864, chiefly the letters of \n John Booker (1840-1864) and \n James Booker (1840-1923) of \n Pittsylvania County, Virginia, to their\n cousin, \n Chloe Unity Blair (1839-1875) ;\n electrostatic copies of Bible records for the Booker and\n Blair families; and electrostatic copies of typed\n transcripts of the letters. The original bound volume of\n the transcripts was returned to the donor.","This collection consists of ca. twenty-six items,\n 1861-1864, chiefly the letters of \n John Booker (1840-1864) and \n James Booker (1840-1923) of \n Pittsylvania County, Virginia, to their\n cousin, \n Chloe Unity Blair (1839-1875) ;\n electrostatic copies of Bible records for the Booker and\n Blair families; and electrostatic copies of typed\n transcripts of the letters. The original bound volume of\n the transcripts was returned to the donor.","Overview of Themes Discussed in the Letters The letters of James and John Booker give a sense of\n what life was like for an ordinary soldier serving in the\n Confederate army. Of course, the Bookers depict the drama\n of battle --describing gunfire and cannonades, listing the\n dead and wounded, and giving thanks for their own escapes\n from death or imprisonment--but the letters are more\n concerned with the rhythms of everyday life at camp. The\n Bookers worry over their health and their comrades'; enjoy\n the plenty or (more often) lament the lack of food and\n supplies; report on the interactions between civilians and\n soldiers; and describe religious revivals held at the camp.\n As the war goes on, the Bookers begin to articulate with\n more intensity not only what happens to them, but how they\n feel about it. Whereas John fumes against the elites\n (officers, politicians, and the wealthy) for evading their\n responsibilities and mistreating the common soldier, James\n grows more fatalistic and religious, trusting that his\n suffering is God's will.","The letters of James and John Booker give a sense of\n what life was like for an ordinary soldier serving in the\n Confederate army. Of course, the Bookers depict the drama\n of battle --describing gunfire and cannonades, listing the\n dead and wounded, and giving thanks for their own escapes\n from death or imprisonment--but the letters are more\n concerned with the rhythms of everyday life at camp. The\n Bookers worry over their health and their comrades'; enjoy\n the plenty or (more often) lament the lack of food and\n supplies; report on the interactions between civilians and\n soldiers; and describe religious revivals held at the camp.\n As the war goes on, the Bookers begin to articulate with\n more intensity not only what happens to them, but how they\n feel about it. Whereas John fumes against the elites\n (officers, politicians, and the wealthy) for evading their\n responsibilities and mistreating the common soldier, James\n grows more fatalistic and religious, trusting that his\n suffering is God's will.","Preparing for Battle The members of the 38th Virginia spent much of their\n time drilling, marching, serving picket duty, and\n speculating about when and where the next battle would be.\n Indeed, the Bookers seem to devote more energy to\n anticipating battles than to describing them (perhaps\n because they did not want to upset their cousin). They\n acquired much of the information that fueled their\n speculations from gossipping with citizens and other\n soldiers. In a letter from 1861, for instance, James Booker\n predicts that a \"hard battle\" will break out soon, basing\n his prediction on a conversation he had with a soldier\n whose company is located closer to the front (October 8).\n Sometimes more immediate experiences led the Bookers to\n forecast a battle, especially when they could see Union\n troops or hear cannonades and gunfire nearby. Writing from\n a rain-soaked outpost near Yorktown, Virginia in 1862, for\n instance, James reports that the Union forces have been\n \"shooting at our men constantly tho it is very cildom thay\n hit eny of them\" (April 19). He predicts that soon a battle\n will occur that will decide the war, since he has heard\n that Yankee prisoners \"say that thay have got to whip or\n die here\" (April 19, 1862). But in this prediction, as in\n others, James was disappointed. As the war dragged on, the\n Bookers stopped assuming that it would reach a speedy\n conclusion; indeed, by 1864 John came to the conclusion\n that the \"leaden men\" were not really interested in\n achieving peace (March 1, 1864). Although the Bookers participated in several battles and\n skirmishes, the most devastating battle for their regiment\n was Gettysburg (see the section on Regimental History for a\n complete list of the engagements that the 38th took part\n in). While participating in Pickett's Charge, the 38th\n Virginia lost Colonel Edmonds, whom James Booker describes\n as \"one of the best men in service,\" and many other\n officers and soldiers (July 11, 1863). The Booker brothers\n themselves had to scramble to avoid being captured by Union\n troops; several of their companions, however, \"let the\n Yankees take them\" (John Booker, July 11, 1863). Not only were the Bookers shocked by their experiences\n in battle, but by chilling events that upset camp routines.\n In the first weeks of the war, James Booker reports, a\n young man accidentally shot another soldier from his\n hometown and now is \"about to grieve himself to death about\n it\" (July 14, 1861). But James passes on an even more\n shocking story in a later letter: two soldiers were caught\n conspiring to kill their commanding officer and were\n executed. In an attempt to \"save their souls,\" the\n condemned soldiers \"gave the Roman Catholic Priest 25\n dollars apiece\" (December 15, 1861).","The members of the 38th Virginia spent much of their\n time drilling, marching, serving picket duty, and\n speculating about when and where the next battle would be.\n Indeed, the Bookers seem to devote more energy to\n anticipating battles than to describing them (perhaps\n because they did not want to upset their cousin). They\n acquired much of the information that fueled their\n speculations from gossipping with citizens and other\n soldiers. In a letter from 1861, for instance, James Booker\n predicts that a \"hard battle\" will break out soon, basing\n his prediction on a conversation he had with a soldier\n whose company is located closer to the front (October 8).\n Sometimes more immediate experiences led the Bookers to\n forecast a battle, especially when they could see Union\n troops or hear cannonades and gunfire nearby. Writing from\n a rain-soaked outpost near Yorktown, Virginia in 1862, for\n instance, James reports that the Union forces have been\n \"shooting at our men constantly tho it is very cildom thay\n hit eny of them\" (April 19). He predicts that soon a battle\n will occur that will decide the war, since he has heard\n that Yankee prisoners \"say that thay have got to whip or\n die here\" (April 19, 1862). But in this prediction, as in\n others, James was disappointed. As the war dragged on, the\n Bookers stopped assuming that it would reach a speedy\n conclusion; indeed, by 1864 John came to the conclusion\n that the \"leaden men\" were not really interested in\n achieving peace (March 1, 1864).","Although the Bookers participated in several battles and\n skirmishes, the most devastating battle for their regiment\n was Gettysburg (see the section on Regimental History for a\n complete list of the engagements that the 38th took part\n in). While participating in Pickett's Charge, the 38th\n Virginia lost Colonel Edmonds, whom James Booker describes\n as \"one of the best men in service,\" and many other\n officers and soldiers (July 11, 1863). The Booker brothers\n themselves had to scramble to avoid being captured by Union\n troops; several of their companions, however, \"let the\n Yankees take them\" (John Booker, July 11, 1863).","Not only were the Bookers shocked by their experiences\n in battle, but by chilling events that upset camp routines.\n In the first weeks of the war, James Booker reports, a\n young man accidentally shot another soldier from his\n hometown and now is \"about to grieve himself to death about\n it\" (July 14, 1861). But James passes on an even more\n shocking story in a later letter: two soldiers were caught\n conspiring to kill their commanding officer and were\n executed. In an attempt to \"save their souls,\" the\n condemned soldiers \"gave the Roman Catholic Priest 25\n dollars apiece\" (December 15, 1861).","Health More explainable than violence in the camps, but\n ultimately more destructive, was disease. Illness and\n disease killed two-thirds of the Southern soldiers who died\n during the Civil War, so not surprisingly the Bookers often\n detail the health problems that they and their fellow\n soldiers were suffering (Robertson 88-89). These ailments\n include jaundice, typhoid, stomach disorders, fever, and\n mumps. The Bookers imply that much of the illness is due to\n the conditions the soldiers must face; sometimes the\n soldiers lacked adequate shelter, at times they would have\n to wade rivers and then march miles wearing wet clothing,\n and often they lacked adequate provisions (John Booker,\n April 29, 1862). Although sick soldiers were typically sent\n to the hospital, the men also took care of each other. In\n the fall of 1861, James and John Booker, apparently just\n recovering from sickness themselves, were responsible for\n nursing three members of their company (James Booker,\n September 6). Several months later, James Booker fell sick\n with chronic diarrhea and was sent to Greaner's Hospital in\n Richmond to recuperate. While in the hospital, Booker was\n stuck in a Catch-22: he wanted to get a furlough so that he\n could recover his health at home, but he did not know where\n his company was, so he could not get the permission of his\n commanding officer to return to Pittsylvania. Eventually\n James re-joined his company, but he did not receive the\n furlough that he wished for.","More explainable than violence in the camps, but\n ultimately more destructive, was disease. Illness and\n disease killed two-thirds of the Southern soldiers who died\n during the Civil War, so not surprisingly the Bookers often\n detail the health problems that they and their fellow\n soldiers were suffering (Robertson 88-89). These ailments\n include jaundice, typhoid, stomach disorders, fever, and\n mumps. The Bookers imply that much of the illness is due to\n the conditions the soldiers must face; sometimes the\n soldiers lacked adequate shelter, at times they would have\n to wade rivers and then march miles wearing wet clothing,\n and often they lacked adequate provisions (John Booker,\n April 29, 1862). Although sick soldiers were typically sent\n to the hospital, the men also took care of each other. In\n the fall of 1861, James and John Booker, apparently just\n recovering from sickness themselves, were responsible for\n nursing three members of their company (James Booker,\n September 6). Several months later, James Booker fell sick\n with chronic diarrhea and was sent to Greaner's Hospital in\n Richmond to recuperate. While in the hospital, Booker was\n stuck in a Catch-22: he wanted to get a furlough so that he\n could recover his health at home, but he did not know where\n his company was, so he could not get the permission of his\n commanding officer to return to Pittsylvania. Eventually\n James re-joined his company, but he did not receive the\n furlough that he wished for.","Food and Supplies Although in his first letter James Booker claims that\n the soldiers get \"plenty of good pervision,\" the Bookers\n later complained that they often didn't get enough to eat\n (July 14, 1861). As James writes in 1862, \"the rations has\n bin very scanty a large portion of the time sence we have\n bin marching\" (September 30). But sometimes the 38th\n Virginia did enjoy plentiful supplies, particularly when\n they camped in locations where food was abundant. When the\n 38th Virginia arrived near Chambersburg, Pennsylvania, for\n instance, James Booker reported that \"we can get plenty of\n milk \u0026 butter and apple butter that is verry good\"\n (June 30, 1863). Often civilians would supply soldiers with\n food, whether because they feared or supported the\n troops.","Although in his first letter James Booker claims that\n the soldiers get \"plenty of good pervision,\" the Bookers\n later complained that they often didn't get enough to eat\n (July 14, 1861). As James writes in 1862, \"the rations has\n bin very scanty a large portion of the time sence we have\n bin marching\" (September 30). But sometimes the 38th\n Virginia did enjoy plentiful supplies, particularly when\n they camped in locations where food was abundant. When the\n 38th Virginia arrived near Chambersburg, Pennsylvania, for\n instance, James Booker reported that \"we can get plenty of\n milk \u0026 butter and apple butter that is verry good\"\n (June 30, 1863). Often civilians would supply soldiers with\n food, whether because they feared or supported the\n troops.","Interactions with Civilians Throughout the letters, the Bookers demonstrate their\n consciousness of the effect the war is having on the\n civilians. At the beginning of the war, James Booker\n describes the friendly exchanges between Southern soldiers\n and civilians, reporting gleefully from a camp near\n Winchester that the men have \"a fine chance of beautiful\n young Ladies, and the kindest that I ever saw\" (July 14,\n 1861). Besides providing moral support, Southern civilians\n would exchange information about the war with the\n Confederate troops (James Booker, November 24, 1862). Both\n Southern and Northern civilians would sell or give supplies\n to Confederate troops. Writing from Winchester, Virginia in\n 1862, James Booker even claims that he prefers Yankees to\n Quakers, since \"the Yankees will sell us eny thing cheap\n for the specia\" while \"the quakers will sell any thing thay\n have got when the spirit moves them, tho we cant catch them\n rite half our time\" (James Booker, October 17, 1862).\n Likewise, in Fredericksburg, Pennsylvania, the Yankee\n citizens treated the Confederate soldiers \"verry kind,\"\n providing them food without charging them for it, though\n James suggests that \"it is don through fear\" (June 30,\n 1863). While in Fredericksburg, James enjoyed a mutually\n supportive relationship with a local civilian, guarding his\n home in exchange for lodging. Although civilians and soldiers often cooperated with\n each other, the Bookers realized that the war was damaging\n the lives of those not directly involved in the fighting.\n In particular, James argues, citizens who live near the\n \"line of the enemy\" \"have great deal to see trouble about\"\n (June 14, 1863). Even those areas not yet scarred by the\n war would soon be, James predicts. As he says of\n Fredericksburg, Pennsylvania,\"this is a verry flourishing\n looking Country the crops all look fine. it has never felt\n the affect of the war, though I guess if we stay here long\n it will feel the affect of it\" (June 30, 1863). James\n especially blames Northern soldiers for looting the homes\n of Southern citizens, claiming that \"the yankees is geting\n too mean to live\" (June 14, 1863). But he admits that some\n Confederate soldiers likewise have stolen from citizens,\n disobeying General Lee's orders. Indeed, one woman stormed\n into the Confederate camp near Kinston, North Carolina,\n hoping to recover a skillet of soup that had been stolen\n (June 30, 1863; January 1, 1864). Confederate soldiers also\n stole over 18,000 dollars from the Quarter Master (January\n 1, 1864). Despite these incidents, James Booker was\n offended when Confederate General Seth Maxwell Barton\n called the members of his brigade \"rags and thieves,\" since\n \"it is not healthy for him to gave honist people such a bad\n name because some men does wrong\" (January 1, 1864).","Throughout the letters, the Bookers demonstrate their\n consciousness of the effect the war is having on the\n civilians. At the beginning of the war, James Booker\n describes the friendly exchanges between Southern soldiers\n and civilians, reporting gleefully from a camp near\n Winchester that the men have \"a fine chance of beautiful\n young Ladies, and the kindest that I ever saw\" (July 14,\n 1861). Besides providing moral support, Southern civilians\n would exchange information about the war with the\n Confederate troops (James Booker, November 24, 1862). Both\n Southern and Northern civilians would sell or give supplies\n to Confederate troops. Writing from Winchester, Virginia in\n 1862, James Booker even claims that he prefers Yankees to\n Quakers, since \"the Yankees will sell us eny thing cheap\n for the specia\" while \"the quakers will sell any thing thay\n have got when the spirit moves them, tho we cant catch them\n rite half our time\" (James Booker, October 17, 1862).\n Likewise, in Fredericksburg, Pennsylvania, the Yankee\n citizens treated the Confederate soldiers \"verry kind,\"\n providing them food without charging them for it, though\n James suggests that \"it is don through fear\" (June 30,\n 1863). While in Fredericksburg, James enjoyed a mutually\n supportive relationship with a local civilian, guarding his\n home in exchange for lodging.","Although civilians and soldiers often cooperated with\n each other, the Bookers realized that the war was damaging\n the lives of those not directly involved in the fighting.\n In particular, James argues, citizens who live near the\n \"line of the enemy\" \"have great deal to see trouble about\"\n (June 14, 1863). Even those areas not yet scarred by the\n war would soon be, James predicts. As he says of\n Fredericksburg, Pennsylvania,\"this is a verry flourishing\n looking Country the crops all look fine. it has never felt\n the affect of the war, though I guess if we stay here long\n it will feel the affect of it\" (June 30, 1863). James\n especially blames Northern soldiers for looting the homes\n of Southern citizens, claiming that \"the yankees is geting\n too mean to live\" (June 14, 1863). But he admits that some\n Confederate soldiers likewise have stolen from citizens,\n disobeying General Lee's orders. Indeed, one woman stormed\n into the Confederate camp near Kinston, North Carolina,\n hoping to recover a skillet of soup that had been stolen\n (June 30, 1863; January 1, 1864). Confederate soldiers also\n stole over 18,000 dollars from the Quarter Master (January\n 1, 1864). Despite these incidents, James Booker was\n offended when Confederate General Seth Maxwell Barton\n called the members of his brigade \"rags and thieves,\" since\n \"it is not healthy for him to gave honist people such a bad\n name because some men does wrong\" (January 1, 1864).","Morale Early in the war, James and John Booker seemed to\n believe that the South would defeat the North swiftly. They\n contended that the South had a stronger army, and they\n noted that Northerners \"dont unite like our people do,\"\n since the Democrats and the Republicans were at odds (James\n Booker, June 30, 1863). Soon their hope had begun to fade. Though James Booker\n longed to return home, by 1863 he no longer believed that\n the North and South would achieve a quick peace: \n \"I am a fread it will be a long time first if ever, I\n think the prosspect for peece is very gloomy now it dont\n look like eather side is make in any prepperration for\n Piece, thare are greater preperation for fighten than\n ever\" (September 23, 1863). John Booker was even more pessimistic, and\n certainly much more cynical, as he accused the Southern\n leadership of needlessly prolonging the war: \n \"I beleave that we mout have hud piece be fore this\n time if our head leaden men would would have tride\"\n (March 1, 1864). The Bookers, particularly John, felt that while Southern\n elites were making decisions that extended the war, the\n poor were actually fighting most of the battles and\n suffering the consequences of those decisions. Because the\n First Conscription Act allowed a drafted man to hire a\n \"substitute\" to serve his term in the army, wealthy men\n could evade service (Current, 396-99). This provision\n enraged many of the Confederate soldiers, who contended\n that it placed the burden of the war on those who could not\n afford to pay for a substitute. Not only did substitution\n fan class tensions, but it also failed to bring competent\n soldiers into the army. James Booker mentions that that the\n substitute for John Millner deserted, and many other\n substitutes did likewise (August 3, 1862). Some men even\n made a business of agreeing to substitute for one person,\n deserting, and then collecting money to substitute for\n someone else. Although James Booker did not get angry about\n the practice of substitution, he understood that it\n weakened the Confederate Army: \n \"I dont blame no man to put in a substitute if he\n can, tho I think if it is kept up much long er it will\n ruin our army\" (August 3, 1862). His brother John, however, was less tentative in\n condemning substitution: \n \"I say put every one on equal foottin for this is a\n rich mans war an a por mans fight, I be leave thare are\n some of the men that have but in substitute are dooen a\n great [d]eal of good but the most of them are doo en\n more harm than good they are just speculaten on the poor\n people, an soldiers\" (December 22, 1863). Further feeding John Booker's indignation was the\n distribution of furloughs. According to the First\n Conscription Act, a \"twelvemonth man\" was entitled to a\n sixty-day furlough each year, but neither Booker received a\n furlough during his time in the army (Current, 396-99).\n John Booker noted that while officers freely took furloughs\n themselves, the captain in charge of his company, John\n Herndon, was \"too lazy\" to give his exhausted men a break\n (Decemeber 22, 1863). As a result of the inequalities and inefficiencies of\n miltary adminstration, John Booker believed that soldiers\n should refuse to re-enlist. In his March 1, 1864 letter, he\n derides the miltary pagaent staged by Virginia Governor\n William \"Extra Billy\" Smith and Colonel Cabell in an\n attempt to persuade the men to re-enlist. After commanding\n the soldiers to line up, the Colonel ordered that the\n Colors (the flags of the regiment) be borne to the front\n and asked \"all who wer determen to be freemen to step out\n on the line with the cullars and all who wer willen to be\n slaves for thare enemyes to stand fast\" (March 1, 1864).\n Angry that he hadn't yet received a furlough, and convinced\n that re-enlisting would only encourage the Southern\n leadership to continue the war, John Booker rejected the\n Colonel's challenge that he re-enlist; two-thirds of the\n soldiers stood back with him. As he explains, \"I dideant\n inten to reinlist nor I wes not willen to be a Slave for my\n enemyes and I dident go on line with the reinlisted, and I\n dideant wish to bee in eather line\" (March 1, 1864).","Early in the war, James and John Booker seemed to\n believe that the South would defeat the North swiftly. They\n contended that the South had a stronger army, and they\n noted that Northerners \"dont unite like our people do,\"\n since the Democrats and the Republicans were at odds (James\n Booker, June 30, 1863).","Soon their hope had begun to fade. Though James Booker\n longed to return home, by 1863 he no longer believed that\n the North and South would achieve a quick peace: \n \"I am a fread it will be a long time first if ever, I\n think the prosspect for peece is very gloomy now it dont\n look like eather side is make in any prepperration for\n Piece, thare are greater preperation for fighten than\n ever\" (September 23, 1863). John Booker was even more pessimistic, and\n certainly much more cynical, as he accused the Southern\n leadership of needlessly prolonging the war: \n \"I beleave that we mout have hud piece be fore this\n time if our head leaden men would would have tride\"\n (March 1, 1864).","The Bookers, particularly John, felt that while Southern\n elites were making decisions that extended the war, the\n poor were actually fighting most of the battles and\n suffering the consequences of those decisions. Because the\n First Conscription Act allowed a drafted man to hire a\n \"substitute\" to serve his term in the army, wealthy men\n could evade service (Current, 396-99). This provision\n enraged many of the Confederate soldiers, who contended\n that it placed the burden of the war on those who could not\n afford to pay for a substitute. Not only did substitution\n fan class tensions, but it also failed to bring competent\n soldiers into the army. James Booker mentions that that the\n substitute for John Millner deserted, and many other\n substitutes did likewise (August 3, 1862). Some men even\n made a business of agreeing to substitute for one person,\n deserting, and then collecting money to substitute for\n someone else. Although James Booker did not get angry about\n the practice of substitution, he understood that it\n weakened the Confederate Army: \n \"I dont blame no man to put in a substitute if he\n can, tho I think if it is kept up much long er it will\n ruin our army\" (August 3, 1862).","His brother John, however, was less tentative in\n condemning substitution: \n \"I say put every one on equal foottin for this is a\n rich mans war an a por mans fight, I be leave thare are\n some of the men that have but in substitute are dooen a\n great [d]eal of good but the most of them are doo en\n more harm than good they are just speculaten on the poor\n people, an soldiers\" (December 22, 1863).","Further feeding John Booker's indignation was the\n distribution of furloughs. According to the First\n Conscription Act, a \"twelvemonth man\" was entitled to a\n sixty-day furlough each year, but neither Booker received a\n furlough during his time in the army (Current, 396-99).\n John Booker noted that while officers freely took furloughs\n themselves, the captain in charge of his company, John\n Herndon, was \"too lazy\" to give his exhausted men a break\n (Decemeber 22, 1863).","As a result of the inequalities and inefficiencies of\n miltary adminstration, John Booker believed that soldiers\n should refuse to re-enlist. In his March 1, 1864 letter, he\n derides the miltary pagaent staged by Virginia Governor\n William \"Extra Billy\" Smith and Colonel Cabell in an\n attempt to persuade the men to re-enlist. After commanding\n the soldiers to line up, the Colonel ordered that the\n Colors (the flags of the regiment) be borne to the front\n and asked \"all who wer determen to be freemen to step out\n on the line with the cullars and all who wer willen to be\n slaves for thare enemyes to stand fast\" (March 1, 1864).\n Angry that he hadn't yet received a furlough, and convinced\n that re-enlisting would only encourage the Southern\n leadership to continue the war, John Booker rejected the\n Colonel's challenge that he re-enlist; two-thirds of the\n soldiers stood back with him. As he explains, \"I dideant\n inten to reinlist nor I wes not willen to be a Slave for my\n enemyes and I dident go on line with the reinlisted, and I\n dideant wish to bee in eather line\" (March 1, 1864).","Religion Whereas John Booker responded to terrible conditions by\n getting angry, his brother James turned to religion as a\n way of making sense of his suffering and connecting with\n home. As he writes of his homesickness, James Booker\n occasionally expresses his desire to join his relatives at\n the religious revivals held at Mount Hermon Baptist Church\n near Danville, Virginia (August 3, 1862). But he reassures\n his cousin that revivals often take place in the camp and\n that many soldiers have been converted. According to James,\n a sense of gratitude in war-time motivates many of the men\n to convert: \"I think it is time for them to turn after\n being blesed so plainley as they have bin in the past\n battles\" (October 17, 1862). Likewise, James' faith seems\n to have strengthened him and given him hope of returning\n home, whether to Pittsylvania County or to Heaven. In a\n letter written on New Years Day of 1864, James includes two\n quotations about coming home to and through God. Quoting\n from the third stanza of \"Amazing Grace,\" James writes, \n Tis grace that brought me safe thus far And grace\n will lead me home. In March of 1864, however, James believed that he might\n not arrive home safely, at least not home to Pittsylvania,\n since the spring campaign would soon open and \"then we poor\n soldiers will see a hard time\" (March 16, 1864). But James\n embraced a spirit of Christian fatalism, contending that\n his life was in God's hands: \"If it is the will of [my]\n maker for me to be cut down in this war I dont ask to be\n spared for I beleave that he will do what is the best for\n me, thare is but few things that I would ask to stay in\n this trouble some world for\" (March 16, 1864). After\n writing this letter, James Booker lived for almost sixty\n more years, but his twin John died five months later of\n wounds he received at Drewry's Bluff.","Whereas John Booker responded to terrible conditions by\n getting angry, his brother James turned to religion as a\n way of making sense of his suffering and connecting with\n home. As he writes of his homesickness, James Booker\n occasionally expresses his desire to join his relatives at\n the religious revivals held at Mount Hermon Baptist Church\n near Danville, Virginia (August 3, 1862). But he reassures\n his cousin that revivals often take place in the camp and\n that many soldiers have been converted. According to James,\n a sense of gratitude in war-time motivates many of the men\n to convert: \"I think it is time for them to turn after\n being blesed so plainley as they have bin in the past\n battles\" (October 17, 1862). Likewise, James' faith seems\n to have strengthened him and given him hope of returning\n home, whether to Pittsylvania County or to Heaven. In a\n letter written on New Years Day of 1864, James includes two\n quotations about coming home to and through God. Quoting\n from the third stanza of \"Amazing Grace,\" James writes, \n Tis grace that brought me safe thus far And grace\n will lead me home.","In March of 1864, however, James believed that he might\n not arrive home safely, at least not home to Pittsylvania,\n since the spring campaign would soon open and \"then we poor\n soldiers will see a hard time\" (March 16, 1864). But James\n embraced a spirit of Christian fatalism, contending that\n his life was in God's hands: \"If it is the will of [my]\n maker for me to be cut down in this war I dont ask to be\n spared for I beleave that he will do what is the best for\n me, thare is but few things that I would ask to stay in\n this trouble some world for\" (March 16, 1864). After\n writing this letter, James Booker lived for almost sixty\n more years, but his twin John died five months later of\n wounds he received at Drewry's Bluff.","Optimistic at the beginning of the war, James\n Booker praises the \"elegant water,\" \"beautiful young\n Ladies,\" and \"most beautiful country\" he finds at the\n 38th's camp at Winchester. But he notes that one\n member of the regiment accidentally shot another\n member from his hometown and now feel terrible. He\n warns that \"cowardly boys\" who are avoiding service\n should beware, since they are likely to be drafted or\n made to put up breastworks. After salutations and\n greetings, James indicates where letters should be\n sent. A. Blair, a relative of James' and possibly\n Chloe Blair's brother, writes a short note to be\n included. Blair indicates that he is including a\n letter that \"brother William\" received from\n \"brother,\" who was expecting to go to Manassas. Blair\n finishes by saying that all are well.","James Booker complains of not hearing from his\n family. He mentions being too ill to serve and that\n he, consequently, works in the hospital. He talks\n about patients suffering from jaundice and yellow\n fever and mentions the poor health of James May, Hugh\n Norton and Josiah Burnett, as well as the death of\n Billy Pruett from eating \"too much beef liver.\" In\n spite of their complaints, he notes that the health\n of the men in camp is improving. He alludes to having\n received bad news from Texas, and then states that he\n will probably not come home as long as he is healthy\n or until peace is declared. The postscript states\n that James will try to send for things via any\n returning soldiers.","James Booker reports that his company is healthier\n than it has been for some time. He has heard about\n fighting at Falls Church the day before, and reports\n a conversation with a man from the Danville Grays,\n who told him that the Yankees are within four miles\n of his company at Fairfax Court House. From this\n information, James Booker predicts that a \"hard\n battle\" will soon take place. He mentions getting a\n letter from Addie (perhaps Drury Addison Blair),\n whose condition is improving.","This letter is a reply to one or more letters that\n James had received from his cousin and \"sweethearts\"\n a few days earlier. He has just heard that his\n regiment is about to move into their winter quarters\n in Gainesville. He will join it when the winter\n quarters are ready. Meanwhile, the work in his\n current quarters is lighter and the pay better. He\n believes the fighting in Centreville will not\n continue past winter. He mentions meeting a man who\n had been captured by the Union and who was recently\n released. According to this man, there are 60,000\n sick Yankees in Washington. He also adds that he has\n heard that two men in Centreville were shot for\n trying to kill their commanding officer. James closes\n the letter by asking to be remembered to cousin Eliza\n Ann Williams and to all the \"ladies\" at Christmas\n time.","Writing from the company's winter quarters near\n the battlefield of First Manassas, John Booker\n describes his brother James' sickness, which has left\n him weak and without an appetite. Other soldiers,\n including Nathaniel Robertson and Neal Gilbert, have\n struggled with illness; one, Josiah Burnett, has\n died. Booker ends his letter by expressing his\n pleasure at having received his cousin Unity's letter\n and apologizing that his brother James was unable to\n write.","James Booker explains why he has been so long in\n answering Unity's latest letters, stating that he has\n been in hospital, too ill to write. He had hoped to\n come home on furlough, but has been separated from\n his regiment and could not obtain leave. He asks that\n Unity write to him with the location of his regiment.\n He also complains about the quality of the food and\n mentions seeing many acquaintances on their way to\n the front. He closes by asking his cousin to direct\n her replies to Greaner's Hospital, care of Surgeon R.\n G. Banks.","James Booker writes to inform his cousin of the\n location of his regiment. He indicates that they have\n been shot at but infrequently hit. He mentions that a\n man named Tucker, who was wounded in the chin, was\n the only man from his regiment (he was attached to\n Captain Carter's Company F) to have been shot. He\n also notes that many men, mainly Yankees, were killed\n at last Wednesday's battle and that this evening the\n Yankees flew a truce flag in order to safely bury\n their dead. He feels that, because the best of both\n armies are here, the war will be settled here. He\n closes by asking that Unity write soon, and direct\n her letters to him at Yorktown. He also asks her to\n notify \"sister Mary\" that Pickney has not yet\n arrived.","John Booker describes a new posting and notes\n that, since leaving the Orange Court House, the\n troops are living without tents. They stay in the\n entrenchments every other day and night, and are\n under constant bombardment by the Yankees. He\n mentions that there is a good deal of sickness and\n many are being wounded. Also, he notes that they have\n elected officers for the next two years. John closes\n by asking Unity to direct her letter to him at\n Yorktown.","James begins by apologizing for the tardiness of\n his letter: he explains that he has been ill. He then\n discusses the practice of substitution (arranging for\n a replacement in the army), concluding that it is\n having a bad effect on the Confederate Army. He also\n discusses his work assignment and his health. In a\n separate letter on the same paper, John tells his\n cousin about his cold and sore throat. He also states\n that there is currently no fighting, but he can hear\n the Yankees firing cannonade \"down on the river.\"","James Booker writes that he and his brother John\n are in good health. They have been marching hard but\n usually have not gotten enough to eat. Booker reports\n that the general feeling in the camp is that peace\n will come soon. Four sick conscripts have arrived\n (and are named). James complains of having to march\n in wet clothing after crossing bridge-less streams.\n He also notes that the sick and wounded have been\n ordered from Winchester to Staunton and thinks that\n everyone else will be going to Richmond soon. James\n looks forward to going there since he has not heard\n from home since leaving Richmond. He greets other\n family members and mentions that John will write\n soon.","Claiming that he would be able to \"stand\" being a\n soldier if he received enough to eat, James Booker\n notes that recently the supply of food has been\n adequate, but that the men have not gotten enough\n salt. James Booker notes the illnesses of two men in\n camp, Bage Pritchett and John Hundley. He compares\n the entrepreneurship of the Yankees with the more\n whimsical quality of the Quakers' mercantilism and\n notes the use of Confederate money and specie to buy\n provisions. He also describes a month-long religious\n revival meeting underway in camp.","After reporting that he and his brother John are\n well, James Booker writes that the company has been\n marching for the past four days and has finally\n arrived at its camp near Fredericksburg. Many Union\n soldiers are nearby, and he predicts that the Union\n troops will soon begin shelling the Confederates. He\n expects a \"hard\" battle to commence soon.","Writing on the Sabbath, James Booker tells his\n cousin that both he and his brother are well. The\n members of Company D marched for the past ten days,\n and they expect to march again the next day, since\n they are following the movements of the Union troops.\n A few days previously, the Union had surprised the\n Confederate cavalry, but the Confederates managed to\n drive their enemies across the river and take several\n hundred prisoners. Complaining that \"the Yankees is\n getting too mean to live,\" James Booker writes that\n they steal and destroy Southern property, such as\n meat, corn, and horses. He notes, \"I still live in\n hope of peace soon though I may not live to see it.\"\n He observes that at a \"very interesting\" camp meeting\n several men, including Captain Herndon, were\n converted.","James Booker reports that he and his brother John\n are well. He mentions that local residents seem\n fearful of the army and that General Robert E. Lee\n has ordered his troops to respect private property.\n He describes the flourishing condition of\n Pennsylvania farms, noting that this part of the\n country has not yet felt the effects of the war.\n James perceives disunity in the people's attitude\n toward the war, comments on the abolitionists'\n motives, and mentions that he is boarding at a\n private house for free in return for guarding the\n owner's property. He closes by asking that Unity\n write soon, for he the last letter he received was\n dated the 13th.","Writing a few days after Gettysburg, James Booker\n describes the heavy losses suffered by his division\n during Pickett's Charge; most of the regiment's\n officers and many of the enlisted men were killed,\n wounded, or captured during the assault. James and\n John Booker escaped harm, though they were nearly\n taken prisoner by the Union forces. His division has\n been assigned to escort 5000-6000 Union prisoners to\n the South. He reports hearing daily of small battles\n and expects another major battle imminently, although\n he does not expect his division to be involved\n because it is on guard in Williamsport, a city where\n most of the citizens appear to favor the North.","John Booker writes that he is happy that Chloe\n enjoyed the revival meeting at Hermon (perhaps the\n Mount Hermon Baptist Church near Danville), then\n notes that there is \"good preaching\" at the camp. He\n contends that \"the prosspect for peece is very gloomy\n now,\" given that both sides are preparing for war\n with more intensity than ever. He reports that,\n despite rumors, Pickett's division will remain in\n Virginia. The troops are elated at this news, even\n though they have little more to do than guard camp\n and drill three times a day. In a postscript, James\n Booker asks Chloe Unity Blair to send his letter to\n his sister soon.","Apparently upset that he did not receive a\n furlough, James Booker wishes for the warmth and\n comforts of home, writing, \"there is none of them\n that knows how to appreciate a blessing until they\n are deprived of it.\" Still, he admits, in wartime he\n should find satisfaction simply in having enough to\n eat and enjoying good health; but he cannot be\n satisfied when speculators sell food to women and\n children at inflated prices. He observes that the\n married soldiers have sent for their wives and were\n boarding them at the homes of local citizens. He\n observes that General Corse's Brigade had been at the\n camp near Petersburg, but that they were sent to\n Tennessee. He also mentions writing to his sister\n Mary, telling her that he did not need clothing, as\n he received the box that \"you all\" sent him. The\n letter closes with a one-page postscript stating that\n John made a potato pie, and Cousin Tom ate with the\n two of them. He sends his regards to Cousin Pollie\n Ann and mentions that Cousin William Blair and Luther\n are stationed nearby but will be leaving for\n Chatanooga, Tennessee, within the next two days. He\n closes asking for Unity to return his \"soldier\n likeness\" to him so he can exchange it for a new\n one.","After observing that letters from home bring him\n great pleasure, John Booker chastises his cousin for\n not writing sooner. He notes that \"Flem\" Gregory has\n been ill, but is recuperating. Then he launches into\n a complaint that energizes the letter: Captain John\n Herndon is too \"lazy\" to grant the soldiers in his\n company furloughs, even though it is Christmas time,\n and even though the men are not doing anything, not\n even picket duty. So discontented are the soldiers\n that many say they will not re-enlist. John Booker\n claims that he opposes desertion, but that the\n wealthier men who paid substitutes to serve in the\n army should have to join, while veteran soldiers\n should receive furloughs. Angered at the inequality,\n John exclaims, \"this is a rich mans war an a poor\n mans fight.\" He ends his letter by observing that\n Memory Inman, another member of the D Company, is\n heading home to get married.","Booker reports that although his regiment had\n begun to march to meet the Yankees in battle, the\n Union had attacked --and been defeated by --another\n group of Confederate soldiers thirty-five miles away.\n He reports that the winter has been fairly pleasant\n and that food is cheap and plentiful. Despite such\n abundance, he notes, soldiers have been stealing food\n from local residents. He mentions a serious theft of\n $18,000 from the Quarter Master; soldiers are\n suspected of the deed. James expresses concern over\n General Barton's attitude towards the Regiment.\n (Barton has said his men come from \"rags and\n thieves.\") James complains that after three years of\n service he has still not received a furlough. He\n closes the letter with a stanza from \"Amazing\n Grace.\"","John Booker describes the attempt by Virginia\n Governor William \"Extra Billy\" Smith and Colonel\n [Joseph Robert] Cabell to make the men of the 38th\n Regiment re-enlist. He deplores the strategies they\n used: calling the men to stand before the \"Colors,\"\n declaring that any man who wanted to be a slave to\n the enemy should not re-enlist. John fears that his\n leaders want to continue to fight at all costs,\n rather than press for peace; and as long as men\n re-enlist the war will go on. John also expresses his\n dissatisfaction with the administration of the\n Regiment: only the men who re-enlist are granted\n furloughs, and John has still not received the\n furlough owed to him in 1862. He mentions that the\n two new recrutes to Company D are receiving their\n furloughs ahead of him. Changing the subject, John\n writes of nearby Union activity and says that they\n have been expecting a raid. Finally, he writes of\n Memory Inman's court martial and Captain John\n Herndon's marriage. He closes the letter by\n apologizing for its angry tone, writing, \"I have bin\n mad all day.\"","James Booker informs his cousin of his and his\n brother's good health. He discusses the treatment of\n prisoners of war, the unavailability of certain types\n of foodstuffs and the deprivations of civilians due\n to the war. He further comments on the weather and\n his coming duty in the field. He laments the lack of\n correspondence from home and closes his\n correspondence with salutations and wishes for his\n family's good health He apologizes for his poor\n writing, attributing it to having to finish the\n letter by firelight.","James Booker replies to Unity's letters of the\n 17th and 24th. He mentions that his company has been\n fishing about 20 miles away and that the Yankees are\n getting closer and are expected to drive the men out\n of the fishery. He states that the Yankees are\n believed to be heading for Richmond. James hopes that\n \"this cruel war\" may end soon and \"in our favor.\" He\n closes with a quotation from \n 1 John . The postscript,\n written on April 30th, states that the rumor that the\n Yankees are coming may be false."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eSee the \n \u003cextref type=\"simple\" href=\"https://www.library.virginia.edu/policies/use-of-materials\"\u003e\n University of Virginia Library’s use policy.\u003c/extref\u003e\n \u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions"],"userestrict_tesim":["See the \n \n University of Virginia Library’s use policy."],"physloc_html_tesm":["\u003cphysloc/\u003e"],"physloc_tesim":[""],"names_ssim":["University of Virginia. Library. Special\n Collections Dept.","Company D, 38th Virginia Regiment, Infantry (also\n known as \"the Whitmell Guards\").","Chimborazo Hospital","John Booker (1797-1859)","Nancy Blair Reynolds Booker\n (1796-1859)","Martha Ann Fulton (?-1923)","John Booker (1840-1864)","James Booker (1840-1923)","Chloe Unity Blair (1839-1875)"],"corpname_ssim":["University of Virginia. Library. Special\n Collections Dept.","Company D, 38th Virginia Regiment, Infantry (also\n known as \"the Whitmell Guards\").","Chimborazo Hospital"],"persname_ssim":["John Booker (1797-1859)","Nancy Blair Reynolds Booker\n (1796-1859)","Martha Ann Fulton (?-1923)","John Booker (1840-1864)","James Booker (1840-1923)","Chloe Unity Blair (1839-1875)"],"language_ssim":["English"],"total_component_count_is":23,"online_item_count_is":22,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-21T13:07:18.853Z","scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cscopecontent\u003e\n \u003chead\u003eScope and Content\u003c/head\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThis collection consists of ca. twenty-six items,\n 1861-1864, chiefly the letters of \n \u003cpersname\u003eJohn Booker (1840-1864)\u003c/persname\u003eand \n \u003cpersname\u003eJames Booker (1840-1923)\u003c/persname\u003eof \n \u003cgeogname\u003ePittsylvania County, Virginia,\u003c/geogname\u003eto their\n cousin, \n \u003cpersname\u003eChloe Unity Blair (1839-1875)\u003c/persname\u003e;\n electrostatic copies of Bible records for the Booker and\n Blair families; and electrostatic copies of typed\n transcripts of the letters. The original bound volume of\n the transcripts was returned to the donor.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/scopecontent\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis collection consists of ca. twenty-six items,\n 1861-1864, chiefly the letters of \n \u003cpersname\u003eJohn Booker (1840-1864)\u003c/persname\u003eand \n \u003cpersname\u003eJames Booker (1840-1923)\u003c/persname\u003eof \n \u003cgeogname\u003ePittsylvania County, Virginia,\u003c/geogname\u003eto their\n cousin, \n \u003cpersname\u003eChloe Unity Blair (1839-1875)\u003c/persname\u003e;\n electrostatic copies of Bible records for the Booker and\n Blair families; and electrostatic copies of typed\n transcripts of the letters. The original bound volume of\n the transcripts was returned to the donor.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cscopecontent\u003e\n \u003chead\u003eOverview of Themes Discussed in the Letters\u003c/head\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe letters of James and John Booker give a sense of\n what life was like for an ordinary soldier serving in the\n Confederate army. Of course, the Bookers depict the drama\n of battle --describing gunfire and cannonades, listing the\n dead and wounded, and giving thanks for their own escapes\n from death or imprisonment--but the letters are more\n concerned with the rhythms of everyday life at camp. The\n Bookers worry over their health and their comrades'; enjoy\n the plenty or (more often) lament the lack of food and\n supplies; report on the interactions between civilians and\n soldiers; and describe religious revivals held at the camp.\n As the war goes on, the Bookers begin to articulate with\n more intensity not only what happens to them, but how they\n feel about it. Whereas John fumes against the elites\n (officers, politicians, and the wealthy) for evading their\n responsibilities and mistreating the common soldier, James\n grows more fatalistic and religious, trusting that his\n suffering is God's will.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/scopecontent\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe letters of James and John Booker give a sense of\n what life was like for an ordinary soldier serving in the\n Confederate army. Of course, the Bookers depict the drama\n of battle --describing gunfire and cannonades, listing the\n dead and wounded, and giving thanks for their own escapes\n from death or imprisonment--but the letters are more\n concerned with the rhythms of everyday life at camp. The\n Bookers worry over their health and their comrades'; enjoy\n the plenty or (more often) lament the lack of food and\n supplies; report on the interactions between civilians and\n soldiers; and describe religious revivals held at the camp.\n As the war goes on, the Bookers begin to articulate with\n more intensity not only what happens to them, but how they\n feel about it. Whereas John fumes against the elites\n (officers, politicians, and the wealthy) for evading their\n responsibilities and mistreating the common soldier, James\n grows more fatalistic and religious, trusting that his\n suffering is God's will.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cscopecontent\u003e\n \u003chead\u003ePreparing for Battle\u003c/head\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe members of the 38th Virginia spent much of their\n time drilling, marching, serving picket duty, and\n speculating about when and where the next battle would be.\n Indeed, the Bookers seem to devote more energy to\n anticipating battles than to describing them (perhaps\n because they did not want to upset their cousin). They\n acquired much of the information that fueled their\n speculations from gossipping with citizens and other\n soldiers. In a letter from 1861, for instance, James Booker\n predicts that a \"hard battle\" will break out soon, basing\n his prediction on a conversation he had with a soldier\n whose company is located closer to the front (October 8).\n Sometimes more immediate experiences led the Bookers to\n forecast a battle, especially when they could see Union\n troops or hear cannonades and gunfire nearby. Writing from\n a rain-soaked outpost near Yorktown, Virginia in 1862, for\n instance, James reports that the Union forces have been\n \"shooting at our men constantly tho it is very cildom thay\n hit eny of them\" (April 19). He predicts that soon a battle\n will occur that will decide the war, since he has heard\n that Yankee prisoners \"say that thay have got to whip or\n die here\" (April 19, 1862). But in this prediction, as in\n others, James was disappointed. As the war dragged on, the\n Bookers stopped assuming that it would reach a speedy\n conclusion; indeed, by 1864 John came to the conclusion\n that the \"leaden men\" were not really interested in\n achieving peace (March 1, 1864).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAlthough the Bookers participated in several battles and\n skirmishes, the most devastating battle for their regiment\n was Gettysburg (see the section on Regimental History for a\n complete list of the engagements that the 38th took part\n in). While participating in Pickett's Charge, the 38th\n Virginia lost Colonel Edmonds, whom James Booker describes\n as \"one of the best men in service,\" and many other\n officers and soldiers (July 11, 1863). The Booker brothers\n themselves had to scramble to avoid being captured by Union\n troops; several of their companions, however, \"let the\n Yankees take them\" (John Booker, July 11, 1863).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNot only were the Bookers shocked by their experiences\n in battle, but by chilling events that upset camp routines.\n In the first weeks of the war, James Booker reports, a\n young man accidentally shot another soldier from his\n hometown and now is \"about to grieve himself to death about\n it\" (July 14, 1861). But James passes on an even more\n shocking story in a later letter: two soldiers were caught\n conspiring to kill their commanding officer and were\n executed. In an attempt to \"save their souls,\" the\n condemned soldiers \"gave the Roman Catholic Priest 25\n dollars apiece\" (December 15, 1861).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/scopecontent\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe members of the 38th Virginia spent much of their\n time drilling, marching, serving picket duty, and\n speculating about when and where the next battle would be.\n Indeed, the Bookers seem to devote more energy to\n anticipating battles than to describing them (perhaps\n because they did not want to upset their cousin). They\n acquired much of the information that fueled their\n speculations from gossipping with citizens and other\n soldiers. In a letter from 1861, for instance, James Booker\n predicts that a \"hard battle\" will break out soon, basing\n his prediction on a conversation he had with a soldier\n whose company is located closer to the front (October 8).\n Sometimes more immediate experiences led the Bookers to\n forecast a battle, especially when they could see Union\n troops or hear cannonades and gunfire nearby. Writing from\n a rain-soaked outpost near Yorktown, Virginia in 1862, for\n instance, James reports that the Union forces have been\n \"shooting at our men constantly tho it is very cildom thay\n hit eny of them\" (April 19). He predicts that soon a battle\n will occur that will decide the war, since he has heard\n that Yankee prisoners \"say that thay have got to whip or\n die here\" (April 19, 1862). But in this prediction, as in\n others, James was disappointed. As the war dragged on, the\n Bookers stopped assuming that it would reach a speedy\n conclusion; indeed, by 1864 John came to the conclusion\n that the \"leaden men\" were not really interested in\n achieving peace (March 1, 1864).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAlthough the Bookers participated in several battles and\n skirmishes, the most devastating battle for their regiment\n was Gettysburg (see the section on Regimental History for a\n complete list of the engagements that the 38th took part\n in). While participating in Pickett's Charge, the 38th\n Virginia lost Colonel Edmonds, whom James Booker describes\n as \"one of the best men in service,\" and many other\n officers and soldiers (July 11, 1863). The Booker brothers\n themselves had to scramble to avoid being captured by Union\n troops; several of their companions, however, \"let the\n Yankees take them\" (John Booker, July 11, 1863).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eNot only were the Bookers shocked by their experiences\n in battle, but by chilling events that upset camp routines.\n In the first weeks of the war, James Booker reports, a\n young man accidentally shot another soldier from his\n hometown and now is \"about to grieve himself to death about\n it\" (July 14, 1861). But James passes on an even more\n shocking story in a later letter: two soldiers were caught\n conspiring to kill their commanding officer and were\n executed. In an attempt to \"save their souls,\" the\n condemned soldiers \"gave the Roman Catholic Priest 25\n dollars apiece\" (December 15, 1861).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cscopecontent\u003e\n \u003chead\u003eHealth\u003c/head\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMore explainable than violence in the camps, but\n ultimately more destructive, was disease. Illness and\n disease killed two-thirds of the Southern soldiers who died\n during the Civil War, so not surprisingly the Bookers often\n detail the health problems that they and their fellow\n soldiers were suffering (Robertson 88-89). These ailments\n include jaundice, typhoid, stomach disorders, fever, and\n mumps. The Bookers imply that much of the illness is due to\n the conditions the soldiers must face; sometimes the\n soldiers lacked adequate shelter, at times they would have\n to wade rivers and then march miles wearing wet clothing,\n and often they lacked adequate provisions (John Booker,\n April 29, 1862). Although sick soldiers were typically sent\n to the hospital, the men also took care of each other. In\n the fall of 1861, James and John Booker, apparently just\n recovering from sickness themselves, were responsible for\n nursing three members of their company (James Booker,\n September 6). Several months later, James Booker fell sick\n with chronic diarrhea and was sent to Greaner's Hospital in\n Richmond to recuperate. While in the hospital, Booker was\n stuck in a Catch-22: he wanted to get a furlough so that he\n could recover his health at home, but he did not know where\n his company was, so he could not get the permission of his\n commanding officer to return to Pittsylvania. Eventually\n James re-joined his company, but he did not receive the\n furlough that he wished for.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/scopecontent\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMore explainable than violence in the camps, but\n ultimately more destructive, was disease. Illness and\n disease killed two-thirds of the Southern soldiers who died\n during the Civil War, so not surprisingly the Bookers often\n detail the health problems that they and their fellow\n soldiers were suffering (Robertson 88-89). These ailments\n include jaundice, typhoid, stomach disorders, fever, and\n mumps. The Bookers imply that much of the illness is due to\n the conditions the soldiers must face; sometimes the\n soldiers lacked adequate shelter, at times they would have\n to wade rivers and then march miles wearing wet clothing,\n and often they lacked adequate provisions (John Booker,\n April 29, 1862). Although sick soldiers were typically sent\n to the hospital, the men also took care of each other. In\n the fall of 1861, James and John Booker, apparently just\n recovering from sickness themselves, were responsible for\n nursing three members of their company (James Booker,\n September 6). Several months later, James Booker fell sick\n with chronic diarrhea and was sent to Greaner's Hospital in\n Richmond to recuperate. While in the hospital, Booker was\n stuck in a Catch-22: he wanted to get a furlough so that he\n could recover his health at home, but he did not know where\n his company was, so he could not get the permission of his\n commanding officer to return to Pittsylvania. Eventually\n James re-joined his company, but he did not receive the\n furlough that he wished for.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cscopecontent\u003e\n \u003chead\u003eFood and Supplies\u003c/head\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAlthough in his first letter James Booker claims that\n the soldiers get \"plenty of good pervision,\" the Bookers\n later complained that they often didn't get enough to eat\n (July 14, 1861). As James writes in 1862, \"the rations has\n bin very scanty a large portion of the time sence we have\n bin marching\" (September 30). But sometimes the 38th\n Virginia did enjoy plentiful supplies, particularly when\n they camped in locations where food was abundant. When the\n 38th Virginia arrived near Chambersburg, Pennsylvania, for\n instance, James Booker reported that \"we can get plenty of\n milk \u0026amp; butter and apple butter that is verry good\"\n (June 30, 1863). Often civilians would supply soldiers with\n food, whether because they feared or supported the\n troops.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/scopecontent\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAlthough in his first letter James Booker claims that\n the soldiers get \"plenty of good pervision,\" the Bookers\n later complained that they often didn't get enough to eat\n (July 14, 1861). As James writes in 1862, \"the rations has\n bin very scanty a large portion of the time sence we have\n bin marching\" (September 30). But sometimes the 38th\n Virginia did enjoy plentiful supplies, particularly when\n they camped in locations where food was abundant. When the\n 38th Virginia arrived near Chambersburg, Pennsylvania, for\n instance, James Booker reported that \"we can get plenty of\n milk \u0026amp; butter and apple butter that is verry good\"\n (June 30, 1863). Often civilians would supply soldiers with\n food, whether because they feared or supported the\n troops.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cscopecontent\u003e\n \u003chead\u003eInteractions with Civilians\u003c/head\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThroughout the letters, the Bookers demonstrate their\n consciousness of the effect the war is having on the\n civilians. At the beginning of the war, James Booker\n describes the friendly exchanges between Southern soldiers\n and civilians, reporting gleefully from a camp near\n Winchester that the men have \"a fine chance of beautiful\n young Ladies, and the kindest that I ever saw\" (July 14,\n 1861). Besides providing moral support, Southern civilians\n would exchange information about the war with the\n Confederate troops (James Booker, November 24, 1862). Both\n Southern and Northern civilians would sell or give supplies\n to Confederate troops. Writing from Winchester, Virginia in\n 1862, James Booker even claims that he prefers Yankees to\n Quakers, since \"the Yankees will sell us eny thing cheap\n for the specia\" while \"the quakers will sell any thing thay\n have got when the spirit moves them, tho we cant catch them\n rite half our time\" (James Booker, October 17, 1862).\n Likewise, in Fredericksburg, Pennsylvania, the Yankee\n citizens treated the Confederate soldiers \"verry kind,\"\n providing them food without charging them for it, though\n James suggests that \"it is don through fear\" (June 30,\n 1863). While in Fredericksburg, James enjoyed a mutually\n supportive relationship with a local civilian, guarding his\n home in exchange for lodging.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAlthough civilians and soldiers often cooperated with\n each other, the Bookers realized that the war was damaging\n the lives of those not directly involved in the fighting.\n In particular, James argues, citizens who live near the\n \"line of the enemy\" \"have great deal to see trouble about\"\n (June 14, 1863). Even those areas not yet scarred by the\n war would soon be, James predicts. As he says of\n Fredericksburg, Pennsylvania,\"this is a verry flourishing\n looking Country the crops all look fine. it has never felt\n the affect of the war, though I guess if we stay here long\n it will feel the affect of it\" (June 30, 1863). James\n especially blames Northern soldiers for looting the homes\n of Southern citizens, claiming that \"the yankees is geting\n too mean to live\" (June 14, 1863). But he admits that some\n Confederate soldiers likewise have stolen from citizens,\n disobeying General Lee's orders. Indeed, one woman stormed\n into the Confederate camp near Kinston, North Carolina,\n hoping to recover a skillet of soup that had been stolen\n (June 30, 1863; January 1, 1864). Confederate soldiers also\n stole over 18,000 dollars from the Quarter Master (January\n 1, 1864). Despite these incidents, James Booker was\n offended when Confederate General Seth Maxwell Barton\n called the members of his brigade \"rags and thieves,\" since\n \"it is not healthy for him to gave honist people such a bad\n name because some men does wrong\" (January 1, 1864).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/scopecontent\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThroughout the letters, the Bookers demonstrate their\n consciousness of the effect the war is having on the\n civilians. At the beginning of the war, James Booker\n describes the friendly exchanges between Southern soldiers\n and civilians, reporting gleefully from a camp near\n Winchester that the men have \"a fine chance of beautiful\n young Ladies, and the kindest that I ever saw\" (July 14,\n 1861). Besides providing moral support, Southern civilians\n would exchange information about the war with the\n Confederate troops (James Booker, November 24, 1862). Both\n Southern and Northern civilians would sell or give supplies\n to Confederate troops. Writing from Winchester, Virginia in\n 1862, James Booker even claims that he prefers Yankees to\n Quakers, since \"the Yankees will sell us eny thing cheap\n for the specia\" while \"the quakers will sell any thing thay\n have got when the spirit moves them, tho we cant catch them\n rite half our time\" (James Booker, October 17, 1862).\n Likewise, in Fredericksburg, Pennsylvania, the Yankee\n citizens treated the Confederate soldiers \"verry kind,\"\n providing them food without charging them for it, though\n James suggests that \"it is don through fear\" (June 30,\n 1863). While in Fredericksburg, James enjoyed a mutually\n supportive relationship with a local civilian, guarding his\n home in exchange for lodging.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAlthough civilians and soldiers often cooperated with\n each other, the Bookers realized that the war was damaging\n the lives of those not directly involved in the fighting.\n In particular, James argues, citizens who live near the\n \"line of the enemy\" \"have great deal to see trouble about\"\n (June 14, 1863). Even those areas not yet scarred by the\n war would soon be, James predicts. As he says of\n Fredericksburg, Pennsylvania,\"this is a verry flourishing\n looking Country the crops all look fine. it has never felt\n the affect of the war, though I guess if we stay here long\n it will feel the affect of it\" (June 30, 1863). James\n especially blames Northern soldiers for looting the homes\n of Southern citizens, claiming that \"the yankees is geting\n too mean to live\" (June 14, 1863). But he admits that some\n Confederate soldiers likewise have stolen from citizens,\n disobeying General Lee's orders. Indeed, one woman stormed\n into the Confederate camp near Kinston, North Carolina,\n hoping to recover a skillet of soup that had been stolen\n (June 30, 1863; January 1, 1864). Confederate soldiers also\n stole over 18,000 dollars from the Quarter Master (January\n 1, 1864). Despite these incidents, James Booker was\n offended when Confederate General Seth Maxwell Barton\n called the members of his brigade \"rags and thieves,\" since\n \"it is not healthy for him to gave honist people such a bad\n name because some men does wrong\" (January 1, 1864).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cscopecontent\u003e\n \u003chead\u003eMorale\u003c/head\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEarly in the war, James and John Booker seemed to\n believe that the South would defeat the North swiftly. They\n contended that the South had a stronger army, and they\n noted that Northerners \"dont unite like our people do,\"\n since the Democrats and the Republicans were at odds (James\n Booker, June 30, 1863).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSoon their hope had begun to fade. Though James Booker\n longed to return home, by 1863 he no longer believed that\n the North and South would achieve a quick peace: \n \u003cblockquote\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\"I am a fread it will be a long time first if ever, I\n think the prosspect for peece is very gloomy now it dont\n look like eather side is make in any prepperration for\n Piece, thare are greater preperation for fighten than\n ever\" (September 23, 1863).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/blockquote\u003eJohn Booker was even more pessimistic, and\n certainly much more cynical, as he accused the Southern\n leadership of needlessly prolonging the war: \n \u003cblockquote\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\"I beleave that we mout have hud piece be fore this\n time if our head leaden men would would have tride\"\n (March 1, 1864).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/blockquote\u003e\n \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe Bookers, particularly John, felt that while Southern\n elites were making decisions that extended the war, the\n poor were actually fighting most of the battles and\n suffering the consequences of those decisions. Because the\n First Conscription Act allowed a drafted man to hire a\n \"substitute\" to serve his term in the army, wealthy men\n could evade service (Current, 396-99). This provision\n enraged many of the Confederate soldiers, who contended\n that it placed the burden of the war on those who could not\n afford to pay for a substitute. Not only did substitution\n fan class tensions, but it also failed to bring competent\n soldiers into the army. James Booker mentions that that the\n substitute for John Millner deserted, and many other\n substitutes did likewise (August 3, 1862). Some men even\n made a business of agreeing to substitute for one person,\n deserting, and then collecting money to substitute for\n someone else. Although James Booker did not get angry about\n the practice of substitution, he understood that it\n weakened the Confederate Army: \n \u003cblockquote\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\"I dont blame no man to put in a substitute if he\n can, tho I think if it is kept up much long er it will\n ruin our army\" (August 3, 1862).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/blockquote\u003e\n \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHis brother John, however, was less tentative in\n condemning substitution: \n \u003cblockquote\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\"I say put every one on equal foottin for this is a\n rich mans war an a por mans fight, I be leave thare are\n some of the men that have but in substitute are dooen a\n great [d]eal of good but the most of them are doo en\n more harm than good they are just speculaten on the poor\n people, an soldiers\" (December 22, 1863).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/blockquote\u003e\n \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFurther feeding John Booker's indignation was the\n distribution of furloughs. According to the First\n Conscription Act, a \"twelvemonth man\" was entitled to a\n sixty-day furlough each year, but neither Booker received a\n furlough during his time in the army (Current, 396-99).\n John Booker noted that while officers freely took furloughs\n themselves, the captain in charge of his company, John\n Herndon, was \"too lazy\" to give his exhausted men a break\n (Decemeber 22, 1863).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAs a result of the inequalities and inefficiencies of\n miltary adminstration, John Booker believed that soldiers\n should refuse to re-enlist. In his March 1, 1864 letter, he\n derides the miltary pagaent staged by Virginia Governor\n William \"Extra Billy\" Smith and Colonel Cabell in an\n attempt to persuade the men to re-enlist. After commanding\n the soldiers to line up, the Colonel ordered that the\n Colors (the flags of the regiment) be borne to the front\n and asked \"all who wer determen to be freemen to step out\n on the line with the cullars and all who wer willen to be\n slaves for thare enemyes to stand fast\" (March 1, 1864).\n Angry that he hadn't yet received a furlough, and convinced\n that re-enlisting would only encourage the Southern\n leadership to continue the war, John Booker rejected the\n Colonel's challenge that he re-enlist; two-thirds of the\n soldiers stood back with him. As he explains, \"I dideant\n inten to reinlist nor I wes not willen to be a Slave for my\n enemyes and I dident go on line with the reinlisted, and I\n dideant wish to bee in eather line\" (March 1, 1864).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/scopecontent\u003e","\u003cp\u003eEarly in the war, James and John Booker seemed to\n believe that the South would defeat the North swiftly. They\n contended that the South had a stronger army, and they\n noted that Northerners \"dont unite like our people do,\"\n since the Democrats and the Republicans were at odds (James\n Booker, June 30, 1863).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSoon their hope had begun to fade. Though James Booker\n longed to return home, by 1863 he no longer believed that\n the North and South would achieve a quick peace: \n \u003cblockquote\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\"I am a fread it will be a long time first if ever, I\n think the prosspect for peece is very gloomy now it dont\n look like eather side is make in any prepperration for\n Piece, thare are greater preperation for fighten than\n ever\" (September 23, 1863).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/blockquote\u003eJohn Booker was even more pessimistic, and\n certainly much more cynical, as he accused the Southern\n leadership of needlessly prolonging the war: \n \u003cblockquote\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\"I beleave that we mout have hud piece be fore this\n time if our head leaden men would would have tride\"\n (March 1, 1864).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/blockquote\u003e\n \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe Bookers, particularly John, felt that while Southern\n elites were making decisions that extended the war, the\n poor were actually fighting most of the battles and\n suffering the consequences of those decisions. Because the\n First Conscription Act allowed a drafted man to hire a\n \"substitute\" to serve his term in the army, wealthy men\n could evade service (Current, 396-99). This provision\n enraged many of the Confederate soldiers, who contended\n that it placed the burden of the war on those who could not\n afford to pay for a substitute. Not only did substitution\n fan class tensions, but it also failed to bring competent\n soldiers into the army. James Booker mentions that that the\n substitute for John Millner deserted, and many other\n substitutes did likewise (August 3, 1862). Some men even\n made a business of agreeing to substitute for one person,\n deserting, and then collecting money to substitute for\n someone else. Although James Booker did not get angry about\n the practice of substitution, he understood that it\n weakened the Confederate Army: \n \u003cblockquote\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\"I dont blame no man to put in a substitute if he\n can, tho I think if it is kept up much long er it will\n ruin our army\" (August 3, 1862).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/blockquote\u003e\n \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHis brother John, however, was less tentative in\n condemning substitution: \n \u003cblockquote\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\"I say put every one on equal foottin for this is a\n rich mans war an a por mans fight, I be leave thare are\n some of the men that have but in substitute are dooen a\n great [d]eal of good but the most of them are doo en\n more harm than good they are just speculaten on the poor\n people, an soldiers\" (December 22, 1863).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/blockquote\u003e\n \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFurther feeding John Booker's indignation was the\n distribution of furloughs. According to the First\n Conscription Act, a \"twelvemonth man\" was entitled to a\n sixty-day furlough each year, but neither Booker received a\n furlough during his time in the army (Current, 396-99).\n John Booker noted that while officers freely took furloughs\n themselves, the captain in charge of his company, John\n Herndon, was \"too lazy\" to give his exhausted men a break\n (Decemeber 22, 1863).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAs a result of the inequalities and inefficiencies of\n miltary adminstration, John Booker believed that soldiers\n should refuse to re-enlist. In his March 1, 1864 letter, he\n derides the miltary pagaent staged by Virginia Governor\n William \"Extra Billy\" Smith and Colonel Cabell in an\n attempt to persuade the men to re-enlist. After commanding\n the soldiers to line up, the Colonel ordered that the\n Colors (the flags of the regiment) be borne to the front\n and asked \"all who wer determen to be freemen to step out\n on the line with the cullars and all who wer willen to be\n slaves for thare enemyes to stand fast\" (March 1, 1864).\n Angry that he hadn't yet received a furlough, and convinced\n that re-enlisting would only encourage the Southern\n leadership to continue the war, John Booker rejected the\n Colonel's challenge that he re-enlist; two-thirds of the\n soldiers stood back with him. As he explains, \"I dideant\n inten to reinlist nor I wes not willen to be a Slave for my\n enemyes and I dident go on line with the reinlisted, and I\n dideant wish to bee in eather line\" (March 1, 1864).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cscopecontent\u003e\n \u003chead\u003eReligion\u003c/head\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWhereas John Booker responded to terrible conditions by\n getting angry, his brother James turned to religion as a\n way of making sense of his suffering and connecting with\n home. As he writes of his homesickness, James Booker\n occasionally expresses his desire to join his relatives at\n the religious revivals held at Mount Hermon Baptist Church\n near Danville, Virginia (August 3, 1862). But he reassures\n his cousin that revivals often take place in the camp and\n that many soldiers have been converted. According to James,\n a sense of gratitude in war-time motivates many of the men\n to convert: \"I think it is time for them to turn after\n being blesed so plainley as they have bin in the past\n battles\" (October 17, 1862). Likewise, James' faith seems\n to have strengthened him and given him hope of returning\n home, whether to Pittsylvania County or to Heaven. In a\n letter written on New Years Day of 1864, James includes two\n quotations about coming home to and through God. Quoting\n from the third stanza of \"Amazing Grace,\" James writes, \n \u003cblockquote\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTis grace that brought me safe thus far And grace\n will lead me home.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/blockquote\u003e\n \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIn March of 1864, however, James believed that he might\n not arrive home safely, at least not home to Pittsylvania,\n since the spring campaign would soon open and \"then we poor\n soldiers will see a hard time\" (March 16, 1864). But James\n embraced a spirit of Christian fatalism, contending that\n his life was in God's hands: \"If it is the will of [my]\n maker for me to be cut down in this war I dont ask to be\n spared for I beleave that he will do what is the best for\n me, thare is but few things that I would ask to stay in\n this trouble some world for\" (March 16, 1864). After\n writing this letter, James Booker lived for almost sixty\n more years, but his twin John died five months later of\n wounds he received at Drewry's Bluff.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/scopecontent\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWhereas John Booker responded to terrible conditions by\n getting angry, his brother James turned to religion as a\n way of making sense of his suffering and connecting with\n home. As he writes of his homesickness, James Booker\n occasionally expresses his desire to join his relatives at\n the religious revivals held at Mount Hermon Baptist Church\n near Danville, Virginia (August 3, 1862). But he reassures\n his cousin that revivals often take place in the camp and\n that many soldiers have been converted. According to James,\n a sense of gratitude in war-time motivates many of the men\n to convert: \"I think it is time for them to turn after\n being blesed so plainley as they have bin in the past\n battles\" (October 17, 1862). Likewise, James' faith seems\n to have strengthened him and given him hope of returning\n home, whether to Pittsylvania County or to Heaven. In a\n letter written on New Years Day of 1864, James includes two\n quotations about coming home to and through God. Quoting\n from the third stanza of \"Amazing Grace,\" James writes, \n \u003cblockquote\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTis grace that brought me safe thus far And grace\n will lead me home.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/blockquote\u003e\n \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn March of 1864, however, James believed that he might\n not arrive home safely, at least not home to Pittsylvania,\n since the spring campaign would soon open and \"then we poor\n soldiers will see a hard time\" (March 16, 1864). But James\n embraced a spirit of Christian fatalism, contending that\n his life was in God's hands: \"If it is the will of [my]\n maker for me to be cut down in this war I dont ask to be\n spared for I beleave that he will do what is the best for\n me, thare is but few things that I would ask to stay in\n this trouble some world for\" (March 16, 1864). After\n writing this letter, James Booker lived for almost sixty\n more years, but his twin John died five months later of\n wounds he received at Drewry's Bluff.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eOptimistic at the beginning of the war, James\n Booker praises the \"elegant water,\" \"beautiful young\n Ladies,\" and \"most beautiful country\" he finds at the\n 38th's camp at Winchester. But he notes that one\n member of the regiment accidentally shot another\n member from his hometown and now feel terrible. He\n warns that \"cowardly boys\" who are avoiding service\n should beware, since they are likely to be drafted or\n made to put up breastworks. After salutations and\n greetings, James indicates where letters should be\n sent. A. Blair, a relative of James' and possibly\n Chloe Blair's brother, writes a short note to be\n included. Blair indicates that he is including a\n letter that \"brother William\" received from\n \"brother,\" who was expecting to go to Manassas. Blair\n finishes by saying that all are well.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eJames Booker complains of not hearing from his\n family. He mentions being too ill to serve and that\n he, consequently, works in the hospital. He talks\n about patients suffering from jaundice and yellow\n fever and mentions the poor health of James May, Hugh\n Norton and Josiah Burnett, as well as the death of\n Billy Pruett from eating \"too much beef liver.\" In\n spite of their complaints, he notes that the health\n of the men in camp is improving. He alludes to having\n received bad news from Texas, and then states that he\n will probably not come home as long as he is healthy\n or until peace is declared. The postscript states\n that James will try to send for things via any\n returning soldiers.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eJames Booker reports that his company is healthier\n than it has been for some time. He has heard about\n fighting at Falls Church the day before, and reports\n a conversation with a man from the Danville Grays,\n who told him that the Yankees are within four miles\n of his company at Fairfax Court House. From this\n information, James Booker predicts that a \"hard\n battle\" will soon take place. He mentions getting a\n letter from Addie (perhaps Drury Addison Blair),\n whose condition is improving.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis letter is a reply to one or more letters that\n James had received from his cousin and \"sweethearts\"\n a few days earlier. He has just heard that his\n regiment is about to move into their winter quarters\n in Gainesville. He will join it when the winter\n quarters are ready. Meanwhile, the work in his\n current quarters is lighter and the pay better. He\n believes the fighting in Centreville will not\n continue past winter. He mentions meeting a man who\n had been captured by the Union and who was recently\n released. According to this man, there are 60,000\n sick Yankees in Washington. He also adds that he has\n heard that two men in Centreville were shot for\n trying to kill their commanding officer. James closes\n the letter by asking to be remembered to cousin Eliza\n Ann Williams and to all the \"ladies\" at Christmas\n time.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWriting from the company's winter quarters near\n the battlefield of First Manassas, John Booker\n describes his brother James' sickness, which has left\n him weak and without an appetite. Other soldiers,\n including Nathaniel Robertson and Neal Gilbert, have\n struggled with illness; one, Josiah Burnett, has\n died. Booker ends his letter by expressing his\n pleasure at having received his cousin Unity's letter\n and apologizing that his brother James was unable to\n write.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eJames Booker explains why he has been so long in\n answering Unity's latest letters, stating that he has\n been in hospital, too ill to write. He had hoped to\n come home on furlough, but has been separated from\n his regiment and could not obtain leave. He asks that\n Unity write to him with the location of his regiment.\n He also complains about the quality of the food and\n mentions seeing many acquaintances on their way to\n the front. He closes by asking his cousin to direct\n her replies to Greaner's Hospital, care of Surgeon R.\n G. Banks.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eJames Booker writes to inform his cousin of the\n location of his regiment. He indicates that they have\n been shot at but infrequently hit. He mentions that a\n man named Tucker, who was wounded in the chin, was\n the only man from his regiment (he was attached to\n Captain Carter's Company F) to have been shot. He\n also notes that many men, mainly Yankees, were killed\n at last Wednesday's battle and that this evening the\n Yankees flew a truce flag in order to safely bury\n their dead. He feels that, because the best of both\n armies are here, the war will be settled here. He\n closes by asking that Unity write soon, and direct\n her letters to him at Yorktown. He also asks her to\n notify \"sister Mary\" that Pickney has not yet\n arrived.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eJohn Booker describes a new posting and notes\n that, since leaving the Orange Court House, the\n troops are living without tents. They stay in the\n entrenchments every other day and night, and are\n under constant bombardment by the Yankees. He\n mentions that there is a good deal of sickness and\n many are being wounded. Also, he notes that they have\n elected officers for the next two years. John closes\n by asking Unity to direct her letter to him at\n Yorktown.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eJames begins by apologizing for the tardiness of\n his letter: he explains that he has been ill. He then\n discusses the practice of substitution (arranging for\n a replacement in the army), concluding that it is\n having a bad effect on the Confederate Army. He also\n discusses his work assignment and his health. In a\n separate letter on the same paper, John tells his\n cousin about his cold and sore throat. He also states\n that there is currently no fighting, but he can hear\n the Yankees firing cannonade \"down on the river.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eJames Booker writes that he and his brother John\n are in good health. They have been marching hard but\n usually have not gotten enough to eat. Booker reports\n that the general feeling in the camp is that peace\n will come soon. Four sick conscripts have arrived\n (and are named). James complains of having to march\n in wet clothing after crossing bridge-less streams.\n He also notes that the sick and wounded have been\n ordered from Winchester to Staunton and thinks that\n everyone else will be going to Richmond soon. James\n looks forward to going there since he has not heard\n from home since leaving Richmond. He greets other\n family members and mentions that John will write\n soon.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eClaiming that he would be able to \"stand\" being a\n soldier if he received enough to eat, James Booker\n notes that recently the supply of food has been\n adequate, but that the men have not gotten enough\n salt. James Booker notes the illnesses of two men in\n camp, Bage Pritchett and John Hundley. He compares\n the entrepreneurship of the Yankees with the more\n whimsical quality of the Quakers' mercantilism and\n notes the use of Confederate money and specie to buy\n provisions. He also describes a month-long religious\n revival meeting underway in camp.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAfter reporting that he and his brother John are\n well, James Booker writes that the company has been\n marching for the past four days and has finally\n arrived at its camp near Fredericksburg. Many Union\n soldiers are nearby, and he predicts that the Union\n troops will soon begin shelling the Confederates. He\n expects a \"hard\" battle to commence soon.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWriting on the Sabbath, James Booker tells his\n cousin that both he and his brother are well. The\n members of Company D marched for the past ten days,\n and they expect to march again the next day, since\n they are following the movements of the Union troops.\n A few days previously, the Union had surprised the\n Confederate cavalry, but the Confederates managed to\n drive their enemies across the river and take several\n hundred prisoners. Complaining that \"the Yankees is\n getting too mean to live,\" James Booker writes that\n they steal and destroy Southern property, such as\n meat, corn, and horses. He notes, \"I still live in\n hope of peace soon though I may not live to see it.\"\n He observes that at a \"very interesting\" camp meeting\n several men, including Captain Herndon, were\n converted.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eJames Booker reports that he and his brother John\n are well. He mentions that local residents seem\n fearful of the army and that General Robert E. Lee\n has ordered his troops to respect private property.\n He describes the flourishing condition of\n Pennsylvania farms, noting that this part of the\n country has not yet felt the effects of the war.\n James perceives disunity in the people's attitude\n toward the war, comments on the abolitionists'\n motives, and mentions that he is boarding at a\n private house for free in return for guarding the\n owner's property. He closes by asking that Unity\n write soon, for he the last letter he received was\n dated the 13th.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWriting a few days after Gettysburg, James Booker\n describes the heavy losses suffered by his division\n during Pickett's Charge; most of the regiment's\n officers and many of the enlisted men were killed,\n wounded, or captured during the assault. James and\n John Booker escaped harm, though they were nearly\n taken prisoner by the Union forces. His division has\n been assigned to escort 5000-6000 Union prisoners to\n the South. He reports hearing daily of small battles\n and expects another major battle imminently, although\n he does not expect his division to be involved\n because it is on guard in Williamsport, a city where\n most of the citizens appear to favor the North.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eJohn Booker writes that he is happy that Chloe\n enjoyed the revival meeting at Hermon (perhaps the\n Mount Hermon Baptist Church near Danville), then\n notes that there is \"good preaching\" at the camp. He\n contends that \"the prosspect for peece is very gloomy\n now,\" given that both sides are preparing for war\n with more intensity than ever. He reports that,\n despite rumors, Pickett's division will remain in\n Virginia. The troops are elated at this news, even\n though they have little more to do than guard camp\n and drill three times a day. In a postscript, James\n Booker asks Chloe Unity Blair to send his letter to\n his sister soon.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eApparently upset that he did not receive a\n furlough, James Booker wishes for the warmth and\n comforts of home, writing, \"there is none of them\n that knows how to appreciate a blessing until they\n are deprived of it.\" Still, he admits, in wartime he\n should find satisfaction simply in having enough to\n eat and enjoying good health; but he cannot be\n satisfied when speculators sell food to women and\n children at inflated prices. He observes that the\n married soldiers have sent for their wives and were\n boarding them at the homes of local citizens. He\n observes that General Corse's Brigade had been at the\n camp near Petersburg, but that they were sent to\n Tennessee. He also mentions writing to his sister\n Mary, telling her that he did not need clothing, as\n he received the box that \"you all\" sent him. The\n letter closes with a one-page postscript stating that\n John made a potato pie, and Cousin Tom ate with the\n two of them. He sends his regards to Cousin Pollie\n Ann and mentions that Cousin William Blair and Luther\n are stationed nearby but will be leaving for\n Chatanooga, Tennessee, within the next two days. He\n closes asking for Unity to return his \"soldier\n likeness\" to him so he can exchange it for a new\n one.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAfter observing that letters from home bring him\n great pleasure, John Booker chastises his cousin for\n not writing sooner. He notes that \"Flem\" Gregory has\n been ill, but is recuperating. Then he launches into\n a complaint that energizes the letter: Captain John\n Herndon is too \"lazy\" to grant the soldiers in his\n company furloughs, even though it is Christmas time,\n and even though the men are not doing anything, not\n even picket duty. So discontented are the soldiers\n that many say they will not re-enlist. John Booker\n claims that he opposes desertion, but that the\n wealthier men who paid substitutes to serve in the\n army should have to join, while veteran soldiers\n should receive furloughs. Angered at the inequality,\n John exclaims, \"this is a rich mans war an a poor\n mans fight.\" He ends his letter by observing that\n Memory Inman, another member of the D Company, is\n heading home to get married.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBooker reports that although his regiment had\n begun to march to meet the Yankees in battle, the\n Union had attacked --and been defeated by --another\n group of Confederate soldiers thirty-five miles away.\n He reports that the winter has been fairly pleasant\n and that food is cheap and plentiful. Despite such\n abundance, he notes, soldiers have been stealing food\n from local residents. He mentions a serious theft of\n $18,000 from the Quarter Master; soldiers are\n suspected of the deed. James expresses concern over\n General Barton's attitude towards the Regiment.\n (Barton has said his men come from \"rags and\n thieves.\") James complains that after three years of\n service he has still not received a furlough. He\n closes the letter with a stanza from \"Amazing\n Grace.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eJohn Booker describes the attempt by Virginia\n Governor William \"Extra Billy\" Smith and Colonel\n [Joseph Robert] Cabell to make the men of the 38th\n Regiment re-enlist. He deplores the strategies they\n used: calling the men to stand before the \"Colors,\"\n declaring that any man who wanted to be a slave to\n the enemy should not re-enlist. John fears that his\n leaders want to continue to fight at all costs,\n rather than press for peace; and as long as men\n re-enlist the war will go on. John also expresses his\n dissatisfaction with the administration of the\n Regiment: only the men who re-enlist are granted\n furloughs, and John has still not received the\n furlough owed to him in 1862. He mentions that the\n two new recrutes to Company D are receiving their\n furloughs ahead of him. Changing the subject, John\n writes of nearby Union activity and says that they\n have been expecting a raid. Finally, he writes of\n Memory Inman's court martial and Captain John\n Herndon's marriage. He closes the letter by\n apologizing for its angry tone, writing, \"I have bin\n mad all day.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eJames Booker informs his cousin of his and his\n brother's good health. He discusses the treatment of\n prisoners of war, the unavailability of certain types\n of foodstuffs and the deprivations of civilians due\n to the war. He further comments on the weather and\n his coming duty in the field. He laments the lack of\n correspondence from home and closes his\n correspondence with salutations and wishes for his\n family's good health He apologizes for his poor\n writing, attributing it to having to finish the\n letter by firelight.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eJames Booker replies to Unity's letters of the\n 17th and 24th. He mentions that his company has been\n fishing about 20 miles away and that the Yankees are\n getting closer and are expected to drive the men out\n of the fishery. He states that the Yankees are\n believed to be heading for Richmond. James hopes that\n \"this cruel war\" may end soon and \"in our favor.\" He\n closes with a quotation from \n \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003e1 John\u003c/emph\u003e. The postscript,\n written on April 30th, states that the rumor that the\n Yankees are coming may be false.\u003c/p\u003e"]}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_viu01838_c01_c04"}},{"id":"viu_viu01838_c01_c02","type":"Item","attributes":{"title":"James Booker, [n.p.], letter to\n Chloe Unity Blair","abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_viu01838_c01_c02#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eJames Booker complains of not hearing from his family. He mentions being too ill to serve and that he, consequently, works in the hospital. He talks about patients suffering from jaundice and yellow fever and mentions the poor health of James May, Hugh Norton and Josiah Burnett, as well as the death of Billy Pruett from eating \"too much beef liver.\" In spite of their complaints, he notes that the health of the men in camp is improving. He alludes to having received bad news from Texas, and then states that he will probably not come home as long as he is healthy or until peace is declared. The postscript states that James will try to send for things via any returning soldiers.\u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_viu01838_c01_c02#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"viu_viu01838_c01_c02","ref_ssm":["viu_viu01838_c01_c02"],"id":"viu_viu01838_c01_c02","ead_ssi":"viu_viu01838","_root_":"viu_viu01838","_nest_parent_":"viu_viu01838_c01","parent_ssi":"viu_viu01838_c01","parent_ssim":["viu_viu01838","viu_viu01838_c01"],"parent_ids_ssim":["viu_viu01838","viu_viu01838_c01"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["James and John Booker Collection \n 1861-1864","c01: Manuscripts"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["James and John Booker Collection \n 1861-1864","c01: Manuscripts"],"text":["James and John Booker Collection \n 1861-1864","c01: Manuscripts","James Booker, [n.p.], letter to\n Chloe Unity Blair","ALS","James Booker complains of not hearing from his\n family. He mentions being too ill to serve and that\n he, consequently, works in the hospital. He talks\n about patients suffering from jaundice and yellow\n fever and mentions the poor health of James May, Hugh\n Norton and Josiah Burnett, as well as the death of\n Billy Pruett from eating \"too much beef liver.\" In\n spite of their complaints, he notes that the health\n of the men in camp is improving. He alludes to having\n received bad news from Texas, and then states that he\n will probably not come home as long as he is healthy\n or until peace is declared. The postscript states\n that James will try to send for things via any\n returning soldiers."],"title_filing_ssi":"James Booker, [n.p.], letter to\n Chloe Unity Blair","title_ssm":["James Booker, [n.p.], letter to\n Chloe Unity Blair"],"title_tesim":["James Booker, [n.p.], letter to\n Chloe Unity Blair"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["1861 September 6"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1861"],"normalized_title_ssm":["James Booker, [n.p.], letter to\n Chloe Unity Blair"],"component_level_isim":[2],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"collection_ssim":["James and John Booker Collection \n 1861-1864"],"physdesc_tesim":["ALS"],"extent_ssm":["3 p."],"extent_tesim":["3 p."],"has_online_content_ssim":["true"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"level_ssm":["Item"],"level_ssim":["Item"],"sort_isi":3,"digital_objects_ssm":["{\"label\":\"Text transcription\",\"href\":\"http://xtf.lib.virginia.edu/xtf/view?docId=legacy_mss/uvaBook/tei/booker_letters/Boo1i06.xml\"}"],"date_range_isim":[1861],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eJames Booker complains of not hearing from his\n family. He mentions being too ill to serve and that\n he, consequently, works in the hospital. He talks\n about patients suffering from jaundice and yellow\n fever and mentions the poor health of James May, Hugh\n Norton and Josiah Burnett, as well as the death of\n Billy Pruett from eating \"too much beef liver.\" In\n spite of their complaints, he notes that the health\n of the men in camp is improving. He alludes to having\n received bad news from Texas, and then states that he\n will probably not come home as long as he is healthy\n or until peace is declared. The postscript states\n that James will try to send for things via any\n returning soldiers.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_tesim":["James Booker complains of not hearing from his\n family. He mentions being too ill to serve and that\n he, consequently, works in the hospital. He talks\n about patients suffering from jaundice and yellow\n fever and mentions the poor health of James May, Hugh\n Norton and Josiah Burnett, as well as the death of\n Billy Pruett from eating \"too much beef liver.\" In\n spite of their complaints, he notes that the health\n of the men in camp is improving. He alludes to having\n received bad news from Texas, and then states that he\n will probably not come home as long as he is healthy\n or until peace is declared. The postscript states\n that James will try to send for things via any\n returning soldiers."],"_nest_path_":"/components#0/components#1","timestamp":"2026-05-21T13:07:18.853Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viu_viu01838","ead_ssi":"viu_viu01838","_root_":"viu_viu01838","_nest_parent_":"viu_viu01838","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/uva-sc/viu01838.xml","title_ssm":["James and John Booker Collection \n 1861-1864"],"title_tesim":["James and John Booker Collection \n 1861-1864"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["11237"],"text":["11237","James and John Booker Collection \n 1861-1864","26 items","There are no restrictions.","Print Sources Encyclopedia of the\n Confederacy . Richard N. Current, Ed. NY: Simon \u0026\n Schuster, 1993. Gregory, G. Howard. \n 38th Virginia Infantry .\n Lynchburg, VA: H.E. Howard, Inc., 1988. (part of \n The Virginia Regimental Histories\n Series ) Hewett, Janet B., ed. \n Roster of Confederate Soldiers\n 1861-1865 . Vol 8. Wilmington NC: Broadfoot\n Publishing Company, 1996. Sublett, Charles W. \n 57th Virginia Infantry .\n Lynchburg, VA: H.E. Howard, Inc., 1985. (part of The\n Virginia Regimental Histories Series)","Encyclopedia of the\n Confederacy . Richard N. Current, Ed. NY: Simon \u0026\n Schuster, 1993.","Gregory, G. Howard. \n 38th Virginia Infantry .\n Lynchburg, VA: H.E. Howard, Inc., 1988. (part of \n The Virginia Regimental Histories\n Series )","Hewett, Janet B., ed. \n Roster of Confederate Soldiers\n 1861-1865 . Vol 8. Wilmington NC: Broadfoot\n Publishing Company, 1996.","Sublett, Charles W. \n 57th Virginia Infantry .\n Lynchburg, VA: H.E. Howard, Inc., 1985. (part of The\n Virginia Regimental Histories Series)","Electronic Sources Austin, Gayle. \"Pittsylvania Co. VA Homepage.\" 1997. \n \n http://www.rootsweb.com/~vapittsy/ (9 September,\n 1997). \"Southside on the Net, Directory of Churches and\n Religious Organizations.\" 1997. \n \n http://www.petersburg.com/c/c1.htm (9 September\n 1997). Webb, Kerry. \"U.S. Civil War Generals.\" 1997. \n \n http://funnelweb.utcc.utk.edu/~hoemann/generals.html (28\n August 1997).","Austin, Gayle. \"Pittsylvania Co. VA Homepage.\" 1997. \n \n http://www.rootsweb.com/~vapittsy/ (9 September,\n 1997).","\"Southside on the Net, Directory of Churches and\n Religious Organizations.\" 1997. \n \n http://www.petersburg.com/c/c1.htm (9 September\n 1997).","Webb, Kerry. \"U.S. Civil War Generals.\" 1997. \n \n http://funnelweb.utcc.utk.edu/~hoemann/generals.html (28\n August 1997).","Other Civil War Sites on the World\n Wide Web Index of Civil War Information on the Web \n \n http://www.cwc.lsu.edu/civlink.htm Civil War Miscellany \n \n http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Forum/6806/ Pickett's Division \n \n http://home.ptd.net/~jeff1863/pickett.html War Links \n \n http://members.aol.com/histcw/civil.html/","Index of Civil War Information on the Web \n \n http://www.cwc.lsu.edu/civlink.htm","Civil War Miscellany \n \n http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Forum/6806/","Pickett's Division \n \n http://home.ptd.net/~jeff1863/pickett.html","War Links \n \n http://members.aol.com/histcw/civil.html/","James Booker and John Booker The twins, John and James, were born to \n John Booker (1797-1859) and \n Nancy Blair Reynolds Booker\n (1796-1859) on October 10, 1840. Nancy and John\n had been married since November 15, 1824 and had four other\n children besides the twins: Mary Ann Booker Sparks\n (1825-1872), Armistead M. Booker (1827-1838), Caroline\n Booker (1833-1859) and William Booker (1836-1859). Nancy also had another child --Margaret Benson Reynolds\n (1815-1867) --from a previous marriage to William Reynolds\n (March 29, 1814) (Austin). In the first three months of 1859, typhoid fever struck\n the Booker family, killing Nancy, John Sr., Caroline and\n William. James and John were 19 years old. For the next two\n years, the twins stayed with relatives, including Aunt\n Kitty and Uncle John Blair, who later moved to Texas in\n 1860 (James Booker, September 6, 1861). At the age of 21, James and John enlisted in the\n Confederate Army, the 38th Regiment of Virginia, on May 24,\n 1861 in \n Whitmell, Virginia , in \n Company D, 38th Virginia Regiment, Infantry (also\n known as \"the Whitmell Guards\"). For more\n information about the regiment see \n 38th Virginia Infantry by G. Howard Gregory\n (E 581.5 38th .G73 1988) . The Booker brothers\n remained in service throughout the war, and were both\n promoted to Sergeant sometime before April, 1864 (Gregory,\n 82). In March of 1862, James was hospitalized in Richmond\n with chronic diarrhea, but returned to his company soon\n after. Both brothers were severely wounded at the \n Battle of Drewry's Bluff near Petersburg,\n Virginia , on May 16, 1864 and transferred to \n Chimborazo Hospital . John received a\n chest wound and James was wounded in the right thigh. Only\n James, however, would survive. John died of his wound on\n August 26, 1864. After the war, James returned to Pittsylvania County and\n on October 31, 1867, he married \n Martha Ann Fulton (?-1923) (nicknamed\n \"Pat\") of \n Pittsylvania County , on October 31,\n 1867. She was one of the \"sweethearts\" mentioned in his\n letters. James and Pat Booker had seven children. They died\n within two months of each other in 1923. A typed page\n listing their children and mentioning her relatives can be\n found with the copies of the typescripts of the brothers'\n letters.","The twins, John and James, were born to \n John Booker (1797-1859) and \n Nancy Blair Reynolds Booker\n (1796-1859) on October 10, 1840. Nancy and John\n had been married since November 15, 1824 and had four other\n children besides the twins: Mary Ann Booker Sparks\n (1825-1872), Armistead M. Booker (1827-1838), Caroline\n Booker (1833-1859) and William Booker (1836-1859).","Nancy also had another child --Margaret Benson Reynolds\n (1815-1867) --from a previous marriage to William Reynolds\n (March 29, 1814) (Austin).","In the first three months of 1859, typhoid fever struck\n the Booker family, killing Nancy, John Sr., Caroline and\n William. James and John were 19 years old. For the next two\n years, the twins stayed with relatives, including Aunt\n Kitty and Uncle John Blair, who later moved to Texas in\n 1860 (James Booker, September 6, 1861).","At the age of 21, James and John enlisted in the\n Confederate Army, the 38th Regiment of Virginia, on May 24,\n 1861 in \n Whitmell, Virginia , in \n Company D, 38th Virginia Regiment, Infantry (also\n known as \"the Whitmell Guards\"). For more\n information about the regiment see \n 38th Virginia Infantry by G. Howard Gregory\n (E 581.5 38th .G73 1988) . The Booker brothers\n remained in service throughout the war, and were both\n promoted to Sergeant sometime before April, 1864 (Gregory,\n 82).","In March of 1862, James was hospitalized in Richmond\n with chronic diarrhea, but returned to his company soon\n after. Both brothers were severely wounded at the \n Battle of Drewry's Bluff near Petersburg,\n Virginia , on May 16, 1864 and transferred to \n Chimborazo Hospital . John received a\n chest wound and James was wounded in the right thigh. Only\n James, however, would survive. John died of his wound on\n August 26, 1864.","After the war, James returned to Pittsylvania County and\n on October 31, 1867, he married \n Martha Ann Fulton (?-1923) (nicknamed\n \"Pat\") of \n Pittsylvania County , on October 31,\n 1867. She was one of the \"sweethearts\" mentioned in his\n letters. James and Pat Booker had seven children. They died\n within two months of each other in 1923. A typed page\n listing their children and mentioning her relatives can be\n found with the copies of the typescripts of the brothers'\n letters.","Chloe Unity Blair Chloe Unity Blair (1833-1875) was born to Chloe Coleman\n Blair (1801-1854) and Drury Blair (1801-1864). Her father\n was Nancy Booker's younger brother, making James and John\n her first cousins. Chloe Unity had several brothers and\n sisters, some of whom James and John mention in their\n letters: Polly Ann, William, and Drury Addison \"Addie\"\n Blair, who briefly served in the 38th Regiment with the\n Bookers. Unfortunately, all of Chloe Unity's letters to her\n Booker cousins were either destroyed or are as yet\n undiscovered. From their responses, however, we can see\n that both John and James greatly appreciated her letters.\n They depended upon her for news of the family and they\n often asked her to \"remember\" them to different family\n members. The Bookers also periodically asked their cousin\n to have their sister Mary forward certain items such as\n clothing or James' \"soldier likeness\" (October 4, 1863).\n Chloe Unity would send them gifts and provisions as well,\n prompting James to write, \"I am under many obligations to\n you all for send ing us such a fine box it was a great\n treat to us,\" (October 4, 1863). James and John are always\n polite and solicitous in tone to their cousin, and yet the\n letters also convey warmth and friendship: having lost\n their parents and two siblings just before the war, John\n and James may have been especially close to \"cousin Unity,\"\n who along with their sister Mary may have served as a kind\n of surrogate mother. Indeed, when John married Martha Ann Fulton in October\n of 1867, he became Chloe's step-son-in-law, since Chloe had\n married Martha's father William Fulton (1821-18?) just a\n few months before. It is easy to imagine that the two\n cousins were pleased by this relationship, as their\n respective marriages unified and tightened the Booker and\n Blair families which had suffered so many losses during the\n war years.","Chloe Unity Blair (1833-1875) was born to Chloe Coleman\n Blair (1801-1854) and Drury Blair (1801-1864). Her father\n was Nancy Booker's younger brother, making James and John\n her first cousins. Chloe Unity had several brothers and\n sisters, some of whom James and John mention in their\n letters: Polly Ann, William, and Drury Addison \"Addie\"\n Blair, who briefly served in the 38th Regiment with the\n Bookers.","Unfortunately, all of Chloe Unity's letters to her\n Booker cousins were either destroyed or are as yet\n undiscovered. From their responses, however, we can see\n that both John and James greatly appreciated her letters.\n They depended upon her for news of the family and they\n often asked her to \"remember\" them to different family\n members. The Bookers also periodically asked their cousin\n to have their sister Mary forward certain items such as\n clothing or James' \"soldier likeness\" (October 4, 1863).\n Chloe Unity would send them gifts and provisions as well,\n prompting James to write, \"I am under many obligations to\n you all for send ing us such a fine box it was a great\n treat to us,\" (October 4, 1863). James and John are always\n polite and solicitous in tone to their cousin, and yet the\n letters also convey warmth and friendship: having lost\n their parents and two siblings just before the war, John\n and James may have been especially close to \"cousin Unity,\"\n who along with their sister Mary may have served as a kind\n of surrogate mother.","Indeed, when John married Martha Ann Fulton in October\n of 1867, he became Chloe's step-son-in-law, since Chloe had\n married Martha's father William Fulton (1821-18?) just a\n few months before. It is easy to imagine that the two\n cousins were pleased by this relationship, as their\n respective marriages unified and tightened the Booker and\n Blair families which had suffered so many losses during the\n war years.","The 38th Virginia Infantry: A Brief History of the\n Regiment On May 3, 1861, Governor John Letcher called for the men\n of Virginia to leave their families and occupations and\n join the Confederate Army. Soon after, the 38th Virginia\n Volunteer Infantry Regiment was formed, lead by Colonel\n Edward Edmonds, Lieutenant Colonel Powhatan Whittle and\n Major Isaac Carrington. During the course of the war, the\n 38th was assigned to several different brigades, including\n Smith's, Early's and Armistead's Brigade. There was also\n considerable turnover of officers, as some were wounded,\n killed, or not re-elected. The 38th consisted of ten companies, most of which were\n organized in Pittsylvania County, VA. Company D, which the\n Bookers joined, was organized at Whitmell. Its initial\n leader was Captain Ralph Herndon. Engagements and Assignments of the 38th\n Virginia Infantry May 5, 1862: The Battle of Williamsburg:\n Whittle is wounded. May 31, 1862: The Battle of Seven Pines: The\n 38th suffers a casualty rate of 42%. July 1, 1862: The Battle of Malvern Hill: The\n 38th suffers severely with 11 killed, 72 wounded and\n 11 missing. September 15, 1862: The 38th takes part in\n capturing Harper's Ferry. September 16, 1862: The 38th joins the Battle\n of Sharpsburg. July 3, 1863: The 38th is part of Pickett's\n Charge at the Battle of Gettysburg; Colonel Edmonds\n is killed; of the 481 members of the 38th who\n participated in the battle, \"40 were killed on the\n battlefield (8%); 51 were wounded (10%); and 103 were\n captured (21%)\" (Gregory 43). May 10, 1864: The Battle of Chester Station;\n Colonel Cabell is killed; Lieutenant Colonel Griggs\n is promoted to Colonel of the 38th. May 16, 1864: The Battle of Drewry's Bluff;\n from the 38th, 23 killed and 77 wounded. September 3, 1864: Brigadier General George\n Steuart assumes command of Armistead's Brigade.\n Desertions are frequent. November 17, 1864: The 38th captures the Union\n line near Petersburg. April 1, 1865: The Battle of Five Forks. April 6, 1865: The Battle of Sayler's\n Creek--the 38th's final battle. April 9, 1865: Lee surrenders at Appomattox\n Court House; the 38th is nearby at \"Pleasant\n Retreat,\" two miles east of the court house. April 13, 1865: The 38th breaks camp and heads\n home.","On May 3, 1861, Governor John Letcher called for the men\n of Virginia to leave their families and occupations and\n join the Confederate Army. Soon after, the 38th Virginia\n Volunteer Infantry Regiment was formed, lead by Colonel\n Edward Edmonds, Lieutenant Colonel Powhatan Whittle and\n Major Isaac Carrington. During the course of the war, the\n 38th was assigned to several different brigades, including\n Smith's, Early's and Armistead's Brigade. There was also\n considerable turnover of officers, as some were wounded,\n killed, or not re-elected.","The 38th consisted of ten companies, most of which were\n organized in Pittsylvania County, VA. Company D, which the\n Bookers joined, was organized at Whitmell. Its initial\n leader was Captain Ralph Herndon.","Engagements and Assignments of the 38th\n Virginia Infantry May 5, 1862: The Battle of Williamsburg:\n Whittle is wounded. May 31, 1862: The Battle of Seven Pines: The\n 38th suffers a casualty rate of 42%. July 1, 1862: The Battle of Malvern Hill: The\n 38th suffers severely with 11 killed, 72 wounded and\n 11 missing. September 15, 1862: The 38th takes part in\n capturing Harper's Ferry. September 16, 1862: The 38th joins the Battle\n of Sharpsburg. July 3, 1863: The 38th is part of Pickett's\n Charge at the Battle of Gettysburg; Colonel Edmonds\n is killed; of the 481 members of the 38th who\n participated in the battle, \"40 were killed on the\n battlefield (8%); 51 were wounded (10%); and 103 were\n captured (21%)\" (Gregory 43). May 10, 1864: The Battle of Chester Station;\n Colonel Cabell is killed; Lieutenant Colonel Griggs\n is promoted to Colonel of the 38th. May 16, 1864: The Battle of Drewry's Bluff;\n from the 38th, 23 killed and 77 wounded. September 3, 1864: Brigadier General George\n Steuart assumes command of Armistead's Brigade.\n Desertions are frequent. November 17, 1864: The 38th captures the Union\n line near Petersburg. April 1, 1865: The Battle of Five Forks. April 6, 1865: The Battle of Sayler's\n Creek--the 38th's final battle. April 9, 1865: Lee surrenders at Appomattox\n Court House; the 38th is nearby at \"Pleasant\n Retreat,\" two miles east of the court house. April 13, 1865: The 38th breaks camp and heads\n home.","Funded in part by a grant from the National Endowment\n for the Humanities","Scope and Content This collection consists of ca. twenty-six items,\n 1861-1864, chiefly the letters of \n John Booker (1840-1864) and \n James Booker (1840-1923) of \n Pittsylvania County, Virginia, to their\n cousin, \n Chloe Unity Blair (1839-1875) ;\n electrostatic copies of Bible records for the Booker and\n Blair families; and electrostatic copies of typed\n transcripts of the letters. The original bound volume of\n the transcripts was returned to the donor.","This collection consists of ca. twenty-six items,\n 1861-1864, chiefly the letters of \n John Booker (1840-1864) and \n James Booker (1840-1923) of \n Pittsylvania County, Virginia, to their\n cousin, \n Chloe Unity Blair (1839-1875) ;\n electrostatic copies of Bible records for the Booker and\n Blair families; and electrostatic copies of typed\n transcripts of the letters. The original bound volume of\n the transcripts was returned to the donor.","Overview of Themes Discussed in the Letters The letters of James and John Booker give a sense of\n what life was like for an ordinary soldier serving in the\n Confederate army. Of course, the Bookers depict the drama\n of battle --describing gunfire and cannonades, listing the\n dead and wounded, and giving thanks for their own escapes\n from death or imprisonment--but the letters are more\n concerned with the rhythms of everyday life at camp. The\n Bookers worry over their health and their comrades'; enjoy\n the plenty or (more often) lament the lack of food and\n supplies; report on the interactions between civilians and\n soldiers; and describe religious revivals held at the camp.\n As the war goes on, the Bookers begin to articulate with\n more intensity not only what happens to them, but how they\n feel about it. Whereas John fumes against the elites\n (officers, politicians, and the wealthy) for evading their\n responsibilities and mistreating the common soldier, James\n grows more fatalistic and religious, trusting that his\n suffering is God's will.","The letters of James and John Booker give a sense of\n what life was like for an ordinary soldier serving in the\n Confederate army. Of course, the Bookers depict the drama\n of battle --describing gunfire and cannonades, listing the\n dead and wounded, and giving thanks for their own escapes\n from death or imprisonment--but the letters are more\n concerned with the rhythms of everyday life at camp. The\n Bookers worry over their health and their comrades'; enjoy\n the plenty or (more often) lament the lack of food and\n supplies; report on the interactions between civilians and\n soldiers; and describe religious revivals held at the camp.\n As the war goes on, the Bookers begin to articulate with\n more intensity not only what happens to them, but how they\n feel about it. Whereas John fumes against the elites\n (officers, politicians, and the wealthy) for evading their\n responsibilities and mistreating the common soldier, James\n grows more fatalistic and religious, trusting that his\n suffering is God's will.","Preparing for Battle The members of the 38th Virginia spent much of their\n time drilling, marching, serving picket duty, and\n speculating about when and where the next battle would be.\n Indeed, the Bookers seem to devote more energy to\n anticipating battles than to describing them (perhaps\n because they did not want to upset their cousin). They\n acquired much of the information that fueled their\n speculations from gossipping with citizens and other\n soldiers. In a letter from 1861, for instance, James Booker\n predicts that a \"hard battle\" will break out soon, basing\n his prediction on a conversation he had with a soldier\n whose company is located closer to the front (October 8).\n Sometimes more immediate experiences led the Bookers to\n forecast a battle, especially when they could see Union\n troops or hear cannonades and gunfire nearby. Writing from\n a rain-soaked outpost near Yorktown, Virginia in 1862, for\n instance, James reports that the Union forces have been\n \"shooting at our men constantly tho it is very cildom thay\n hit eny of them\" (April 19). He predicts that soon a battle\n will occur that will decide the war, since he has heard\n that Yankee prisoners \"say that thay have got to whip or\n die here\" (April 19, 1862). But in this prediction, as in\n others, James was disappointed. As the war dragged on, the\n Bookers stopped assuming that it would reach a speedy\n conclusion; indeed, by 1864 John came to the conclusion\n that the \"leaden men\" were not really interested in\n achieving peace (March 1, 1864). Although the Bookers participated in several battles and\n skirmishes, the most devastating battle for their regiment\n was Gettysburg (see the section on Regimental History for a\n complete list of the engagements that the 38th took part\n in). While participating in Pickett's Charge, the 38th\n Virginia lost Colonel Edmonds, whom James Booker describes\n as \"one of the best men in service,\" and many other\n officers and soldiers (July 11, 1863). The Booker brothers\n themselves had to scramble to avoid being captured by Union\n troops; several of their companions, however, \"let the\n Yankees take them\" (John Booker, July 11, 1863). Not only were the Bookers shocked by their experiences\n in battle, but by chilling events that upset camp routines.\n In the first weeks of the war, James Booker reports, a\n young man accidentally shot another soldier from his\n hometown and now is \"about to grieve himself to death about\n it\" (July 14, 1861). But James passes on an even more\n shocking story in a later letter: two soldiers were caught\n conspiring to kill their commanding officer and were\n executed. In an attempt to \"save their souls,\" the\n condemned soldiers \"gave the Roman Catholic Priest 25\n dollars apiece\" (December 15, 1861).","The members of the 38th Virginia spent much of their\n time drilling, marching, serving picket duty, and\n speculating about when and where the next battle would be.\n Indeed, the Bookers seem to devote more energy to\n anticipating battles than to describing them (perhaps\n because they did not want to upset their cousin). They\n acquired much of the information that fueled their\n speculations from gossipping with citizens and other\n soldiers. In a letter from 1861, for instance, James Booker\n predicts that a \"hard battle\" will break out soon, basing\n his prediction on a conversation he had with a soldier\n whose company is located closer to the front (October 8).\n Sometimes more immediate experiences led the Bookers to\n forecast a battle, especially when they could see Union\n troops or hear cannonades and gunfire nearby. Writing from\n a rain-soaked outpost near Yorktown, Virginia in 1862, for\n instance, James reports that the Union forces have been\n \"shooting at our men constantly tho it is very cildom thay\n hit eny of them\" (April 19). He predicts that soon a battle\n will occur that will decide the war, since he has heard\n that Yankee prisoners \"say that thay have got to whip or\n die here\" (April 19, 1862). But in this prediction, as in\n others, James was disappointed. As the war dragged on, the\n Bookers stopped assuming that it would reach a speedy\n conclusion; indeed, by 1864 John came to the conclusion\n that the \"leaden men\" were not really interested in\n achieving peace (March 1, 1864).","Although the Bookers participated in several battles and\n skirmishes, the most devastating battle for their regiment\n was Gettysburg (see the section on Regimental History for a\n complete list of the engagements that the 38th took part\n in). While participating in Pickett's Charge, the 38th\n Virginia lost Colonel Edmonds, whom James Booker describes\n as \"one of the best men in service,\" and many other\n officers and soldiers (July 11, 1863). The Booker brothers\n themselves had to scramble to avoid being captured by Union\n troops; several of their companions, however, \"let the\n Yankees take them\" (John Booker, July 11, 1863).","Not only were the Bookers shocked by their experiences\n in battle, but by chilling events that upset camp routines.\n In the first weeks of the war, James Booker reports, a\n young man accidentally shot another soldier from his\n hometown and now is \"about to grieve himself to death about\n it\" (July 14, 1861). But James passes on an even more\n shocking story in a later letter: two soldiers were caught\n conspiring to kill their commanding officer and were\n executed. In an attempt to \"save their souls,\" the\n condemned soldiers \"gave the Roman Catholic Priest 25\n dollars apiece\" (December 15, 1861).","Health More explainable than violence in the camps, but\n ultimately more destructive, was disease. Illness and\n disease killed two-thirds of the Southern soldiers who died\n during the Civil War, so not surprisingly the Bookers often\n detail the health problems that they and their fellow\n soldiers were suffering (Robertson 88-89). These ailments\n include jaundice, typhoid, stomach disorders, fever, and\n mumps. The Bookers imply that much of the illness is due to\n the conditions the soldiers must face; sometimes the\n soldiers lacked adequate shelter, at times they would have\n to wade rivers and then march miles wearing wet clothing,\n and often they lacked adequate provisions (John Booker,\n April 29, 1862). Although sick soldiers were typically sent\n to the hospital, the men also took care of each other. In\n the fall of 1861, James and John Booker, apparently just\n recovering from sickness themselves, were responsible for\n nursing three members of their company (James Booker,\n September 6). Several months later, James Booker fell sick\n with chronic diarrhea and was sent to Greaner's Hospital in\n Richmond to recuperate. While in the hospital, Booker was\n stuck in a Catch-22: he wanted to get a furlough so that he\n could recover his health at home, but he did not know where\n his company was, so he could not get the permission of his\n commanding officer to return to Pittsylvania. Eventually\n James re-joined his company, but he did not receive the\n furlough that he wished for.","More explainable than violence in the camps, but\n ultimately more destructive, was disease. Illness and\n disease killed two-thirds of the Southern soldiers who died\n during the Civil War, so not surprisingly the Bookers often\n detail the health problems that they and their fellow\n soldiers were suffering (Robertson 88-89). These ailments\n include jaundice, typhoid, stomach disorders, fever, and\n mumps. The Bookers imply that much of the illness is due to\n the conditions the soldiers must face; sometimes the\n soldiers lacked adequate shelter, at times they would have\n to wade rivers and then march miles wearing wet clothing,\n and often they lacked adequate provisions (John Booker,\n April 29, 1862). Although sick soldiers were typically sent\n to the hospital, the men also took care of each other. In\n the fall of 1861, James and John Booker, apparently just\n recovering from sickness themselves, were responsible for\n nursing three members of their company (James Booker,\n September 6). Several months later, James Booker fell sick\n with chronic diarrhea and was sent to Greaner's Hospital in\n Richmond to recuperate. While in the hospital, Booker was\n stuck in a Catch-22: he wanted to get a furlough so that he\n could recover his health at home, but he did not know where\n his company was, so he could not get the permission of his\n commanding officer to return to Pittsylvania. Eventually\n James re-joined his company, but he did not receive the\n furlough that he wished for.","Food and Supplies Although in his first letter James Booker claims that\n the soldiers get \"plenty of good pervision,\" the Bookers\n later complained that they often didn't get enough to eat\n (July 14, 1861). As James writes in 1862, \"the rations has\n bin very scanty a large portion of the time sence we have\n bin marching\" (September 30). But sometimes the 38th\n Virginia did enjoy plentiful supplies, particularly when\n they camped in locations where food was abundant. When the\n 38th Virginia arrived near Chambersburg, Pennsylvania, for\n instance, James Booker reported that \"we can get plenty of\n milk \u0026 butter and apple butter that is verry good\"\n (June 30, 1863). Often civilians would supply soldiers with\n food, whether because they feared or supported the\n troops.","Although in his first letter James Booker claims that\n the soldiers get \"plenty of good pervision,\" the Bookers\n later complained that they often didn't get enough to eat\n (July 14, 1861). As James writes in 1862, \"the rations has\n bin very scanty a large portion of the time sence we have\n bin marching\" (September 30). But sometimes the 38th\n Virginia did enjoy plentiful supplies, particularly when\n they camped in locations where food was abundant. When the\n 38th Virginia arrived near Chambersburg, Pennsylvania, for\n instance, James Booker reported that \"we can get plenty of\n milk \u0026 butter and apple butter that is verry good\"\n (June 30, 1863). Often civilians would supply soldiers with\n food, whether because they feared or supported the\n troops.","Interactions with Civilians Throughout the letters, the Bookers demonstrate their\n consciousness of the effect the war is having on the\n civilians. At the beginning of the war, James Booker\n describes the friendly exchanges between Southern soldiers\n and civilians, reporting gleefully from a camp near\n Winchester that the men have \"a fine chance of beautiful\n young Ladies, and the kindest that I ever saw\" (July 14,\n 1861). Besides providing moral support, Southern civilians\n would exchange information about the war with the\n Confederate troops (James Booker, November 24, 1862). Both\n Southern and Northern civilians would sell or give supplies\n to Confederate troops. Writing from Winchester, Virginia in\n 1862, James Booker even claims that he prefers Yankees to\n Quakers, since \"the Yankees will sell us eny thing cheap\n for the specia\" while \"the quakers will sell any thing thay\n have got when the spirit moves them, tho we cant catch them\n rite half our time\" (James Booker, October 17, 1862).\n Likewise, in Fredericksburg, Pennsylvania, the Yankee\n citizens treated the Confederate soldiers \"verry kind,\"\n providing them food without charging them for it, though\n James suggests that \"it is don through fear\" (June 30,\n 1863). While in Fredericksburg, James enjoyed a mutually\n supportive relationship with a local civilian, guarding his\n home in exchange for lodging. Although civilians and soldiers often cooperated with\n each other, the Bookers realized that the war was damaging\n the lives of those not directly involved in the fighting.\n In particular, James argues, citizens who live near the\n \"line of the enemy\" \"have great deal to see trouble about\"\n (June 14, 1863). Even those areas not yet scarred by the\n war would soon be, James predicts. As he says of\n Fredericksburg, Pennsylvania,\"this is a verry flourishing\n looking Country the crops all look fine. it has never felt\n the affect of the war, though I guess if we stay here long\n it will feel the affect of it\" (June 30, 1863). James\n especially blames Northern soldiers for looting the homes\n of Southern citizens, claiming that \"the yankees is geting\n too mean to live\" (June 14, 1863). But he admits that some\n Confederate soldiers likewise have stolen from citizens,\n disobeying General Lee's orders. Indeed, one woman stormed\n into the Confederate camp near Kinston, North Carolina,\n hoping to recover a skillet of soup that had been stolen\n (June 30, 1863; January 1, 1864). Confederate soldiers also\n stole over 18,000 dollars from the Quarter Master (January\n 1, 1864). Despite these incidents, James Booker was\n offended when Confederate General Seth Maxwell Barton\n called the members of his brigade \"rags and thieves,\" since\n \"it is not healthy for him to gave honist people such a bad\n name because some men does wrong\" (January 1, 1864).","Throughout the letters, the Bookers demonstrate their\n consciousness of the effect the war is having on the\n civilians. At the beginning of the war, James Booker\n describes the friendly exchanges between Southern soldiers\n and civilians, reporting gleefully from a camp near\n Winchester that the men have \"a fine chance of beautiful\n young Ladies, and the kindest that I ever saw\" (July 14,\n 1861). Besides providing moral support, Southern civilians\n would exchange information about the war with the\n Confederate troops (James Booker, November 24, 1862). Both\n Southern and Northern civilians would sell or give supplies\n to Confederate troops. Writing from Winchester, Virginia in\n 1862, James Booker even claims that he prefers Yankees to\n Quakers, since \"the Yankees will sell us eny thing cheap\n for the specia\" while \"the quakers will sell any thing thay\n have got when the spirit moves them, tho we cant catch them\n rite half our time\" (James Booker, October 17, 1862).\n Likewise, in Fredericksburg, Pennsylvania, the Yankee\n citizens treated the Confederate soldiers \"verry kind,\"\n providing them food without charging them for it, though\n James suggests that \"it is don through fear\" (June 30,\n 1863). While in Fredericksburg, James enjoyed a mutually\n supportive relationship with a local civilian, guarding his\n home in exchange for lodging.","Although civilians and soldiers often cooperated with\n each other, the Bookers realized that the war was damaging\n the lives of those not directly involved in the fighting.\n In particular, James argues, citizens who live near the\n \"line of the enemy\" \"have great deal to see trouble about\"\n (June 14, 1863). Even those areas not yet scarred by the\n war would soon be, James predicts. As he says of\n Fredericksburg, Pennsylvania,\"this is a verry flourishing\n looking Country the crops all look fine. it has never felt\n the affect of the war, though I guess if we stay here long\n it will feel the affect of it\" (June 30, 1863). James\n especially blames Northern soldiers for looting the homes\n of Southern citizens, claiming that \"the yankees is geting\n too mean to live\" (June 14, 1863). But he admits that some\n Confederate soldiers likewise have stolen from citizens,\n disobeying General Lee's orders. Indeed, one woman stormed\n into the Confederate camp near Kinston, North Carolina,\n hoping to recover a skillet of soup that had been stolen\n (June 30, 1863; January 1, 1864). Confederate soldiers also\n stole over 18,000 dollars from the Quarter Master (January\n 1, 1864). Despite these incidents, James Booker was\n offended when Confederate General Seth Maxwell Barton\n called the members of his brigade \"rags and thieves,\" since\n \"it is not healthy for him to gave honist people such a bad\n name because some men does wrong\" (January 1, 1864).","Morale Early in the war, James and John Booker seemed to\n believe that the South would defeat the North swiftly. They\n contended that the South had a stronger army, and they\n noted that Northerners \"dont unite like our people do,\"\n since the Democrats and the Republicans were at odds (James\n Booker, June 30, 1863). Soon their hope had begun to fade. Though James Booker\n longed to return home, by 1863 he no longer believed that\n the North and South would achieve a quick peace: \n \"I am a fread it will be a long time first if ever, I\n think the prosspect for peece is very gloomy now it dont\n look like eather side is make in any prepperration for\n Piece, thare are greater preperation for fighten than\n ever\" (September 23, 1863). John Booker was even more pessimistic, and\n certainly much more cynical, as he accused the Southern\n leadership of needlessly prolonging the war: \n \"I beleave that we mout have hud piece be fore this\n time if our head leaden men would would have tride\"\n (March 1, 1864). The Bookers, particularly John, felt that while Southern\n elites were making decisions that extended the war, the\n poor were actually fighting most of the battles and\n suffering the consequences of those decisions. Because the\n First Conscription Act allowed a drafted man to hire a\n \"substitute\" to serve his term in the army, wealthy men\n could evade service (Current, 396-99). This provision\n enraged many of the Confederate soldiers, who contended\n that it placed the burden of the war on those who could not\n afford to pay for a substitute. Not only did substitution\n fan class tensions, but it also failed to bring competent\n soldiers into the army. James Booker mentions that that the\n substitute for John Millner deserted, and many other\n substitutes did likewise (August 3, 1862). Some men even\n made a business of agreeing to substitute for one person,\n deserting, and then collecting money to substitute for\n someone else. Although James Booker did not get angry about\n the practice of substitution, he understood that it\n weakened the Confederate Army: \n \"I dont blame no man to put in a substitute if he\n can, tho I think if it is kept up much long er it will\n ruin our army\" (August 3, 1862). His brother John, however, was less tentative in\n condemning substitution: \n \"I say put every one on equal foottin for this is a\n rich mans war an a por mans fight, I be leave thare are\n some of the men that have but in substitute are dooen a\n great [d]eal of good but the most of them are doo en\n more harm than good they are just speculaten on the poor\n people, an soldiers\" (December 22, 1863). Further feeding John Booker's indignation was the\n distribution of furloughs. According to the First\n Conscription Act, a \"twelvemonth man\" was entitled to a\n sixty-day furlough each year, but neither Booker received a\n furlough during his time in the army (Current, 396-99).\n John Booker noted that while officers freely took furloughs\n themselves, the captain in charge of his company, John\n Herndon, was \"too lazy\" to give his exhausted men a break\n (Decemeber 22, 1863). As a result of the inequalities and inefficiencies of\n miltary adminstration, John Booker believed that soldiers\n should refuse to re-enlist. In his March 1, 1864 letter, he\n derides the miltary pagaent staged by Virginia Governor\n William \"Extra Billy\" Smith and Colonel Cabell in an\n attempt to persuade the men to re-enlist. After commanding\n the soldiers to line up, the Colonel ordered that the\n Colors (the flags of the regiment) be borne to the front\n and asked \"all who wer determen to be freemen to step out\n on the line with the cullars and all who wer willen to be\n slaves for thare enemyes to stand fast\" (March 1, 1864).\n Angry that he hadn't yet received a furlough, and convinced\n that re-enlisting would only encourage the Southern\n leadership to continue the war, John Booker rejected the\n Colonel's challenge that he re-enlist; two-thirds of the\n soldiers stood back with him. As he explains, \"I dideant\n inten to reinlist nor I wes not willen to be a Slave for my\n enemyes and I dident go on line with the reinlisted, and I\n dideant wish to bee in eather line\" (March 1, 1864).","Early in the war, James and John Booker seemed to\n believe that the South would defeat the North swiftly. They\n contended that the South had a stronger army, and they\n noted that Northerners \"dont unite like our people do,\"\n since the Democrats and the Republicans were at odds (James\n Booker, June 30, 1863).","Soon their hope had begun to fade. Though James Booker\n longed to return home, by 1863 he no longer believed that\n the North and South would achieve a quick peace: \n \"I am a fread it will be a long time first if ever, I\n think the prosspect for peece is very gloomy now it dont\n look like eather side is make in any prepperration for\n Piece, thare are greater preperation for fighten than\n ever\" (September 23, 1863). John Booker was even more pessimistic, and\n certainly much more cynical, as he accused the Southern\n leadership of needlessly prolonging the war: \n \"I beleave that we mout have hud piece be fore this\n time if our head leaden men would would have tride\"\n (March 1, 1864).","The Bookers, particularly John, felt that while Southern\n elites were making decisions that extended the war, the\n poor were actually fighting most of the battles and\n suffering the consequences of those decisions. Because the\n First Conscription Act allowed a drafted man to hire a\n \"substitute\" to serve his term in the army, wealthy men\n could evade service (Current, 396-99). This provision\n enraged many of the Confederate soldiers, who contended\n that it placed the burden of the war on those who could not\n afford to pay for a substitute. Not only did substitution\n fan class tensions, but it also failed to bring competent\n soldiers into the army. James Booker mentions that that the\n substitute for John Millner deserted, and many other\n substitutes did likewise (August 3, 1862). Some men even\n made a business of agreeing to substitute for one person,\n deserting, and then collecting money to substitute for\n someone else. Although James Booker did not get angry about\n the practice of substitution, he understood that it\n weakened the Confederate Army: \n \"I dont blame no man to put in a substitute if he\n can, tho I think if it is kept up much long er it will\n ruin our army\" (August 3, 1862).","His brother John, however, was less tentative in\n condemning substitution: \n \"I say put every one on equal foottin for this is a\n rich mans war an a por mans fight, I be leave thare are\n some of the men that have but in substitute are dooen a\n great [d]eal of good but the most of them are doo en\n more harm than good they are just speculaten on the poor\n people, an soldiers\" (December 22, 1863).","Further feeding John Booker's indignation was the\n distribution of furloughs. According to the First\n Conscription Act, a \"twelvemonth man\" was entitled to a\n sixty-day furlough each year, but neither Booker received a\n furlough during his time in the army (Current, 396-99).\n John Booker noted that while officers freely took furloughs\n themselves, the captain in charge of his company, John\n Herndon, was \"too lazy\" to give his exhausted men a break\n (Decemeber 22, 1863).","As a result of the inequalities and inefficiencies of\n miltary adminstration, John Booker believed that soldiers\n should refuse to re-enlist. In his March 1, 1864 letter, he\n derides the miltary pagaent staged by Virginia Governor\n William \"Extra Billy\" Smith and Colonel Cabell in an\n attempt to persuade the men to re-enlist. After commanding\n the soldiers to line up, the Colonel ordered that the\n Colors (the flags of the regiment) be borne to the front\n and asked \"all who wer determen to be freemen to step out\n on the line with the cullars and all who wer willen to be\n slaves for thare enemyes to stand fast\" (March 1, 1864).\n Angry that he hadn't yet received a furlough, and convinced\n that re-enlisting would only encourage the Southern\n leadership to continue the war, John Booker rejected the\n Colonel's challenge that he re-enlist; two-thirds of the\n soldiers stood back with him. As he explains, \"I dideant\n inten to reinlist nor I wes not willen to be a Slave for my\n enemyes and I dident go on line with the reinlisted, and I\n dideant wish to bee in eather line\" (March 1, 1864).","Religion Whereas John Booker responded to terrible conditions by\n getting angry, his brother James turned to religion as a\n way of making sense of his suffering and connecting with\n home. As he writes of his homesickness, James Booker\n occasionally expresses his desire to join his relatives at\n the religious revivals held at Mount Hermon Baptist Church\n near Danville, Virginia (August 3, 1862). But he reassures\n his cousin that revivals often take place in the camp and\n that many soldiers have been converted. According to James,\n a sense of gratitude in war-time motivates many of the men\n to convert: \"I think it is time for them to turn after\n being blesed so plainley as they have bin in the past\n battles\" (October 17, 1862). Likewise, James' faith seems\n to have strengthened him and given him hope of returning\n home, whether to Pittsylvania County or to Heaven. In a\n letter written on New Years Day of 1864, James includes two\n quotations about coming home to and through God. Quoting\n from the third stanza of \"Amazing Grace,\" James writes, \n Tis grace that brought me safe thus far And grace\n will lead me home. In March of 1864, however, James believed that he might\n not arrive home safely, at least not home to Pittsylvania,\n since the spring campaign would soon open and \"then we poor\n soldiers will see a hard time\" (March 16, 1864). But James\n embraced a spirit of Christian fatalism, contending that\n his life was in God's hands: \"If it is the will of [my]\n maker for me to be cut down in this war I dont ask to be\n spared for I beleave that he will do what is the best for\n me, thare is but few things that I would ask to stay in\n this trouble some world for\" (March 16, 1864). After\n writing this letter, James Booker lived for almost sixty\n more years, but his twin John died five months later of\n wounds he received at Drewry's Bluff.","Whereas John Booker responded to terrible conditions by\n getting angry, his brother James turned to religion as a\n way of making sense of his suffering and connecting with\n home. As he writes of his homesickness, James Booker\n occasionally expresses his desire to join his relatives at\n the religious revivals held at Mount Hermon Baptist Church\n near Danville, Virginia (August 3, 1862). But he reassures\n his cousin that revivals often take place in the camp and\n that many soldiers have been converted. According to James,\n a sense of gratitude in war-time motivates many of the men\n to convert: \"I think it is time for them to turn after\n being blesed so plainley as they have bin in the past\n battles\" (October 17, 1862). Likewise, James' faith seems\n to have strengthened him and given him hope of returning\n home, whether to Pittsylvania County or to Heaven. In a\n letter written on New Years Day of 1864, James includes two\n quotations about coming home to and through God. Quoting\n from the third stanza of \"Amazing Grace,\" James writes, \n Tis grace that brought me safe thus far And grace\n will lead me home.","In March of 1864, however, James believed that he might\n not arrive home safely, at least not home to Pittsylvania,\n since the spring campaign would soon open and \"then we poor\n soldiers will see a hard time\" (March 16, 1864). But James\n embraced a spirit of Christian fatalism, contending that\n his life was in God's hands: \"If it is the will of [my]\n maker for me to be cut down in this war I dont ask to be\n spared for I beleave that he will do what is the best for\n me, thare is but few things that I would ask to stay in\n this trouble some world for\" (March 16, 1864). After\n writing this letter, James Booker lived for almost sixty\n more years, but his twin John died five months later of\n wounds he received at Drewry's Bluff.","Optimistic at the beginning of the war, James\n Booker praises the \"elegant water,\" \"beautiful young\n Ladies,\" and \"most beautiful country\" he finds at the\n 38th's camp at Winchester. But he notes that one\n member of the regiment accidentally shot another\n member from his hometown and now feel terrible. He\n warns that \"cowardly boys\" who are avoiding service\n should beware, since they are likely to be drafted or\n made to put up breastworks. After salutations and\n greetings, James indicates where letters should be\n sent. A. Blair, a relative of James' and possibly\n Chloe Blair's brother, writes a short note to be\n included. Blair indicates that he is including a\n letter that \"brother William\" received from\n \"brother,\" who was expecting to go to Manassas. Blair\n finishes by saying that all are well.","James Booker complains of not hearing from his\n family. He mentions being too ill to serve and that\n he, consequently, works in the hospital. He talks\n about patients suffering from jaundice and yellow\n fever and mentions the poor health of James May, Hugh\n Norton and Josiah Burnett, as well as the death of\n Billy Pruett from eating \"too much beef liver.\" In\n spite of their complaints, he notes that the health\n of the men in camp is improving. He alludes to having\n received bad news from Texas, and then states that he\n will probably not come home as long as he is healthy\n or until peace is declared. The postscript states\n that James will try to send for things via any\n returning soldiers.","James Booker reports that his company is healthier\n than it has been for some time. He has heard about\n fighting at Falls Church the day before, and reports\n a conversation with a man from the Danville Grays,\n who told him that the Yankees are within four miles\n of his company at Fairfax Court House. From this\n information, James Booker predicts that a \"hard\n battle\" will soon take place. He mentions getting a\n letter from Addie (perhaps Drury Addison Blair),\n whose condition is improving.","This letter is a reply to one or more letters that\n James had received from his cousin and \"sweethearts\"\n a few days earlier. He has just heard that his\n regiment is about to move into their winter quarters\n in Gainesville. He will join it when the winter\n quarters are ready. Meanwhile, the work in his\n current quarters is lighter and the pay better. He\n believes the fighting in Centreville will not\n continue past winter. He mentions meeting a man who\n had been captured by the Union and who was recently\n released. According to this man, there are 60,000\n sick Yankees in Washington. He also adds that he has\n heard that two men in Centreville were shot for\n trying to kill their commanding officer. James closes\n the letter by asking to be remembered to cousin Eliza\n Ann Williams and to all the \"ladies\" at Christmas\n time.","Writing from the company's winter quarters near\n the battlefield of First Manassas, John Booker\n describes his brother James' sickness, which has left\n him weak and without an appetite. Other soldiers,\n including Nathaniel Robertson and Neal Gilbert, have\n struggled with illness; one, Josiah Burnett, has\n died. Booker ends his letter by expressing his\n pleasure at having received his cousin Unity's letter\n and apologizing that his brother James was unable to\n write.","James Booker explains why he has been so long in\n answering Unity's latest letters, stating that he has\n been in hospital, too ill to write. He had hoped to\n come home on furlough, but has been separated from\n his regiment and could not obtain leave. He asks that\n Unity write to him with the location of his regiment.\n He also complains about the quality of the food and\n mentions seeing many acquaintances on their way to\n the front. He closes by asking his cousin to direct\n her replies to Greaner's Hospital, care of Surgeon R.\n G. Banks.","James Booker writes to inform his cousin of the\n location of his regiment. He indicates that they have\n been shot at but infrequently hit. He mentions that a\n man named Tucker, who was wounded in the chin, was\n the only man from his regiment (he was attached to\n Captain Carter's Company F) to have been shot. He\n also notes that many men, mainly Yankees, were killed\n at last Wednesday's battle and that this evening the\n Yankees flew a truce flag in order to safely bury\n their dead. He feels that, because the best of both\n armies are here, the war will be settled here. He\n closes by asking that Unity write soon, and direct\n her letters to him at Yorktown. He also asks her to\n notify \"sister Mary\" that Pickney has not yet\n arrived.","John Booker describes a new posting and notes\n that, since leaving the Orange Court House, the\n troops are living without tents. They stay in the\n entrenchments every other day and night, and are\n under constant bombardment by the Yankees. He\n mentions that there is a good deal of sickness and\n many are being wounded. Also, he notes that they have\n elected officers for the next two years. John closes\n by asking Unity to direct her letter to him at\n Yorktown.","James begins by apologizing for the tardiness of\n his letter: he explains that he has been ill. He then\n discusses the practice of substitution (arranging for\n a replacement in the army), concluding that it is\n having a bad effect on the Confederate Army. He also\n discusses his work assignment and his health. In a\n separate letter on the same paper, John tells his\n cousin about his cold and sore throat. He also states\n that there is currently no fighting, but he can hear\n the Yankees firing cannonade \"down on the river.\"","James Booker writes that he and his brother John\n are in good health. They have been marching hard but\n usually have not gotten enough to eat. Booker reports\n that the general feeling in the camp is that peace\n will come soon. Four sick conscripts have arrived\n (and are named). James complains of having to march\n in wet clothing after crossing bridge-less streams.\n He also notes that the sick and wounded have been\n ordered from Winchester to Staunton and thinks that\n everyone else will be going to Richmond soon. James\n looks forward to going there since he has not heard\n from home since leaving Richmond. He greets other\n family members and mentions that John will write\n soon.","Claiming that he would be able to \"stand\" being a\n soldier if he received enough to eat, James Booker\n notes that recently the supply of food has been\n adequate, but that the men have not gotten enough\n salt. James Booker notes the illnesses of two men in\n camp, Bage Pritchett and John Hundley. He compares\n the entrepreneurship of the Yankees with the more\n whimsical quality of the Quakers' mercantilism and\n notes the use of Confederate money and specie to buy\n provisions. He also describes a month-long religious\n revival meeting underway in camp.","After reporting that he and his brother John are\n well, James Booker writes that the company has been\n marching for the past four days and has finally\n arrived at its camp near Fredericksburg. Many Union\n soldiers are nearby, and he predicts that the Union\n troops will soon begin shelling the Confederates. He\n expects a \"hard\" battle to commence soon.","Writing on the Sabbath, James Booker tells his\n cousin that both he and his brother are well. The\n members of Company D marched for the past ten days,\n and they expect to march again the next day, since\n they are following the movements of the Union troops.\n A few days previously, the Union had surprised the\n Confederate cavalry, but the Confederates managed to\n drive their enemies across the river and take several\n hundred prisoners. Complaining that \"the Yankees is\n getting too mean to live,\" James Booker writes that\n they steal and destroy Southern property, such as\n meat, corn, and horses. He notes, \"I still live in\n hope of peace soon though I may not live to see it.\"\n He observes that at a \"very interesting\" camp meeting\n several men, including Captain Herndon, were\n converted.","James Booker reports that he and his brother John\n are well. He mentions that local residents seem\n fearful of the army and that General Robert E. Lee\n has ordered his troops to respect private property.\n He describes the flourishing condition of\n Pennsylvania farms, noting that this part of the\n country has not yet felt the effects of the war.\n James perceives disunity in the people's attitude\n toward the war, comments on the abolitionists'\n motives, and mentions that he is boarding at a\n private house for free in return for guarding the\n owner's property. He closes by asking that Unity\n write soon, for he the last letter he received was\n dated the 13th.","Writing a few days after Gettysburg, James Booker\n describes the heavy losses suffered by his division\n during Pickett's Charge; most of the regiment's\n officers and many of the enlisted men were killed,\n wounded, or captured during the assault. James and\n John Booker escaped harm, though they were nearly\n taken prisoner by the Union forces. His division has\n been assigned to escort 5000-6000 Union prisoners to\n the South. He reports hearing daily of small battles\n and expects another major battle imminently, although\n he does not expect his division to be involved\n because it is on guard in Williamsport, a city where\n most of the citizens appear to favor the North.","John Booker writes that he is happy that Chloe\n enjoyed the revival meeting at Hermon (perhaps the\n Mount Hermon Baptist Church near Danville), then\n notes that there is \"good preaching\" at the camp. He\n contends that \"the prosspect for peece is very gloomy\n now,\" given that both sides are preparing for war\n with more intensity than ever. He reports that,\n despite rumors, Pickett's division will remain in\n Virginia. The troops are elated at this news, even\n though they have little more to do than guard camp\n and drill three times a day. In a postscript, James\n Booker asks Chloe Unity Blair to send his letter to\n his sister soon.","Apparently upset that he did not receive a\n furlough, James Booker wishes for the warmth and\n comforts of home, writing, \"there is none of them\n that knows how to appreciate a blessing until they\n are deprived of it.\" Still, he admits, in wartime he\n should find satisfaction simply in having enough to\n eat and enjoying good health; but he cannot be\n satisfied when speculators sell food to women and\n children at inflated prices. He observes that the\n married soldiers have sent for their wives and were\n boarding them at the homes of local citizens. He\n observes that General Corse's Brigade had been at the\n camp near Petersburg, but that they were sent to\n Tennessee. He also mentions writing to his sister\n Mary, telling her that he did not need clothing, as\n he received the box that \"you all\" sent him. The\n letter closes with a one-page postscript stating that\n John made a potato pie, and Cousin Tom ate with the\n two of them. He sends his regards to Cousin Pollie\n Ann and mentions that Cousin William Blair and Luther\n are stationed nearby but will be leaving for\n Chatanooga, Tennessee, within the next two days. He\n closes asking for Unity to return his \"soldier\n likeness\" to him so he can exchange it for a new\n one.","After observing that letters from home bring him\n great pleasure, John Booker chastises his cousin for\n not writing sooner. He notes that \"Flem\" Gregory has\n been ill, but is recuperating. Then he launches into\n a complaint that energizes the letter: Captain John\n Herndon is too \"lazy\" to grant the soldiers in his\n company furloughs, even though it is Christmas time,\n and even though the men are not doing anything, not\n even picket duty. So discontented are the soldiers\n that many say they will not re-enlist. John Booker\n claims that he opposes desertion, but that the\n wealthier men who paid substitutes to serve in the\n army should have to join, while veteran soldiers\n should receive furloughs. Angered at the inequality,\n John exclaims, \"this is a rich mans war an a poor\n mans fight.\" He ends his letter by observing that\n Memory Inman, another member of the D Company, is\n heading home to get married.","Booker reports that although his regiment had\n begun to march to meet the Yankees in battle, the\n Union had attacked --and been defeated by --another\n group of Confederate soldiers thirty-five miles away.\n He reports that the winter has been fairly pleasant\n and that food is cheap and plentiful. Despite such\n abundance, he notes, soldiers have been stealing food\n from local residents. He mentions a serious theft of\n $18,000 from the Quarter Master; soldiers are\n suspected of the deed. James expresses concern over\n General Barton's attitude towards the Regiment.\n (Barton has said his men come from \"rags and\n thieves.\") James complains that after three years of\n service he has still not received a furlough. He\n closes the letter with a stanza from \"Amazing\n Grace.\"","John Booker describes the attempt by Virginia\n Governor William \"Extra Billy\" Smith and Colonel\n [Joseph Robert] Cabell to make the men of the 38th\n Regiment re-enlist. He deplores the strategies they\n used: calling the men to stand before the \"Colors,\"\n declaring that any man who wanted to be a slave to\n the enemy should not re-enlist. John fears that his\n leaders want to continue to fight at all costs,\n rather than press for peace; and as long as men\n re-enlist the war will go on. John also expresses his\n dissatisfaction with the administration of the\n Regiment: only the men who re-enlist are granted\n furloughs, and John has still not received the\n furlough owed to him in 1862. He mentions that the\n two new recrutes to Company D are receiving their\n furloughs ahead of him. Changing the subject, John\n writes of nearby Union activity and says that they\n have been expecting a raid. Finally, he writes of\n Memory Inman's court martial and Captain John\n Herndon's marriage. He closes the letter by\n apologizing for its angry tone, writing, \"I have bin\n mad all day.\"","James Booker informs his cousin of his and his\n brother's good health. He discusses the treatment of\n prisoners of war, the unavailability of certain types\n of foodstuffs and the deprivations of civilians due\n to the war. He further comments on the weather and\n his coming duty in the field. He laments the lack of\n correspondence from home and closes his\n correspondence with salutations and wishes for his\n family's good health He apologizes for his poor\n writing, attributing it to having to finish the\n letter by firelight.","James Booker replies to Unity's letters of the\n 17th and 24th. He mentions that his company has been\n fishing about 20 miles away and that the Yankees are\n getting closer and are expected to drive the men out\n of the fishery. He states that the Yankees are\n believed to be heading for Richmond. James hopes that\n \"this cruel war\" may end soon and \"in our favor.\" He\n closes with a quotation from \n 1 John . The postscript,\n written on April 30th, states that the rumor that the\n Yankees are coming may be false.","See the \n \n University of Virginia Library’s use policy.","","University of Virginia. Library. Special\n Collections Dept.","Company D, 38th Virginia Regiment, Infantry (also\n known as \"the Whitmell Guards\").","Chimborazo Hospital","John Booker (1797-1859)","Nancy Blair Reynolds Booker\n (1796-1859)","Martha Ann Fulton (?-1923)","John Booker (1840-1864)","James Booker (1840-1923)","Chloe Unity Blair (1839-1875)","English"],"unitid_tesim":["11237"],"normalized_title_ssm":["James and John Booker Collection \n 1861-1864"],"collection_title_tesim":["James and John Booker Collection \n 1861-1864"],"collection_ssim":["James and John Booker Collection \n 1861-1864"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"creator_ssm":[""],"creator_ssim":[""],"acqinfo_ssim":["This collection was given to the University of Virginia\n Library on May 20, 1996, by Mrs. Mary H. Payne, Danville,\n Virginia, through P. L. Anderson, Jr., Danville,\n Virginia."],"has_online_content_ssim":["true"],"physdesc_tesim":["26 items"],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThere are no restrictions.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access Restrictions"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["There are no restrictions."],"bibliography_html_tesm":["\u003cbibliography\u003e\n \u003chead\u003ePrint Sources\u003c/head\u003e\n \u003cbibref\u003e\n \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eEncyclopedia of the\n Confederacy\u003c/emph\u003e. Richard N. Current, Ed. NY: Simon \u0026amp;\n Schuster, 1993.\u003c/bibref\u003e\n \u003cbibref\u003eGregory, G. Howard. \n \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003e38th Virginia Infantry\u003c/emph\u003e.\n Lynchburg, VA: H.E. Howard, Inc., 1988. (part of \n \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eThe Virginia Regimental Histories\n Series\u003c/emph\u003e)\u003c/bibref\u003e\n \u003cbibref\u003eHewett, Janet B., ed. \n \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eRoster of Confederate Soldiers\n 1861-1865\u003c/emph\u003e. Vol 8. Wilmington NC: Broadfoot\n Publishing Company, 1996.\u003c/bibref\u003e\n \u003cbibref\u003eSublett, Charles W. \n \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003e57th Virginia Infantry\u003c/emph\u003e.\n Lynchburg, VA: H.E. Howard, Inc., 1985. (part of The\n Virginia Regimental Histories Series)\u003c/bibref\u003e\n \u003c/bibliography\u003e","\u003cbibref\u003e\n \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eEncyclopedia of the\n Confederacy\u003c/emph\u003e. Richard N. Current, Ed. NY: Simon \u0026amp;\n Schuster, 1993.\u003c/bibref\u003e","\u003cbibref\u003eGregory, G. Howard. \n \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003e38th Virginia Infantry\u003c/emph\u003e.\n Lynchburg, VA: H.E. Howard, Inc., 1988. (part of \n \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eThe Virginia Regimental Histories\n Series\u003c/emph\u003e)\u003c/bibref\u003e","\u003cbibref\u003eHewett, Janet B., ed. \n \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eRoster of Confederate Soldiers\n 1861-1865\u003c/emph\u003e. Vol 8. Wilmington NC: Broadfoot\n Publishing Company, 1996.\u003c/bibref\u003e","\u003cbibref\u003eSublett, Charles W. \n \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003e57th Virginia Infantry\u003c/emph\u003e.\n Lynchburg, VA: H.E. Howard, Inc., 1985. (part of The\n Virginia Regimental Histories Series)\u003c/bibref\u003e","\u003cbibliography\u003e\n \u003chead\u003eElectronic Sources\u003c/head\u003e\n \u003cbibref\u003eAustin, Gayle. \"Pittsylvania Co. VA Homepage.\" 1997. \n \u003cextref type=\"simple\" href=\"http://www.rootsweb.com/~vapittsy/\"\u003e\n http://www.rootsweb.com/~vapittsy/\u003c/extref\u003e(9 September,\n 1997).\u003c/bibref\u003e\n \u003cbibref\u003e\"Southside on the Net, Directory of Churches and\n Religious Organizations.\" 1997. \n \u003cextref type=\"simple\" href=\"http://www.petersburg.com/c/c1.htm\"\u003e\n http://www.petersburg.com/c/c1.htm\u003c/extref\u003e(9 September\n 1997).\u003c/bibref\u003e\n \u003cbibref\u003eWebb, Kerry. \"U.S. Civil War Generals.\" 1997. \n \u003cextref type=\"simple\" href=\"http://funnelweb.utcc.utk.edu/~hoemann/generals.html\"\u003e\n http://funnelweb.utcc.utk.edu/~hoemann/generals.html\u003c/extref\u003e(28\n August 1997).\u003c/bibref\u003e\n \u003c/bibliography\u003e","\u003cbibref\u003eAustin, Gayle. \"Pittsylvania Co. VA Homepage.\" 1997. \n \u003cextref type=\"simple\" href=\"http://www.rootsweb.com/~vapittsy/\"\u003e\n http://www.rootsweb.com/~vapittsy/\u003c/extref\u003e(9 September,\n 1997).\u003c/bibref\u003e","\u003cbibref\u003e\"Southside on the Net, Directory of Churches and\n Religious Organizations.\" 1997. \n \u003cextref type=\"simple\" href=\"http://www.petersburg.com/c/c1.htm\"\u003e\n http://www.petersburg.com/c/c1.htm\u003c/extref\u003e(9 September\n 1997).\u003c/bibref\u003e","\u003cbibref\u003eWebb, Kerry. \"U.S. Civil War Generals.\" 1997. \n \u003cextref type=\"simple\" href=\"http://funnelweb.utcc.utk.edu/~hoemann/generals.html\"\u003e\n http://funnelweb.utcc.utk.edu/~hoemann/generals.html\u003c/extref\u003e(28\n August 1997).\u003c/bibref\u003e","\u003cbibliography\u003e\n \u003chead\u003eOther Civil War Sites on the World\n Wide Web\u003c/head\u003e\n \u003cbibref\u003eIndex of Civil War Information on the Web \n \u003cextref type=\"simple\" href=\"http://www.cwc.lsu.edu/civlink.htm\"\u003e\n http://www.cwc.lsu.edu/civlink.htm\u003c/extref\u003e\n \u003c/bibref\u003e\n \u003cbibref\u003eCivil War Miscellany \n \u003cextref type=\"simple\" href=\"http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Forum/6806/\"\u003e\n http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Forum/6806/\u003c/extref\u003e\n \u003c/bibref\u003e\n \u003cbibref\u003ePickett's Division \n \u003cextref type=\"simple\" href=\"http://home.ptd.net/~jeff1863/pickett.html\"\u003e\n http://home.ptd.net/~jeff1863/pickett.html\u003c/extref\u003e\n \u003c/bibref\u003e\n \u003cbibref\u003eWar Links \n \u003cextref type=\"simple\" href=\"http://members.aol.com/histcw/civil.html/\"\u003e\n http://members.aol.com/histcw/civil.html/\u003c/extref\u003e\n \u003c/bibref\u003e\n \u003c/bibliography\u003e","\u003cbibref\u003eIndex of Civil War Information on the Web \n \u003cextref type=\"simple\" href=\"http://www.cwc.lsu.edu/civlink.htm\"\u003e\n http://www.cwc.lsu.edu/civlink.htm\u003c/extref\u003e\n \u003c/bibref\u003e","\u003cbibref\u003eCivil War Miscellany \n \u003cextref type=\"simple\" href=\"http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Forum/6806/\"\u003e\n http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Forum/6806/\u003c/extref\u003e\n \u003c/bibref\u003e","\u003cbibref\u003ePickett's Division \n \u003cextref type=\"simple\" href=\"http://home.ptd.net/~jeff1863/pickett.html\"\u003e\n http://home.ptd.net/~jeff1863/pickett.html\u003c/extref\u003e\n \u003c/bibref\u003e","\u003cbibref\u003eWar Links \n \u003cextref type=\"simple\" href=\"http://members.aol.com/histcw/civil.html/\"\u003e\n http://members.aol.com/histcw/civil.html/\u003c/extref\u003e\n \u003c/bibref\u003e"],"bibliography_heading_ssm":["Bibliography","Print Sources","Electronic Sources","Other Civil War Sites on the World\n Wide Web"],"bibliography_tesim":["Print Sources Encyclopedia of the\n Confederacy . Richard N. Current, Ed. NY: Simon \u0026\n Schuster, 1993. Gregory, G. Howard. \n 38th Virginia Infantry .\n Lynchburg, VA: H.E. Howard, Inc., 1988. (part of \n The Virginia Regimental Histories\n Series ) Hewett, Janet B., ed. \n Roster of Confederate Soldiers\n 1861-1865 . Vol 8. Wilmington NC: Broadfoot\n Publishing Company, 1996. Sublett, Charles W. \n 57th Virginia Infantry .\n Lynchburg, VA: H.E. Howard, Inc., 1985. (part of The\n Virginia Regimental Histories Series)","Encyclopedia of the\n Confederacy . Richard N. Current, Ed. NY: Simon \u0026\n Schuster, 1993.","Gregory, G. Howard. \n 38th Virginia Infantry .\n Lynchburg, VA: H.E. Howard, Inc., 1988. (part of \n The Virginia Regimental Histories\n Series )","Hewett, Janet B., ed. \n Roster of Confederate Soldiers\n 1861-1865 . Vol 8. Wilmington NC: Broadfoot\n Publishing Company, 1996.","Sublett, Charles W. \n 57th Virginia Infantry .\n Lynchburg, VA: H.E. Howard, Inc., 1985. (part of The\n Virginia Regimental Histories Series)","Electronic Sources Austin, Gayle. \"Pittsylvania Co. VA Homepage.\" 1997. \n \n http://www.rootsweb.com/~vapittsy/ (9 September,\n 1997). \"Southside on the Net, Directory of Churches and\n Religious Organizations.\" 1997. \n \n http://www.petersburg.com/c/c1.htm (9 September\n 1997). Webb, Kerry. \"U.S. Civil War Generals.\" 1997. \n \n http://funnelweb.utcc.utk.edu/~hoemann/generals.html (28\n August 1997).","Austin, Gayle. \"Pittsylvania Co. VA Homepage.\" 1997. \n \n http://www.rootsweb.com/~vapittsy/ (9 September,\n 1997).","\"Southside on the Net, Directory of Churches and\n Religious Organizations.\" 1997. \n \n http://www.petersburg.com/c/c1.htm (9 September\n 1997).","Webb, Kerry. \"U.S. Civil War Generals.\" 1997. \n \n http://funnelweb.utcc.utk.edu/~hoemann/generals.html (28\n August 1997).","Other Civil War Sites on the World\n Wide Web Index of Civil War Information on the Web \n \n http://www.cwc.lsu.edu/civlink.htm Civil War Miscellany \n \n http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Forum/6806/ Pickett's Division \n \n http://home.ptd.net/~jeff1863/pickett.html War Links \n \n http://members.aol.com/histcw/civil.html/","Index of Civil War Information on the Web \n \n http://www.cwc.lsu.edu/civlink.htm","Civil War Miscellany \n \n http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Forum/6806/","Pickett's Division \n \n http://home.ptd.net/~jeff1863/pickett.html","War Links \n \n http://members.aol.com/histcw/civil.html/"],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cbioghist\u003e\n \u003chead\u003eJames Booker and John Booker\u003c/head\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe twins, John and James, were born to \n \u003cpersname\u003eJohn Booker (1797-1859)\u003c/persname\u003eand \n \u003cpersname\u003eNancy Blair Reynolds Booker\n (1796-1859)\u003c/persname\u003eon October 10, 1840. Nancy and John\n had been married since November 15, 1824 and had four other\n children besides the twins: Mary Ann Booker Sparks\n (1825-1872), Armistead M. Booker (1827-1838), Caroline\n Booker (1833-1859) and William Booker (1836-1859).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNancy also had another child --Margaret Benson Reynolds\n (1815-1867) --from a previous marriage to William Reynolds\n (March 29, 1814) (Austin).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIn the first three months of 1859, typhoid fever struck\n the Booker family, killing Nancy, John Sr., Caroline and\n William. James and John were 19 years old. For the next two\n years, the twins stayed with relatives, including Aunt\n Kitty and Uncle John Blair, who later moved to Texas in\n 1860 (James Booker, September 6, 1861).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAt the age of 21, James and John enlisted in the\n Confederate Army, the 38th Regiment of Virginia, on May 24,\n 1861 in \n \u003cgeogname\u003eWhitmell, Virginia\u003c/geogname\u003e, in \n \u003ccorpname\u003eCompany D, 38th Virginia Regiment, Infantry (also\n known as \"the Whitmell Guards\").\u003c/corpname\u003eFor more\n information about the regiment see \n \u003cbibref\u003e\n \u003ctitle\u003e38th Virginia Infantry\u003c/title\u003eby G. Howard Gregory\n (E 581.5 38th .G73 1988)\u003c/bibref\u003e. The Booker brothers\n remained in service throughout the war, and were both\n promoted to Sergeant sometime before April, 1864 (Gregory,\n 82).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIn March of 1862, James was hospitalized in Richmond\n with chronic diarrhea, but returned to his company soon\n after. Both brothers were severely wounded at the \n \u003cgeogname\u003eBattle of Drewry's Bluff near Petersburg,\n Virginia\u003c/geogname\u003e, on May 16, 1864 and transferred to \n \u003ccorpname\u003eChimborazo Hospital\u003c/corpname\u003e. John received a\n chest wound and James was wounded in the right thigh. Only\n James, however, would survive. John died of his wound on\n August 26, 1864.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAfter the war, James returned to Pittsylvania County and\n on October 31, 1867, he married \n \u003cpersname\u003eMartha Ann Fulton (?-1923)\u003c/persname\u003e(nicknamed\n \"Pat\") of \n \u003cgeogname\u003ePittsylvania County\u003c/geogname\u003e, on October 31,\n 1867. She was one of the \"sweethearts\" mentioned in his\n letters. James and Pat Booker had seven children. They died\n within two months of each other in 1923. A typed page\n listing their children and mentioning her relatives can be\n found with the copies of the typescripts of the brothers'\n letters.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/bioghist\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe twins, John and James, were born to \n \u003cpersname\u003eJohn Booker (1797-1859)\u003c/persname\u003eand \n \u003cpersname\u003eNancy Blair Reynolds Booker\n (1796-1859)\u003c/persname\u003eon October 10, 1840. Nancy and John\n had been married since November 15, 1824 and had four other\n children besides the twins: Mary Ann Booker Sparks\n (1825-1872), Armistead M. Booker (1827-1838), Caroline\n Booker (1833-1859) and William Booker (1836-1859).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eNancy also had another child --Margaret Benson Reynolds\n (1815-1867) --from a previous marriage to William Reynolds\n (March 29, 1814) (Austin).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn the first three months of 1859, typhoid fever struck\n the Booker family, killing Nancy, John Sr., Caroline and\n William. James and John were 19 years old. For the next two\n years, the twins stayed with relatives, including Aunt\n Kitty and Uncle John Blair, who later moved to Texas in\n 1860 (James Booker, September 6, 1861).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAt the age of 21, James and John enlisted in the\n Confederate Army, the 38th Regiment of Virginia, on May 24,\n 1861 in \n \u003cgeogname\u003eWhitmell, Virginia\u003c/geogname\u003e, in \n \u003ccorpname\u003eCompany D, 38th Virginia Regiment, Infantry (also\n known as \"the Whitmell Guards\").\u003c/corpname\u003eFor more\n information about the regiment see \n \u003cbibref\u003e\n \u003ctitle\u003e38th Virginia Infantry\u003c/title\u003eby G. Howard Gregory\n (E 581.5 38th .G73 1988)\u003c/bibref\u003e. The Booker brothers\n remained in service throughout the war, and were both\n promoted to Sergeant sometime before April, 1864 (Gregory,\n 82).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn March of 1862, James was hospitalized in Richmond\n with chronic diarrhea, but returned to his company soon\n after. Both brothers were severely wounded at the \n \u003cgeogname\u003eBattle of Drewry's Bluff near Petersburg,\n Virginia\u003c/geogname\u003e, on May 16, 1864 and transferred to \n \u003ccorpname\u003eChimborazo Hospital\u003c/corpname\u003e. John received a\n chest wound and James was wounded in the right thigh. Only\n James, however, would survive. John died of his wound on\n August 26, 1864.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAfter the war, James returned to Pittsylvania County and\n on October 31, 1867, he married \n \u003cpersname\u003eMartha Ann Fulton (?-1923)\u003c/persname\u003e(nicknamed\n \"Pat\") of \n \u003cgeogname\u003ePittsylvania County\u003c/geogname\u003e, on October 31,\n 1867. She was one of the \"sweethearts\" mentioned in his\n letters. James and Pat Booker had seven children. They died\n within two months of each other in 1923. A typed page\n listing their children and mentioning her relatives can be\n found with the copies of the typescripts of the brothers'\n letters.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cbioghist\u003e\n \u003chead\u003eChloe Unity Blair\u003c/head\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChloe Unity Blair (1833-1875) was born to Chloe Coleman\n Blair (1801-1854) and Drury Blair (1801-1864). Her father\n was Nancy Booker's younger brother, making James and John\n her first cousins. Chloe Unity had several brothers and\n sisters, some of whom James and John mention in their\n letters: Polly Ann, William, and Drury Addison \"Addie\"\n Blair, who briefly served in the 38th Regiment with the\n Bookers.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUnfortunately, all of Chloe Unity's letters to her\n Booker cousins were either destroyed or are as yet\n undiscovered. From their responses, however, we can see\n that both John and James greatly appreciated her letters.\n They depended upon her for news of the family and they\n often asked her to \"remember\" them to different family\n members. The Bookers also periodically asked their cousin\n to have their sister Mary forward certain items such as\n clothing or James' \"soldier likeness\" (October 4, 1863).\n Chloe Unity would send them gifts and provisions as well,\n prompting James to write, \"I am under many obligations to\n you all for send ing us such a fine box it was a great\n treat to us,\" (October 4, 1863). James and John are always\n polite and solicitous in tone to their cousin, and yet the\n letters also convey warmth and friendship: having lost\n their parents and two siblings just before the war, John\n and James may have been especially close to \"cousin Unity,\"\n who along with their sister Mary may have served as a kind\n of surrogate mother.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIndeed, when John married Martha Ann Fulton in October\n of 1867, he became Chloe's step-son-in-law, since Chloe had\n married Martha's father William Fulton (1821-18?) just a\n few months before. It is easy to imagine that the two\n cousins were pleased by this relationship, as their\n respective marriages unified and tightened the Booker and\n Blair families which had suffered so many losses during the\n war years.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/bioghist\u003e","\u003cp\u003eChloe Unity Blair (1833-1875) was born to Chloe Coleman\n Blair (1801-1854) and Drury Blair (1801-1864). Her father\n was Nancy Booker's younger brother, making James and John\n her first cousins. Chloe Unity had several brothers and\n sisters, some of whom James and John mention in their\n letters: Polly Ann, William, and Drury Addison \"Addie\"\n Blair, who briefly served in the 38th Regiment with the\n Bookers.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eUnfortunately, all of Chloe Unity's letters to her\n Booker cousins were either destroyed or are as yet\n undiscovered. From their responses, however, we can see\n that both John and James greatly appreciated her letters.\n They depended upon her for news of the family and they\n often asked her to \"remember\" them to different family\n members. The Bookers also periodically asked their cousin\n to have their sister Mary forward certain items such as\n clothing or James' \"soldier likeness\" (October 4, 1863).\n Chloe Unity would send them gifts and provisions as well,\n prompting James to write, \"I am under many obligations to\n you all for send ing us such a fine box it was a great\n treat to us,\" (October 4, 1863). James and John are always\n polite and solicitous in tone to their cousin, and yet the\n letters also convey warmth and friendship: having lost\n their parents and two siblings just before the war, John\n and James may have been especially close to \"cousin Unity,\"\n who along with their sister Mary may have served as a kind\n of surrogate mother.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIndeed, when John married Martha Ann Fulton in October\n of 1867, he became Chloe's step-son-in-law, since Chloe had\n married Martha's father William Fulton (1821-18?) just a\n few months before. It is easy to imagine that the two\n cousins were pleased by this relationship, as their\n respective marriages unified and tightened the Booker and\n Blair families which had suffered so many losses during the\n war years.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cbioghist\u003e\n \u003chead\u003eThe 38th Virginia Infantry: A Brief History of the\n Regiment\u003c/head\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOn May 3, 1861, Governor John Letcher called for the men\n of Virginia to leave their families and occupations and\n join the Confederate Army. Soon after, the 38th Virginia\n Volunteer Infantry Regiment was formed, lead by Colonel\n Edward Edmonds, Lieutenant Colonel Powhatan Whittle and\n Major Isaac Carrington. During the course of the war, the\n 38th was assigned to several different brigades, including\n Smith's, Early's and Armistead's Brigade. There was also\n considerable turnover of officers, as some were wounded,\n killed, or not re-elected.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe 38th consisted of ten companies, most of which were\n organized in Pittsylvania County, VA. Company D, which the\n Bookers joined, was organized at Whitmell. Its initial\n leader was Captain Ralph Herndon.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\n \u003clist type=\"simple\"\u003e\n \u003chead\u003eEngagements and Assignments of the 38th\n Virginia Infantry\u003c/head\u003e\n \u003citem\u003eMay 5, 1862: The Battle of Williamsburg:\n Whittle is wounded.\u003c/item\u003e\n \u003citem\u003eMay 31, 1862: The Battle of Seven Pines: The\n 38th suffers a casualty rate of 42%.\u003c/item\u003e\n \u003citem\u003eJuly 1, 1862: The Battle of Malvern Hill: The\n 38th suffers severely with 11 killed, 72 wounded and\n 11 missing.\u003c/item\u003e\n \u003citem\u003eSeptember 15, 1862: The 38th takes part in\n capturing Harper's Ferry.\u003c/item\u003e\n \u003citem\u003eSeptember 16, 1862: The 38th joins the Battle\n of Sharpsburg.\u003c/item\u003e\n \u003citem\u003eJuly 3, 1863: The 38th is part of Pickett's\n Charge at the Battle of Gettysburg; Colonel Edmonds\n is killed; of the 481 members of the 38th who\n participated in the battle, \"40 were killed on the\n battlefield (8%); 51 were wounded (10%); and 103 were\n captured (21%)\" (Gregory 43).\u003c/item\u003e\n \u003citem\u003eMay 10, 1864: The Battle of Chester Station;\n Colonel Cabell is killed; Lieutenant Colonel Griggs\n is promoted to Colonel of the 38th.\u003c/item\u003e\n \u003citem\u003eMay 16, 1864: The Battle of Drewry's Bluff;\n from the 38th, 23 killed and 77 wounded.\u003c/item\u003e\n \u003citem\u003eSeptember 3, 1864: Brigadier General George\n Steuart assumes command of Armistead's Brigade.\n Desertions are frequent.\u003c/item\u003e\n \u003citem\u003eNovember 17, 1864: The 38th captures the Union\n line near Petersburg.\u003c/item\u003e\n \u003citem\u003eApril 1, 1865: The Battle of Five Forks.\u003c/item\u003e\n \u003citem\u003eApril 6, 1865: The Battle of Sayler's\n Creek--the 38th's final battle.\u003c/item\u003e\n \u003citem\u003eApril 9, 1865: Lee surrenders at Appomattox\n Court House; the 38th is nearby at \"Pleasant\n Retreat,\" two miles east of the court house.\u003c/item\u003e\n \u003citem\u003eApril 13, 1865: The 38th breaks camp and heads\n home.\u003c/item\u003e\n \u003c/list\u003e\n \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/bioghist\u003e","\u003cp\u003eOn May 3, 1861, Governor John Letcher called for the men\n of Virginia to leave their families and occupations and\n join the Confederate Army. Soon after, the 38th Virginia\n Volunteer Infantry Regiment was formed, lead by Colonel\n Edward Edmonds, Lieutenant Colonel Powhatan Whittle and\n Major Isaac Carrington. During the course of the war, the\n 38th was assigned to several different brigades, including\n Smith's, Early's and Armistead's Brigade. There was also\n considerable turnover of officers, as some were wounded,\n killed, or not re-elected.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe 38th consisted of ten companies, most of which were\n organized in Pittsylvania County, VA. Company D, which the\n Bookers joined, was organized at Whitmell. Its initial\n leader was Captain Ralph Herndon.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\n \u003clist type=\"simple\"\u003e\n \u003chead\u003eEngagements and Assignments of the 38th\n Virginia Infantry\u003c/head\u003e\n \u003citem\u003eMay 5, 1862: The Battle of Williamsburg:\n Whittle is wounded.\u003c/item\u003e\n \u003citem\u003eMay 31, 1862: The Battle of Seven Pines: The\n 38th suffers a casualty rate of 42%.\u003c/item\u003e\n \u003citem\u003eJuly 1, 1862: The Battle of Malvern Hill: The\n 38th suffers severely with 11 killed, 72 wounded and\n 11 missing.\u003c/item\u003e\n \u003citem\u003eSeptember 15, 1862: The 38th takes part in\n capturing Harper's Ferry.\u003c/item\u003e\n \u003citem\u003eSeptember 16, 1862: The 38th joins the Battle\n of Sharpsburg.\u003c/item\u003e\n \u003citem\u003eJuly 3, 1863: The 38th is part of Pickett's\n Charge at the Battle of Gettysburg; Colonel Edmonds\n is killed; of the 481 members of the 38th who\n participated in the battle, \"40 were killed on the\n battlefield (8%); 51 were wounded (10%); and 103 were\n captured (21%)\" (Gregory 43).\u003c/item\u003e\n \u003citem\u003eMay 10, 1864: The Battle of Chester Station;\n Colonel Cabell is killed; Lieutenant Colonel Griggs\n is promoted to Colonel of the 38th.\u003c/item\u003e\n \u003citem\u003eMay 16, 1864: The Battle of Drewry's Bluff;\n from the 38th, 23 killed and 77 wounded.\u003c/item\u003e\n \u003citem\u003eSeptember 3, 1864: Brigadier General George\n Steuart assumes command of Armistead's Brigade.\n Desertions are frequent.\u003c/item\u003e\n \u003citem\u003eNovember 17, 1864: The 38th captures the Union\n line near Petersburg.\u003c/item\u003e\n \u003citem\u003eApril 1, 1865: The Battle of Five Forks.\u003c/item\u003e\n \u003citem\u003eApril 6, 1865: The Battle of Sayler's\n Creek--the 38th's final battle.\u003c/item\u003e\n \u003citem\u003eApril 9, 1865: Lee surrenders at Appomattox\n Court House; the 38th is nearby at \"Pleasant\n Retreat,\" two miles east of the court house.\u003c/item\u003e\n \u003citem\u003eApril 13, 1865: The 38th breaks camp and heads\n home.\u003c/item\u003e\n \u003c/list\u003e\n \u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical/Historical Information","James Booker and John Booker","Chloe Unity Blair","The 38th Virginia Infantry: A Brief History of the\n Regiment"],"bioghist_tesim":["James Booker and John Booker The twins, John and James, were born to \n John Booker (1797-1859) and \n Nancy Blair Reynolds Booker\n (1796-1859) on October 10, 1840. Nancy and John\n had been married since November 15, 1824 and had four other\n children besides the twins: Mary Ann Booker Sparks\n (1825-1872), Armistead M. Booker (1827-1838), Caroline\n Booker (1833-1859) and William Booker (1836-1859). Nancy also had another child --Margaret Benson Reynolds\n (1815-1867) --from a previous marriage to William Reynolds\n (March 29, 1814) (Austin). In the first three months of 1859, typhoid fever struck\n the Booker family, killing Nancy, John Sr., Caroline and\n William. James and John were 19 years old. For the next two\n years, the twins stayed with relatives, including Aunt\n Kitty and Uncle John Blair, who later moved to Texas in\n 1860 (James Booker, September 6, 1861). At the age of 21, James and John enlisted in the\n Confederate Army, the 38th Regiment of Virginia, on May 24,\n 1861 in \n Whitmell, Virginia , in \n Company D, 38th Virginia Regiment, Infantry (also\n known as \"the Whitmell Guards\"). For more\n information about the regiment see \n 38th Virginia Infantry by G. Howard Gregory\n (E 581.5 38th .G73 1988) . The Booker brothers\n remained in service throughout the war, and were both\n promoted to Sergeant sometime before April, 1864 (Gregory,\n 82). In March of 1862, James was hospitalized in Richmond\n with chronic diarrhea, but returned to his company soon\n after. Both brothers were severely wounded at the \n Battle of Drewry's Bluff near Petersburg,\n Virginia , on May 16, 1864 and transferred to \n Chimborazo Hospital . John received a\n chest wound and James was wounded in the right thigh. Only\n James, however, would survive. John died of his wound on\n August 26, 1864. After the war, James returned to Pittsylvania County and\n on October 31, 1867, he married \n Martha Ann Fulton (?-1923) (nicknamed\n \"Pat\") of \n Pittsylvania County , on October 31,\n 1867. She was one of the \"sweethearts\" mentioned in his\n letters. James and Pat Booker had seven children. They died\n within two months of each other in 1923. A typed page\n listing their children and mentioning her relatives can be\n found with the copies of the typescripts of the brothers'\n letters.","The twins, John and James, were born to \n John Booker (1797-1859) and \n Nancy Blair Reynolds Booker\n (1796-1859) on October 10, 1840. Nancy and John\n had been married since November 15, 1824 and had four other\n children besides the twins: Mary Ann Booker Sparks\n (1825-1872), Armistead M. Booker (1827-1838), Caroline\n Booker (1833-1859) and William Booker (1836-1859).","Nancy also had another child --Margaret Benson Reynolds\n (1815-1867) --from a previous marriage to William Reynolds\n (March 29, 1814) (Austin).","In the first three months of 1859, typhoid fever struck\n the Booker family, killing Nancy, John Sr., Caroline and\n William. James and John were 19 years old. For the next two\n years, the twins stayed with relatives, including Aunt\n Kitty and Uncle John Blair, who later moved to Texas in\n 1860 (James Booker, September 6, 1861).","At the age of 21, James and John enlisted in the\n Confederate Army, the 38th Regiment of Virginia, on May 24,\n 1861 in \n Whitmell, Virginia , in \n Company D, 38th Virginia Regiment, Infantry (also\n known as \"the Whitmell Guards\"). For more\n information about the regiment see \n 38th Virginia Infantry by G. Howard Gregory\n (E 581.5 38th .G73 1988) . The Booker brothers\n remained in service throughout the war, and were both\n promoted to Sergeant sometime before April, 1864 (Gregory,\n 82).","In March of 1862, James was hospitalized in Richmond\n with chronic diarrhea, but returned to his company soon\n after. Both brothers were severely wounded at the \n Battle of Drewry's Bluff near Petersburg,\n Virginia , on May 16, 1864 and transferred to \n Chimborazo Hospital . John received a\n chest wound and James was wounded in the right thigh. Only\n James, however, would survive. John died of his wound on\n August 26, 1864.","After the war, James returned to Pittsylvania County and\n on October 31, 1867, he married \n Martha Ann Fulton (?-1923) (nicknamed\n \"Pat\") of \n Pittsylvania County , on October 31,\n 1867. She was one of the \"sweethearts\" mentioned in his\n letters. James and Pat Booker had seven children. They died\n within two months of each other in 1923. A typed page\n listing their children and mentioning her relatives can be\n found with the copies of the typescripts of the brothers'\n letters.","Chloe Unity Blair Chloe Unity Blair (1833-1875) was born to Chloe Coleman\n Blair (1801-1854) and Drury Blair (1801-1864). Her father\n was Nancy Booker's younger brother, making James and John\n her first cousins. Chloe Unity had several brothers and\n sisters, some of whom James and John mention in their\n letters: Polly Ann, William, and Drury Addison \"Addie\"\n Blair, who briefly served in the 38th Regiment with the\n Bookers. Unfortunately, all of Chloe Unity's letters to her\n Booker cousins were either destroyed or are as yet\n undiscovered. From their responses, however, we can see\n that both John and James greatly appreciated her letters.\n They depended upon her for news of the family and they\n often asked her to \"remember\" them to different family\n members. The Bookers also periodically asked their cousin\n to have their sister Mary forward certain items such as\n clothing or James' \"soldier likeness\" (October 4, 1863).\n Chloe Unity would send them gifts and provisions as well,\n prompting James to write, \"I am under many obligations to\n you all for send ing us such a fine box it was a great\n treat to us,\" (October 4, 1863). James and John are always\n polite and solicitous in tone to their cousin, and yet the\n letters also convey warmth and friendship: having lost\n their parents and two siblings just before the war, John\n and James may have been especially close to \"cousin Unity,\"\n who along with their sister Mary may have served as a kind\n of surrogate mother. Indeed, when John married Martha Ann Fulton in October\n of 1867, he became Chloe's step-son-in-law, since Chloe had\n married Martha's father William Fulton (1821-18?) just a\n few months before. It is easy to imagine that the two\n cousins were pleased by this relationship, as their\n respective marriages unified and tightened the Booker and\n Blair families which had suffered so many losses during the\n war years.","Chloe Unity Blair (1833-1875) was born to Chloe Coleman\n Blair (1801-1854) and Drury Blair (1801-1864). Her father\n was Nancy Booker's younger brother, making James and John\n her first cousins. Chloe Unity had several brothers and\n sisters, some of whom James and John mention in their\n letters: Polly Ann, William, and Drury Addison \"Addie\"\n Blair, who briefly served in the 38th Regiment with the\n Bookers.","Unfortunately, all of Chloe Unity's letters to her\n Booker cousins were either destroyed or are as yet\n undiscovered. From their responses, however, we can see\n that both John and James greatly appreciated her letters.\n They depended upon her for news of the family and they\n often asked her to \"remember\" them to different family\n members. The Bookers also periodically asked their cousin\n to have their sister Mary forward certain items such as\n clothing or James' \"soldier likeness\" (October 4, 1863).\n Chloe Unity would send them gifts and provisions as well,\n prompting James to write, \"I am under many obligations to\n you all for send ing us such a fine box it was a great\n treat to us,\" (October 4, 1863). James and John are always\n polite and solicitous in tone to their cousin, and yet the\n letters also convey warmth and friendship: having lost\n their parents and two siblings just before the war, John\n and James may have been especially close to \"cousin Unity,\"\n who along with their sister Mary may have served as a kind\n of surrogate mother.","Indeed, when John married Martha Ann Fulton in October\n of 1867, he became Chloe's step-son-in-law, since Chloe had\n married Martha's father William Fulton (1821-18?) just a\n few months before. It is easy to imagine that the two\n cousins were pleased by this relationship, as their\n respective marriages unified and tightened the Booker and\n Blair families which had suffered so many losses during the\n war years.","The 38th Virginia Infantry: A Brief History of the\n Regiment On May 3, 1861, Governor John Letcher called for the men\n of Virginia to leave their families and occupations and\n join the Confederate Army. Soon after, the 38th Virginia\n Volunteer Infantry Regiment was formed, lead by Colonel\n Edward Edmonds, Lieutenant Colonel Powhatan Whittle and\n Major Isaac Carrington. During the course of the war, the\n 38th was assigned to several different brigades, including\n Smith's, Early's and Armistead's Brigade. There was also\n considerable turnover of officers, as some were wounded,\n killed, or not re-elected. The 38th consisted of ten companies, most of which were\n organized in Pittsylvania County, VA. Company D, which the\n Bookers joined, was organized at Whitmell. Its initial\n leader was Captain Ralph Herndon. Engagements and Assignments of the 38th\n Virginia Infantry May 5, 1862: The Battle of Williamsburg:\n Whittle is wounded. May 31, 1862: The Battle of Seven Pines: The\n 38th suffers a casualty rate of 42%. July 1, 1862: The Battle of Malvern Hill: The\n 38th suffers severely with 11 killed, 72 wounded and\n 11 missing. September 15, 1862: The 38th takes part in\n capturing Harper's Ferry. September 16, 1862: The 38th joins the Battle\n of Sharpsburg. July 3, 1863: The 38th is part of Pickett's\n Charge at the Battle of Gettysburg; Colonel Edmonds\n is killed; of the 481 members of the 38th who\n participated in the battle, \"40 were killed on the\n battlefield (8%); 51 were wounded (10%); and 103 were\n captured (21%)\" (Gregory 43). May 10, 1864: The Battle of Chester Station;\n Colonel Cabell is killed; Lieutenant Colonel Griggs\n is promoted to Colonel of the 38th. May 16, 1864: The Battle of Drewry's Bluff;\n from the 38th, 23 killed and 77 wounded. September 3, 1864: Brigadier General George\n Steuart assumes command of Armistead's Brigade.\n Desertions are frequent. November 17, 1864: The 38th captures the Union\n line near Petersburg. April 1, 1865: The Battle of Five Forks. April 6, 1865: The Battle of Sayler's\n Creek--the 38th's final battle. April 9, 1865: Lee surrenders at Appomattox\n Court House; the 38th is nearby at \"Pleasant\n Retreat,\" two miles east of the court house. April 13, 1865: The 38th breaks camp and heads\n home.","On May 3, 1861, Governor John Letcher called for the men\n of Virginia to leave their families and occupations and\n join the Confederate Army. Soon after, the 38th Virginia\n Volunteer Infantry Regiment was formed, lead by Colonel\n Edward Edmonds, Lieutenant Colonel Powhatan Whittle and\n Major Isaac Carrington. During the course of the war, the\n 38th was assigned to several different brigades, including\n Smith's, Early's and Armistead's Brigade. There was also\n considerable turnover of officers, as some were wounded,\n killed, or not re-elected.","The 38th consisted of ten companies, most of which were\n organized in Pittsylvania County, VA. Company D, which the\n Bookers joined, was organized at Whitmell. Its initial\n leader was Captain Ralph Herndon.","Engagements and Assignments of the 38th\n Virginia Infantry May 5, 1862: The Battle of Williamsburg:\n Whittle is wounded. May 31, 1862: The Battle of Seven Pines: The\n 38th suffers a casualty rate of 42%. July 1, 1862: The Battle of Malvern Hill: The\n 38th suffers severely with 11 killed, 72 wounded and\n 11 missing. September 15, 1862: The 38th takes part in\n capturing Harper's Ferry. September 16, 1862: The 38th joins the Battle\n of Sharpsburg. July 3, 1863: The 38th is part of Pickett's\n Charge at the Battle of Gettysburg; Colonel Edmonds\n is killed; of the 481 members of the 38th who\n participated in the battle, \"40 were killed on the\n battlefield (8%); 51 were wounded (10%); and 103 were\n captured (21%)\" (Gregory 43). May 10, 1864: The Battle of Chester Station;\n Colonel Cabell is killed; Lieutenant Colonel Griggs\n is promoted to Colonel of the 38th. May 16, 1864: The Battle of Drewry's Bluff;\n from the 38th, 23 killed and 77 wounded. September 3, 1864: Brigadier General George\n Steuart assumes command of Armistead's Brigade.\n Desertions are frequent. November 17, 1864: The 38th captures the Union\n line near Petersburg. April 1, 1865: The Battle of Five Forks. April 6, 1865: The Battle of Sayler's\n Creek--the 38th's final battle. April 9, 1865: Lee surrenders at Appomattox\n Court House; the 38th is nearby at \"Pleasant\n Retreat,\" two miles east of the court house. April 13, 1865: The 38th breaks camp and heads\n home."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eJames and John Booker\n Collection, Accession 11237, Special Collections Department, University of\n Virginia Library\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["James and John Booker\n Collection, Accession 11237, Special Collections Department, University of\n Virginia Library"],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eFunded in part by a grant from the National Endowment\n for the Humanities\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Funding Note"],"processinfo_tesim":["Funded in part by a grant from the National Endowment\n for the Humanities"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content Information","Scope and Content","Overview of Themes Discussed in the Letters","Preparing for Battle","Health","Food and Supplies","Interactions with Civilians","Morale","Religion"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Scope and Content This collection consists of ca. twenty-six items,\n 1861-1864, chiefly the letters of \n John Booker (1840-1864) and \n James Booker (1840-1923) of \n Pittsylvania County, Virginia, to their\n cousin, \n Chloe Unity Blair (1839-1875) ;\n electrostatic copies of Bible records for the Booker and\n Blair families; and electrostatic copies of typed\n transcripts of the letters. The original bound volume of\n the transcripts was returned to the donor.","This collection consists of ca. twenty-six items,\n 1861-1864, chiefly the letters of \n John Booker (1840-1864) and \n James Booker (1840-1923) of \n Pittsylvania County, Virginia, to their\n cousin, \n Chloe Unity Blair (1839-1875) ;\n electrostatic copies of Bible records for the Booker and\n Blair families; and electrostatic copies of typed\n transcripts of the letters. The original bound volume of\n the transcripts was returned to the donor.","Overview of Themes Discussed in the Letters The letters of James and John Booker give a sense of\n what life was like for an ordinary soldier serving in the\n Confederate army. Of course, the Bookers depict the drama\n of battle --describing gunfire and cannonades, listing the\n dead and wounded, and giving thanks for their own escapes\n from death or imprisonment--but the letters are more\n concerned with the rhythms of everyday life at camp. The\n Bookers worry over their health and their comrades'; enjoy\n the plenty or (more often) lament the lack of food and\n supplies; report on the interactions between civilians and\n soldiers; and describe religious revivals held at the camp.\n As the war goes on, the Bookers begin to articulate with\n more intensity not only what happens to them, but how they\n feel about it. Whereas John fumes against the elites\n (officers, politicians, and the wealthy) for evading their\n responsibilities and mistreating the common soldier, James\n grows more fatalistic and religious, trusting that his\n suffering is God's will.","The letters of James and John Booker give a sense of\n what life was like for an ordinary soldier serving in the\n Confederate army. Of course, the Bookers depict the drama\n of battle --describing gunfire and cannonades, listing the\n dead and wounded, and giving thanks for their own escapes\n from death or imprisonment--but the letters are more\n concerned with the rhythms of everyday life at camp. The\n Bookers worry over their health and their comrades'; enjoy\n the plenty or (more often) lament the lack of food and\n supplies; report on the interactions between civilians and\n soldiers; and describe religious revivals held at the camp.\n As the war goes on, the Bookers begin to articulate with\n more intensity not only what happens to them, but how they\n feel about it. Whereas John fumes against the elites\n (officers, politicians, and the wealthy) for evading their\n responsibilities and mistreating the common soldier, James\n grows more fatalistic and religious, trusting that his\n suffering is God's will.","Preparing for Battle The members of the 38th Virginia spent much of their\n time drilling, marching, serving picket duty, and\n speculating about when and where the next battle would be.\n Indeed, the Bookers seem to devote more energy to\n anticipating battles than to describing them (perhaps\n because they did not want to upset their cousin). They\n acquired much of the information that fueled their\n speculations from gossipping with citizens and other\n soldiers. In a letter from 1861, for instance, James Booker\n predicts that a \"hard battle\" will break out soon, basing\n his prediction on a conversation he had with a soldier\n whose company is located closer to the front (October 8).\n Sometimes more immediate experiences led the Bookers to\n forecast a battle, especially when they could see Union\n troops or hear cannonades and gunfire nearby. Writing from\n a rain-soaked outpost near Yorktown, Virginia in 1862, for\n instance, James reports that the Union forces have been\n \"shooting at our men constantly tho it is very cildom thay\n hit eny of them\" (April 19). He predicts that soon a battle\n will occur that will decide the war, since he has heard\n that Yankee prisoners \"say that thay have got to whip or\n die here\" (April 19, 1862). But in this prediction, as in\n others, James was disappointed. As the war dragged on, the\n Bookers stopped assuming that it would reach a speedy\n conclusion; indeed, by 1864 John came to the conclusion\n that the \"leaden men\" were not really interested in\n achieving peace (March 1, 1864). Although the Bookers participated in several battles and\n skirmishes, the most devastating battle for their regiment\n was Gettysburg (see the section on Regimental History for a\n complete list of the engagements that the 38th took part\n in). While participating in Pickett's Charge, the 38th\n Virginia lost Colonel Edmonds, whom James Booker describes\n as \"one of the best men in service,\" and many other\n officers and soldiers (July 11, 1863). The Booker brothers\n themselves had to scramble to avoid being captured by Union\n troops; several of their companions, however, \"let the\n Yankees take them\" (John Booker, July 11, 1863). Not only were the Bookers shocked by their experiences\n in battle, but by chilling events that upset camp routines.\n In the first weeks of the war, James Booker reports, a\n young man accidentally shot another soldier from his\n hometown and now is \"about to grieve himself to death about\n it\" (July 14, 1861). But James passes on an even more\n shocking story in a later letter: two soldiers were caught\n conspiring to kill their commanding officer and were\n executed. In an attempt to \"save their souls,\" the\n condemned soldiers \"gave the Roman Catholic Priest 25\n dollars apiece\" (December 15, 1861).","The members of the 38th Virginia spent much of their\n time drilling, marching, serving picket duty, and\n speculating about when and where the next battle would be.\n Indeed, the Bookers seem to devote more energy to\n anticipating battles than to describing them (perhaps\n because they did not want to upset their cousin). They\n acquired much of the information that fueled their\n speculations from gossipping with citizens and other\n soldiers. In a letter from 1861, for instance, James Booker\n predicts that a \"hard battle\" will break out soon, basing\n his prediction on a conversation he had with a soldier\n whose company is located closer to the front (October 8).\n Sometimes more immediate experiences led the Bookers to\n forecast a battle, especially when they could see Union\n troops or hear cannonades and gunfire nearby. Writing from\n a rain-soaked outpost near Yorktown, Virginia in 1862, for\n instance, James reports that the Union forces have been\n \"shooting at our men constantly tho it is very cildom thay\n hit eny of them\" (April 19). He predicts that soon a battle\n will occur that will decide the war, since he has heard\n that Yankee prisoners \"say that thay have got to whip or\n die here\" (April 19, 1862). But in this prediction, as in\n others, James was disappointed. As the war dragged on, the\n Bookers stopped assuming that it would reach a speedy\n conclusion; indeed, by 1864 John came to the conclusion\n that the \"leaden men\" were not really interested in\n achieving peace (March 1, 1864).","Although the Bookers participated in several battles and\n skirmishes, the most devastating battle for their regiment\n was Gettysburg (see the section on Regimental History for a\n complete list of the engagements that the 38th took part\n in). While participating in Pickett's Charge, the 38th\n Virginia lost Colonel Edmonds, whom James Booker describes\n as \"one of the best men in service,\" and many other\n officers and soldiers (July 11, 1863). The Booker brothers\n themselves had to scramble to avoid being captured by Union\n troops; several of their companions, however, \"let the\n Yankees take them\" (John Booker, July 11, 1863).","Not only were the Bookers shocked by their experiences\n in battle, but by chilling events that upset camp routines.\n In the first weeks of the war, James Booker reports, a\n young man accidentally shot another soldier from his\n hometown and now is \"about to grieve himself to death about\n it\" (July 14, 1861). But James passes on an even more\n shocking story in a later letter: two soldiers were caught\n conspiring to kill their commanding officer and were\n executed. In an attempt to \"save their souls,\" the\n condemned soldiers \"gave the Roman Catholic Priest 25\n dollars apiece\" (December 15, 1861).","Health More explainable than violence in the camps, but\n ultimately more destructive, was disease. Illness and\n disease killed two-thirds of the Southern soldiers who died\n during the Civil War, so not surprisingly the Bookers often\n detail the health problems that they and their fellow\n soldiers were suffering (Robertson 88-89). These ailments\n include jaundice, typhoid, stomach disorders, fever, and\n mumps. The Bookers imply that much of the illness is due to\n the conditions the soldiers must face; sometimes the\n soldiers lacked adequate shelter, at times they would have\n to wade rivers and then march miles wearing wet clothing,\n and often they lacked adequate provisions (John Booker,\n April 29, 1862). Although sick soldiers were typically sent\n to the hospital, the men also took care of each other. In\n the fall of 1861, James and John Booker, apparently just\n recovering from sickness themselves, were responsible for\n nursing three members of their company (James Booker,\n September 6). Several months later, James Booker fell sick\n with chronic diarrhea and was sent to Greaner's Hospital in\n Richmond to recuperate. While in the hospital, Booker was\n stuck in a Catch-22: he wanted to get a furlough so that he\n could recover his health at home, but he did not know where\n his company was, so he could not get the permission of his\n commanding officer to return to Pittsylvania. Eventually\n James re-joined his company, but he did not receive the\n furlough that he wished for.","More explainable than violence in the camps, but\n ultimately more destructive, was disease. Illness and\n disease killed two-thirds of the Southern soldiers who died\n during the Civil War, so not surprisingly the Bookers often\n detail the health problems that they and their fellow\n soldiers were suffering (Robertson 88-89). These ailments\n include jaundice, typhoid, stomach disorders, fever, and\n mumps. The Bookers imply that much of the illness is due to\n the conditions the soldiers must face; sometimes the\n soldiers lacked adequate shelter, at times they would have\n to wade rivers and then march miles wearing wet clothing,\n and often they lacked adequate provisions (John Booker,\n April 29, 1862). Although sick soldiers were typically sent\n to the hospital, the men also took care of each other. In\n the fall of 1861, James and John Booker, apparently just\n recovering from sickness themselves, were responsible for\n nursing three members of their company (James Booker,\n September 6). Several months later, James Booker fell sick\n with chronic diarrhea and was sent to Greaner's Hospital in\n Richmond to recuperate. While in the hospital, Booker was\n stuck in a Catch-22: he wanted to get a furlough so that he\n could recover his health at home, but he did not know where\n his company was, so he could not get the permission of his\n commanding officer to return to Pittsylvania. Eventually\n James re-joined his company, but he did not receive the\n furlough that he wished for.","Food and Supplies Although in his first letter James Booker claims that\n the soldiers get \"plenty of good pervision,\" the Bookers\n later complained that they often didn't get enough to eat\n (July 14, 1861). As James writes in 1862, \"the rations has\n bin very scanty a large portion of the time sence we have\n bin marching\" (September 30). But sometimes the 38th\n Virginia did enjoy plentiful supplies, particularly when\n they camped in locations where food was abundant. When the\n 38th Virginia arrived near Chambersburg, Pennsylvania, for\n instance, James Booker reported that \"we can get plenty of\n milk \u0026 butter and apple butter that is verry good\"\n (June 30, 1863). Often civilians would supply soldiers with\n food, whether because they feared or supported the\n troops.","Although in his first letter James Booker claims that\n the soldiers get \"plenty of good pervision,\" the Bookers\n later complained that they often didn't get enough to eat\n (July 14, 1861). As James writes in 1862, \"the rations has\n bin very scanty a large portion of the time sence we have\n bin marching\" (September 30). But sometimes the 38th\n Virginia did enjoy plentiful supplies, particularly when\n they camped in locations where food was abundant. When the\n 38th Virginia arrived near Chambersburg, Pennsylvania, for\n instance, James Booker reported that \"we can get plenty of\n milk \u0026 butter and apple butter that is verry good\"\n (June 30, 1863). Often civilians would supply soldiers with\n food, whether because they feared or supported the\n troops.","Interactions with Civilians Throughout the letters, the Bookers demonstrate their\n consciousness of the effect the war is having on the\n civilians. At the beginning of the war, James Booker\n describes the friendly exchanges between Southern soldiers\n and civilians, reporting gleefully from a camp near\n Winchester that the men have \"a fine chance of beautiful\n young Ladies, and the kindest that I ever saw\" (July 14,\n 1861). Besides providing moral support, Southern civilians\n would exchange information about the war with the\n Confederate troops (James Booker, November 24, 1862). Both\n Southern and Northern civilians would sell or give supplies\n to Confederate troops. Writing from Winchester, Virginia in\n 1862, James Booker even claims that he prefers Yankees to\n Quakers, since \"the Yankees will sell us eny thing cheap\n for the specia\" while \"the quakers will sell any thing thay\n have got when the spirit moves them, tho we cant catch them\n rite half our time\" (James Booker, October 17, 1862).\n Likewise, in Fredericksburg, Pennsylvania, the Yankee\n citizens treated the Confederate soldiers \"verry kind,\"\n providing them food without charging them for it, though\n James suggests that \"it is don through fear\" (June 30,\n 1863). While in Fredericksburg, James enjoyed a mutually\n supportive relationship with a local civilian, guarding his\n home in exchange for lodging. Although civilians and soldiers often cooperated with\n each other, the Bookers realized that the war was damaging\n the lives of those not directly involved in the fighting.\n In particular, James argues, citizens who live near the\n \"line of the enemy\" \"have great deal to see trouble about\"\n (June 14, 1863). Even those areas not yet scarred by the\n war would soon be, James predicts. As he says of\n Fredericksburg, Pennsylvania,\"this is a verry flourishing\n looking Country the crops all look fine. it has never felt\n the affect of the war, though I guess if we stay here long\n it will feel the affect of it\" (June 30, 1863). James\n especially blames Northern soldiers for looting the homes\n of Southern citizens, claiming that \"the yankees is geting\n too mean to live\" (June 14, 1863). But he admits that some\n Confederate soldiers likewise have stolen from citizens,\n disobeying General Lee's orders. Indeed, one woman stormed\n into the Confederate camp near Kinston, North Carolina,\n hoping to recover a skillet of soup that had been stolen\n (June 30, 1863; January 1, 1864). Confederate soldiers also\n stole over 18,000 dollars from the Quarter Master (January\n 1, 1864). Despite these incidents, James Booker was\n offended when Confederate General Seth Maxwell Barton\n called the members of his brigade \"rags and thieves,\" since\n \"it is not healthy for him to gave honist people such a bad\n name because some men does wrong\" (January 1, 1864).","Throughout the letters, the Bookers demonstrate their\n consciousness of the effect the war is having on the\n civilians. At the beginning of the war, James Booker\n describes the friendly exchanges between Southern soldiers\n and civilians, reporting gleefully from a camp near\n Winchester that the men have \"a fine chance of beautiful\n young Ladies, and the kindest that I ever saw\" (July 14,\n 1861). Besides providing moral support, Southern civilians\n would exchange information about the war with the\n Confederate troops (James Booker, November 24, 1862). Both\n Southern and Northern civilians would sell or give supplies\n to Confederate troops. Writing from Winchester, Virginia in\n 1862, James Booker even claims that he prefers Yankees to\n Quakers, since \"the Yankees will sell us eny thing cheap\n for the specia\" while \"the quakers will sell any thing thay\n have got when the spirit moves them, tho we cant catch them\n rite half our time\" (James Booker, October 17, 1862).\n Likewise, in Fredericksburg, Pennsylvania, the Yankee\n citizens treated the Confederate soldiers \"verry kind,\"\n providing them food without charging them for it, though\n James suggests that \"it is don through fear\" (June 30,\n 1863). While in Fredericksburg, James enjoyed a mutually\n supportive relationship with a local civilian, guarding his\n home in exchange for lodging.","Although civilians and soldiers often cooperated with\n each other, the Bookers realized that the war was damaging\n the lives of those not directly involved in the fighting.\n In particular, James argues, citizens who live near the\n \"line of the enemy\" \"have great deal to see trouble about\"\n (June 14, 1863). Even those areas not yet scarred by the\n war would soon be, James predicts. As he says of\n Fredericksburg, Pennsylvania,\"this is a verry flourishing\n looking Country the crops all look fine. it has never felt\n the affect of the war, though I guess if we stay here long\n it will feel the affect of it\" (June 30, 1863). James\n especially blames Northern soldiers for looting the homes\n of Southern citizens, claiming that \"the yankees is geting\n too mean to live\" (June 14, 1863). But he admits that some\n Confederate soldiers likewise have stolen from citizens,\n disobeying General Lee's orders. Indeed, one woman stormed\n into the Confederate camp near Kinston, North Carolina,\n hoping to recover a skillet of soup that had been stolen\n (June 30, 1863; January 1, 1864). Confederate soldiers also\n stole over 18,000 dollars from the Quarter Master (January\n 1, 1864). Despite these incidents, James Booker was\n offended when Confederate General Seth Maxwell Barton\n called the members of his brigade \"rags and thieves,\" since\n \"it is not healthy for him to gave honist people such a bad\n name because some men does wrong\" (January 1, 1864).","Morale Early in the war, James and John Booker seemed to\n believe that the South would defeat the North swiftly. They\n contended that the South had a stronger army, and they\n noted that Northerners \"dont unite like our people do,\"\n since the Democrats and the Republicans were at odds (James\n Booker, June 30, 1863). Soon their hope had begun to fade. Though James Booker\n longed to return home, by 1863 he no longer believed that\n the North and South would achieve a quick peace: \n \"I am a fread it will be a long time first if ever, I\n think the prosspect for peece is very gloomy now it dont\n look like eather side is make in any prepperration for\n Piece, thare are greater preperation for fighten than\n ever\" (September 23, 1863). John Booker was even more pessimistic, and\n certainly much more cynical, as he accused the Southern\n leadership of needlessly prolonging the war: \n \"I beleave that we mout have hud piece be fore this\n time if our head leaden men would would have tride\"\n (March 1, 1864). The Bookers, particularly John, felt that while Southern\n elites were making decisions that extended the war, the\n poor were actually fighting most of the battles and\n suffering the consequences of those decisions. Because the\n First Conscription Act allowed a drafted man to hire a\n \"substitute\" to serve his term in the army, wealthy men\n could evade service (Current, 396-99). This provision\n enraged many of the Confederate soldiers, who contended\n that it placed the burden of the war on those who could not\n afford to pay for a substitute. Not only did substitution\n fan class tensions, but it also failed to bring competent\n soldiers into the army. James Booker mentions that that the\n substitute for John Millner deserted, and many other\n substitutes did likewise (August 3, 1862). Some men even\n made a business of agreeing to substitute for one person,\n deserting, and then collecting money to substitute for\n someone else. Although James Booker did not get angry about\n the practice of substitution, he understood that it\n weakened the Confederate Army: \n \"I dont blame no man to put in a substitute if he\n can, tho I think if it is kept up much long er it will\n ruin our army\" (August 3, 1862). His brother John, however, was less tentative in\n condemning substitution: \n \"I say put every one on equal foottin for this is a\n rich mans war an a por mans fight, I be leave thare are\n some of the men that have but in substitute are dooen a\n great [d]eal of good but the most of them are doo en\n more harm than good they are just speculaten on the poor\n people, an soldiers\" (December 22, 1863). Further feeding John Booker's indignation was the\n distribution of furloughs. According to the First\n Conscription Act, a \"twelvemonth man\" was entitled to a\n sixty-day furlough each year, but neither Booker received a\n furlough during his time in the army (Current, 396-99).\n John Booker noted that while officers freely took furloughs\n themselves, the captain in charge of his company, John\n Herndon, was \"too lazy\" to give his exhausted men a break\n (Decemeber 22, 1863). As a result of the inequalities and inefficiencies of\n miltary adminstration, John Booker believed that soldiers\n should refuse to re-enlist. In his March 1, 1864 letter, he\n derides the miltary pagaent staged by Virginia Governor\n William \"Extra Billy\" Smith and Colonel Cabell in an\n attempt to persuade the men to re-enlist. After commanding\n the soldiers to line up, the Colonel ordered that the\n Colors (the flags of the regiment) be borne to the front\n and asked \"all who wer determen to be freemen to step out\n on the line with the cullars and all who wer willen to be\n slaves for thare enemyes to stand fast\" (March 1, 1864).\n Angry that he hadn't yet received a furlough, and convinced\n that re-enlisting would only encourage the Southern\n leadership to continue the war, John Booker rejected the\n Colonel's challenge that he re-enlist; two-thirds of the\n soldiers stood back with him. As he explains, \"I dideant\n inten to reinlist nor I wes not willen to be a Slave for my\n enemyes and I dident go on line with the reinlisted, and I\n dideant wish to bee in eather line\" (March 1, 1864).","Early in the war, James and John Booker seemed to\n believe that the South would defeat the North swiftly. They\n contended that the South had a stronger army, and they\n noted that Northerners \"dont unite like our people do,\"\n since the Democrats and the Republicans were at odds (James\n Booker, June 30, 1863).","Soon their hope had begun to fade. Though James Booker\n longed to return home, by 1863 he no longer believed that\n the North and South would achieve a quick peace: \n \"I am a fread it will be a long time first if ever, I\n think the prosspect for peece is very gloomy now it dont\n look like eather side is make in any prepperration for\n Piece, thare are greater preperation for fighten than\n ever\" (September 23, 1863). John Booker was even more pessimistic, and\n certainly much more cynical, as he accused the Southern\n leadership of needlessly prolonging the war: \n \"I beleave that we mout have hud piece be fore this\n time if our head leaden men would would have tride\"\n (March 1, 1864).","The Bookers, particularly John, felt that while Southern\n elites were making decisions that extended the war, the\n poor were actually fighting most of the battles and\n suffering the consequences of those decisions. Because the\n First Conscription Act allowed a drafted man to hire a\n \"substitute\" to serve his term in the army, wealthy men\n could evade service (Current, 396-99). This provision\n enraged many of the Confederate soldiers, who contended\n that it placed the burden of the war on those who could not\n afford to pay for a substitute. Not only did substitution\n fan class tensions, but it also failed to bring competent\n soldiers into the army. James Booker mentions that that the\n substitute for John Millner deserted, and many other\n substitutes did likewise (August 3, 1862). Some men even\n made a business of agreeing to substitute for one person,\n deserting, and then collecting money to substitute for\n someone else. Although James Booker did not get angry about\n the practice of substitution, he understood that it\n weakened the Confederate Army: \n \"I dont blame no man to put in a substitute if he\n can, tho I think if it is kept up much long er it will\n ruin our army\" (August 3, 1862).","His brother John, however, was less tentative in\n condemning substitution: \n \"I say put every one on equal foottin for this is a\n rich mans war an a por mans fight, I be leave thare are\n some of the men that have but in substitute are dooen a\n great [d]eal of good but the most of them are doo en\n more harm than good they are just speculaten on the poor\n people, an soldiers\" (December 22, 1863).","Further feeding John Booker's indignation was the\n distribution of furloughs. According to the First\n Conscription Act, a \"twelvemonth man\" was entitled to a\n sixty-day furlough each year, but neither Booker received a\n furlough during his time in the army (Current, 396-99).\n John Booker noted that while officers freely took furloughs\n themselves, the captain in charge of his company, John\n Herndon, was \"too lazy\" to give his exhausted men a break\n (Decemeber 22, 1863).","As a result of the inequalities and inefficiencies of\n miltary adminstration, John Booker believed that soldiers\n should refuse to re-enlist. In his March 1, 1864 letter, he\n derides the miltary pagaent staged by Virginia Governor\n William \"Extra Billy\" Smith and Colonel Cabell in an\n attempt to persuade the men to re-enlist. After commanding\n the soldiers to line up, the Colonel ordered that the\n Colors (the flags of the regiment) be borne to the front\n and asked \"all who wer determen to be freemen to step out\n on the line with the cullars and all who wer willen to be\n slaves for thare enemyes to stand fast\" (March 1, 1864).\n Angry that he hadn't yet received a furlough, and convinced\n that re-enlisting would only encourage the Southern\n leadership to continue the war, John Booker rejected the\n Colonel's challenge that he re-enlist; two-thirds of the\n soldiers stood back with him. As he explains, \"I dideant\n inten to reinlist nor I wes not willen to be a Slave for my\n enemyes and I dident go on line with the reinlisted, and I\n dideant wish to bee in eather line\" (March 1, 1864).","Religion Whereas John Booker responded to terrible conditions by\n getting angry, his brother James turned to religion as a\n way of making sense of his suffering and connecting with\n home. As he writes of his homesickness, James Booker\n occasionally expresses his desire to join his relatives at\n the religious revivals held at Mount Hermon Baptist Church\n near Danville, Virginia (August 3, 1862). But he reassures\n his cousin that revivals often take place in the camp and\n that many soldiers have been converted. According to James,\n a sense of gratitude in war-time motivates many of the men\n to convert: \"I think it is time for them to turn after\n being blesed so plainley as they have bin in the past\n battles\" (October 17, 1862). Likewise, James' faith seems\n to have strengthened him and given him hope of returning\n home, whether to Pittsylvania County or to Heaven. In a\n letter written on New Years Day of 1864, James includes two\n quotations about coming home to and through God. Quoting\n from the third stanza of \"Amazing Grace,\" James writes, \n Tis grace that brought me safe thus far And grace\n will lead me home. In March of 1864, however, James believed that he might\n not arrive home safely, at least not home to Pittsylvania,\n since the spring campaign would soon open and \"then we poor\n soldiers will see a hard time\" (March 16, 1864). But James\n embraced a spirit of Christian fatalism, contending that\n his life was in God's hands: \"If it is the will of [my]\n maker for me to be cut down in this war I dont ask to be\n spared for I beleave that he will do what is the best for\n me, thare is but few things that I would ask to stay in\n this trouble some world for\" (March 16, 1864). After\n writing this letter, James Booker lived for almost sixty\n more years, but his twin John died five months later of\n wounds he received at Drewry's Bluff.","Whereas John Booker responded to terrible conditions by\n getting angry, his brother James turned to religion as a\n way of making sense of his suffering and connecting with\n home. As he writes of his homesickness, James Booker\n occasionally expresses his desire to join his relatives at\n the religious revivals held at Mount Hermon Baptist Church\n near Danville, Virginia (August 3, 1862). But he reassures\n his cousin that revivals often take place in the camp and\n that many soldiers have been converted. According to James,\n a sense of gratitude in war-time motivates many of the men\n to convert: \"I think it is time for them to turn after\n being blesed so plainley as they have bin in the past\n battles\" (October 17, 1862). Likewise, James' faith seems\n to have strengthened him and given him hope of returning\n home, whether to Pittsylvania County or to Heaven. In a\n letter written on New Years Day of 1864, James includes two\n quotations about coming home to and through God. Quoting\n from the third stanza of \"Amazing Grace,\" James writes, \n Tis grace that brought me safe thus far And grace\n will lead me home.","In March of 1864, however, James believed that he might\n not arrive home safely, at least not home to Pittsylvania,\n since the spring campaign would soon open and \"then we poor\n soldiers will see a hard time\" (March 16, 1864). But James\n embraced a spirit of Christian fatalism, contending that\n his life was in God's hands: \"If it is the will of [my]\n maker for me to be cut down in this war I dont ask to be\n spared for I beleave that he will do what is the best for\n me, thare is but few things that I would ask to stay in\n this trouble some world for\" (March 16, 1864). After\n writing this letter, James Booker lived for almost sixty\n more years, but his twin John died five months later of\n wounds he received at Drewry's Bluff.","Optimistic at the beginning of the war, James\n Booker praises the \"elegant water,\" \"beautiful young\n Ladies,\" and \"most beautiful country\" he finds at the\n 38th's camp at Winchester. But he notes that one\n member of the regiment accidentally shot another\n member from his hometown and now feel terrible. He\n warns that \"cowardly boys\" who are avoiding service\n should beware, since they are likely to be drafted or\n made to put up breastworks. After salutations and\n greetings, James indicates where letters should be\n sent. A. Blair, a relative of James' and possibly\n Chloe Blair's brother, writes a short note to be\n included. Blair indicates that he is including a\n letter that \"brother William\" received from\n \"brother,\" who was expecting to go to Manassas. Blair\n finishes by saying that all are well.","James Booker complains of not hearing from his\n family. He mentions being too ill to serve and that\n he, consequently, works in the hospital. He talks\n about patients suffering from jaundice and yellow\n fever and mentions the poor health of James May, Hugh\n Norton and Josiah Burnett, as well as the death of\n Billy Pruett from eating \"too much beef liver.\" In\n spite of their complaints, he notes that the health\n of the men in camp is improving. He alludes to having\n received bad news from Texas, and then states that he\n will probably not come home as long as he is healthy\n or until peace is declared. The postscript states\n that James will try to send for things via any\n returning soldiers.","James Booker reports that his company is healthier\n than it has been for some time. He has heard about\n fighting at Falls Church the day before, and reports\n a conversation with a man from the Danville Grays,\n who told him that the Yankees are within four miles\n of his company at Fairfax Court House. From this\n information, James Booker predicts that a \"hard\n battle\" will soon take place. He mentions getting a\n letter from Addie (perhaps Drury Addison Blair),\n whose condition is improving.","This letter is a reply to one or more letters that\n James had received from his cousin and \"sweethearts\"\n a few days earlier. He has just heard that his\n regiment is about to move into their winter quarters\n in Gainesville. He will join it when the winter\n quarters are ready. Meanwhile, the work in his\n current quarters is lighter and the pay better. He\n believes the fighting in Centreville will not\n continue past winter. He mentions meeting a man who\n had been captured by the Union and who was recently\n released. According to this man, there are 60,000\n sick Yankees in Washington. He also adds that he has\n heard that two men in Centreville were shot for\n trying to kill their commanding officer. James closes\n the letter by asking to be remembered to cousin Eliza\n Ann Williams and to all the \"ladies\" at Christmas\n time.","Writing from the company's winter quarters near\n the battlefield of First Manassas, John Booker\n describes his brother James' sickness, which has left\n him weak and without an appetite. Other soldiers,\n including Nathaniel Robertson and Neal Gilbert, have\n struggled with illness; one, Josiah Burnett, has\n died. Booker ends his letter by expressing his\n pleasure at having received his cousin Unity's letter\n and apologizing that his brother James was unable to\n write.","James Booker explains why he has been so long in\n answering Unity's latest letters, stating that he has\n been in hospital, too ill to write. He had hoped to\n come home on furlough, but has been separated from\n his regiment and could not obtain leave. He asks that\n Unity write to him with the location of his regiment.\n He also complains about the quality of the food and\n mentions seeing many acquaintances on their way to\n the front. He closes by asking his cousin to direct\n her replies to Greaner's Hospital, care of Surgeon R.\n G. Banks.","James Booker writes to inform his cousin of the\n location of his regiment. He indicates that they have\n been shot at but infrequently hit. He mentions that a\n man named Tucker, who was wounded in the chin, was\n the only man from his regiment (he was attached to\n Captain Carter's Company F) to have been shot. He\n also notes that many men, mainly Yankees, were killed\n at last Wednesday's battle and that this evening the\n Yankees flew a truce flag in order to safely bury\n their dead. He feels that, because the best of both\n armies are here, the war will be settled here. He\n closes by asking that Unity write soon, and direct\n her letters to him at Yorktown. He also asks her to\n notify \"sister Mary\" that Pickney has not yet\n arrived.","John Booker describes a new posting and notes\n that, since leaving the Orange Court House, the\n troops are living without tents. They stay in the\n entrenchments every other day and night, and are\n under constant bombardment by the Yankees. He\n mentions that there is a good deal of sickness and\n many are being wounded. Also, he notes that they have\n elected officers for the next two years. John closes\n by asking Unity to direct her letter to him at\n Yorktown.","James begins by apologizing for the tardiness of\n his letter: he explains that he has been ill. He then\n discusses the practice of substitution (arranging for\n a replacement in the army), concluding that it is\n having a bad effect on the Confederate Army. He also\n discusses his work assignment and his health. In a\n separate letter on the same paper, John tells his\n cousin about his cold and sore throat. He also states\n that there is currently no fighting, but he can hear\n the Yankees firing cannonade \"down on the river.\"","James Booker writes that he and his brother John\n are in good health. They have been marching hard but\n usually have not gotten enough to eat. Booker reports\n that the general feeling in the camp is that peace\n will come soon. Four sick conscripts have arrived\n (and are named). James complains of having to march\n in wet clothing after crossing bridge-less streams.\n He also notes that the sick and wounded have been\n ordered from Winchester to Staunton and thinks that\n everyone else will be going to Richmond soon. James\n looks forward to going there since he has not heard\n from home since leaving Richmond. He greets other\n family members and mentions that John will write\n soon.","Claiming that he would be able to \"stand\" being a\n soldier if he received enough to eat, James Booker\n notes that recently the supply of food has been\n adequate, but that the men have not gotten enough\n salt. James Booker notes the illnesses of two men in\n camp, Bage Pritchett and John Hundley. He compares\n the entrepreneurship of the Yankees with the more\n whimsical quality of the Quakers' mercantilism and\n notes the use of Confederate money and specie to buy\n provisions. He also describes a month-long religious\n revival meeting underway in camp.","After reporting that he and his brother John are\n well, James Booker writes that the company has been\n marching for the past four days and has finally\n arrived at its camp near Fredericksburg. Many Union\n soldiers are nearby, and he predicts that the Union\n troops will soon begin shelling the Confederates. He\n expects a \"hard\" battle to commence soon.","Writing on the Sabbath, James Booker tells his\n cousin that both he and his brother are well. The\n members of Company D marched for the past ten days,\n and they expect to march again the next day, since\n they are following the movements of the Union troops.\n A few days previously, the Union had surprised the\n Confederate cavalry, but the Confederates managed to\n drive their enemies across the river and take several\n hundred prisoners. Complaining that \"the Yankees is\n getting too mean to live,\" James Booker writes that\n they steal and destroy Southern property, such as\n meat, corn, and horses. He notes, \"I still live in\n hope of peace soon though I may not live to see it.\"\n He observes that at a \"very interesting\" camp meeting\n several men, including Captain Herndon, were\n converted.","James Booker reports that he and his brother John\n are well. He mentions that local residents seem\n fearful of the army and that General Robert E. Lee\n has ordered his troops to respect private property.\n He describes the flourishing condition of\n Pennsylvania farms, noting that this part of the\n country has not yet felt the effects of the war.\n James perceives disunity in the people's attitude\n toward the war, comments on the abolitionists'\n motives, and mentions that he is boarding at a\n private house for free in return for guarding the\n owner's property. He closes by asking that Unity\n write soon, for he the last letter he received was\n dated the 13th.","Writing a few days after Gettysburg, James Booker\n describes the heavy losses suffered by his division\n during Pickett's Charge; most of the regiment's\n officers and many of the enlisted men were killed,\n wounded, or captured during the assault. James and\n John Booker escaped harm, though they were nearly\n taken prisoner by the Union forces. His division has\n been assigned to escort 5000-6000 Union prisoners to\n the South. He reports hearing daily of small battles\n and expects another major battle imminently, although\n he does not expect his division to be involved\n because it is on guard in Williamsport, a city where\n most of the citizens appear to favor the North.","John Booker writes that he is happy that Chloe\n enjoyed the revival meeting at Hermon (perhaps the\n Mount Hermon Baptist Church near Danville), then\n notes that there is \"good preaching\" at the camp. He\n contends that \"the prosspect for peece is very gloomy\n now,\" given that both sides are preparing for war\n with more intensity than ever. He reports that,\n despite rumors, Pickett's division will remain in\n Virginia. The troops are elated at this news, even\n though they have little more to do than guard camp\n and drill three times a day. In a postscript, James\n Booker asks Chloe Unity Blair to send his letter to\n his sister soon.","Apparently upset that he did not receive a\n furlough, James Booker wishes for the warmth and\n comforts of home, writing, \"there is none of them\n that knows how to appreciate a blessing until they\n are deprived of it.\" Still, he admits, in wartime he\n should find satisfaction simply in having enough to\n eat and enjoying good health; but he cannot be\n satisfied when speculators sell food to women and\n children at inflated prices. He observes that the\n married soldiers have sent for their wives and were\n boarding them at the homes of local citizens. He\n observes that General Corse's Brigade had been at the\n camp near Petersburg, but that they were sent to\n Tennessee. He also mentions writing to his sister\n Mary, telling her that he did not need clothing, as\n he received the box that \"you all\" sent him. The\n letter closes with a one-page postscript stating that\n John made a potato pie, and Cousin Tom ate with the\n two of them. He sends his regards to Cousin Pollie\n Ann and mentions that Cousin William Blair and Luther\n are stationed nearby but will be leaving for\n Chatanooga, Tennessee, within the next two days. He\n closes asking for Unity to return his \"soldier\n likeness\" to him so he can exchange it for a new\n one.","After observing that letters from home bring him\n great pleasure, John Booker chastises his cousin for\n not writing sooner. He notes that \"Flem\" Gregory has\n been ill, but is recuperating. Then he launches into\n a complaint that energizes the letter: Captain John\n Herndon is too \"lazy\" to grant the soldiers in his\n company furloughs, even though it is Christmas time,\n and even though the men are not doing anything, not\n even picket duty. So discontented are the soldiers\n that many say they will not re-enlist. John Booker\n claims that he opposes desertion, but that the\n wealthier men who paid substitutes to serve in the\n army should have to join, while veteran soldiers\n should receive furloughs. Angered at the inequality,\n John exclaims, \"this is a rich mans war an a poor\n mans fight.\" He ends his letter by observing that\n Memory Inman, another member of the D Company, is\n heading home to get married.","Booker reports that although his regiment had\n begun to march to meet the Yankees in battle, the\n Union had attacked --and been defeated by --another\n group of Confederate soldiers thirty-five miles away.\n He reports that the winter has been fairly pleasant\n and that food is cheap and plentiful. Despite such\n abundance, he notes, soldiers have been stealing food\n from local residents. He mentions a serious theft of\n $18,000 from the Quarter Master; soldiers are\n suspected of the deed. James expresses concern over\n General Barton's attitude towards the Regiment.\n (Barton has said his men come from \"rags and\n thieves.\") James complains that after three years of\n service he has still not received a furlough. He\n closes the letter with a stanza from \"Amazing\n Grace.\"","John Booker describes the attempt by Virginia\n Governor William \"Extra Billy\" Smith and Colonel\n [Joseph Robert] Cabell to make the men of the 38th\n Regiment re-enlist. He deplores the strategies they\n used: calling the men to stand before the \"Colors,\"\n declaring that any man who wanted to be a slave to\n the enemy should not re-enlist. John fears that his\n leaders want to continue to fight at all costs,\n rather than press for peace; and as long as men\n re-enlist the war will go on. John also expresses his\n dissatisfaction with the administration of the\n Regiment: only the men who re-enlist are granted\n furloughs, and John has still not received the\n furlough owed to him in 1862. He mentions that the\n two new recrutes to Company D are receiving their\n furloughs ahead of him. Changing the subject, John\n writes of nearby Union activity and says that they\n have been expecting a raid. Finally, he writes of\n Memory Inman's court martial and Captain John\n Herndon's marriage. He closes the letter by\n apologizing for its angry tone, writing, \"I have bin\n mad all day.\"","James Booker informs his cousin of his and his\n brother's good health. He discusses the treatment of\n prisoners of war, the unavailability of certain types\n of foodstuffs and the deprivations of civilians due\n to the war. He further comments on the weather and\n his coming duty in the field. He laments the lack of\n correspondence from home and closes his\n correspondence with salutations and wishes for his\n family's good health He apologizes for his poor\n writing, attributing it to having to finish the\n letter by firelight.","James Booker replies to Unity's letters of the\n 17th and 24th. He mentions that his company has been\n fishing about 20 miles away and that the Yankees are\n getting closer and are expected to drive the men out\n of the fishery. He states that the Yankees are\n believed to be heading for Richmond. James hopes that\n \"this cruel war\" may end soon and \"in our favor.\" He\n closes with a quotation from \n 1 John . The postscript,\n written on April 30th, states that the rumor that the\n Yankees are coming may be false."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eSee the \n \u003cextref type=\"simple\" href=\"https://www.library.virginia.edu/policies/use-of-materials\"\u003e\n University of Virginia Library’s use policy.\u003c/extref\u003e\n \u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions"],"userestrict_tesim":["See the \n \n University of Virginia Library’s use policy."],"physloc_html_tesm":["\u003cphysloc/\u003e"],"physloc_tesim":[""],"names_ssim":["University of Virginia. Library. Special\n Collections Dept.","Company D, 38th Virginia Regiment, Infantry (also\n known as \"the Whitmell Guards\").","Chimborazo Hospital","John Booker (1797-1859)","Nancy Blair Reynolds Booker\n (1796-1859)","Martha Ann Fulton (?-1923)","John Booker (1840-1864)","James Booker (1840-1923)","Chloe Unity Blair (1839-1875)"],"corpname_ssim":["University of Virginia. Library. Special\n Collections Dept.","Company D, 38th Virginia Regiment, Infantry (also\n known as \"the Whitmell Guards\").","Chimborazo Hospital"],"persname_ssim":["John Booker (1797-1859)","Nancy Blair Reynolds Booker\n (1796-1859)","Martha Ann Fulton (?-1923)","John Booker (1840-1864)","James Booker (1840-1923)","Chloe Unity Blair (1839-1875)"],"language_ssim":["English"],"total_component_count_is":23,"online_item_count_is":22,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-21T13:07:18.853Z","scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cscopecontent\u003e\n \u003chead\u003eScope and Content\u003c/head\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThis collection consists of ca. twenty-six items,\n 1861-1864, chiefly the letters of \n \u003cpersname\u003eJohn Booker (1840-1864)\u003c/persname\u003eand \n \u003cpersname\u003eJames Booker (1840-1923)\u003c/persname\u003eof \n \u003cgeogname\u003ePittsylvania County, Virginia,\u003c/geogname\u003eto their\n cousin, \n \u003cpersname\u003eChloe Unity Blair (1839-1875)\u003c/persname\u003e;\n electrostatic copies of Bible records for the Booker and\n Blair families; and electrostatic copies of typed\n transcripts of the letters. The original bound volume of\n the transcripts was returned to the donor.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/scopecontent\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis collection consists of ca. twenty-six items,\n 1861-1864, chiefly the letters of \n \u003cpersname\u003eJohn Booker (1840-1864)\u003c/persname\u003eand \n \u003cpersname\u003eJames Booker (1840-1923)\u003c/persname\u003eof \n \u003cgeogname\u003ePittsylvania County, Virginia,\u003c/geogname\u003eto their\n cousin, \n \u003cpersname\u003eChloe Unity Blair (1839-1875)\u003c/persname\u003e;\n electrostatic copies of Bible records for the Booker and\n Blair families; and electrostatic copies of typed\n transcripts of the letters. The original bound volume of\n the transcripts was returned to the donor.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cscopecontent\u003e\n \u003chead\u003eOverview of Themes Discussed in the Letters\u003c/head\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe letters of James and John Booker give a sense of\n what life was like for an ordinary soldier serving in the\n Confederate army. Of course, the Bookers depict the drama\n of battle --describing gunfire and cannonades, listing the\n dead and wounded, and giving thanks for their own escapes\n from death or imprisonment--but the letters are more\n concerned with the rhythms of everyday life at camp. The\n Bookers worry over their health and their comrades'; enjoy\n the plenty or (more often) lament the lack of food and\n supplies; report on the interactions between civilians and\n soldiers; and describe religious revivals held at the camp.\n As the war goes on, the Bookers begin to articulate with\n more intensity not only what happens to them, but how they\n feel about it. Whereas John fumes against the elites\n (officers, politicians, and the wealthy) for evading their\n responsibilities and mistreating the common soldier, James\n grows more fatalistic and religious, trusting that his\n suffering is God's will.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/scopecontent\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe letters of James and John Booker give a sense of\n what life was like for an ordinary soldier serving in the\n Confederate army. Of course, the Bookers depict the drama\n of battle --describing gunfire and cannonades, listing the\n dead and wounded, and giving thanks for their own escapes\n from death or imprisonment--but the letters are more\n concerned with the rhythms of everyday life at camp. The\n Bookers worry over their health and their comrades'; enjoy\n the plenty or (more often) lament the lack of food and\n supplies; report on the interactions between civilians and\n soldiers; and describe religious revivals held at the camp.\n As the war goes on, the Bookers begin to articulate with\n more intensity not only what happens to them, but how they\n feel about it. Whereas John fumes against the elites\n (officers, politicians, and the wealthy) for evading their\n responsibilities and mistreating the common soldier, James\n grows more fatalistic and religious, trusting that his\n suffering is God's will.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cscopecontent\u003e\n \u003chead\u003ePreparing for Battle\u003c/head\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe members of the 38th Virginia spent much of their\n time drilling, marching, serving picket duty, and\n speculating about when and where the next battle would be.\n Indeed, the Bookers seem to devote more energy to\n anticipating battles than to describing them (perhaps\n because they did not want to upset their cousin). They\n acquired much of the information that fueled their\n speculations from gossipping with citizens and other\n soldiers. In a letter from 1861, for instance, James Booker\n predicts that a \"hard battle\" will break out soon, basing\n his prediction on a conversation he had with a soldier\n whose company is located closer to the front (October 8).\n Sometimes more immediate experiences led the Bookers to\n forecast a battle, especially when they could see Union\n troops or hear cannonades and gunfire nearby. Writing from\n a rain-soaked outpost near Yorktown, Virginia in 1862, for\n instance, James reports that the Union forces have been\n \"shooting at our men constantly tho it is very cildom thay\n hit eny of them\" (April 19). He predicts that soon a battle\n will occur that will decide the war, since he has heard\n that Yankee prisoners \"say that thay have got to whip or\n die here\" (April 19, 1862). But in this prediction, as in\n others, James was disappointed. As the war dragged on, the\n Bookers stopped assuming that it would reach a speedy\n conclusion; indeed, by 1864 John came to the conclusion\n that the \"leaden men\" were not really interested in\n achieving peace (March 1, 1864).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAlthough the Bookers participated in several battles and\n skirmishes, the most devastating battle for their regiment\n was Gettysburg (see the section on Regimental History for a\n complete list of the engagements that the 38th took part\n in). While participating in Pickett's Charge, the 38th\n Virginia lost Colonel Edmonds, whom James Booker describes\n as \"one of the best men in service,\" and many other\n officers and soldiers (July 11, 1863). The Booker brothers\n themselves had to scramble to avoid being captured by Union\n troops; several of their companions, however, \"let the\n Yankees take them\" (John Booker, July 11, 1863).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNot only were the Bookers shocked by their experiences\n in battle, but by chilling events that upset camp routines.\n In the first weeks of the war, James Booker reports, a\n young man accidentally shot another soldier from his\n hometown and now is \"about to grieve himself to death about\n it\" (July 14, 1861). But James passes on an even more\n shocking story in a later letter: two soldiers were caught\n conspiring to kill their commanding officer and were\n executed. In an attempt to \"save their souls,\" the\n condemned soldiers \"gave the Roman Catholic Priest 25\n dollars apiece\" (December 15, 1861).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/scopecontent\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe members of the 38th Virginia spent much of their\n time drilling, marching, serving picket duty, and\n speculating about when and where the next battle would be.\n Indeed, the Bookers seem to devote more energy to\n anticipating battles than to describing them (perhaps\n because they did not want to upset their cousin). They\n acquired much of the information that fueled their\n speculations from gossipping with citizens and other\n soldiers. In a letter from 1861, for instance, James Booker\n predicts that a \"hard battle\" will break out soon, basing\n his prediction on a conversation he had with a soldier\n whose company is located closer to the front (October 8).\n Sometimes more immediate experiences led the Bookers to\n forecast a battle, especially when they could see Union\n troops or hear cannonades and gunfire nearby. Writing from\n a rain-soaked outpost near Yorktown, Virginia in 1862, for\n instance, James reports that the Union forces have been\n \"shooting at our men constantly tho it is very cildom thay\n hit eny of them\" (April 19). He predicts that soon a battle\n will occur that will decide the war, since he has heard\n that Yankee prisoners \"say that thay have got to whip or\n die here\" (April 19, 1862). But in this prediction, as in\n others, James was disappointed. As the war dragged on, the\n Bookers stopped assuming that it would reach a speedy\n conclusion; indeed, by 1864 John came to the conclusion\n that the \"leaden men\" were not really interested in\n achieving peace (March 1, 1864).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAlthough the Bookers participated in several battles and\n skirmishes, the most devastating battle for their regiment\n was Gettysburg (see the section on Regimental History for a\n complete list of the engagements that the 38th took part\n in). While participating in Pickett's Charge, the 38th\n Virginia lost Colonel Edmonds, whom James Booker describes\n as \"one of the best men in service,\" and many other\n officers and soldiers (July 11, 1863). The Booker brothers\n themselves had to scramble to avoid being captured by Union\n troops; several of their companions, however, \"let the\n Yankees take them\" (John Booker, July 11, 1863).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eNot only were the Bookers shocked by their experiences\n in battle, but by chilling events that upset camp routines.\n In the first weeks of the war, James Booker reports, a\n young man accidentally shot another soldier from his\n hometown and now is \"about to grieve himself to death about\n it\" (July 14, 1861). But James passes on an even more\n shocking story in a later letter: two soldiers were caught\n conspiring to kill their commanding officer and were\n executed. In an attempt to \"save their souls,\" the\n condemned soldiers \"gave the Roman Catholic Priest 25\n dollars apiece\" (December 15, 1861).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cscopecontent\u003e\n \u003chead\u003eHealth\u003c/head\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMore explainable than violence in the camps, but\n ultimately more destructive, was disease. Illness and\n disease killed two-thirds of the Southern soldiers who died\n during the Civil War, so not surprisingly the Bookers often\n detail the health problems that they and their fellow\n soldiers were suffering (Robertson 88-89). These ailments\n include jaundice, typhoid, stomach disorders, fever, and\n mumps. The Bookers imply that much of the illness is due to\n the conditions the soldiers must face; sometimes the\n soldiers lacked adequate shelter, at times they would have\n to wade rivers and then march miles wearing wet clothing,\n and often they lacked adequate provisions (John Booker,\n April 29, 1862). Although sick soldiers were typically sent\n to the hospital, the men also took care of each other. In\n the fall of 1861, James and John Booker, apparently just\n recovering from sickness themselves, were responsible for\n nursing three members of their company (James Booker,\n September 6). Several months later, James Booker fell sick\n with chronic diarrhea and was sent to Greaner's Hospital in\n Richmond to recuperate. While in the hospital, Booker was\n stuck in a Catch-22: he wanted to get a furlough so that he\n could recover his health at home, but he did not know where\n his company was, so he could not get the permission of his\n commanding officer to return to Pittsylvania. Eventually\n James re-joined his company, but he did not receive the\n furlough that he wished for.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/scopecontent\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMore explainable than violence in the camps, but\n ultimately more destructive, was disease. Illness and\n disease killed two-thirds of the Southern soldiers who died\n during the Civil War, so not surprisingly the Bookers often\n detail the health problems that they and their fellow\n soldiers were suffering (Robertson 88-89). These ailments\n include jaundice, typhoid, stomach disorders, fever, and\n mumps. The Bookers imply that much of the illness is due to\n the conditions the soldiers must face; sometimes the\n soldiers lacked adequate shelter, at times they would have\n to wade rivers and then march miles wearing wet clothing,\n and often they lacked adequate provisions (John Booker,\n April 29, 1862). Although sick soldiers were typically sent\n to the hospital, the men also took care of each other. In\n the fall of 1861, James and John Booker, apparently just\n recovering from sickness themselves, were responsible for\n nursing three members of their company (James Booker,\n September 6). Several months later, James Booker fell sick\n with chronic diarrhea and was sent to Greaner's Hospital in\n Richmond to recuperate. While in the hospital, Booker was\n stuck in a Catch-22: he wanted to get a furlough so that he\n could recover his health at home, but he did not know where\n his company was, so he could not get the permission of his\n commanding officer to return to Pittsylvania. Eventually\n James re-joined his company, but he did not receive the\n furlough that he wished for.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cscopecontent\u003e\n \u003chead\u003eFood and Supplies\u003c/head\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAlthough in his first letter James Booker claims that\n the soldiers get \"plenty of good pervision,\" the Bookers\n later complained that they often didn't get enough to eat\n (July 14, 1861). As James writes in 1862, \"the rations has\n bin very scanty a large portion of the time sence we have\n bin marching\" (September 30). But sometimes the 38th\n Virginia did enjoy plentiful supplies, particularly when\n they camped in locations where food was abundant. When the\n 38th Virginia arrived near Chambersburg, Pennsylvania, for\n instance, James Booker reported that \"we can get plenty of\n milk \u0026amp; butter and apple butter that is verry good\"\n (June 30, 1863). Often civilians would supply soldiers with\n food, whether because they feared or supported the\n troops.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/scopecontent\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAlthough in his first letter James Booker claims that\n the soldiers get \"plenty of good pervision,\" the Bookers\n later complained that they often didn't get enough to eat\n (July 14, 1861). As James writes in 1862, \"the rations has\n bin very scanty a large portion of the time sence we have\n bin marching\" (September 30). But sometimes the 38th\n Virginia did enjoy plentiful supplies, particularly when\n they camped in locations where food was abundant. When the\n 38th Virginia arrived near Chambersburg, Pennsylvania, for\n instance, James Booker reported that \"we can get plenty of\n milk \u0026amp; butter and apple butter that is verry good\"\n (June 30, 1863). Often civilians would supply soldiers with\n food, whether because they feared or supported the\n troops.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cscopecontent\u003e\n \u003chead\u003eInteractions with Civilians\u003c/head\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThroughout the letters, the Bookers demonstrate their\n consciousness of the effect the war is having on the\n civilians. At the beginning of the war, James Booker\n describes the friendly exchanges between Southern soldiers\n and civilians, reporting gleefully from a camp near\n Winchester that the men have \"a fine chance of beautiful\n young Ladies, and the kindest that I ever saw\" (July 14,\n 1861). Besides providing moral support, Southern civilians\n would exchange information about the war with the\n Confederate troops (James Booker, November 24, 1862). Both\n Southern and Northern civilians would sell or give supplies\n to Confederate troops. Writing from Winchester, Virginia in\n 1862, James Booker even claims that he prefers Yankees to\n Quakers, since \"the Yankees will sell us eny thing cheap\n for the specia\" while \"the quakers will sell any thing thay\n have got when the spirit moves them, tho we cant catch them\n rite half our time\" (James Booker, October 17, 1862).\n Likewise, in Fredericksburg, Pennsylvania, the Yankee\n citizens treated the Confederate soldiers \"verry kind,\"\n providing them food without charging them for it, though\n James suggests that \"it is don through fear\" (June 30,\n 1863). While in Fredericksburg, James enjoyed a mutually\n supportive relationship with a local civilian, guarding his\n home in exchange for lodging.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAlthough civilians and soldiers often cooperated with\n each other, the Bookers realized that the war was damaging\n the lives of those not directly involved in the fighting.\n In particular, James argues, citizens who live near the\n \"line of the enemy\" \"have great deal to see trouble about\"\n (June 14, 1863). Even those areas not yet scarred by the\n war would soon be, James predicts. As he says of\n Fredericksburg, Pennsylvania,\"this is a verry flourishing\n looking Country the crops all look fine. it has never felt\n the affect of the war, though I guess if we stay here long\n it will feel the affect of it\" (June 30, 1863). James\n especially blames Northern soldiers for looting the homes\n of Southern citizens, claiming that \"the yankees is geting\n too mean to live\" (June 14, 1863). But he admits that some\n Confederate soldiers likewise have stolen from citizens,\n disobeying General Lee's orders. Indeed, one woman stormed\n into the Confederate camp near Kinston, North Carolina,\n hoping to recover a skillet of soup that had been stolen\n (June 30, 1863; January 1, 1864). Confederate soldiers also\n stole over 18,000 dollars from the Quarter Master (January\n 1, 1864). Despite these incidents, James Booker was\n offended when Confederate General Seth Maxwell Barton\n called the members of his brigade \"rags and thieves,\" since\n \"it is not healthy for him to gave honist people such a bad\n name because some men does wrong\" (January 1, 1864).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/scopecontent\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThroughout the letters, the Bookers demonstrate their\n consciousness of the effect the war is having on the\n civilians. At the beginning of the war, James Booker\n describes the friendly exchanges between Southern soldiers\n and civilians, reporting gleefully from a camp near\n Winchester that the men have \"a fine chance of beautiful\n young Ladies, and the kindest that I ever saw\" (July 14,\n 1861). Besides providing moral support, Southern civilians\n would exchange information about the war with the\n Confederate troops (James Booker, November 24, 1862). Both\n Southern and Northern civilians would sell or give supplies\n to Confederate troops. Writing from Winchester, Virginia in\n 1862, James Booker even claims that he prefers Yankees to\n Quakers, since \"the Yankees will sell us eny thing cheap\n for the specia\" while \"the quakers will sell any thing thay\n have got when the spirit moves them, tho we cant catch them\n rite half our time\" (James Booker, October 17, 1862).\n Likewise, in Fredericksburg, Pennsylvania, the Yankee\n citizens treated the Confederate soldiers \"verry kind,\"\n providing them food without charging them for it, though\n James suggests that \"it is don through fear\" (June 30,\n 1863). While in Fredericksburg, James enjoyed a mutually\n supportive relationship with a local civilian, guarding his\n home in exchange for lodging.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAlthough civilians and soldiers often cooperated with\n each other, the Bookers realized that the war was damaging\n the lives of those not directly involved in the fighting.\n In particular, James argues, citizens who live near the\n \"line of the enemy\" \"have great deal to see trouble about\"\n (June 14, 1863). Even those areas not yet scarred by the\n war would soon be, James predicts. As he says of\n Fredericksburg, Pennsylvania,\"this is a verry flourishing\n looking Country the crops all look fine. it has never felt\n the affect of the war, though I guess if we stay here long\n it will feel the affect of it\" (June 30, 1863). James\n especially blames Northern soldiers for looting the homes\n of Southern citizens, claiming that \"the yankees is geting\n too mean to live\" (June 14, 1863). But he admits that some\n Confederate soldiers likewise have stolen from citizens,\n disobeying General Lee's orders. Indeed, one woman stormed\n into the Confederate camp near Kinston, North Carolina,\n hoping to recover a skillet of soup that had been stolen\n (June 30, 1863; January 1, 1864). Confederate soldiers also\n stole over 18,000 dollars from the Quarter Master (January\n 1, 1864). Despite these incidents, James Booker was\n offended when Confederate General Seth Maxwell Barton\n called the members of his brigade \"rags and thieves,\" since\n \"it is not healthy for him to gave honist people such a bad\n name because some men does wrong\" (January 1, 1864).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cscopecontent\u003e\n \u003chead\u003eMorale\u003c/head\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEarly in the war, James and John Booker seemed to\n believe that the South would defeat the North swiftly. They\n contended that the South had a stronger army, and they\n noted that Northerners \"dont unite like our people do,\"\n since the Democrats and the Republicans were at odds (James\n Booker, June 30, 1863).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSoon their hope had begun to fade. Though James Booker\n longed to return home, by 1863 he no longer believed that\n the North and South would achieve a quick peace: \n \u003cblockquote\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\"I am a fread it will be a long time first if ever, I\n think the prosspect for peece is very gloomy now it dont\n look like eather side is make in any prepperration for\n Piece, thare are greater preperation for fighten than\n ever\" (September 23, 1863).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/blockquote\u003eJohn Booker was even more pessimistic, and\n certainly much more cynical, as he accused the Southern\n leadership of needlessly prolonging the war: \n \u003cblockquote\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\"I beleave that we mout have hud piece be fore this\n time if our head leaden men would would have tride\"\n (March 1, 1864).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/blockquote\u003e\n \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe Bookers, particularly John, felt that while Southern\n elites were making decisions that extended the war, the\n poor were actually fighting most of the battles and\n suffering the consequences of those decisions. Because the\n First Conscription Act allowed a drafted man to hire a\n \"substitute\" to serve his term in the army, wealthy men\n could evade service (Current, 396-99). This provision\n enraged many of the Confederate soldiers, who contended\n that it placed the burden of the war on those who could not\n afford to pay for a substitute. Not only did substitution\n fan class tensions, but it also failed to bring competent\n soldiers into the army. James Booker mentions that that the\n substitute for John Millner deserted, and many other\n substitutes did likewise (August 3, 1862). Some men even\n made a business of agreeing to substitute for one person,\n deserting, and then collecting money to substitute for\n someone else. Although James Booker did not get angry about\n the practice of substitution, he understood that it\n weakened the Confederate Army: \n \u003cblockquote\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\"I dont blame no man to put in a substitute if he\n can, tho I think if it is kept up much long er it will\n ruin our army\" (August 3, 1862).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/blockquote\u003e\n \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHis brother John, however, was less tentative in\n condemning substitution: \n \u003cblockquote\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\"I say put every one on equal foottin for this is a\n rich mans war an a por mans fight, I be leave thare are\n some of the men that have but in substitute are dooen a\n great [d]eal of good but the most of them are doo en\n more harm than good they are just speculaten on the poor\n people, an soldiers\" (December 22, 1863).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/blockquote\u003e\n \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFurther feeding John Booker's indignation was the\n distribution of furloughs. According to the First\n Conscription Act, a \"twelvemonth man\" was entitled to a\n sixty-day furlough each year, but neither Booker received a\n furlough during his time in the army (Current, 396-99).\n John Booker noted that while officers freely took furloughs\n themselves, the captain in charge of his company, John\n Herndon, was \"too lazy\" to give his exhausted men a break\n (Decemeber 22, 1863).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAs a result of the inequalities and inefficiencies of\n miltary adminstration, John Booker believed that soldiers\n should refuse to re-enlist. In his March 1, 1864 letter, he\n derides the miltary pagaent staged by Virginia Governor\n William \"Extra Billy\" Smith and Colonel Cabell in an\n attempt to persuade the men to re-enlist. After commanding\n the soldiers to line up, the Colonel ordered that the\n Colors (the flags of the regiment) be borne to the front\n and asked \"all who wer determen to be freemen to step out\n on the line with the cullars and all who wer willen to be\n slaves for thare enemyes to stand fast\" (March 1, 1864).\n Angry that he hadn't yet received a furlough, and convinced\n that re-enlisting would only encourage the Southern\n leadership to continue the war, John Booker rejected the\n Colonel's challenge that he re-enlist; two-thirds of the\n soldiers stood back with him. As he explains, \"I dideant\n inten to reinlist nor I wes not willen to be a Slave for my\n enemyes and I dident go on line with the reinlisted, and I\n dideant wish to bee in eather line\" (March 1, 1864).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/scopecontent\u003e","\u003cp\u003eEarly in the war, James and John Booker seemed to\n believe that the South would defeat the North swiftly. They\n contended that the South had a stronger army, and they\n noted that Northerners \"dont unite like our people do,\"\n since the Democrats and the Republicans were at odds (James\n Booker, June 30, 1863).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSoon their hope had begun to fade. Though James Booker\n longed to return home, by 1863 he no longer believed that\n the North and South would achieve a quick peace: \n \u003cblockquote\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\"I am a fread it will be a long time first if ever, I\n think the prosspect for peece is very gloomy now it dont\n look like eather side is make in any prepperration for\n Piece, thare are greater preperation for fighten than\n ever\" (September 23, 1863).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/blockquote\u003eJohn Booker was even more pessimistic, and\n certainly much more cynical, as he accused the Southern\n leadership of needlessly prolonging the war: \n \u003cblockquote\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\"I beleave that we mout have hud piece be fore this\n time if our head leaden men would would have tride\"\n (March 1, 1864).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/blockquote\u003e\n \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe Bookers, particularly John, felt that while Southern\n elites were making decisions that extended the war, the\n poor were actually fighting most of the battles and\n suffering the consequences of those decisions. Because the\n First Conscription Act allowed a drafted man to hire a\n \"substitute\" to serve his term in the army, wealthy men\n could evade service (Current, 396-99). This provision\n enraged many of the Confederate soldiers, who contended\n that it placed the burden of the war on those who could not\n afford to pay for a substitute. Not only did substitution\n fan class tensions, but it also failed to bring competent\n soldiers into the army. James Booker mentions that that the\n substitute for John Millner deserted, and many other\n substitutes did likewise (August 3, 1862). Some men even\n made a business of agreeing to substitute for one person,\n deserting, and then collecting money to substitute for\n someone else. Although James Booker did not get angry about\n the practice of substitution, he understood that it\n weakened the Confederate Army: \n \u003cblockquote\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\"I dont blame no man to put in a substitute if he\n can, tho I think if it is kept up much long er it will\n ruin our army\" (August 3, 1862).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/blockquote\u003e\n \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHis brother John, however, was less tentative in\n condemning substitution: \n \u003cblockquote\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\"I say put every one on equal foottin for this is a\n rich mans war an a por mans fight, I be leave thare are\n some of the men that have but in substitute are dooen a\n great [d]eal of good but the most of them are doo en\n more harm than good they are just speculaten on the poor\n people, an soldiers\" (December 22, 1863).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/blockquote\u003e\n \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFurther feeding John Booker's indignation was the\n distribution of furloughs. According to the First\n Conscription Act, a \"twelvemonth man\" was entitled to a\n sixty-day furlough each year, but neither Booker received a\n furlough during his time in the army (Current, 396-99).\n John Booker noted that while officers freely took furloughs\n themselves, the captain in charge of his company, John\n Herndon, was \"too lazy\" to give his exhausted men a break\n (Decemeber 22, 1863).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAs a result of the inequalities and inefficiencies of\n miltary adminstration, John Booker believed that soldiers\n should refuse to re-enlist. In his March 1, 1864 letter, he\n derides the miltary pagaent staged by Virginia Governor\n William \"Extra Billy\" Smith and Colonel Cabell in an\n attempt to persuade the men to re-enlist. After commanding\n the soldiers to line up, the Colonel ordered that the\n Colors (the flags of the regiment) be borne to the front\n and asked \"all who wer determen to be freemen to step out\n on the line with the cullars and all who wer willen to be\n slaves for thare enemyes to stand fast\" (March 1, 1864).\n Angry that he hadn't yet received a furlough, and convinced\n that re-enlisting would only encourage the Southern\n leadership to continue the war, John Booker rejected the\n Colonel's challenge that he re-enlist; two-thirds of the\n soldiers stood back with him. As he explains, \"I dideant\n inten to reinlist nor I wes not willen to be a Slave for my\n enemyes and I dident go on line with the reinlisted, and I\n dideant wish to bee in eather line\" (March 1, 1864).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cscopecontent\u003e\n \u003chead\u003eReligion\u003c/head\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWhereas John Booker responded to terrible conditions by\n getting angry, his brother James turned to religion as a\n way of making sense of his suffering and connecting with\n home. As he writes of his homesickness, James Booker\n occasionally expresses his desire to join his relatives at\n the religious revivals held at Mount Hermon Baptist Church\n near Danville, Virginia (August 3, 1862). But he reassures\n his cousin that revivals often take place in the camp and\n that many soldiers have been converted. According to James,\n a sense of gratitude in war-time motivates many of the men\n to convert: \"I think it is time for them to turn after\n being blesed so plainley as they have bin in the past\n battles\" (October 17, 1862). Likewise, James' faith seems\n to have strengthened him and given him hope of returning\n home, whether to Pittsylvania County or to Heaven. In a\n letter written on New Years Day of 1864, James includes two\n quotations about coming home to and through God. Quoting\n from the third stanza of \"Amazing Grace,\" James writes, \n \u003cblockquote\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTis grace that brought me safe thus far And grace\n will lead me home.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/blockquote\u003e\n \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIn March of 1864, however, James believed that he might\n not arrive home safely, at least not home to Pittsylvania,\n since the spring campaign would soon open and \"then we poor\n soldiers will see a hard time\" (March 16, 1864). But James\n embraced a spirit of Christian fatalism, contending that\n his life was in God's hands: \"If it is the will of [my]\n maker for me to be cut down in this war I dont ask to be\n spared for I beleave that he will do what is the best for\n me, thare is but few things that I would ask to stay in\n this trouble some world for\" (March 16, 1864). After\n writing this letter, James Booker lived for almost sixty\n more years, but his twin John died five months later of\n wounds he received at Drewry's Bluff.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/scopecontent\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWhereas John Booker responded to terrible conditions by\n getting angry, his brother James turned to religion as a\n way of making sense of his suffering and connecting with\n home. As he writes of his homesickness, James Booker\n occasionally expresses his desire to join his relatives at\n the religious revivals held at Mount Hermon Baptist Church\n near Danville, Virginia (August 3, 1862). But he reassures\n his cousin that revivals often take place in the camp and\n that many soldiers have been converted. According to James,\n a sense of gratitude in war-time motivates many of the men\n to convert: \"I think it is time for them to turn after\n being blesed so plainley as they have bin in the past\n battles\" (October 17, 1862). Likewise, James' faith seems\n to have strengthened him and given him hope of returning\n home, whether to Pittsylvania County or to Heaven. In a\n letter written on New Years Day of 1864, James includes two\n quotations about coming home to and through God. Quoting\n from the third stanza of \"Amazing Grace,\" James writes, \n \u003cblockquote\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTis grace that brought me safe thus far And grace\n will lead me home.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/blockquote\u003e\n \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn March of 1864, however, James believed that he might\n not arrive home safely, at least not home to Pittsylvania,\n since the spring campaign would soon open and \"then we poor\n soldiers will see a hard time\" (March 16, 1864). But James\n embraced a spirit of Christian fatalism, contending that\n his life was in God's hands: \"If it is the will of [my]\n maker for me to be cut down in this war I dont ask to be\n spared for I beleave that he will do what is the best for\n me, thare is but few things that I would ask to stay in\n this trouble some world for\" (March 16, 1864). After\n writing this letter, James Booker lived for almost sixty\n more years, but his twin John died five months later of\n wounds he received at Drewry's Bluff.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eOptimistic at the beginning of the war, James\n Booker praises the \"elegant water,\" \"beautiful young\n Ladies,\" and \"most beautiful country\" he finds at the\n 38th's camp at Winchester. But he notes that one\n member of the regiment accidentally shot another\n member from his hometown and now feel terrible. He\n warns that \"cowardly boys\" who are avoiding service\n should beware, since they are likely to be drafted or\n made to put up breastworks. After salutations and\n greetings, James indicates where letters should be\n sent. A. Blair, a relative of James' and possibly\n Chloe Blair's brother, writes a short note to be\n included. Blair indicates that he is including a\n letter that \"brother William\" received from\n \"brother,\" who was expecting to go to Manassas. Blair\n finishes by saying that all are well.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eJames Booker complains of not hearing from his\n family. He mentions being too ill to serve and that\n he, consequently, works in the hospital. He talks\n about patients suffering from jaundice and yellow\n fever and mentions the poor health of James May, Hugh\n Norton and Josiah Burnett, as well as the death of\n Billy Pruett from eating \"too much beef liver.\" In\n spite of their complaints, he notes that the health\n of the men in camp is improving. He alludes to having\n received bad news from Texas, and then states that he\n will probably not come home as long as he is healthy\n or until peace is declared. The postscript states\n that James will try to send for things via any\n returning soldiers.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eJames Booker reports that his company is healthier\n than it has been for some time. He has heard about\n fighting at Falls Church the day before, and reports\n a conversation with a man from the Danville Grays,\n who told him that the Yankees are within four miles\n of his company at Fairfax Court House. From this\n information, James Booker predicts that a \"hard\n battle\" will soon take place. He mentions getting a\n letter from Addie (perhaps Drury Addison Blair),\n whose condition is improving.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis letter is a reply to one or more letters that\n James had received from his cousin and \"sweethearts\"\n a few days earlier. He has just heard that his\n regiment is about to move into their winter quarters\n in Gainesville. He will join it when the winter\n quarters are ready. Meanwhile, the work in his\n current quarters is lighter and the pay better. He\n believes the fighting in Centreville will not\n continue past winter. He mentions meeting a man who\n had been captured by the Union and who was recently\n released. According to this man, there are 60,000\n sick Yankees in Washington. He also adds that he has\n heard that two men in Centreville were shot for\n trying to kill their commanding officer. James closes\n the letter by asking to be remembered to cousin Eliza\n Ann Williams and to all the \"ladies\" at Christmas\n time.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWriting from the company's winter quarters near\n the battlefield of First Manassas, John Booker\n describes his brother James' sickness, which has left\n him weak and without an appetite. Other soldiers,\n including Nathaniel Robertson and Neal Gilbert, have\n struggled with illness; one, Josiah Burnett, has\n died. Booker ends his letter by expressing his\n pleasure at having received his cousin Unity's letter\n and apologizing that his brother James was unable to\n write.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eJames Booker explains why he has been so long in\n answering Unity's latest letters, stating that he has\n been in hospital, too ill to write. He had hoped to\n come home on furlough, but has been separated from\n his regiment and could not obtain leave. He asks that\n Unity write to him with the location of his regiment.\n He also complains about the quality of the food and\n mentions seeing many acquaintances on their way to\n the front. He closes by asking his cousin to direct\n her replies to Greaner's Hospital, care of Surgeon R.\n G. Banks.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eJames Booker writes to inform his cousin of the\n location of his regiment. He indicates that they have\n been shot at but infrequently hit. He mentions that a\n man named Tucker, who was wounded in the chin, was\n the only man from his regiment (he was attached to\n Captain Carter's Company F) to have been shot. He\n also notes that many men, mainly Yankees, were killed\n at last Wednesday's battle and that this evening the\n Yankees flew a truce flag in order to safely bury\n their dead. He feels that, because the best of both\n armies are here, the war will be settled here. He\n closes by asking that Unity write soon, and direct\n her letters to him at Yorktown. He also asks her to\n notify \"sister Mary\" that Pickney has not yet\n arrived.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eJohn Booker describes a new posting and notes\n that, since leaving the Orange Court House, the\n troops are living without tents. They stay in the\n entrenchments every other day and night, and are\n under constant bombardment by the Yankees. He\n mentions that there is a good deal of sickness and\n many are being wounded. Also, he notes that they have\n elected officers for the next two years. John closes\n by asking Unity to direct her letter to him at\n Yorktown.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eJames begins by apologizing for the tardiness of\n his letter: he explains that he has been ill. He then\n discusses the practice of substitution (arranging for\n a replacement in the army), concluding that it is\n having a bad effect on the Confederate Army. He also\n discusses his work assignment and his health. In a\n separate letter on the same paper, John tells his\n cousin about his cold and sore throat. He also states\n that there is currently no fighting, but he can hear\n the Yankees firing cannonade \"down on the river.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eJames Booker writes that he and his brother John\n are in good health. They have been marching hard but\n usually have not gotten enough to eat. Booker reports\n that the general feeling in the camp is that peace\n will come soon. Four sick conscripts have arrived\n (and are named). James complains of having to march\n in wet clothing after crossing bridge-less streams.\n He also notes that the sick and wounded have been\n ordered from Winchester to Staunton and thinks that\n everyone else will be going to Richmond soon. James\n looks forward to going there since he has not heard\n from home since leaving Richmond. He greets other\n family members and mentions that John will write\n soon.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eClaiming that he would be able to \"stand\" being a\n soldier if he received enough to eat, James Booker\n notes that recently the supply of food has been\n adequate, but that the men have not gotten enough\n salt. James Booker notes the illnesses of two men in\n camp, Bage Pritchett and John Hundley. He compares\n the entrepreneurship of the Yankees with the more\n whimsical quality of the Quakers' mercantilism and\n notes the use of Confederate money and specie to buy\n provisions. He also describes a month-long religious\n revival meeting underway in camp.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAfter reporting that he and his brother John are\n well, James Booker writes that the company has been\n marching for the past four days and has finally\n arrived at its camp near Fredericksburg. Many Union\n soldiers are nearby, and he predicts that the Union\n troops will soon begin shelling the Confederates. He\n expects a \"hard\" battle to commence soon.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWriting on the Sabbath, James Booker tells his\n cousin that both he and his brother are well. The\n members of Company D marched for the past ten days,\n and they expect to march again the next day, since\n they are following the movements of the Union troops.\n A few days previously, the Union had surprised the\n Confederate cavalry, but the Confederates managed to\n drive their enemies across the river and take several\n hundred prisoners. Complaining that \"the Yankees is\n getting too mean to live,\" James Booker writes that\n they steal and destroy Southern property, such as\n meat, corn, and horses. He notes, \"I still live in\n hope of peace soon though I may not live to see it.\"\n He observes that at a \"very interesting\" camp meeting\n several men, including Captain Herndon, were\n converted.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eJames Booker reports that he and his brother John\n are well. He mentions that local residents seem\n fearful of the army and that General Robert E. Lee\n has ordered his troops to respect private property.\n He describes the flourishing condition of\n Pennsylvania farms, noting that this part of the\n country has not yet felt the effects of the war.\n James perceives disunity in the people's attitude\n toward the war, comments on the abolitionists'\n motives, and mentions that he is boarding at a\n private house for free in return for guarding the\n owner's property. He closes by asking that Unity\n write soon, for he the last letter he received was\n dated the 13th.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWriting a few days after Gettysburg, James Booker\n describes the heavy losses suffered by his division\n during Pickett's Charge; most of the regiment's\n officers and many of the enlisted men were killed,\n wounded, or captured during the assault. James and\n John Booker escaped harm, though they were nearly\n taken prisoner by the Union forces. His division has\n been assigned to escort 5000-6000 Union prisoners to\n the South. He reports hearing daily of small battles\n and expects another major battle imminently, although\n he does not expect his division to be involved\n because it is on guard in Williamsport, a city where\n most of the citizens appear to favor the North.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eJohn Booker writes that he is happy that Chloe\n enjoyed the revival meeting at Hermon (perhaps the\n Mount Hermon Baptist Church near Danville), then\n notes that there is \"good preaching\" at the camp. He\n contends that \"the prosspect for peece is very gloomy\n now,\" given that both sides are preparing for war\n with more intensity than ever. He reports that,\n despite rumors, Pickett's division will remain in\n Virginia. The troops are elated at this news, even\n though they have little more to do than guard camp\n and drill three times a day. In a postscript, James\n Booker asks Chloe Unity Blair to send his letter to\n his sister soon.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eApparently upset that he did not receive a\n furlough, James Booker wishes for the warmth and\n comforts of home, writing, \"there is none of them\n that knows how to appreciate a blessing until they\n are deprived of it.\" Still, he admits, in wartime he\n should find satisfaction simply in having enough to\n eat and enjoying good health; but he cannot be\n satisfied when speculators sell food to women and\n children at inflated prices. He observes that the\n married soldiers have sent for their wives and were\n boarding them at the homes of local citizens. He\n observes that General Corse's Brigade had been at the\n camp near Petersburg, but that they were sent to\n Tennessee. He also mentions writing to his sister\n Mary, telling her that he did not need clothing, as\n he received the box that \"you all\" sent him. The\n letter closes with a one-page postscript stating that\n John made a potato pie, and Cousin Tom ate with the\n two of them. He sends his regards to Cousin Pollie\n Ann and mentions that Cousin William Blair and Luther\n are stationed nearby but will be leaving for\n Chatanooga, Tennessee, within the next two days. He\n closes asking for Unity to return his \"soldier\n likeness\" to him so he can exchange it for a new\n one.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAfter observing that letters from home bring him\n great pleasure, John Booker chastises his cousin for\n not writing sooner. He notes that \"Flem\" Gregory has\n been ill, but is recuperating. Then he launches into\n a complaint that energizes the letter: Captain John\n Herndon is too \"lazy\" to grant the soldiers in his\n company furloughs, even though it is Christmas time,\n and even though the men are not doing anything, not\n even picket duty. So discontented are the soldiers\n that many say they will not re-enlist. John Booker\n claims that he opposes desertion, but that the\n wealthier men who paid substitutes to serve in the\n army should have to join, while veteran soldiers\n should receive furloughs. Angered at the inequality,\n John exclaims, \"this is a rich mans war an a poor\n mans fight.\" He ends his letter by observing that\n Memory Inman, another member of the D Company, is\n heading home to get married.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBooker reports that although his regiment had\n begun to march to meet the Yankees in battle, the\n Union had attacked --and been defeated by --another\n group of Confederate soldiers thirty-five miles away.\n He reports that the winter has been fairly pleasant\n and that food is cheap and plentiful. Despite such\n abundance, he notes, soldiers have been stealing food\n from local residents. He mentions a serious theft of\n $18,000 from the Quarter Master; soldiers are\n suspected of the deed. James expresses concern over\n General Barton's attitude towards the Regiment.\n (Barton has said his men come from \"rags and\n thieves.\") James complains that after three years of\n service he has still not received a furlough. He\n closes the letter with a stanza from \"Amazing\n Grace.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eJohn Booker describes the attempt by Virginia\n Governor William \"Extra Billy\" Smith and Colonel\n [Joseph Robert] Cabell to make the men of the 38th\n Regiment re-enlist. He deplores the strategies they\n used: calling the men to stand before the \"Colors,\"\n declaring that any man who wanted to be a slave to\n the enemy should not re-enlist. John fears that his\n leaders want to continue to fight at all costs,\n rather than press for peace; and as long as men\n re-enlist the war will go on. John also expresses his\n dissatisfaction with the administration of the\n Regiment: only the men who re-enlist are granted\n furloughs, and John has still not received the\n furlough owed to him in 1862. He mentions that the\n two new recrutes to Company D are receiving their\n furloughs ahead of him. Changing the subject, John\n writes of nearby Union activity and says that they\n have been expecting a raid. Finally, he writes of\n Memory Inman's court martial and Captain John\n Herndon's marriage. He closes the letter by\n apologizing for its angry tone, writing, \"I have bin\n mad all day.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eJames Booker informs his cousin of his and his\n brother's good health. He discusses the treatment of\n prisoners of war, the unavailability of certain types\n of foodstuffs and the deprivations of civilians due\n to the war. He further comments on the weather and\n his coming duty in the field. He laments the lack of\n correspondence from home and closes his\n correspondence with salutations and wishes for his\n family's good health He apologizes for his poor\n writing, attributing it to having to finish the\n letter by firelight.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eJames Booker replies to Unity's letters of the\n 17th and 24th. He mentions that his company has been\n fishing about 20 miles away and that the Yankees are\n getting closer and are expected to drive the men out\n of the fishery. He states that the Yankees are\n believed to be heading for Richmond. James hopes that\n \"this cruel war\" may end soon and \"in our favor.\" He\n closes with a quotation from \n \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003e1 John\u003c/emph\u003e. The postscript,\n written on April 30th, states that the rumor that the\n Yankees are coming may be false.\u003c/p\u003e"]}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_viu01838_c01_c02"}},{"id":"viu_viu01838_c01_c01","type":"Item","attributes":{"title":"James Booker, [n.p.], letter to\n Chloe Unity Blair, with an inclusion by A.\n Blair","abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_viu01838_c01_c01#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eOptimistic at the beginning of the war, James Booker praises the \"elegant water,\" \"beautiful young Ladies,\" and \"most beautiful country\" he finds at the 38th's camp at Winchester. But he notes that one member of the regiment accidentally shot another member from his hometown and now feel terrible. He warns that \"cowardly boys\" who are avoiding service should beware, since they are likely to be drafted or made to put up breastworks. After salutations and greetings, James indicates where letters should be sent. A. Blair, a relative of James' and possibly Chloe Blair's brother, writes a short note to be included. Blair indicates that he is including a letter that \"brother William\" received from \"brother,\" who was expecting to go to Manassas. Blair finishes by saying that all are well.\u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_viu01838_c01_c01#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"viu_viu01838_c01_c01","ref_ssm":["viu_viu01838_c01_c01"],"id":"viu_viu01838_c01_c01","ead_ssi":"viu_viu01838","_root_":"viu_viu01838","_nest_parent_":"viu_viu01838_c01","parent_ssi":"viu_viu01838_c01","parent_ssim":["viu_viu01838","viu_viu01838_c01"],"parent_ids_ssim":["viu_viu01838","viu_viu01838_c01"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["James and John Booker Collection \n 1861-1864","c01: Manuscripts"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["James and John Booker Collection \n 1861-1864","c01: Manuscripts"],"text":["James and John Booker Collection \n 1861-1864","c01: Manuscripts","James Booker, [n.p.], letter to\n Chloe Unity Blair, with an inclusion by A.\n Blair","ALS","Optimistic at the beginning of the war, James\n Booker praises the \"elegant water,\" \"beautiful young\n Ladies,\" and \"most beautiful country\" he finds at the\n 38th's camp at Winchester. But he notes that one\n member of the regiment accidentally shot another\n member from his hometown and now feel terrible. He\n warns that \"cowardly boys\" who are avoiding service\n should beware, since they are likely to be drafted or\n made to put up breastworks. After salutations and\n greetings, James indicates where letters should be\n sent. A. Blair, a relative of James' and possibly\n Chloe Blair's brother, writes a short note to be\n included. Blair indicates that he is including a\n letter that \"brother William\" received from\n \"brother,\" who was expecting to go to Manassas. Blair\n finishes by saying that all are well."],"title_filing_ssi":"James Booker, [n.p.], letter to\n Chloe Unity Blair, with an inclusion by A.\n Blair","title_ssm":["James Booker, [n.p.], letter to\n Chloe Unity Blair, with an inclusion by A.\n Blair"],"title_tesim":["James Booker, [n.p.], letter to\n Chloe Unity Blair, with an inclusion by A.\n Blair"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["1861 July 14"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1861"],"normalized_title_ssm":["James Booker, [n.p.], letter to\n Chloe Unity Blair, with an inclusion by A.\n Blair"],"component_level_isim":[2],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"collection_ssim":["James and John Booker Collection \n 1861-1864"],"physdesc_tesim":["ALS"],"extent_ssm":["4 p."],"extent_tesim":["4 p."],"has_online_content_ssim":["true"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"level_ssm":["Item"],"level_ssim":["Item"],"sort_isi":2,"digital_objects_ssm":["{\"label\":\"Text transcription\",\"href\":\"http://xtf.lib.virginia.edu/xtf/view?docId=legacy_mss/uvaBook/tei/booker_letters/Boo1g14.xml\"}"],"date_range_isim":[1861],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eOptimistic at the beginning of the war, James\n Booker praises the \"elegant water,\" \"beautiful young\n Ladies,\" and \"most beautiful country\" he finds at the\n 38th's camp at Winchester. But he notes that one\n member of the regiment accidentally shot another\n member from his hometown and now feel terrible. He\n warns that \"cowardly boys\" who are avoiding service\n should beware, since they are likely to be drafted or\n made to put up breastworks. After salutations and\n greetings, James indicates where letters should be\n sent. A. Blair, a relative of James' and possibly\n Chloe Blair's brother, writes a short note to be\n included. Blair indicates that he is including a\n letter that \"brother William\" received from\n \"brother,\" who was expecting to go to Manassas. Blair\n finishes by saying that all are well.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Optimistic at the beginning of the war, James\n Booker praises the \"elegant water,\" \"beautiful young\n Ladies,\" and \"most beautiful country\" he finds at the\n 38th's camp at Winchester. But he notes that one\n member of the regiment accidentally shot another\n member from his hometown and now feel terrible. He\n warns that \"cowardly boys\" who are avoiding service\n should beware, since they are likely to be drafted or\n made to put up breastworks. After salutations and\n greetings, James indicates where letters should be\n sent. A. Blair, a relative of James' and possibly\n Chloe Blair's brother, writes a short note to be\n included. Blair indicates that he is including a\n letter that \"brother William\" received from\n \"brother,\" who was expecting to go to Manassas. Blair\n finishes by saying that all are well."],"_nest_path_":"/components#0/components#0","timestamp":"2026-05-21T13:07:18.853Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viu_viu01838","ead_ssi":"viu_viu01838","_root_":"viu_viu01838","_nest_parent_":"viu_viu01838","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/uva-sc/viu01838.xml","title_ssm":["James and John Booker Collection \n 1861-1864"],"title_tesim":["James and John Booker Collection \n 1861-1864"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["11237"],"text":["11237","James and John Booker Collection \n 1861-1864","26 items","There are no restrictions.","Print Sources Encyclopedia of the\n Confederacy . Richard N. Current, Ed. NY: Simon \u0026\n Schuster, 1993. Gregory, G. Howard. \n 38th Virginia Infantry .\n Lynchburg, VA: H.E. Howard, Inc., 1988. (part of \n The Virginia Regimental Histories\n Series ) Hewett, Janet B., ed. \n Roster of Confederate Soldiers\n 1861-1865 . Vol 8. Wilmington NC: Broadfoot\n Publishing Company, 1996. Sublett, Charles W. \n 57th Virginia Infantry .\n Lynchburg, VA: H.E. Howard, Inc., 1985. (part of The\n Virginia Regimental Histories Series)","Encyclopedia of the\n Confederacy . Richard N. Current, Ed. NY: Simon \u0026\n Schuster, 1993.","Gregory, G. Howard. \n 38th Virginia Infantry .\n Lynchburg, VA: H.E. Howard, Inc., 1988. (part of \n The Virginia Regimental Histories\n Series )","Hewett, Janet B., ed. \n Roster of Confederate Soldiers\n 1861-1865 . Vol 8. Wilmington NC: Broadfoot\n Publishing Company, 1996.","Sublett, Charles W. \n 57th Virginia Infantry .\n Lynchburg, VA: H.E. Howard, Inc., 1985. (part of The\n Virginia Regimental Histories Series)","Electronic Sources Austin, Gayle. \"Pittsylvania Co. VA Homepage.\" 1997. \n \n http://www.rootsweb.com/~vapittsy/ (9 September,\n 1997). \"Southside on the Net, Directory of Churches and\n Religious Organizations.\" 1997. \n \n http://www.petersburg.com/c/c1.htm (9 September\n 1997). Webb, Kerry. \"U.S. Civil War Generals.\" 1997. \n \n http://funnelweb.utcc.utk.edu/~hoemann/generals.html (28\n August 1997).","Austin, Gayle. \"Pittsylvania Co. VA Homepage.\" 1997. \n \n http://www.rootsweb.com/~vapittsy/ (9 September,\n 1997).","\"Southside on the Net, Directory of Churches and\n Religious Organizations.\" 1997. \n \n http://www.petersburg.com/c/c1.htm (9 September\n 1997).","Webb, Kerry. \"U.S. Civil War Generals.\" 1997. \n \n http://funnelweb.utcc.utk.edu/~hoemann/generals.html (28\n August 1997).","Other Civil War Sites on the World\n Wide Web Index of Civil War Information on the Web \n \n http://www.cwc.lsu.edu/civlink.htm Civil War Miscellany \n \n http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Forum/6806/ Pickett's Division \n \n http://home.ptd.net/~jeff1863/pickett.html War Links \n \n http://members.aol.com/histcw/civil.html/","Index of Civil War Information on the Web \n \n http://www.cwc.lsu.edu/civlink.htm","Civil War Miscellany \n \n http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Forum/6806/","Pickett's Division \n \n http://home.ptd.net/~jeff1863/pickett.html","War Links \n \n http://members.aol.com/histcw/civil.html/","James Booker and John Booker The twins, John and James, were born to \n John Booker (1797-1859) and \n Nancy Blair Reynolds Booker\n (1796-1859) on October 10, 1840. Nancy and John\n had been married since November 15, 1824 and had four other\n children besides the twins: Mary Ann Booker Sparks\n (1825-1872), Armistead M. Booker (1827-1838), Caroline\n Booker (1833-1859) and William Booker (1836-1859). Nancy also had another child --Margaret Benson Reynolds\n (1815-1867) --from a previous marriage to William Reynolds\n (March 29, 1814) (Austin). In the first three months of 1859, typhoid fever struck\n the Booker family, killing Nancy, John Sr., Caroline and\n William. James and John were 19 years old. For the next two\n years, the twins stayed with relatives, including Aunt\n Kitty and Uncle John Blair, who later moved to Texas in\n 1860 (James Booker, September 6, 1861). At the age of 21, James and John enlisted in the\n Confederate Army, the 38th Regiment of Virginia, on May 24,\n 1861 in \n Whitmell, Virginia , in \n Company D, 38th Virginia Regiment, Infantry (also\n known as \"the Whitmell Guards\"). For more\n information about the regiment see \n 38th Virginia Infantry by G. Howard Gregory\n (E 581.5 38th .G73 1988) . The Booker brothers\n remained in service throughout the war, and were both\n promoted to Sergeant sometime before April, 1864 (Gregory,\n 82). In March of 1862, James was hospitalized in Richmond\n with chronic diarrhea, but returned to his company soon\n after. Both brothers were severely wounded at the \n Battle of Drewry's Bluff near Petersburg,\n Virginia , on May 16, 1864 and transferred to \n Chimborazo Hospital . John received a\n chest wound and James was wounded in the right thigh. Only\n James, however, would survive. John died of his wound on\n August 26, 1864. After the war, James returned to Pittsylvania County and\n on October 31, 1867, he married \n Martha Ann Fulton (?-1923) (nicknamed\n \"Pat\") of \n Pittsylvania County , on October 31,\n 1867. She was one of the \"sweethearts\" mentioned in his\n letters. James and Pat Booker had seven children. They died\n within two months of each other in 1923. A typed page\n listing their children and mentioning her relatives can be\n found with the copies of the typescripts of the brothers'\n letters.","The twins, John and James, were born to \n John Booker (1797-1859) and \n Nancy Blair Reynolds Booker\n (1796-1859) on October 10, 1840. Nancy and John\n had been married since November 15, 1824 and had four other\n children besides the twins: Mary Ann Booker Sparks\n (1825-1872), Armistead M. Booker (1827-1838), Caroline\n Booker (1833-1859) and William Booker (1836-1859).","Nancy also had another child --Margaret Benson Reynolds\n (1815-1867) --from a previous marriage to William Reynolds\n (March 29, 1814) (Austin).","In the first three months of 1859, typhoid fever struck\n the Booker family, killing Nancy, John Sr., Caroline and\n William. James and John were 19 years old. For the next two\n years, the twins stayed with relatives, including Aunt\n Kitty and Uncle John Blair, who later moved to Texas in\n 1860 (James Booker, September 6, 1861).","At the age of 21, James and John enlisted in the\n Confederate Army, the 38th Regiment of Virginia, on May 24,\n 1861 in \n Whitmell, Virginia , in \n Company D, 38th Virginia Regiment, Infantry (also\n known as \"the Whitmell Guards\"). For more\n information about the regiment see \n 38th Virginia Infantry by G. Howard Gregory\n (E 581.5 38th .G73 1988) . The Booker brothers\n remained in service throughout the war, and were both\n promoted to Sergeant sometime before April, 1864 (Gregory,\n 82).","In March of 1862, James was hospitalized in Richmond\n with chronic diarrhea, but returned to his company soon\n after. Both brothers were severely wounded at the \n Battle of Drewry's Bluff near Petersburg,\n Virginia , on May 16, 1864 and transferred to \n Chimborazo Hospital . John received a\n chest wound and James was wounded in the right thigh. Only\n James, however, would survive. John died of his wound on\n August 26, 1864.","After the war, James returned to Pittsylvania County and\n on October 31, 1867, he married \n Martha Ann Fulton (?-1923) (nicknamed\n \"Pat\") of \n Pittsylvania County , on October 31,\n 1867. She was one of the \"sweethearts\" mentioned in his\n letters. James and Pat Booker had seven children. They died\n within two months of each other in 1923. A typed page\n listing their children and mentioning her relatives can be\n found with the copies of the typescripts of the brothers'\n letters.","Chloe Unity Blair Chloe Unity Blair (1833-1875) was born to Chloe Coleman\n Blair (1801-1854) and Drury Blair (1801-1864). Her father\n was Nancy Booker's younger brother, making James and John\n her first cousins. Chloe Unity had several brothers and\n sisters, some of whom James and John mention in their\n letters: Polly Ann, William, and Drury Addison \"Addie\"\n Blair, who briefly served in the 38th Regiment with the\n Bookers. Unfortunately, all of Chloe Unity's letters to her\n Booker cousins were either destroyed or are as yet\n undiscovered. From their responses, however, we can see\n that both John and James greatly appreciated her letters.\n They depended upon her for news of the family and they\n often asked her to \"remember\" them to different family\n members. The Bookers also periodically asked their cousin\n to have their sister Mary forward certain items such as\n clothing or James' \"soldier likeness\" (October 4, 1863).\n Chloe Unity would send them gifts and provisions as well,\n prompting James to write, \"I am under many obligations to\n you all for send ing us such a fine box it was a great\n treat to us,\" (October 4, 1863). James and John are always\n polite and solicitous in tone to their cousin, and yet the\n letters also convey warmth and friendship: having lost\n their parents and two siblings just before the war, John\n and James may have been especially close to \"cousin Unity,\"\n who along with their sister Mary may have served as a kind\n of surrogate mother. Indeed, when John married Martha Ann Fulton in October\n of 1867, he became Chloe's step-son-in-law, since Chloe had\n married Martha's father William Fulton (1821-18?) just a\n few months before. It is easy to imagine that the two\n cousins were pleased by this relationship, as their\n respective marriages unified and tightened the Booker and\n Blair families which had suffered so many losses during the\n war years.","Chloe Unity Blair (1833-1875) was born to Chloe Coleman\n Blair (1801-1854) and Drury Blair (1801-1864). Her father\n was Nancy Booker's younger brother, making James and John\n her first cousins. Chloe Unity had several brothers and\n sisters, some of whom James and John mention in their\n letters: Polly Ann, William, and Drury Addison \"Addie\"\n Blair, who briefly served in the 38th Regiment with the\n Bookers.","Unfortunately, all of Chloe Unity's letters to her\n Booker cousins were either destroyed or are as yet\n undiscovered. From their responses, however, we can see\n that both John and James greatly appreciated her letters.\n They depended upon her for news of the family and they\n often asked her to \"remember\" them to different family\n members. The Bookers also periodically asked their cousin\n to have their sister Mary forward certain items such as\n clothing or James' \"soldier likeness\" (October 4, 1863).\n Chloe Unity would send them gifts and provisions as well,\n prompting James to write, \"I am under many obligations to\n you all for send ing us such a fine box it was a great\n treat to us,\" (October 4, 1863). James and John are always\n polite and solicitous in tone to their cousin, and yet the\n letters also convey warmth and friendship: having lost\n their parents and two siblings just before the war, John\n and James may have been especially close to \"cousin Unity,\"\n who along with their sister Mary may have served as a kind\n of surrogate mother.","Indeed, when John married Martha Ann Fulton in October\n of 1867, he became Chloe's step-son-in-law, since Chloe had\n married Martha's father William Fulton (1821-18?) just a\n few months before. It is easy to imagine that the two\n cousins were pleased by this relationship, as their\n respective marriages unified and tightened the Booker and\n Blair families which had suffered so many losses during the\n war years.","The 38th Virginia Infantry: A Brief History of the\n Regiment On May 3, 1861, Governor John Letcher called for the men\n of Virginia to leave their families and occupations and\n join the Confederate Army. Soon after, the 38th Virginia\n Volunteer Infantry Regiment was formed, lead by Colonel\n Edward Edmonds, Lieutenant Colonel Powhatan Whittle and\n Major Isaac Carrington. During the course of the war, the\n 38th was assigned to several different brigades, including\n Smith's, Early's and Armistead's Brigade. There was also\n considerable turnover of officers, as some were wounded,\n killed, or not re-elected. The 38th consisted of ten companies, most of which were\n organized in Pittsylvania County, VA. Company D, which the\n Bookers joined, was organized at Whitmell. Its initial\n leader was Captain Ralph Herndon. Engagements and Assignments of the 38th\n Virginia Infantry May 5, 1862: The Battle of Williamsburg:\n Whittle is wounded. May 31, 1862: The Battle of Seven Pines: The\n 38th suffers a casualty rate of 42%. July 1, 1862: The Battle of Malvern Hill: The\n 38th suffers severely with 11 killed, 72 wounded and\n 11 missing. September 15, 1862: The 38th takes part in\n capturing Harper's Ferry. September 16, 1862: The 38th joins the Battle\n of Sharpsburg. July 3, 1863: The 38th is part of Pickett's\n Charge at the Battle of Gettysburg; Colonel Edmonds\n is killed; of the 481 members of the 38th who\n participated in the battle, \"40 were killed on the\n battlefield (8%); 51 were wounded (10%); and 103 were\n captured (21%)\" (Gregory 43). May 10, 1864: The Battle of Chester Station;\n Colonel Cabell is killed; Lieutenant Colonel Griggs\n is promoted to Colonel of the 38th. May 16, 1864: The Battle of Drewry's Bluff;\n from the 38th, 23 killed and 77 wounded. September 3, 1864: Brigadier General George\n Steuart assumes command of Armistead's Brigade.\n Desertions are frequent. November 17, 1864: The 38th captures the Union\n line near Petersburg. April 1, 1865: The Battle of Five Forks. April 6, 1865: The Battle of Sayler's\n Creek--the 38th's final battle. April 9, 1865: Lee surrenders at Appomattox\n Court House; the 38th is nearby at \"Pleasant\n Retreat,\" two miles east of the court house. April 13, 1865: The 38th breaks camp and heads\n home.","On May 3, 1861, Governor John Letcher called for the men\n of Virginia to leave their families and occupations and\n join the Confederate Army. Soon after, the 38th Virginia\n Volunteer Infantry Regiment was formed, lead by Colonel\n Edward Edmonds, Lieutenant Colonel Powhatan Whittle and\n Major Isaac Carrington. During the course of the war, the\n 38th was assigned to several different brigades, including\n Smith's, Early's and Armistead's Brigade. There was also\n considerable turnover of officers, as some were wounded,\n killed, or not re-elected.","The 38th consisted of ten companies, most of which were\n organized in Pittsylvania County, VA. Company D, which the\n Bookers joined, was organized at Whitmell. Its initial\n leader was Captain Ralph Herndon.","Engagements and Assignments of the 38th\n Virginia Infantry May 5, 1862: The Battle of Williamsburg:\n Whittle is wounded. May 31, 1862: The Battle of Seven Pines: The\n 38th suffers a casualty rate of 42%. July 1, 1862: The Battle of Malvern Hill: The\n 38th suffers severely with 11 killed, 72 wounded and\n 11 missing. September 15, 1862: The 38th takes part in\n capturing Harper's Ferry. September 16, 1862: The 38th joins the Battle\n of Sharpsburg. July 3, 1863: The 38th is part of Pickett's\n Charge at the Battle of Gettysburg; Colonel Edmonds\n is killed; of the 481 members of the 38th who\n participated in the battle, \"40 were killed on the\n battlefield (8%); 51 were wounded (10%); and 103 were\n captured (21%)\" (Gregory 43). May 10, 1864: The Battle of Chester Station;\n Colonel Cabell is killed; Lieutenant Colonel Griggs\n is promoted to Colonel of the 38th. May 16, 1864: The Battle of Drewry's Bluff;\n from the 38th, 23 killed and 77 wounded. September 3, 1864: Brigadier General George\n Steuart assumes command of Armistead's Brigade.\n Desertions are frequent. November 17, 1864: The 38th captures the Union\n line near Petersburg. April 1, 1865: The Battle of Five Forks. April 6, 1865: The Battle of Sayler's\n Creek--the 38th's final battle. April 9, 1865: Lee surrenders at Appomattox\n Court House; the 38th is nearby at \"Pleasant\n Retreat,\" two miles east of the court house. April 13, 1865: The 38th breaks camp and heads\n home.","Funded in part by a grant from the National Endowment\n for the Humanities","Scope and Content This collection consists of ca. twenty-six items,\n 1861-1864, chiefly the letters of \n John Booker (1840-1864) and \n James Booker (1840-1923) of \n Pittsylvania County, Virginia, to their\n cousin, \n Chloe Unity Blair (1839-1875) ;\n electrostatic copies of Bible records for the Booker and\n Blair families; and electrostatic copies of typed\n transcripts of the letters. The original bound volume of\n the transcripts was returned to the donor.","This collection consists of ca. twenty-six items,\n 1861-1864, chiefly the letters of \n John Booker (1840-1864) and \n James Booker (1840-1923) of \n Pittsylvania County, Virginia, to their\n cousin, \n Chloe Unity Blair (1839-1875) ;\n electrostatic copies of Bible records for the Booker and\n Blair families; and electrostatic copies of typed\n transcripts of the letters. The original bound volume of\n the transcripts was returned to the donor.","Overview of Themes Discussed in the Letters The letters of James and John Booker give a sense of\n what life was like for an ordinary soldier serving in the\n Confederate army. Of course, the Bookers depict the drama\n of battle --describing gunfire and cannonades, listing the\n dead and wounded, and giving thanks for their own escapes\n from death or imprisonment--but the letters are more\n concerned with the rhythms of everyday life at camp. The\n Bookers worry over their health and their comrades'; enjoy\n the plenty or (more often) lament the lack of food and\n supplies; report on the interactions between civilians and\n soldiers; and describe religious revivals held at the camp.\n As the war goes on, the Bookers begin to articulate with\n more intensity not only what happens to them, but how they\n feel about it. Whereas John fumes against the elites\n (officers, politicians, and the wealthy) for evading their\n responsibilities and mistreating the common soldier, James\n grows more fatalistic and religious, trusting that his\n suffering is God's will.","The letters of James and John Booker give a sense of\n what life was like for an ordinary soldier serving in the\n Confederate army. Of course, the Bookers depict the drama\n of battle --describing gunfire and cannonades, listing the\n dead and wounded, and giving thanks for their own escapes\n from death or imprisonment--but the letters are more\n concerned with the rhythms of everyday life at camp. The\n Bookers worry over their health and their comrades'; enjoy\n the plenty or (more often) lament the lack of food and\n supplies; report on the interactions between civilians and\n soldiers; and describe religious revivals held at the camp.\n As the war goes on, the Bookers begin to articulate with\n more intensity not only what happens to them, but how they\n feel about it. Whereas John fumes against the elites\n (officers, politicians, and the wealthy) for evading their\n responsibilities and mistreating the common soldier, James\n grows more fatalistic and religious, trusting that his\n suffering is God's will.","Preparing for Battle The members of the 38th Virginia spent much of their\n time drilling, marching, serving picket duty, and\n speculating about when and where the next battle would be.\n Indeed, the Bookers seem to devote more energy to\n anticipating battles than to describing them (perhaps\n because they did not want to upset their cousin). They\n acquired much of the information that fueled their\n speculations from gossipping with citizens and other\n soldiers. In a letter from 1861, for instance, James Booker\n predicts that a \"hard battle\" will break out soon, basing\n his prediction on a conversation he had with a soldier\n whose company is located closer to the front (October 8).\n Sometimes more immediate experiences led the Bookers to\n forecast a battle, especially when they could see Union\n troops or hear cannonades and gunfire nearby. Writing from\n a rain-soaked outpost near Yorktown, Virginia in 1862, for\n instance, James reports that the Union forces have been\n \"shooting at our men constantly tho it is very cildom thay\n hit eny of them\" (April 19). He predicts that soon a battle\n will occur that will decide the war, since he has heard\n that Yankee prisoners \"say that thay have got to whip or\n die here\" (April 19, 1862). But in this prediction, as in\n others, James was disappointed. As the war dragged on, the\n Bookers stopped assuming that it would reach a speedy\n conclusion; indeed, by 1864 John came to the conclusion\n that the \"leaden men\" were not really interested in\n achieving peace (March 1, 1864). Although the Bookers participated in several battles and\n skirmishes, the most devastating battle for their regiment\n was Gettysburg (see the section on Regimental History for a\n complete list of the engagements that the 38th took part\n in). While participating in Pickett's Charge, the 38th\n Virginia lost Colonel Edmonds, whom James Booker describes\n as \"one of the best men in service,\" and many other\n officers and soldiers (July 11, 1863). The Booker brothers\n themselves had to scramble to avoid being captured by Union\n troops; several of their companions, however, \"let the\n Yankees take them\" (John Booker, July 11, 1863). Not only were the Bookers shocked by their experiences\n in battle, but by chilling events that upset camp routines.\n In the first weeks of the war, James Booker reports, a\n young man accidentally shot another soldier from his\n hometown and now is \"about to grieve himself to death about\n it\" (July 14, 1861). But James passes on an even more\n shocking story in a later letter: two soldiers were caught\n conspiring to kill their commanding officer and were\n executed. In an attempt to \"save their souls,\" the\n condemned soldiers \"gave the Roman Catholic Priest 25\n dollars apiece\" (December 15, 1861).","The members of the 38th Virginia spent much of their\n time drilling, marching, serving picket duty, and\n speculating about when and where the next battle would be.\n Indeed, the Bookers seem to devote more energy to\n anticipating battles than to describing them (perhaps\n because they did not want to upset their cousin). They\n acquired much of the information that fueled their\n speculations from gossipping with citizens and other\n soldiers. In a letter from 1861, for instance, James Booker\n predicts that a \"hard battle\" will break out soon, basing\n his prediction on a conversation he had with a soldier\n whose company is located closer to the front (October 8).\n Sometimes more immediate experiences led the Bookers to\n forecast a battle, especially when they could see Union\n troops or hear cannonades and gunfire nearby. Writing from\n a rain-soaked outpost near Yorktown, Virginia in 1862, for\n instance, James reports that the Union forces have been\n \"shooting at our men constantly tho it is very cildom thay\n hit eny of them\" (April 19). He predicts that soon a battle\n will occur that will decide the war, since he has heard\n that Yankee prisoners \"say that thay have got to whip or\n die here\" (April 19, 1862). But in this prediction, as in\n others, James was disappointed. As the war dragged on, the\n Bookers stopped assuming that it would reach a speedy\n conclusion; indeed, by 1864 John came to the conclusion\n that the \"leaden men\" were not really interested in\n achieving peace (March 1, 1864).","Although the Bookers participated in several battles and\n skirmishes, the most devastating battle for their regiment\n was Gettysburg (see the section on Regimental History for a\n complete list of the engagements that the 38th took part\n in). While participating in Pickett's Charge, the 38th\n Virginia lost Colonel Edmonds, whom James Booker describes\n as \"one of the best men in service,\" and many other\n officers and soldiers (July 11, 1863). The Booker brothers\n themselves had to scramble to avoid being captured by Union\n troops; several of their companions, however, \"let the\n Yankees take them\" (John Booker, July 11, 1863).","Not only were the Bookers shocked by their experiences\n in battle, but by chilling events that upset camp routines.\n In the first weeks of the war, James Booker reports, a\n young man accidentally shot another soldier from his\n hometown and now is \"about to grieve himself to death about\n it\" (July 14, 1861). But James passes on an even more\n shocking story in a later letter: two soldiers were caught\n conspiring to kill their commanding officer and were\n executed. In an attempt to \"save their souls,\" the\n condemned soldiers \"gave the Roman Catholic Priest 25\n dollars apiece\" (December 15, 1861).","Health More explainable than violence in the camps, but\n ultimately more destructive, was disease. Illness and\n disease killed two-thirds of the Southern soldiers who died\n during the Civil War, so not surprisingly the Bookers often\n detail the health problems that they and their fellow\n soldiers were suffering (Robertson 88-89). These ailments\n include jaundice, typhoid, stomach disorders, fever, and\n mumps. The Bookers imply that much of the illness is due to\n the conditions the soldiers must face; sometimes the\n soldiers lacked adequate shelter, at times they would have\n to wade rivers and then march miles wearing wet clothing,\n and often they lacked adequate provisions (John Booker,\n April 29, 1862). Although sick soldiers were typically sent\n to the hospital, the men also took care of each other. In\n the fall of 1861, James and John Booker, apparently just\n recovering from sickness themselves, were responsible for\n nursing three members of their company (James Booker,\n September 6). Several months later, James Booker fell sick\n with chronic diarrhea and was sent to Greaner's Hospital in\n Richmond to recuperate. While in the hospital, Booker was\n stuck in a Catch-22: he wanted to get a furlough so that he\n could recover his health at home, but he did not know where\n his company was, so he could not get the permission of his\n commanding officer to return to Pittsylvania. Eventually\n James re-joined his company, but he did not receive the\n furlough that he wished for.","More explainable than violence in the camps, but\n ultimately more destructive, was disease. Illness and\n disease killed two-thirds of the Southern soldiers who died\n during the Civil War, so not surprisingly the Bookers often\n detail the health problems that they and their fellow\n soldiers were suffering (Robertson 88-89). These ailments\n include jaundice, typhoid, stomach disorders, fever, and\n mumps. The Bookers imply that much of the illness is due to\n the conditions the soldiers must face; sometimes the\n soldiers lacked adequate shelter, at times they would have\n to wade rivers and then march miles wearing wet clothing,\n and often they lacked adequate provisions (John Booker,\n April 29, 1862). Although sick soldiers were typically sent\n to the hospital, the men also took care of each other. In\n the fall of 1861, James and John Booker, apparently just\n recovering from sickness themselves, were responsible for\n nursing three members of their company (James Booker,\n September 6). Several months later, James Booker fell sick\n with chronic diarrhea and was sent to Greaner's Hospital in\n Richmond to recuperate. While in the hospital, Booker was\n stuck in a Catch-22: he wanted to get a furlough so that he\n could recover his health at home, but he did not know where\n his company was, so he could not get the permission of his\n commanding officer to return to Pittsylvania. Eventually\n James re-joined his company, but he did not receive the\n furlough that he wished for.","Food and Supplies Although in his first letter James Booker claims that\n the soldiers get \"plenty of good pervision,\" the Bookers\n later complained that they often didn't get enough to eat\n (July 14, 1861). As James writes in 1862, \"the rations has\n bin very scanty a large portion of the time sence we have\n bin marching\" (September 30). But sometimes the 38th\n Virginia did enjoy plentiful supplies, particularly when\n they camped in locations where food was abundant. When the\n 38th Virginia arrived near Chambersburg, Pennsylvania, for\n instance, James Booker reported that \"we can get plenty of\n milk \u0026 butter and apple butter that is verry good\"\n (June 30, 1863). Often civilians would supply soldiers with\n food, whether because they feared or supported the\n troops.","Although in his first letter James Booker claims that\n the soldiers get \"plenty of good pervision,\" the Bookers\n later complained that they often didn't get enough to eat\n (July 14, 1861). As James writes in 1862, \"the rations has\n bin very scanty a large portion of the time sence we have\n bin marching\" (September 30). But sometimes the 38th\n Virginia did enjoy plentiful supplies, particularly when\n they camped in locations where food was abundant. When the\n 38th Virginia arrived near Chambersburg, Pennsylvania, for\n instance, James Booker reported that \"we can get plenty of\n milk \u0026 butter and apple butter that is verry good\"\n (June 30, 1863). Often civilians would supply soldiers with\n food, whether because they feared or supported the\n troops.","Interactions with Civilians Throughout the letters, the Bookers demonstrate their\n consciousness of the effect the war is having on the\n civilians. At the beginning of the war, James Booker\n describes the friendly exchanges between Southern soldiers\n and civilians, reporting gleefully from a camp near\n Winchester that the men have \"a fine chance of beautiful\n young Ladies, and the kindest that I ever saw\" (July 14,\n 1861). Besides providing moral support, Southern civilians\n would exchange information about the war with the\n Confederate troops (James Booker, November 24, 1862). Both\n Southern and Northern civilians would sell or give supplies\n to Confederate troops. Writing from Winchester, Virginia in\n 1862, James Booker even claims that he prefers Yankees to\n Quakers, since \"the Yankees will sell us eny thing cheap\n for the specia\" while \"the quakers will sell any thing thay\n have got when the spirit moves them, tho we cant catch them\n rite half our time\" (James Booker, October 17, 1862).\n Likewise, in Fredericksburg, Pennsylvania, the Yankee\n citizens treated the Confederate soldiers \"verry kind,\"\n providing them food without charging them for it, though\n James suggests that \"it is don through fear\" (June 30,\n 1863). While in Fredericksburg, James enjoyed a mutually\n supportive relationship with a local civilian, guarding his\n home in exchange for lodging. Although civilians and soldiers often cooperated with\n each other, the Bookers realized that the war was damaging\n the lives of those not directly involved in the fighting.\n In particular, James argues, citizens who live near the\n \"line of the enemy\" \"have great deal to see trouble about\"\n (June 14, 1863). Even those areas not yet scarred by the\n war would soon be, James predicts. As he says of\n Fredericksburg, Pennsylvania,\"this is a verry flourishing\n looking Country the crops all look fine. it has never felt\n the affect of the war, though I guess if we stay here long\n it will feel the affect of it\" (June 30, 1863). James\n especially blames Northern soldiers for looting the homes\n of Southern citizens, claiming that \"the yankees is geting\n too mean to live\" (June 14, 1863). But he admits that some\n Confederate soldiers likewise have stolen from citizens,\n disobeying General Lee's orders. Indeed, one woman stormed\n into the Confederate camp near Kinston, North Carolina,\n hoping to recover a skillet of soup that had been stolen\n (June 30, 1863; January 1, 1864). Confederate soldiers also\n stole over 18,000 dollars from the Quarter Master (January\n 1, 1864). Despite these incidents, James Booker was\n offended when Confederate General Seth Maxwell Barton\n called the members of his brigade \"rags and thieves,\" since\n \"it is not healthy for him to gave honist people such a bad\n name because some men does wrong\" (January 1, 1864).","Throughout the letters, the Bookers demonstrate their\n consciousness of the effect the war is having on the\n civilians. At the beginning of the war, James Booker\n describes the friendly exchanges between Southern soldiers\n and civilians, reporting gleefully from a camp near\n Winchester that the men have \"a fine chance of beautiful\n young Ladies, and the kindest that I ever saw\" (July 14,\n 1861). Besides providing moral support, Southern civilians\n would exchange information about the war with the\n Confederate troops (James Booker, November 24, 1862). Both\n Southern and Northern civilians would sell or give supplies\n to Confederate troops. Writing from Winchester, Virginia in\n 1862, James Booker even claims that he prefers Yankees to\n Quakers, since \"the Yankees will sell us eny thing cheap\n for the specia\" while \"the quakers will sell any thing thay\n have got when the spirit moves them, tho we cant catch them\n rite half our time\" (James Booker, October 17, 1862).\n Likewise, in Fredericksburg, Pennsylvania, the Yankee\n citizens treated the Confederate soldiers \"verry kind,\"\n providing them food without charging them for it, though\n James suggests that \"it is don through fear\" (June 30,\n 1863). While in Fredericksburg, James enjoyed a mutually\n supportive relationship with a local civilian, guarding his\n home in exchange for lodging.","Although civilians and soldiers often cooperated with\n each other, the Bookers realized that the war was damaging\n the lives of those not directly involved in the fighting.\n In particular, James argues, citizens who live near the\n \"line of the enemy\" \"have great deal to see trouble about\"\n (June 14, 1863). Even those areas not yet scarred by the\n war would soon be, James predicts. As he says of\n Fredericksburg, Pennsylvania,\"this is a verry flourishing\n looking Country the crops all look fine. it has never felt\n the affect of the war, though I guess if we stay here long\n it will feel the affect of it\" (June 30, 1863). James\n especially blames Northern soldiers for looting the homes\n of Southern citizens, claiming that \"the yankees is geting\n too mean to live\" (June 14, 1863). But he admits that some\n Confederate soldiers likewise have stolen from citizens,\n disobeying General Lee's orders. Indeed, one woman stormed\n into the Confederate camp near Kinston, North Carolina,\n hoping to recover a skillet of soup that had been stolen\n (June 30, 1863; January 1, 1864). Confederate soldiers also\n stole over 18,000 dollars from the Quarter Master (January\n 1, 1864). Despite these incidents, James Booker was\n offended when Confederate General Seth Maxwell Barton\n called the members of his brigade \"rags and thieves,\" since\n \"it is not healthy for him to gave honist people such a bad\n name because some men does wrong\" (January 1, 1864).","Morale Early in the war, James and John Booker seemed to\n believe that the South would defeat the North swiftly. They\n contended that the South had a stronger army, and they\n noted that Northerners \"dont unite like our people do,\"\n since the Democrats and the Republicans were at odds (James\n Booker, June 30, 1863). Soon their hope had begun to fade. Though James Booker\n longed to return home, by 1863 he no longer believed that\n the North and South would achieve a quick peace: \n \"I am a fread it will be a long time first if ever, I\n think the prosspect for peece is very gloomy now it dont\n look like eather side is make in any prepperration for\n Piece, thare are greater preperation for fighten than\n ever\" (September 23, 1863). John Booker was even more pessimistic, and\n certainly much more cynical, as he accused the Southern\n leadership of needlessly prolonging the war: \n \"I beleave that we mout have hud piece be fore this\n time if our head leaden men would would have tride\"\n (March 1, 1864). The Bookers, particularly John, felt that while Southern\n elites were making decisions that extended the war, the\n poor were actually fighting most of the battles and\n suffering the consequences of those decisions. Because the\n First Conscription Act allowed a drafted man to hire a\n \"substitute\" to serve his term in the army, wealthy men\n could evade service (Current, 396-99). This provision\n enraged many of the Confederate soldiers, who contended\n that it placed the burden of the war on those who could not\n afford to pay for a substitute. Not only did substitution\n fan class tensions, but it also failed to bring competent\n soldiers into the army. James Booker mentions that that the\n substitute for John Millner deserted, and many other\n substitutes did likewise (August 3, 1862). Some men even\n made a business of agreeing to substitute for one person,\n deserting, and then collecting money to substitute for\n someone else. Although James Booker did not get angry about\n the practice of substitution, he understood that it\n weakened the Confederate Army: \n \"I dont blame no man to put in a substitute if he\n can, tho I think if it is kept up much long er it will\n ruin our army\" (August 3, 1862). His brother John, however, was less tentative in\n condemning substitution: \n \"I say put every one on equal foottin for this is a\n rich mans war an a por mans fight, I be leave thare are\n some of the men that have but in substitute are dooen a\n great [d]eal of good but the most of them are doo en\n more harm than good they are just speculaten on the poor\n people, an soldiers\" (December 22, 1863). Further feeding John Booker's indignation was the\n distribution of furloughs. According to the First\n Conscription Act, a \"twelvemonth man\" was entitled to a\n sixty-day furlough each year, but neither Booker received a\n furlough during his time in the army (Current, 396-99).\n John Booker noted that while officers freely took furloughs\n themselves, the captain in charge of his company, John\n Herndon, was \"too lazy\" to give his exhausted men a break\n (Decemeber 22, 1863). As a result of the inequalities and inefficiencies of\n miltary adminstration, John Booker believed that soldiers\n should refuse to re-enlist. In his March 1, 1864 letter, he\n derides the miltary pagaent staged by Virginia Governor\n William \"Extra Billy\" Smith and Colonel Cabell in an\n attempt to persuade the men to re-enlist. After commanding\n the soldiers to line up, the Colonel ordered that the\n Colors (the flags of the regiment) be borne to the front\n and asked \"all who wer determen to be freemen to step out\n on the line with the cullars and all who wer willen to be\n slaves for thare enemyes to stand fast\" (March 1, 1864).\n Angry that he hadn't yet received a furlough, and convinced\n that re-enlisting would only encourage the Southern\n leadership to continue the war, John Booker rejected the\n Colonel's challenge that he re-enlist; two-thirds of the\n soldiers stood back with him. As he explains, \"I dideant\n inten to reinlist nor I wes not willen to be a Slave for my\n enemyes and I dident go on line with the reinlisted, and I\n dideant wish to bee in eather line\" (March 1, 1864).","Early in the war, James and John Booker seemed to\n believe that the South would defeat the North swiftly. They\n contended that the South had a stronger army, and they\n noted that Northerners \"dont unite like our people do,\"\n since the Democrats and the Republicans were at odds (James\n Booker, June 30, 1863).","Soon their hope had begun to fade. Though James Booker\n longed to return home, by 1863 he no longer believed that\n the North and South would achieve a quick peace: \n \"I am a fread it will be a long time first if ever, I\n think the prosspect for peece is very gloomy now it dont\n look like eather side is make in any prepperration for\n Piece, thare are greater preperation for fighten than\n ever\" (September 23, 1863). John Booker was even more pessimistic, and\n certainly much more cynical, as he accused the Southern\n leadership of needlessly prolonging the war: \n \"I beleave that we mout have hud piece be fore this\n time if our head leaden men would would have tride\"\n (March 1, 1864).","The Bookers, particularly John, felt that while Southern\n elites were making decisions that extended the war, the\n poor were actually fighting most of the battles and\n suffering the consequences of those decisions. Because the\n First Conscription Act allowed a drafted man to hire a\n \"substitute\" to serve his term in the army, wealthy men\n could evade service (Current, 396-99). This provision\n enraged many of the Confederate soldiers, who contended\n that it placed the burden of the war on those who could not\n afford to pay for a substitute. Not only did substitution\n fan class tensions, but it also failed to bring competent\n soldiers into the army. James Booker mentions that that the\n substitute for John Millner deserted, and many other\n substitutes did likewise (August 3, 1862). Some men even\n made a business of agreeing to substitute for one person,\n deserting, and then collecting money to substitute for\n someone else. Although James Booker did not get angry about\n the practice of substitution, he understood that it\n weakened the Confederate Army: \n \"I dont blame no man to put in a substitute if he\n can, tho I think if it is kept up much long er it will\n ruin our army\" (August 3, 1862).","His brother John, however, was less tentative in\n condemning substitution: \n \"I say put every one on equal foottin for this is a\n rich mans war an a por mans fight, I be leave thare are\n some of the men that have but in substitute are dooen a\n great [d]eal of good but the most of them are doo en\n more harm than good they are just speculaten on the poor\n people, an soldiers\" (December 22, 1863).","Further feeding John Booker's indignation was the\n distribution of furloughs. According to the First\n Conscription Act, a \"twelvemonth man\" was entitled to a\n sixty-day furlough each year, but neither Booker received a\n furlough during his time in the army (Current, 396-99).\n John Booker noted that while officers freely took furloughs\n themselves, the captain in charge of his company, John\n Herndon, was \"too lazy\" to give his exhausted men a break\n (Decemeber 22, 1863).","As a result of the inequalities and inefficiencies of\n miltary adminstration, John Booker believed that soldiers\n should refuse to re-enlist. In his March 1, 1864 letter, he\n derides the miltary pagaent staged by Virginia Governor\n William \"Extra Billy\" Smith and Colonel Cabell in an\n attempt to persuade the men to re-enlist. After commanding\n the soldiers to line up, the Colonel ordered that the\n Colors (the flags of the regiment) be borne to the front\n and asked \"all who wer determen to be freemen to step out\n on the line with the cullars and all who wer willen to be\n slaves for thare enemyes to stand fast\" (March 1, 1864).\n Angry that he hadn't yet received a furlough, and convinced\n that re-enlisting would only encourage the Southern\n leadership to continue the war, John Booker rejected the\n Colonel's challenge that he re-enlist; two-thirds of the\n soldiers stood back with him. As he explains, \"I dideant\n inten to reinlist nor I wes not willen to be a Slave for my\n enemyes and I dident go on line with the reinlisted, and I\n dideant wish to bee in eather line\" (March 1, 1864).","Religion Whereas John Booker responded to terrible conditions by\n getting angry, his brother James turned to religion as a\n way of making sense of his suffering and connecting with\n home. As he writes of his homesickness, James Booker\n occasionally expresses his desire to join his relatives at\n the religious revivals held at Mount Hermon Baptist Church\n near Danville, Virginia (August 3, 1862). But he reassures\n his cousin that revivals often take place in the camp and\n that many soldiers have been converted. According to James,\n a sense of gratitude in war-time motivates many of the men\n to convert: \"I think it is time for them to turn after\n being blesed so plainley as they have bin in the past\n battles\" (October 17, 1862). Likewise, James' faith seems\n to have strengthened him and given him hope of returning\n home, whether to Pittsylvania County or to Heaven. In a\n letter written on New Years Day of 1864, James includes two\n quotations about coming home to and through God. Quoting\n from the third stanza of \"Amazing Grace,\" James writes, \n Tis grace that brought me safe thus far And grace\n will lead me home. In March of 1864, however, James believed that he might\n not arrive home safely, at least not home to Pittsylvania,\n since the spring campaign would soon open and \"then we poor\n soldiers will see a hard time\" (March 16, 1864). But James\n embraced a spirit of Christian fatalism, contending that\n his life was in God's hands: \"If it is the will of [my]\n maker for me to be cut down in this war I dont ask to be\n spared for I beleave that he will do what is the best for\n me, thare is but few things that I would ask to stay in\n this trouble some world for\" (March 16, 1864). After\n writing this letter, James Booker lived for almost sixty\n more years, but his twin John died five months later of\n wounds he received at Drewry's Bluff.","Whereas John Booker responded to terrible conditions by\n getting angry, his brother James turned to religion as a\n way of making sense of his suffering and connecting with\n home. As he writes of his homesickness, James Booker\n occasionally expresses his desire to join his relatives at\n the religious revivals held at Mount Hermon Baptist Church\n near Danville, Virginia (August 3, 1862). But he reassures\n his cousin that revivals often take place in the camp and\n that many soldiers have been converted. According to James,\n a sense of gratitude in war-time motivates many of the men\n to convert: \"I think it is time for them to turn after\n being blesed so plainley as they have bin in the past\n battles\" (October 17, 1862). Likewise, James' faith seems\n to have strengthened him and given him hope of returning\n home, whether to Pittsylvania County or to Heaven. In a\n letter written on New Years Day of 1864, James includes two\n quotations about coming home to and through God. Quoting\n from the third stanza of \"Amazing Grace,\" James writes, \n Tis grace that brought me safe thus far And grace\n will lead me home.","In March of 1864, however, James believed that he might\n not arrive home safely, at least not home to Pittsylvania,\n since the spring campaign would soon open and \"then we poor\n soldiers will see a hard time\" (March 16, 1864). But James\n embraced a spirit of Christian fatalism, contending that\n his life was in God's hands: \"If it is the will of [my]\n maker for me to be cut down in this war I dont ask to be\n spared for I beleave that he will do what is the best for\n me, thare is but few things that I would ask to stay in\n this trouble some world for\" (March 16, 1864). After\n writing this letter, James Booker lived for almost sixty\n more years, but his twin John died five months later of\n wounds he received at Drewry's Bluff.","Optimistic at the beginning of the war, James\n Booker praises the \"elegant water,\" \"beautiful young\n Ladies,\" and \"most beautiful country\" he finds at the\n 38th's camp at Winchester. But he notes that one\n member of the regiment accidentally shot another\n member from his hometown and now feel terrible. He\n warns that \"cowardly boys\" who are avoiding service\n should beware, since they are likely to be drafted or\n made to put up breastworks. After salutations and\n greetings, James indicates where letters should be\n sent. A. Blair, a relative of James' and possibly\n Chloe Blair's brother, writes a short note to be\n included. Blair indicates that he is including a\n letter that \"brother William\" received from\n \"brother,\" who was expecting to go to Manassas. Blair\n finishes by saying that all are well.","James Booker complains of not hearing from his\n family. He mentions being too ill to serve and that\n he, consequently, works in the hospital. He talks\n about patients suffering from jaundice and yellow\n fever and mentions the poor health of James May, Hugh\n Norton and Josiah Burnett, as well as the death of\n Billy Pruett from eating \"too much beef liver.\" In\n spite of their complaints, he notes that the health\n of the men in camp is improving. He alludes to having\n received bad news from Texas, and then states that he\n will probably not come home as long as he is healthy\n or until peace is declared. The postscript states\n that James will try to send for things via any\n returning soldiers.","James Booker reports that his company is healthier\n than it has been for some time. He has heard about\n fighting at Falls Church the day before, and reports\n a conversation with a man from the Danville Grays,\n who told him that the Yankees are within four miles\n of his company at Fairfax Court House. From this\n information, James Booker predicts that a \"hard\n battle\" will soon take place. He mentions getting a\n letter from Addie (perhaps Drury Addison Blair),\n whose condition is improving.","This letter is a reply to one or more letters that\n James had received from his cousin and \"sweethearts\"\n a few days earlier. He has just heard that his\n regiment is about to move into their winter quarters\n in Gainesville. He will join it when the winter\n quarters are ready. Meanwhile, the work in his\n current quarters is lighter and the pay better. He\n believes the fighting in Centreville will not\n continue past winter. He mentions meeting a man who\n had been captured by the Union and who was recently\n released. According to this man, there are 60,000\n sick Yankees in Washington. He also adds that he has\n heard that two men in Centreville were shot for\n trying to kill their commanding officer. James closes\n the letter by asking to be remembered to cousin Eliza\n Ann Williams and to all the \"ladies\" at Christmas\n time.","Writing from the company's winter quarters near\n the battlefield of First Manassas, John Booker\n describes his brother James' sickness, which has left\n him weak and without an appetite. Other soldiers,\n including Nathaniel Robertson and Neal Gilbert, have\n struggled with illness; one, Josiah Burnett, has\n died. Booker ends his letter by expressing his\n pleasure at having received his cousin Unity's letter\n and apologizing that his brother James was unable to\n write.","James Booker explains why he has been so long in\n answering Unity's latest letters, stating that he has\n been in hospital, too ill to write. He had hoped to\n come home on furlough, but has been separated from\n his regiment and could not obtain leave. He asks that\n Unity write to him with the location of his regiment.\n He also complains about the quality of the food and\n mentions seeing many acquaintances on their way to\n the front. He closes by asking his cousin to direct\n her replies to Greaner's Hospital, care of Surgeon R.\n G. Banks.","James Booker writes to inform his cousin of the\n location of his regiment. He indicates that they have\n been shot at but infrequently hit. He mentions that a\n man named Tucker, who was wounded in the chin, was\n the only man from his regiment (he was attached to\n Captain Carter's Company F) to have been shot. He\n also notes that many men, mainly Yankees, were killed\n at last Wednesday's battle and that this evening the\n Yankees flew a truce flag in order to safely bury\n their dead. He feels that, because the best of both\n armies are here, the war will be settled here. He\n closes by asking that Unity write soon, and direct\n her letters to him at Yorktown. He also asks her to\n notify \"sister Mary\" that Pickney has not yet\n arrived.","John Booker describes a new posting and notes\n that, since leaving the Orange Court House, the\n troops are living without tents. They stay in the\n entrenchments every other day and night, and are\n under constant bombardment by the Yankees. He\n mentions that there is a good deal of sickness and\n many are being wounded. Also, he notes that they have\n elected officers for the next two years. John closes\n by asking Unity to direct her letter to him at\n Yorktown.","James begins by apologizing for the tardiness of\n his letter: he explains that he has been ill. He then\n discusses the practice of substitution (arranging for\n a replacement in the army), concluding that it is\n having a bad effect on the Confederate Army. He also\n discusses his work assignment and his health. In a\n separate letter on the same paper, John tells his\n cousin about his cold and sore throat. He also states\n that there is currently no fighting, but he can hear\n the Yankees firing cannonade \"down on the river.\"","James Booker writes that he and his brother John\n are in good health. They have been marching hard but\n usually have not gotten enough to eat. Booker reports\n that the general feeling in the camp is that peace\n will come soon. Four sick conscripts have arrived\n (and are named). James complains of having to march\n in wet clothing after crossing bridge-less streams.\n He also notes that the sick and wounded have been\n ordered from Winchester to Staunton and thinks that\n everyone else will be going to Richmond soon. James\n looks forward to going there since he has not heard\n from home since leaving Richmond. He greets other\n family members and mentions that John will write\n soon.","Claiming that he would be able to \"stand\" being a\n soldier if he received enough to eat, James Booker\n notes that recently the supply of food has been\n adequate, but that the men have not gotten enough\n salt. James Booker notes the illnesses of two men in\n camp, Bage Pritchett and John Hundley. He compares\n the entrepreneurship of the Yankees with the more\n whimsical quality of the Quakers' mercantilism and\n notes the use of Confederate money and specie to buy\n provisions. He also describes a month-long religious\n revival meeting underway in camp.","After reporting that he and his brother John are\n well, James Booker writes that the company has been\n marching for the past four days and has finally\n arrived at its camp near Fredericksburg. Many Union\n soldiers are nearby, and he predicts that the Union\n troops will soon begin shelling the Confederates. He\n expects a \"hard\" battle to commence soon.","Writing on the Sabbath, James Booker tells his\n cousin that both he and his brother are well. The\n members of Company D marched for the past ten days,\n and they expect to march again the next day, since\n they are following the movements of the Union troops.\n A few days previously, the Union had surprised the\n Confederate cavalry, but the Confederates managed to\n drive their enemies across the river and take several\n hundred prisoners. Complaining that \"the Yankees is\n getting too mean to live,\" James Booker writes that\n they steal and destroy Southern property, such as\n meat, corn, and horses. He notes, \"I still live in\n hope of peace soon though I may not live to see it.\"\n He observes that at a \"very interesting\" camp meeting\n several men, including Captain Herndon, were\n converted.","James Booker reports that he and his brother John\n are well. He mentions that local residents seem\n fearful of the army and that General Robert E. Lee\n has ordered his troops to respect private property.\n He describes the flourishing condition of\n Pennsylvania farms, noting that this part of the\n country has not yet felt the effects of the war.\n James perceives disunity in the people's attitude\n toward the war, comments on the abolitionists'\n motives, and mentions that he is boarding at a\n private house for free in return for guarding the\n owner's property. He closes by asking that Unity\n write soon, for he the last letter he received was\n dated the 13th.","Writing a few days after Gettysburg, James Booker\n describes the heavy losses suffered by his division\n during Pickett's Charge; most of the regiment's\n officers and many of the enlisted men were killed,\n wounded, or captured during the assault. James and\n John Booker escaped harm, though they were nearly\n taken prisoner by the Union forces. His division has\n been assigned to escort 5000-6000 Union prisoners to\n the South. He reports hearing daily of small battles\n and expects another major battle imminently, although\n he does not expect his division to be involved\n because it is on guard in Williamsport, a city where\n most of the citizens appear to favor the North.","John Booker writes that he is happy that Chloe\n enjoyed the revival meeting at Hermon (perhaps the\n Mount Hermon Baptist Church near Danville), then\n notes that there is \"good preaching\" at the camp. He\n contends that \"the prosspect for peece is very gloomy\n now,\" given that both sides are preparing for war\n with more intensity than ever. He reports that,\n despite rumors, Pickett's division will remain in\n Virginia. The troops are elated at this news, even\n though they have little more to do than guard camp\n and drill three times a day. In a postscript, James\n Booker asks Chloe Unity Blair to send his letter to\n his sister soon.","Apparently upset that he did not receive a\n furlough, James Booker wishes for the warmth and\n comforts of home, writing, \"there is none of them\n that knows how to appreciate a blessing until they\n are deprived of it.\" Still, he admits, in wartime he\n should find satisfaction simply in having enough to\n eat and enjoying good health; but he cannot be\n satisfied when speculators sell food to women and\n children at inflated prices. He observes that the\n married soldiers have sent for their wives and were\n boarding them at the homes of local citizens. He\n observes that General Corse's Brigade had been at the\n camp near Petersburg, but that they were sent to\n Tennessee. He also mentions writing to his sister\n Mary, telling her that he did not need clothing, as\n he received the box that \"you all\" sent him. The\n letter closes with a one-page postscript stating that\n John made a potato pie, and Cousin Tom ate with the\n two of them. He sends his regards to Cousin Pollie\n Ann and mentions that Cousin William Blair and Luther\n are stationed nearby but will be leaving for\n Chatanooga, Tennessee, within the next two days. He\n closes asking for Unity to return his \"soldier\n likeness\" to him so he can exchange it for a new\n one.","After observing that letters from home bring him\n great pleasure, John Booker chastises his cousin for\n not writing sooner. He notes that \"Flem\" Gregory has\n been ill, but is recuperating. Then he launches into\n a complaint that energizes the letter: Captain John\n Herndon is too \"lazy\" to grant the soldiers in his\n company furloughs, even though it is Christmas time,\n and even though the men are not doing anything, not\n even picket duty. So discontented are the soldiers\n that many say they will not re-enlist. John Booker\n claims that he opposes desertion, but that the\n wealthier men who paid substitutes to serve in the\n army should have to join, while veteran soldiers\n should receive furloughs. Angered at the inequality,\n John exclaims, \"this is a rich mans war an a poor\n mans fight.\" He ends his letter by observing that\n Memory Inman, another member of the D Company, is\n heading home to get married.","Booker reports that although his regiment had\n begun to march to meet the Yankees in battle, the\n Union had attacked --and been defeated by --another\n group of Confederate soldiers thirty-five miles away.\n He reports that the winter has been fairly pleasant\n and that food is cheap and plentiful. Despite such\n abundance, he notes, soldiers have been stealing food\n from local residents. He mentions a serious theft of\n $18,000 from the Quarter Master; soldiers are\n suspected of the deed. James expresses concern over\n General Barton's attitude towards the Regiment.\n (Barton has said his men come from \"rags and\n thieves.\") James complains that after three years of\n service he has still not received a furlough. He\n closes the letter with a stanza from \"Amazing\n Grace.\"","John Booker describes the attempt by Virginia\n Governor William \"Extra Billy\" Smith and Colonel\n [Joseph Robert] Cabell to make the men of the 38th\n Regiment re-enlist. He deplores the strategies they\n used: calling the men to stand before the \"Colors,\"\n declaring that any man who wanted to be a slave to\n the enemy should not re-enlist. John fears that his\n leaders want to continue to fight at all costs,\n rather than press for peace; and as long as men\n re-enlist the war will go on. John also expresses his\n dissatisfaction with the administration of the\n Regiment: only the men who re-enlist are granted\n furloughs, and John has still not received the\n furlough owed to him in 1862. He mentions that the\n two new recrutes to Company D are receiving their\n furloughs ahead of him. Changing the subject, John\n writes of nearby Union activity and says that they\n have been expecting a raid. Finally, he writes of\n Memory Inman's court martial and Captain John\n Herndon's marriage. He closes the letter by\n apologizing for its angry tone, writing, \"I have bin\n mad all day.\"","James Booker informs his cousin of his and his\n brother's good health. He discusses the treatment of\n prisoners of war, the unavailability of certain types\n of foodstuffs and the deprivations of civilians due\n to the war. He further comments on the weather and\n his coming duty in the field. He laments the lack of\n correspondence from home and closes his\n correspondence with salutations and wishes for his\n family's good health He apologizes for his poor\n writing, attributing it to having to finish the\n letter by firelight.","James Booker replies to Unity's letters of the\n 17th and 24th. He mentions that his company has been\n fishing about 20 miles away and that the Yankees are\n getting closer and are expected to drive the men out\n of the fishery. He states that the Yankees are\n believed to be heading for Richmond. James hopes that\n \"this cruel war\" may end soon and \"in our favor.\" He\n closes with a quotation from \n 1 John . The postscript,\n written on April 30th, states that the rumor that the\n Yankees are coming may be false.","See the \n \n University of Virginia Library’s use policy.","","University of Virginia. Library. Special\n Collections Dept.","Company D, 38th Virginia Regiment, Infantry (also\n known as \"the Whitmell Guards\").","Chimborazo Hospital","John Booker (1797-1859)","Nancy Blair Reynolds Booker\n (1796-1859)","Martha Ann Fulton (?-1923)","John Booker (1840-1864)","James Booker (1840-1923)","Chloe Unity Blair (1839-1875)","English"],"unitid_tesim":["11237"],"normalized_title_ssm":["James and John Booker Collection \n 1861-1864"],"collection_title_tesim":["James and John Booker Collection \n 1861-1864"],"collection_ssim":["James and John Booker Collection \n 1861-1864"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"creator_ssm":[""],"creator_ssim":[""],"acqinfo_ssim":["This collection was given to the University of Virginia\n Library on May 20, 1996, by Mrs. Mary H. Payne, Danville,\n Virginia, through P. L. Anderson, Jr., Danville,\n Virginia."],"has_online_content_ssim":["true"],"physdesc_tesim":["26 items"],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThere are no restrictions.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access Restrictions"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["There are no restrictions."],"bibliography_html_tesm":["\u003cbibliography\u003e\n \u003chead\u003ePrint Sources\u003c/head\u003e\n \u003cbibref\u003e\n \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eEncyclopedia of the\n Confederacy\u003c/emph\u003e. Richard N. Current, Ed. NY: Simon \u0026amp;\n Schuster, 1993.\u003c/bibref\u003e\n \u003cbibref\u003eGregory, G. Howard. \n \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003e38th Virginia Infantry\u003c/emph\u003e.\n Lynchburg, VA: H.E. Howard, Inc., 1988. (part of \n \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eThe Virginia Regimental Histories\n Series\u003c/emph\u003e)\u003c/bibref\u003e\n \u003cbibref\u003eHewett, Janet B., ed. \n \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eRoster of Confederate Soldiers\n 1861-1865\u003c/emph\u003e. Vol 8. Wilmington NC: Broadfoot\n Publishing Company, 1996.\u003c/bibref\u003e\n \u003cbibref\u003eSublett, Charles W. \n \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003e57th Virginia Infantry\u003c/emph\u003e.\n Lynchburg, VA: H.E. Howard, Inc., 1985. (part of The\n Virginia Regimental Histories Series)\u003c/bibref\u003e\n \u003c/bibliography\u003e","\u003cbibref\u003e\n \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eEncyclopedia of the\n Confederacy\u003c/emph\u003e. Richard N. Current, Ed. NY: Simon \u0026amp;\n Schuster, 1993.\u003c/bibref\u003e","\u003cbibref\u003eGregory, G. Howard. \n \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003e38th Virginia Infantry\u003c/emph\u003e.\n Lynchburg, VA: H.E. Howard, Inc., 1988. (part of \n \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eThe Virginia Regimental Histories\n Series\u003c/emph\u003e)\u003c/bibref\u003e","\u003cbibref\u003eHewett, Janet B., ed. \n \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eRoster of Confederate Soldiers\n 1861-1865\u003c/emph\u003e. Vol 8. Wilmington NC: Broadfoot\n Publishing Company, 1996.\u003c/bibref\u003e","\u003cbibref\u003eSublett, Charles W. \n \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003e57th Virginia Infantry\u003c/emph\u003e.\n Lynchburg, VA: H.E. Howard, Inc., 1985. (part of The\n Virginia Regimental Histories Series)\u003c/bibref\u003e","\u003cbibliography\u003e\n \u003chead\u003eElectronic Sources\u003c/head\u003e\n \u003cbibref\u003eAustin, Gayle. \"Pittsylvania Co. VA Homepage.\" 1997. \n \u003cextref type=\"simple\" href=\"http://www.rootsweb.com/~vapittsy/\"\u003e\n http://www.rootsweb.com/~vapittsy/\u003c/extref\u003e(9 September,\n 1997).\u003c/bibref\u003e\n \u003cbibref\u003e\"Southside on the Net, Directory of Churches and\n Religious Organizations.\" 1997. \n \u003cextref type=\"simple\" href=\"http://www.petersburg.com/c/c1.htm\"\u003e\n http://www.petersburg.com/c/c1.htm\u003c/extref\u003e(9 September\n 1997).\u003c/bibref\u003e\n \u003cbibref\u003eWebb, Kerry. \"U.S. Civil War Generals.\" 1997. \n \u003cextref type=\"simple\" href=\"http://funnelweb.utcc.utk.edu/~hoemann/generals.html\"\u003e\n http://funnelweb.utcc.utk.edu/~hoemann/generals.html\u003c/extref\u003e(28\n August 1997).\u003c/bibref\u003e\n \u003c/bibliography\u003e","\u003cbibref\u003eAustin, Gayle. \"Pittsylvania Co. VA Homepage.\" 1997. \n \u003cextref type=\"simple\" href=\"http://www.rootsweb.com/~vapittsy/\"\u003e\n http://www.rootsweb.com/~vapittsy/\u003c/extref\u003e(9 September,\n 1997).\u003c/bibref\u003e","\u003cbibref\u003e\"Southside on the Net, Directory of Churches and\n Religious Organizations.\" 1997. \n \u003cextref type=\"simple\" href=\"http://www.petersburg.com/c/c1.htm\"\u003e\n http://www.petersburg.com/c/c1.htm\u003c/extref\u003e(9 September\n 1997).\u003c/bibref\u003e","\u003cbibref\u003eWebb, Kerry. \"U.S. Civil War Generals.\" 1997. \n \u003cextref type=\"simple\" href=\"http://funnelweb.utcc.utk.edu/~hoemann/generals.html\"\u003e\n http://funnelweb.utcc.utk.edu/~hoemann/generals.html\u003c/extref\u003e(28\n August 1997).\u003c/bibref\u003e","\u003cbibliography\u003e\n \u003chead\u003eOther Civil War Sites on the World\n Wide Web\u003c/head\u003e\n \u003cbibref\u003eIndex of Civil War Information on the Web \n \u003cextref type=\"simple\" href=\"http://www.cwc.lsu.edu/civlink.htm\"\u003e\n http://www.cwc.lsu.edu/civlink.htm\u003c/extref\u003e\n \u003c/bibref\u003e\n \u003cbibref\u003eCivil War Miscellany \n \u003cextref type=\"simple\" href=\"http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Forum/6806/\"\u003e\n http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Forum/6806/\u003c/extref\u003e\n \u003c/bibref\u003e\n \u003cbibref\u003ePickett's Division \n \u003cextref type=\"simple\" href=\"http://home.ptd.net/~jeff1863/pickett.html\"\u003e\n http://home.ptd.net/~jeff1863/pickett.html\u003c/extref\u003e\n \u003c/bibref\u003e\n \u003cbibref\u003eWar Links \n \u003cextref type=\"simple\" href=\"http://members.aol.com/histcw/civil.html/\"\u003e\n http://members.aol.com/histcw/civil.html/\u003c/extref\u003e\n \u003c/bibref\u003e\n \u003c/bibliography\u003e","\u003cbibref\u003eIndex of Civil War Information on the Web \n \u003cextref type=\"simple\" href=\"http://www.cwc.lsu.edu/civlink.htm\"\u003e\n http://www.cwc.lsu.edu/civlink.htm\u003c/extref\u003e\n \u003c/bibref\u003e","\u003cbibref\u003eCivil War Miscellany \n \u003cextref type=\"simple\" href=\"http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Forum/6806/\"\u003e\n http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Forum/6806/\u003c/extref\u003e\n \u003c/bibref\u003e","\u003cbibref\u003ePickett's Division \n \u003cextref type=\"simple\" href=\"http://home.ptd.net/~jeff1863/pickett.html\"\u003e\n http://home.ptd.net/~jeff1863/pickett.html\u003c/extref\u003e\n \u003c/bibref\u003e","\u003cbibref\u003eWar Links \n \u003cextref type=\"simple\" href=\"http://members.aol.com/histcw/civil.html/\"\u003e\n http://members.aol.com/histcw/civil.html/\u003c/extref\u003e\n \u003c/bibref\u003e"],"bibliography_heading_ssm":["Bibliography","Print Sources","Electronic Sources","Other Civil War Sites on the World\n Wide Web"],"bibliography_tesim":["Print Sources Encyclopedia of the\n Confederacy . Richard N. Current, Ed. NY: Simon \u0026\n Schuster, 1993. Gregory, G. Howard. \n 38th Virginia Infantry .\n Lynchburg, VA: H.E. Howard, Inc., 1988. (part of \n The Virginia Regimental Histories\n Series ) Hewett, Janet B., ed. \n Roster of Confederate Soldiers\n 1861-1865 . Vol 8. Wilmington NC: Broadfoot\n Publishing Company, 1996. Sublett, Charles W. \n 57th Virginia Infantry .\n Lynchburg, VA: H.E. Howard, Inc., 1985. (part of The\n Virginia Regimental Histories Series)","Encyclopedia of the\n Confederacy . Richard N. Current, Ed. NY: Simon \u0026\n Schuster, 1993.","Gregory, G. Howard. \n 38th Virginia Infantry .\n Lynchburg, VA: H.E. Howard, Inc., 1988. (part of \n The Virginia Regimental Histories\n Series )","Hewett, Janet B., ed. \n Roster of Confederate Soldiers\n 1861-1865 . Vol 8. Wilmington NC: Broadfoot\n Publishing Company, 1996.","Sublett, Charles W. \n 57th Virginia Infantry .\n Lynchburg, VA: H.E. Howard, Inc., 1985. (part of The\n Virginia Regimental Histories Series)","Electronic Sources Austin, Gayle. \"Pittsylvania Co. VA Homepage.\" 1997. \n \n http://www.rootsweb.com/~vapittsy/ (9 September,\n 1997). \"Southside on the Net, Directory of Churches and\n Religious Organizations.\" 1997. \n \n http://www.petersburg.com/c/c1.htm (9 September\n 1997). Webb, Kerry. \"U.S. Civil War Generals.\" 1997. \n \n http://funnelweb.utcc.utk.edu/~hoemann/generals.html (28\n August 1997).","Austin, Gayle. \"Pittsylvania Co. VA Homepage.\" 1997. \n \n http://www.rootsweb.com/~vapittsy/ (9 September,\n 1997).","\"Southside on the Net, Directory of Churches and\n Religious Organizations.\" 1997. \n \n http://www.petersburg.com/c/c1.htm (9 September\n 1997).","Webb, Kerry. \"U.S. Civil War Generals.\" 1997. \n \n http://funnelweb.utcc.utk.edu/~hoemann/generals.html (28\n August 1997).","Other Civil War Sites on the World\n Wide Web Index of Civil War Information on the Web \n \n http://www.cwc.lsu.edu/civlink.htm Civil War Miscellany \n \n http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Forum/6806/ Pickett's Division \n \n http://home.ptd.net/~jeff1863/pickett.html War Links \n \n http://members.aol.com/histcw/civil.html/","Index of Civil War Information on the Web \n \n http://www.cwc.lsu.edu/civlink.htm","Civil War Miscellany \n \n http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Forum/6806/","Pickett's Division \n \n http://home.ptd.net/~jeff1863/pickett.html","War Links \n \n http://members.aol.com/histcw/civil.html/"],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cbioghist\u003e\n \u003chead\u003eJames Booker and John Booker\u003c/head\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe twins, John and James, were born to \n \u003cpersname\u003eJohn Booker (1797-1859)\u003c/persname\u003eand \n \u003cpersname\u003eNancy Blair Reynolds Booker\n (1796-1859)\u003c/persname\u003eon October 10, 1840. Nancy and John\n had been married since November 15, 1824 and had four other\n children besides the twins: Mary Ann Booker Sparks\n (1825-1872), Armistead M. Booker (1827-1838), Caroline\n Booker (1833-1859) and William Booker (1836-1859).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNancy also had another child --Margaret Benson Reynolds\n (1815-1867) --from a previous marriage to William Reynolds\n (March 29, 1814) (Austin).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIn the first three months of 1859, typhoid fever struck\n the Booker family, killing Nancy, John Sr., Caroline and\n William. James and John were 19 years old. For the next two\n years, the twins stayed with relatives, including Aunt\n Kitty and Uncle John Blair, who later moved to Texas in\n 1860 (James Booker, September 6, 1861).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAt the age of 21, James and John enlisted in the\n Confederate Army, the 38th Regiment of Virginia, on May 24,\n 1861 in \n \u003cgeogname\u003eWhitmell, Virginia\u003c/geogname\u003e, in \n \u003ccorpname\u003eCompany D, 38th Virginia Regiment, Infantry (also\n known as \"the Whitmell Guards\").\u003c/corpname\u003eFor more\n information about the regiment see \n \u003cbibref\u003e\n \u003ctitle\u003e38th Virginia Infantry\u003c/title\u003eby G. Howard Gregory\n (E 581.5 38th .G73 1988)\u003c/bibref\u003e. The Booker brothers\n remained in service throughout the war, and were both\n promoted to Sergeant sometime before April, 1864 (Gregory,\n 82).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIn March of 1862, James was hospitalized in Richmond\n with chronic diarrhea, but returned to his company soon\n after. Both brothers were severely wounded at the \n \u003cgeogname\u003eBattle of Drewry's Bluff near Petersburg,\n Virginia\u003c/geogname\u003e, on May 16, 1864 and transferred to \n \u003ccorpname\u003eChimborazo Hospital\u003c/corpname\u003e. John received a\n chest wound and James was wounded in the right thigh. Only\n James, however, would survive. John died of his wound on\n August 26, 1864.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAfter the war, James returned to Pittsylvania County and\n on October 31, 1867, he married \n \u003cpersname\u003eMartha Ann Fulton (?-1923)\u003c/persname\u003e(nicknamed\n \"Pat\") of \n \u003cgeogname\u003ePittsylvania County\u003c/geogname\u003e, on October 31,\n 1867. She was one of the \"sweethearts\" mentioned in his\n letters. James and Pat Booker had seven children. They died\n within two months of each other in 1923. A typed page\n listing their children and mentioning her relatives can be\n found with the copies of the typescripts of the brothers'\n letters.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/bioghist\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe twins, John and James, were born to \n \u003cpersname\u003eJohn Booker (1797-1859)\u003c/persname\u003eand \n \u003cpersname\u003eNancy Blair Reynolds Booker\n (1796-1859)\u003c/persname\u003eon October 10, 1840. Nancy and John\n had been married since November 15, 1824 and had four other\n children besides the twins: Mary Ann Booker Sparks\n (1825-1872), Armistead M. Booker (1827-1838), Caroline\n Booker (1833-1859) and William Booker (1836-1859).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eNancy also had another child --Margaret Benson Reynolds\n (1815-1867) --from a previous marriage to William Reynolds\n (March 29, 1814) (Austin).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn the first three months of 1859, typhoid fever struck\n the Booker family, killing Nancy, John Sr., Caroline and\n William. James and John were 19 years old. For the next two\n years, the twins stayed with relatives, including Aunt\n Kitty and Uncle John Blair, who later moved to Texas in\n 1860 (James Booker, September 6, 1861).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAt the age of 21, James and John enlisted in the\n Confederate Army, the 38th Regiment of Virginia, on May 24,\n 1861 in \n \u003cgeogname\u003eWhitmell, Virginia\u003c/geogname\u003e, in \n \u003ccorpname\u003eCompany D, 38th Virginia Regiment, Infantry (also\n known as \"the Whitmell Guards\").\u003c/corpname\u003eFor more\n information about the regiment see \n \u003cbibref\u003e\n \u003ctitle\u003e38th Virginia Infantry\u003c/title\u003eby G. Howard Gregory\n (E 581.5 38th .G73 1988)\u003c/bibref\u003e. The Booker brothers\n remained in service throughout the war, and were both\n promoted to Sergeant sometime before April, 1864 (Gregory,\n 82).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn March of 1862, James was hospitalized in Richmond\n with chronic diarrhea, but returned to his company soon\n after. Both brothers were severely wounded at the \n \u003cgeogname\u003eBattle of Drewry's Bluff near Petersburg,\n Virginia\u003c/geogname\u003e, on May 16, 1864 and transferred to \n \u003ccorpname\u003eChimborazo Hospital\u003c/corpname\u003e. John received a\n chest wound and James was wounded in the right thigh. Only\n James, however, would survive. John died of his wound on\n August 26, 1864.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAfter the war, James returned to Pittsylvania County and\n on October 31, 1867, he married \n \u003cpersname\u003eMartha Ann Fulton (?-1923)\u003c/persname\u003e(nicknamed\n \"Pat\") of \n \u003cgeogname\u003ePittsylvania County\u003c/geogname\u003e, on October 31,\n 1867. She was one of the \"sweethearts\" mentioned in his\n letters. James and Pat Booker had seven children. They died\n within two months of each other in 1923. A typed page\n listing their children and mentioning her relatives can be\n found with the copies of the typescripts of the brothers'\n letters.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cbioghist\u003e\n \u003chead\u003eChloe Unity Blair\u003c/head\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChloe Unity Blair (1833-1875) was born to Chloe Coleman\n Blair (1801-1854) and Drury Blair (1801-1864). Her father\n was Nancy Booker's younger brother, making James and John\n her first cousins. Chloe Unity had several brothers and\n sisters, some of whom James and John mention in their\n letters: Polly Ann, William, and Drury Addison \"Addie\"\n Blair, who briefly served in the 38th Regiment with the\n Bookers.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUnfortunately, all of Chloe Unity's letters to her\n Booker cousins were either destroyed or are as yet\n undiscovered. From their responses, however, we can see\n that both John and James greatly appreciated her letters.\n They depended upon her for news of the family and they\n often asked her to \"remember\" them to different family\n members. The Bookers also periodically asked their cousin\n to have their sister Mary forward certain items such as\n clothing or James' \"soldier likeness\" (October 4, 1863).\n Chloe Unity would send them gifts and provisions as well,\n prompting James to write, \"I am under many obligations to\n you all for send ing us such a fine box it was a great\n treat to us,\" (October 4, 1863). James and John are always\n polite and solicitous in tone to their cousin, and yet the\n letters also convey warmth and friendship: having lost\n their parents and two siblings just before the war, John\n and James may have been especially close to \"cousin Unity,\"\n who along with their sister Mary may have served as a kind\n of surrogate mother.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIndeed, when John married Martha Ann Fulton in October\n of 1867, he became Chloe's step-son-in-law, since Chloe had\n married Martha's father William Fulton (1821-18?) just a\n few months before. It is easy to imagine that the two\n cousins were pleased by this relationship, as their\n respective marriages unified and tightened the Booker and\n Blair families which had suffered so many losses during the\n war years.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/bioghist\u003e","\u003cp\u003eChloe Unity Blair (1833-1875) was born to Chloe Coleman\n Blair (1801-1854) and Drury Blair (1801-1864). Her father\n was Nancy Booker's younger brother, making James and John\n her first cousins. Chloe Unity had several brothers and\n sisters, some of whom James and John mention in their\n letters: Polly Ann, William, and Drury Addison \"Addie\"\n Blair, who briefly served in the 38th Regiment with the\n Bookers.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eUnfortunately, all of Chloe Unity's letters to her\n Booker cousins were either destroyed or are as yet\n undiscovered. From their responses, however, we can see\n that both John and James greatly appreciated her letters.\n They depended upon her for news of the family and they\n often asked her to \"remember\" them to different family\n members. The Bookers also periodically asked their cousin\n to have their sister Mary forward certain items such as\n clothing or James' \"soldier likeness\" (October 4, 1863).\n Chloe Unity would send them gifts and provisions as well,\n prompting James to write, \"I am under many obligations to\n you all for send ing us such a fine box it was a great\n treat to us,\" (October 4, 1863). James and John are always\n polite and solicitous in tone to their cousin, and yet the\n letters also convey warmth and friendship: having lost\n their parents and two siblings just before the war, John\n and James may have been especially close to \"cousin Unity,\"\n who along with their sister Mary may have served as a kind\n of surrogate mother.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIndeed, when John married Martha Ann Fulton in October\n of 1867, he became Chloe's step-son-in-law, since Chloe had\n married Martha's father William Fulton (1821-18?) just a\n few months before. It is easy to imagine that the two\n cousins were pleased by this relationship, as their\n respective marriages unified and tightened the Booker and\n Blair families which had suffered so many losses during the\n war years.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cbioghist\u003e\n \u003chead\u003eThe 38th Virginia Infantry: A Brief History of the\n Regiment\u003c/head\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOn May 3, 1861, Governor John Letcher called for the men\n of Virginia to leave their families and occupations and\n join the Confederate Army. Soon after, the 38th Virginia\n Volunteer Infantry Regiment was formed, lead by Colonel\n Edward Edmonds, Lieutenant Colonel Powhatan Whittle and\n Major Isaac Carrington. During the course of the war, the\n 38th was assigned to several different brigades, including\n Smith's, Early's and Armistead's Brigade. There was also\n considerable turnover of officers, as some were wounded,\n killed, or not re-elected.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe 38th consisted of ten companies, most of which were\n organized in Pittsylvania County, VA. Company D, which the\n Bookers joined, was organized at Whitmell. Its initial\n leader was Captain Ralph Herndon.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\n \u003clist type=\"simple\"\u003e\n \u003chead\u003eEngagements and Assignments of the 38th\n Virginia Infantry\u003c/head\u003e\n \u003citem\u003eMay 5, 1862: The Battle of Williamsburg:\n Whittle is wounded.\u003c/item\u003e\n \u003citem\u003eMay 31, 1862: The Battle of Seven Pines: The\n 38th suffers a casualty rate of 42%.\u003c/item\u003e\n \u003citem\u003eJuly 1, 1862: The Battle of Malvern Hill: The\n 38th suffers severely with 11 killed, 72 wounded and\n 11 missing.\u003c/item\u003e\n \u003citem\u003eSeptember 15, 1862: The 38th takes part in\n capturing Harper's Ferry.\u003c/item\u003e\n \u003citem\u003eSeptember 16, 1862: The 38th joins the Battle\n of Sharpsburg.\u003c/item\u003e\n \u003citem\u003eJuly 3, 1863: The 38th is part of Pickett's\n Charge at the Battle of Gettysburg; Colonel Edmonds\n is killed; of the 481 members of the 38th who\n participated in the battle, \"40 were killed on the\n battlefield (8%); 51 were wounded (10%); and 103 were\n captured (21%)\" (Gregory 43).\u003c/item\u003e\n \u003citem\u003eMay 10, 1864: The Battle of Chester Station;\n Colonel Cabell is killed; Lieutenant Colonel Griggs\n is promoted to Colonel of the 38th.\u003c/item\u003e\n \u003citem\u003eMay 16, 1864: The Battle of Drewry's Bluff;\n from the 38th, 23 killed and 77 wounded.\u003c/item\u003e\n \u003citem\u003eSeptember 3, 1864: Brigadier General George\n Steuart assumes command of Armistead's Brigade.\n Desertions are frequent.\u003c/item\u003e\n \u003citem\u003eNovember 17, 1864: The 38th captures the Union\n line near Petersburg.\u003c/item\u003e\n \u003citem\u003eApril 1, 1865: The Battle of Five Forks.\u003c/item\u003e\n \u003citem\u003eApril 6, 1865: The Battle of Sayler's\n Creek--the 38th's final battle.\u003c/item\u003e\n \u003citem\u003eApril 9, 1865: Lee surrenders at Appomattox\n Court House; the 38th is nearby at \"Pleasant\n Retreat,\" two miles east of the court house.\u003c/item\u003e\n \u003citem\u003eApril 13, 1865: The 38th breaks camp and heads\n home.\u003c/item\u003e\n \u003c/list\u003e\n \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/bioghist\u003e","\u003cp\u003eOn May 3, 1861, Governor John Letcher called for the men\n of Virginia to leave their families and occupations and\n join the Confederate Army. Soon after, the 38th Virginia\n Volunteer Infantry Regiment was formed, lead by Colonel\n Edward Edmonds, Lieutenant Colonel Powhatan Whittle and\n Major Isaac Carrington. During the course of the war, the\n 38th was assigned to several different brigades, including\n Smith's, Early's and Armistead's Brigade. There was also\n considerable turnover of officers, as some were wounded,\n killed, or not re-elected.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe 38th consisted of ten companies, most of which were\n organized in Pittsylvania County, VA. Company D, which the\n Bookers joined, was organized at Whitmell. Its initial\n leader was Captain Ralph Herndon.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\n \u003clist type=\"simple\"\u003e\n \u003chead\u003eEngagements and Assignments of the 38th\n Virginia Infantry\u003c/head\u003e\n \u003citem\u003eMay 5, 1862: The Battle of Williamsburg:\n Whittle is wounded.\u003c/item\u003e\n \u003citem\u003eMay 31, 1862: The Battle of Seven Pines: The\n 38th suffers a casualty rate of 42%.\u003c/item\u003e\n \u003citem\u003eJuly 1, 1862: The Battle of Malvern Hill: The\n 38th suffers severely with 11 killed, 72 wounded and\n 11 missing.\u003c/item\u003e\n \u003citem\u003eSeptember 15, 1862: The 38th takes part in\n capturing Harper's Ferry.\u003c/item\u003e\n \u003citem\u003eSeptember 16, 1862: The 38th joins the Battle\n of Sharpsburg.\u003c/item\u003e\n \u003citem\u003eJuly 3, 1863: The 38th is part of Pickett's\n Charge at the Battle of Gettysburg; Colonel Edmonds\n is killed; of the 481 members of the 38th who\n participated in the battle, \"40 were killed on the\n battlefield (8%); 51 were wounded (10%); and 103 were\n captured (21%)\" (Gregory 43).\u003c/item\u003e\n \u003citem\u003eMay 10, 1864: The Battle of Chester Station;\n Colonel Cabell is killed; Lieutenant Colonel Griggs\n is promoted to Colonel of the 38th.\u003c/item\u003e\n \u003citem\u003eMay 16, 1864: The Battle of Drewry's Bluff;\n from the 38th, 23 killed and 77 wounded.\u003c/item\u003e\n \u003citem\u003eSeptember 3, 1864: Brigadier General George\n Steuart assumes command of Armistead's Brigade.\n Desertions are frequent.\u003c/item\u003e\n \u003citem\u003eNovember 17, 1864: The 38th captures the Union\n line near Petersburg.\u003c/item\u003e\n \u003citem\u003eApril 1, 1865: The Battle of Five Forks.\u003c/item\u003e\n \u003citem\u003eApril 6, 1865: The Battle of Sayler's\n Creek--the 38th's final battle.\u003c/item\u003e\n \u003citem\u003eApril 9, 1865: Lee surrenders at Appomattox\n Court House; the 38th is nearby at \"Pleasant\n Retreat,\" two miles east of the court house.\u003c/item\u003e\n \u003citem\u003eApril 13, 1865: The 38th breaks camp and heads\n home.\u003c/item\u003e\n \u003c/list\u003e\n \u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical/Historical Information","James Booker and John Booker","Chloe Unity Blair","The 38th Virginia Infantry: A Brief History of the\n Regiment"],"bioghist_tesim":["James Booker and John Booker The twins, John and James, were born to \n John Booker (1797-1859) and \n Nancy Blair Reynolds Booker\n (1796-1859) on October 10, 1840. Nancy and John\n had been married since November 15, 1824 and had four other\n children besides the twins: Mary Ann Booker Sparks\n (1825-1872), Armistead M. Booker (1827-1838), Caroline\n Booker (1833-1859) and William Booker (1836-1859). Nancy also had another child --Margaret Benson Reynolds\n (1815-1867) --from a previous marriage to William Reynolds\n (March 29, 1814) (Austin). In the first three months of 1859, typhoid fever struck\n the Booker family, killing Nancy, John Sr., Caroline and\n William. James and John were 19 years old. For the next two\n years, the twins stayed with relatives, including Aunt\n Kitty and Uncle John Blair, who later moved to Texas in\n 1860 (James Booker, September 6, 1861). At the age of 21, James and John enlisted in the\n Confederate Army, the 38th Regiment of Virginia, on May 24,\n 1861 in \n Whitmell, Virginia , in \n Company D, 38th Virginia Regiment, Infantry (also\n known as \"the Whitmell Guards\"). For more\n information about the regiment see \n 38th Virginia Infantry by G. Howard Gregory\n (E 581.5 38th .G73 1988) . The Booker brothers\n remained in service throughout the war, and were both\n promoted to Sergeant sometime before April, 1864 (Gregory,\n 82). In March of 1862, James was hospitalized in Richmond\n with chronic diarrhea, but returned to his company soon\n after. Both brothers were severely wounded at the \n Battle of Drewry's Bluff near Petersburg,\n Virginia , on May 16, 1864 and transferred to \n Chimborazo Hospital . John received a\n chest wound and James was wounded in the right thigh. Only\n James, however, would survive. John died of his wound on\n August 26, 1864. After the war, James returned to Pittsylvania County and\n on October 31, 1867, he married \n Martha Ann Fulton (?-1923) (nicknamed\n \"Pat\") of \n Pittsylvania County , on October 31,\n 1867. She was one of the \"sweethearts\" mentioned in his\n letters. James and Pat Booker had seven children. They died\n within two months of each other in 1923. A typed page\n listing their children and mentioning her relatives can be\n found with the copies of the typescripts of the brothers'\n letters.","The twins, John and James, were born to \n John Booker (1797-1859) and \n Nancy Blair Reynolds Booker\n (1796-1859) on October 10, 1840. Nancy and John\n had been married since November 15, 1824 and had four other\n children besides the twins: Mary Ann Booker Sparks\n (1825-1872), Armistead M. Booker (1827-1838), Caroline\n Booker (1833-1859) and William Booker (1836-1859).","Nancy also had another child --Margaret Benson Reynolds\n (1815-1867) --from a previous marriage to William Reynolds\n (March 29, 1814) (Austin).","In the first three months of 1859, typhoid fever struck\n the Booker family, killing Nancy, John Sr., Caroline and\n William. James and John were 19 years old. For the next two\n years, the twins stayed with relatives, including Aunt\n Kitty and Uncle John Blair, who later moved to Texas in\n 1860 (James Booker, September 6, 1861).","At the age of 21, James and John enlisted in the\n Confederate Army, the 38th Regiment of Virginia, on May 24,\n 1861 in \n Whitmell, Virginia , in \n Company D, 38th Virginia Regiment, Infantry (also\n known as \"the Whitmell Guards\"). For more\n information about the regiment see \n 38th Virginia Infantry by G. Howard Gregory\n (E 581.5 38th .G73 1988) . The Booker brothers\n remained in service throughout the war, and were both\n promoted to Sergeant sometime before April, 1864 (Gregory,\n 82).","In March of 1862, James was hospitalized in Richmond\n with chronic diarrhea, but returned to his company soon\n after. Both brothers were severely wounded at the \n Battle of Drewry's Bluff near Petersburg,\n Virginia , on May 16, 1864 and transferred to \n Chimborazo Hospital . John received a\n chest wound and James was wounded in the right thigh. Only\n James, however, would survive. John died of his wound on\n August 26, 1864.","After the war, James returned to Pittsylvania County and\n on October 31, 1867, he married \n Martha Ann Fulton (?-1923) (nicknamed\n \"Pat\") of \n Pittsylvania County , on October 31,\n 1867. She was one of the \"sweethearts\" mentioned in his\n letters. James and Pat Booker had seven children. They died\n within two months of each other in 1923. A typed page\n listing their children and mentioning her relatives can be\n found with the copies of the typescripts of the brothers'\n letters.","Chloe Unity Blair Chloe Unity Blair (1833-1875) was born to Chloe Coleman\n Blair (1801-1854) and Drury Blair (1801-1864). Her father\n was Nancy Booker's younger brother, making James and John\n her first cousins. Chloe Unity had several brothers and\n sisters, some of whom James and John mention in their\n letters: Polly Ann, William, and Drury Addison \"Addie\"\n Blair, who briefly served in the 38th Regiment with the\n Bookers. Unfortunately, all of Chloe Unity's letters to her\n Booker cousins were either destroyed or are as yet\n undiscovered. From their responses, however, we can see\n that both John and James greatly appreciated her letters.\n They depended upon her for news of the family and they\n often asked her to \"remember\" them to different family\n members. The Bookers also periodically asked their cousin\n to have their sister Mary forward certain items such as\n clothing or James' \"soldier likeness\" (October 4, 1863).\n Chloe Unity would send them gifts and provisions as well,\n prompting James to write, \"I am under many obligations to\n you all for send ing us such a fine box it was a great\n treat to us,\" (October 4, 1863). James and John are always\n polite and solicitous in tone to their cousin, and yet the\n letters also convey warmth and friendship: having lost\n their parents and two siblings just before the war, John\n and James may have been especially close to \"cousin Unity,\"\n who along with their sister Mary may have served as a kind\n of surrogate mother. Indeed, when John married Martha Ann Fulton in October\n of 1867, he became Chloe's step-son-in-law, since Chloe had\n married Martha's father William Fulton (1821-18?) just a\n few months before. It is easy to imagine that the two\n cousins were pleased by this relationship, as their\n respective marriages unified and tightened the Booker and\n Blair families which had suffered so many losses during the\n war years.","Chloe Unity Blair (1833-1875) was born to Chloe Coleman\n Blair (1801-1854) and Drury Blair (1801-1864). Her father\n was Nancy Booker's younger brother, making James and John\n her first cousins. Chloe Unity had several brothers and\n sisters, some of whom James and John mention in their\n letters: Polly Ann, William, and Drury Addison \"Addie\"\n Blair, who briefly served in the 38th Regiment with the\n Bookers.","Unfortunately, all of Chloe Unity's letters to her\n Booker cousins were either destroyed or are as yet\n undiscovered. From their responses, however, we can see\n that both John and James greatly appreciated her letters.\n They depended upon her for news of the family and they\n often asked her to \"remember\" them to different family\n members. The Bookers also periodically asked their cousin\n to have their sister Mary forward certain items such as\n clothing or James' \"soldier likeness\" (October 4, 1863).\n Chloe Unity would send them gifts and provisions as well,\n prompting James to write, \"I am under many obligations to\n you all for send ing us such a fine box it was a great\n treat to us,\" (October 4, 1863). James and John are always\n polite and solicitous in tone to their cousin, and yet the\n letters also convey warmth and friendship: having lost\n their parents and two siblings just before the war, John\n and James may have been especially close to \"cousin Unity,\"\n who along with their sister Mary may have served as a kind\n of surrogate mother.","Indeed, when John married Martha Ann Fulton in October\n of 1867, he became Chloe's step-son-in-law, since Chloe had\n married Martha's father William Fulton (1821-18?) just a\n few months before. It is easy to imagine that the two\n cousins were pleased by this relationship, as their\n respective marriages unified and tightened the Booker and\n Blair families which had suffered so many losses during the\n war years.","The 38th Virginia Infantry: A Brief History of the\n Regiment On May 3, 1861, Governor John Letcher called for the men\n of Virginia to leave their families and occupations and\n join the Confederate Army. Soon after, the 38th Virginia\n Volunteer Infantry Regiment was formed, lead by Colonel\n Edward Edmonds, Lieutenant Colonel Powhatan Whittle and\n Major Isaac Carrington. During the course of the war, the\n 38th was assigned to several different brigades, including\n Smith's, Early's and Armistead's Brigade. There was also\n considerable turnover of officers, as some were wounded,\n killed, or not re-elected. The 38th consisted of ten companies, most of which were\n organized in Pittsylvania County, VA. Company D, which the\n Bookers joined, was organized at Whitmell. Its initial\n leader was Captain Ralph Herndon. Engagements and Assignments of the 38th\n Virginia Infantry May 5, 1862: The Battle of Williamsburg:\n Whittle is wounded. May 31, 1862: The Battle of Seven Pines: The\n 38th suffers a casualty rate of 42%. July 1, 1862: The Battle of Malvern Hill: The\n 38th suffers severely with 11 killed, 72 wounded and\n 11 missing. September 15, 1862: The 38th takes part in\n capturing Harper's Ferry. September 16, 1862: The 38th joins the Battle\n of Sharpsburg. July 3, 1863: The 38th is part of Pickett's\n Charge at the Battle of Gettysburg; Colonel Edmonds\n is killed; of the 481 members of the 38th who\n participated in the battle, \"40 were killed on the\n battlefield (8%); 51 were wounded (10%); and 103 were\n captured (21%)\" (Gregory 43). May 10, 1864: The Battle of Chester Station;\n Colonel Cabell is killed; Lieutenant Colonel Griggs\n is promoted to Colonel of the 38th. May 16, 1864: The Battle of Drewry's Bluff;\n from the 38th, 23 killed and 77 wounded. September 3, 1864: Brigadier General George\n Steuart assumes command of Armistead's Brigade.\n Desertions are frequent. November 17, 1864: The 38th captures the Union\n line near Petersburg. April 1, 1865: The Battle of Five Forks. April 6, 1865: The Battle of Sayler's\n Creek--the 38th's final battle. April 9, 1865: Lee surrenders at Appomattox\n Court House; the 38th is nearby at \"Pleasant\n Retreat,\" two miles east of the court house. April 13, 1865: The 38th breaks camp and heads\n home.","On May 3, 1861, Governor John Letcher called for the men\n of Virginia to leave their families and occupations and\n join the Confederate Army. Soon after, the 38th Virginia\n Volunteer Infantry Regiment was formed, lead by Colonel\n Edward Edmonds, Lieutenant Colonel Powhatan Whittle and\n Major Isaac Carrington. During the course of the war, the\n 38th was assigned to several different brigades, including\n Smith's, Early's and Armistead's Brigade. There was also\n considerable turnover of officers, as some were wounded,\n killed, or not re-elected.","The 38th consisted of ten companies, most of which were\n organized in Pittsylvania County, VA. Company D, which the\n Bookers joined, was organized at Whitmell. Its initial\n leader was Captain Ralph Herndon.","Engagements and Assignments of the 38th\n Virginia Infantry May 5, 1862: The Battle of Williamsburg:\n Whittle is wounded. May 31, 1862: The Battle of Seven Pines: The\n 38th suffers a casualty rate of 42%. July 1, 1862: The Battle of Malvern Hill: The\n 38th suffers severely with 11 killed, 72 wounded and\n 11 missing. September 15, 1862: The 38th takes part in\n capturing Harper's Ferry. September 16, 1862: The 38th joins the Battle\n of Sharpsburg. July 3, 1863: The 38th is part of Pickett's\n Charge at the Battle of Gettysburg; Colonel Edmonds\n is killed; of the 481 members of the 38th who\n participated in the battle, \"40 were killed on the\n battlefield (8%); 51 were wounded (10%); and 103 were\n captured (21%)\" (Gregory 43). May 10, 1864: The Battle of Chester Station;\n Colonel Cabell is killed; Lieutenant Colonel Griggs\n is promoted to Colonel of the 38th. May 16, 1864: The Battle of Drewry's Bluff;\n from the 38th, 23 killed and 77 wounded. September 3, 1864: Brigadier General George\n Steuart assumes command of Armistead's Brigade.\n Desertions are frequent. November 17, 1864: The 38th captures the Union\n line near Petersburg. April 1, 1865: The Battle of Five Forks. April 6, 1865: The Battle of Sayler's\n Creek--the 38th's final battle. April 9, 1865: Lee surrenders at Appomattox\n Court House; the 38th is nearby at \"Pleasant\n Retreat,\" two miles east of the court house. April 13, 1865: The 38th breaks camp and heads\n home."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eJames and John Booker\n Collection, Accession 11237, Special Collections Department, University of\n Virginia Library\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["James and John Booker\n Collection, Accession 11237, Special Collections Department, University of\n Virginia Library"],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eFunded in part by a grant from the National Endowment\n for the Humanities\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Funding Note"],"processinfo_tesim":["Funded in part by a grant from the National Endowment\n for the Humanities"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content Information","Scope and Content","Overview of Themes Discussed in the Letters","Preparing for Battle","Health","Food and Supplies","Interactions with Civilians","Morale","Religion"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Scope and Content This collection consists of ca. twenty-six items,\n 1861-1864, chiefly the letters of \n John Booker (1840-1864) and \n James Booker (1840-1923) of \n Pittsylvania County, Virginia, to their\n cousin, \n Chloe Unity Blair (1839-1875) ;\n electrostatic copies of Bible records for the Booker and\n Blair families; and electrostatic copies of typed\n transcripts of the letters. The original bound volume of\n the transcripts was returned to the donor.","This collection consists of ca. twenty-six items,\n 1861-1864, chiefly the letters of \n John Booker (1840-1864) and \n James Booker (1840-1923) of \n Pittsylvania County, Virginia, to their\n cousin, \n Chloe Unity Blair (1839-1875) ;\n electrostatic copies of Bible records for the Booker and\n Blair families; and electrostatic copies of typed\n transcripts of the letters. The original bound volume of\n the transcripts was returned to the donor.","Overview of Themes Discussed in the Letters The letters of James and John Booker give a sense of\n what life was like for an ordinary soldier serving in the\n Confederate army. Of course, the Bookers depict the drama\n of battle --describing gunfire and cannonades, listing the\n dead and wounded, and giving thanks for their own escapes\n from death or imprisonment--but the letters are more\n concerned with the rhythms of everyday life at camp. The\n Bookers worry over their health and their comrades'; enjoy\n the plenty or (more often) lament the lack of food and\n supplies; report on the interactions between civilians and\n soldiers; and describe religious revivals held at the camp.\n As the war goes on, the Bookers begin to articulate with\n more intensity not only what happens to them, but how they\n feel about it. Whereas John fumes against the elites\n (officers, politicians, and the wealthy) for evading their\n responsibilities and mistreating the common soldier, James\n grows more fatalistic and religious, trusting that his\n suffering is God's will.","The letters of James and John Booker give a sense of\n what life was like for an ordinary soldier serving in the\n Confederate army. Of course, the Bookers depict the drama\n of battle --describing gunfire and cannonades, listing the\n dead and wounded, and giving thanks for their own escapes\n from death or imprisonment--but the letters are more\n concerned with the rhythms of everyday life at camp. The\n Bookers worry over their health and their comrades'; enjoy\n the plenty or (more often) lament the lack of food and\n supplies; report on the interactions between civilians and\n soldiers; and describe religious revivals held at the camp.\n As the war goes on, the Bookers begin to articulate with\n more intensity not only what happens to them, but how they\n feel about it. Whereas John fumes against the elites\n (officers, politicians, and the wealthy) for evading their\n responsibilities and mistreating the common soldier, James\n grows more fatalistic and religious, trusting that his\n suffering is God's will.","Preparing for Battle The members of the 38th Virginia spent much of their\n time drilling, marching, serving picket duty, and\n speculating about when and where the next battle would be.\n Indeed, the Bookers seem to devote more energy to\n anticipating battles than to describing them (perhaps\n because they did not want to upset their cousin). They\n acquired much of the information that fueled their\n speculations from gossipping with citizens and other\n soldiers. In a letter from 1861, for instance, James Booker\n predicts that a \"hard battle\" will break out soon, basing\n his prediction on a conversation he had with a soldier\n whose company is located closer to the front (October 8).\n Sometimes more immediate experiences led the Bookers to\n forecast a battle, especially when they could see Union\n troops or hear cannonades and gunfire nearby. Writing from\n a rain-soaked outpost near Yorktown, Virginia in 1862, for\n instance, James reports that the Union forces have been\n \"shooting at our men constantly tho it is very cildom thay\n hit eny of them\" (April 19). He predicts that soon a battle\n will occur that will decide the war, since he has heard\n that Yankee prisoners \"say that thay have got to whip or\n die here\" (April 19, 1862). But in this prediction, as in\n others, James was disappointed. As the war dragged on, the\n Bookers stopped assuming that it would reach a speedy\n conclusion; indeed, by 1864 John came to the conclusion\n that the \"leaden men\" were not really interested in\n achieving peace (March 1, 1864). Although the Bookers participated in several battles and\n skirmishes, the most devastating battle for their regiment\n was Gettysburg (see the section on Regimental History for a\n complete list of the engagements that the 38th took part\n in). While participating in Pickett's Charge, the 38th\n Virginia lost Colonel Edmonds, whom James Booker describes\n as \"one of the best men in service,\" and many other\n officers and soldiers (July 11, 1863). The Booker brothers\n themselves had to scramble to avoid being captured by Union\n troops; several of their companions, however, \"let the\n Yankees take them\" (John Booker, July 11, 1863). Not only were the Bookers shocked by their experiences\n in battle, but by chilling events that upset camp routines.\n In the first weeks of the war, James Booker reports, a\n young man accidentally shot another soldier from his\n hometown and now is \"about to grieve himself to death about\n it\" (July 14, 1861). But James passes on an even more\n shocking story in a later letter: two soldiers were caught\n conspiring to kill their commanding officer and were\n executed. In an attempt to \"save their souls,\" the\n condemned soldiers \"gave the Roman Catholic Priest 25\n dollars apiece\" (December 15, 1861).","The members of the 38th Virginia spent much of their\n time drilling, marching, serving picket duty, and\n speculating about when and where the next battle would be.\n Indeed, the Bookers seem to devote more energy to\n anticipating battles than to describing them (perhaps\n because they did not want to upset their cousin). They\n acquired much of the information that fueled their\n speculations from gossipping with citizens and other\n soldiers. In a letter from 1861, for instance, James Booker\n predicts that a \"hard battle\" will break out soon, basing\n his prediction on a conversation he had with a soldier\n whose company is located closer to the front (October 8).\n Sometimes more immediate experiences led the Bookers to\n forecast a battle, especially when they could see Union\n troops or hear cannonades and gunfire nearby. Writing from\n a rain-soaked outpost near Yorktown, Virginia in 1862, for\n instance, James reports that the Union forces have been\n \"shooting at our men constantly tho it is very cildom thay\n hit eny of them\" (April 19). He predicts that soon a battle\n will occur that will decide the war, since he has heard\n that Yankee prisoners \"say that thay have got to whip or\n die here\" (April 19, 1862). But in this prediction, as in\n others, James was disappointed. As the war dragged on, the\n Bookers stopped assuming that it would reach a speedy\n conclusion; indeed, by 1864 John came to the conclusion\n that the \"leaden men\" were not really interested in\n achieving peace (March 1, 1864).","Although the Bookers participated in several battles and\n skirmishes, the most devastating battle for their regiment\n was Gettysburg (see the section on Regimental History for a\n complete list of the engagements that the 38th took part\n in). While participating in Pickett's Charge, the 38th\n Virginia lost Colonel Edmonds, whom James Booker describes\n as \"one of the best men in service,\" and many other\n officers and soldiers (July 11, 1863). The Booker brothers\n themselves had to scramble to avoid being captured by Union\n troops; several of their companions, however, \"let the\n Yankees take them\" (John Booker, July 11, 1863).","Not only were the Bookers shocked by their experiences\n in battle, but by chilling events that upset camp routines.\n In the first weeks of the war, James Booker reports, a\n young man accidentally shot another soldier from his\n hometown and now is \"about to grieve himself to death about\n it\" (July 14, 1861). But James passes on an even more\n shocking story in a later letter: two soldiers were caught\n conspiring to kill their commanding officer and were\n executed. In an attempt to \"save their souls,\" the\n condemned soldiers \"gave the Roman Catholic Priest 25\n dollars apiece\" (December 15, 1861).","Health More explainable than violence in the camps, but\n ultimately more destructive, was disease. Illness and\n disease killed two-thirds of the Southern soldiers who died\n during the Civil War, so not surprisingly the Bookers often\n detail the health problems that they and their fellow\n soldiers were suffering (Robertson 88-89). These ailments\n include jaundice, typhoid, stomach disorders, fever, and\n mumps. The Bookers imply that much of the illness is due to\n the conditions the soldiers must face; sometimes the\n soldiers lacked adequate shelter, at times they would have\n to wade rivers and then march miles wearing wet clothing,\n and often they lacked adequate provisions (John Booker,\n April 29, 1862). Although sick soldiers were typically sent\n to the hospital, the men also took care of each other. In\n the fall of 1861, James and John Booker, apparently just\n recovering from sickness themselves, were responsible for\n nursing three members of their company (James Booker,\n September 6). Several months later, James Booker fell sick\n with chronic diarrhea and was sent to Greaner's Hospital in\n Richmond to recuperate. While in the hospital, Booker was\n stuck in a Catch-22: he wanted to get a furlough so that he\n could recover his health at home, but he did not know where\n his company was, so he could not get the permission of his\n commanding officer to return to Pittsylvania. Eventually\n James re-joined his company, but he did not receive the\n furlough that he wished for.","More explainable than violence in the camps, but\n ultimately more destructive, was disease. Illness and\n disease killed two-thirds of the Southern soldiers who died\n during the Civil War, so not surprisingly the Bookers often\n detail the health problems that they and their fellow\n soldiers were suffering (Robertson 88-89). These ailments\n include jaundice, typhoid, stomach disorders, fever, and\n mumps. The Bookers imply that much of the illness is due to\n the conditions the soldiers must face; sometimes the\n soldiers lacked adequate shelter, at times they would have\n to wade rivers and then march miles wearing wet clothing,\n and often they lacked adequate provisions (John Booker,\n April 29, 1862). Although sick soldiers were typically sent\n to the hospital, the men also took care of each other. In\n the fall of 1861, James and John Booker, apparently just\n recovering from sickness themselves, were responsible for\n nursing three members of their company (James Booker,\n September 6). Several months later, James Booker fell sick\n with chronic diarrhea and was sent to Greaner's Hospital in\n Richmond to recuperate. While in the hospital, Booker was\n stuck in a Catch-22: he wanted to get a furlough so that he\n could recover his health at home, but he did not know where\n his company was, so he could not get the permission of his\n commanding officer to return to Pittsylvania. Eventually\n James re-joined his company, but he did not receive the\n furlough that he wished for.","Food and Supplies Although in his first letter James Booker claims that\n the soldiers get \"plenty of good pervision,\" the Bookers\n later complained that they often didn't get enough to eat\n (July 14, 1861). As James writes in 1862, \"the rations has\n bin very scanty a large portion of the time sence we have\n bin marching\" (September 30). But sometimes the 38th\n Virginia did enjoy plentiful supplies, particularly when\n they camped in locations where food was abundant. When the\n 38th Virginia arrived near Chambersburg, Pennsylvania, for\n instance, James Booker reported that \"we can get plenty of\n milk \u0026 butter and apple butter that is verry good\"\n (June 30, 1863). Often civilians would supply soldiers with\n food, whether because they feared or supported the\n troops.","Although in his first letter James Booker claims that\n the soldiers get \"plenty of good pervision,\" the Bookers\n later complained that they often didn't get enough to eat\n (July 14, 1861). As James writes in 1862, \"the rations has\n bin very scanty a large portion of the time sence we have\n bin marching\" (September 30). But sometimes the 38th\n Virginia did enjoy plentiful supplies, particularly when\n they camped in locations where food was abundant. When the\n 38th Virginia arrived near Chambersburg, Pennsylvania, for\n instance, James Booker reported that \"we can get plenty of\n milk \u0026 butter and apple butter that is verry good\"\n (June 30, 1863). Often civilians would supply soldiers with\n food, whether because they feared or supported the\n troops.","Interactions with Civilians Throughout the letters, the Bookers demonstrate their\n consciousness of the effect the war is having on the\n civilians. At the beginning of the war, James Booker\n describes the friendly exchanges between Southern soldiers\n and civilians, reporting gleefully from a camp near\n Winchester that the men have \"a fine chance of beautiful\n young Ladies, and the kindest that I ever saw\" (July 14,\n 1861). Besides providing moral support, Southern civilians\n would exchange information about the war with the\n Confederate troops (James Booker, November 24, 1862). Both\n Southern and Northern civilians would sell or give supplies\n to Confederate troops. Writing from Winchester, Virginia in\n 1862, James Booker even claims that he prefers Yankees to\n Quakers, since \"the Yankees will sell us eny thing cheap\n for the specia\" while \"the quakers will sell any thing thay\n have got when the spirit moves them, tho we cant catch them\n rite half our time\" (James Booker, October 17, 1862).\n Likewise, in Fredericksburg, Pennsylvania, the Yankee\n citizens treated the Confederate soldiers \"verry kind,\"\n providing them food without charging them for it, though\n James suggests that \"it is don through fear\" (June 30,\n 1863). While in Fredericksburg, James enjoyed a mutually\n supportive relationship with a local civilian, guarding his\n home in exchange for lodging. Although civilians and soldiers often cooperated with\n each other, the Bookers realized that the war was damaging\n the lives of those not directly involved in the fighting.\n In particular, James argues, citizens who live near the\n \"line of the enemy\" \"have great deal to see trouble about\"\n (June 14, 1863). Even those areas not yet scarred by the\n war would soon be, James predicts. As he says of\n Fredericksburg, Pennsylvania,\"this is a verry flourishing\n looking Country the crops all look fine. it has never felt\n the affect of the war, though I guess if we stay here long\n it will feel the affect of it\" (June 30, 1863). James\n especially blames Northern soldiers for looting the homes\n of Southern citizens, claiming that \"the yankees is geting\n too mean to live\" (June 14, 1863). But he admits that some\n Confederate soldiers likewise have stolen from citizens,\n disobeying General Lee's orders. Indeed, one woman stormed\n into the Confederate camp near Kinston, North Carolina,\n hoping to recover a skillet of soup that had been stolen\n (June 30, 1863; January 1, 1864). Confederate soldiers also\n stole over 18,000 dollars from the Quarter Master (January\n 1, 1864). Despite these incidents, James Booker was\n offended when Confederate General Seth Maxwell Barton\n called the members of his brigade \"rags and thieves,\" since\n \"it is not healthy for him to gave honist people such a bad\n name because some men does wrong\" (January 1, 1864).","Throughout the letters, the Bookers demonstrate their\n consciousness of the effect the war is having on the\n civilians. At the beginning of the war, James Booker\n describes the friendly exchanges between Southern soldiers\n and civilians, reporting gleefully from a camp near\n Winchester that the men have \"a fine chance of beautiful\n young Ladies, and the kindest that I ever saw\" (July 14,\n 1861). Besides providing moral support, Southern civilians\n would exchange information about the war with the\n Confederate troops (James Booker, November 24, 1862). Both\n Southern and Northern civilians would sell or give supplies\n to Confederate troops. Writing from Winchester, Virginia in\n 1862, James Booker even claims that he prefers Yankees to\n Quakers, since \"the Yankees will sell us eny thing cheap\n for the specia\" while \"the quakers will sell any thing thay\n have got when the spirit moves them, tho we cant catch them\n rite half our time\" (James Booker, October 17, 1862).\n Likewise, in Fredericksburg, Pennsylvania, the Yankee\n citizens treated the Confederate soldiers \"verry kind,\"\n providing them food without charging them for it, though\n James suggests that \"it is don through fear\" (June 30,\n 1863). While in Fredericksburg, James enjoyed a mutually\n supportive relationship with a local civilian, guarding his\n home in exchange for lodging.","Although civilians and soldiers often cooperated with\n each other, the Bookers realized that the war was damaging\n the lives of those not directly involved in the fighting.\n In particular, James argues, citizens who live near the\n \"line of the enemy\" \"have great deal to see trouble about\"\n (June 14, 1863). Even those areas not yet scarred by the\n war would soon be, James predicts. As he says of\n Fredericksburg, Pennsylvania,\"this is a verry flourishing\n looking Country the crops all look fine. it has never felt\n the affect of the war, though I guess if we stay here long\n it will feel the affect of it\" (June 30, 1863). James\n especially blames Northern soldiers for looting the homes\n of Southern citizens, claiming that \"the yankees is geting\n too mean to live\" (June 14, 1863). But he admits that some\n Confederate soldiers likewise have stolen from citizens,\n disobeying General Lee's orders. Indeed, one woman stormed\n into the Confederate camp near Kinston, North Carolina,\n hoping to recover a skillet of soup that had been stolen\n (June 30, 1863; January 1, 1864). Confederate soldiers also\n stole over 18,000 dollars from the Quarter Master (January\n 1, 1864). Despite these incidents, James Booker was\n offended when Confederate General Seth Maxwell Barton\n called the members of his brigade \"rags and thieves,\" since\n \"it is not healthy for him to gave honist people such a bad\n name because some men does wrong\" (January 1, 1864).","Morale Early in the war, James and John Booker seemed to\n believe that the South would defeat the North swiftly. They\n contended that the South had a stronger army, and they\n noted that Northerners \"dont unite like our people do,\"\n since the Democrats and the Republicans were at odds (James\n Booker, June 30, 1863). Soon their hope had begun to fade. Though James Booker\n longed to return home, by 1863 he no longer believed that\n the North and South would achieve a quick peace: \n \"I am a fread it will be a long time first if ever, I\n think the prosspect for peece is very gloomy now it dont\n look like eather side is make in any prepperration for\n Piece, thare are greater preperation for fighten than\n ever\" (September 23, 1863). John Booker was even more pessimistic, and\n certainly much more cynical, as he accused the Southern\n leadership of needlessly prolonging the war: \n \"I beleave that we mout have hud piece be fore this\n time if our head leaden men would would have tride\"\n (March 1, 1864). The Bookers, particularly John, felt that while Southern\n elites were making decisions that extended the war, the\n poor were actually fighting most of the battles and\n suffering the consequences of those decisions. Because the\n First Conscription Act allowed a drafted man to hire a\n \"substitute\" to serve his term in the army, wealthy men\n could evade service (Current, 396-99). This provision\n enraged many of the Confederate soldiers, who contended\n that it placed the burden of the war on those who could not\n afford to pay for a substitute. Not only did substitution\n fan class tensions, but it also failed to bring competent\n soldiers into the army. James Booker mentions that that the\n substitute for John Millner deserted, and many other\n substitutes did likewise (August 3, 1862). Some men even\n made a business of agreeing to substitute for one person,\n deserting, and then collecting money to substitute for\n someone else. Although James Booker did not get angry about\n the practice of substitution, he understood that it\n weakened the Confederate Army: \n \"I dont blame no man to put in a substitute if he\n can, tho I think if it is kept up much long er it will\n ruin our army\" (August 3, 1862). His brother John, however, was less tentative in\n condemning substitution: \n \"I say put every one on equal foottin for this is a\n rich mans war an a por mans fight, I be leave thare are\n some of the men that have but in substitute are dooen a\n great [d]eal of good but the most of them are doo en\n more harm than good they are just speculaten on the poor\n people, an soldiers\" (December 22, 1863). Further feeding John Booker's indignation was the\n distribution of furloughs. According to the First\n Conscription Act, a \"twelvemonth man\" was entitled to a\n sixty-day furlough each year, but neither Booker received a\n furlough during his time in the army (Current, 396-99).\n John Booker noted that while officers freely took furloughs\n themselves, the captain in charge of his company, John\n Herndon, was \"too lazy\" to give his exhausted men a break\n (Decemeber 22, 1863). As a result of the inequalities and inefficiencies of\n miltary adminstration, John Booker believed that soldiers\n should refuse to re-enlist. In his March 1, 1864 letter, he\n derides the miltary pagaent staged by Virginia Governor\n William \"Extra Billy\" Smith and Colonel Cabell in an\n attempt to persuade the men to re-enlist. After commanding\n the soldiers to line up, the Colonel ordered that the\n Colors (the flags of the regiment) be borne to the front\n and asked \"all who wer determen to be freemen to step out\n on the line with the cullars and all who wer willen to be\n slaves for thare enemyes to stand fast\" (March 1, 1864).\n Angry that he hadn't yet received a furlough, and convinced\n that re-enlisting would only encourage the Southern\n leadership to continue the war, John Booker rejected the\n Colonel's challenge that he re-enlist; two-thirds of the\n soldiers stood back with him. As he explains, \"I dideant\n inten to reinlist nor I wes not willen to be a Slave for my\n enemyes and I dident go on line with the reinlisted, and I\n dideant wish to bee in eather line\" (March 1, 1864).","Early in the war, James and John Booker seemed to\n believe that the South would defeat the North swiftly. They\n contended that the South had a stronger army, and they\n noted that Northerners \"dont unite like our people do,\"\n since the Democrats and the Republicans were at odds (James\n Booker, June 30, 1863).","Soon their hope had begun to fade. Though James Booker\n longed to return home, by 1863 he no longer believed that\n the North and South would achieve a quick peace: \n \"I am a fread it will be a long time first if ever, I\n think the prosspect for peece is very gloomy now it dont\n look like eather side is make in any prepperration for\n Piece, thare are greater preperation for fighten than\n ever\" (September 23, 1863). John Booker was even more pessimistic, and\n certainly much more cynical, as he accused the Southern\n leadership of needlessly prolonging the war: \n \"I beleave that we mout have hud piece be fore this\n time if our head leaden men would would have tride\"\n (March 1, 1864).","The Bookers, particularly John, felt that while Southern\n elites were making decisions that extended the war, the\n poor were actually fighting most of the battles and\n suffering the consequences of those decisions. Because the\n First Conscription Act allowed a drafted man to hire a\n \"substitute\" to serve his term in the army, wealthy men\n could evade service (Current, 396-99). This provision\n enraged many of the Confederate soldiers, who contended\n that it placed the burden of the war on those who could not\n afford to pay for a substitute. Not only did substitution\n fan class tensions, but it also failed to bring competent\n soldiers into the army. James Booker mentions that that the\n substitute for John Millner deserted, and many other\n substitutes did likewise (August 3, 1862). Some men even\n made a business of agreeing to substitute for one person,\n deserting, and then collecting money to substitute for\n someone else. Although James Booker did not get angry about\n the practice of substitution, he understood that it\n weakened the Confederate Army: \n \"I dont blame no man to put in a substitute if he\n can, tho I think if it is kept up much long er it will\n ruin our army\" (August 3, 1862).","His brother John, however, was less tentative in\n condemning substitution: \n \"I say put every one on equal foottin for this is a\n rich mans war an a por mans fight, I be leave thare are\n some of the men that have but in substitute are dooen a\n great [d]eal of good but the most of them are doo en\n more harm than good they are just speculaten on the poor\n people, an soldiers\" (December 22, 1863).","Further feeding John Booker's indignation was the\n distribution of furloughs. According to the First\n Conscription Act, a \"twelvemonth man\" was entitled to a\n sixty-day furlough each year, but neither Booker received a\n furlough during his time in the army (Current, 396-99).\n John Booker noted that while officers freely took furloughs\n themselves, the captain in charge of his company, John\n Herndon, was \"too lazy\" to give his exhausted men a break\n (Decemeber 22, 1863).","As a result of the inequalities and inefficiencies of\n miltary adminstration, John Booker believed that soldiers\n should refuse to re-enlist. In his March 1, 1864 letter, he\n derides the miltary pagaent staged by Virginia Governor\n William \"Extra Billy\" Smith and Colonel Cabell in an\n attempt to persuade the men to re-enlist. After commanding\n the soldiers to line up, the Colonel ordered that the\n Colors (the flags of the regiment) be borne to the front\n and asked \"all who wer determen to be freemen to step out\n on the line with the cullars and all who wer willen to be\n slaves for thare enemyes to stand fast\" (March 1, 1864).\n Angry that he hadn't yet received a furlough, and convinced\n that re-enlisting would only encourage the Southern\n leadership to continue the war, John Booker rejected the\n Colonel's challenge that he re-enlist; two-thirds of the\n soldiers stood back with him. As he explains, \"I dideant\n inten to reinlist nor I wes not willen to be a Slave for my\n enemyes and I dident go on line with the reinlisted, and I\n dideant wish to bee in eather line\" (March 1, 1864).","Religion Whereas John Booker responded to terrible conditions by\n getting angry, his brother James turned to religion as a\n way of making sense of his suffering and connecting with\n home. As he writes of his homesickness, James Booker\n occasionally expresses his desire to join his relatives at\n the religious revivals held at Mount Hermon Baptist Church\n near Danville, Virginia (August 3, 1862). But he reassures\n his cousin that revivals often take place in the camp and\n that many soldiers have been converted. According to James,\n a sense of gratitude in war-time motivates many of the men\n to convert: \"I think it is time for them to turn after\n being blesed so plainley as they have bin in the past\n battles\" (October 17, 1862). Likewise, James' faith seems\n to have strengthened him and given him hope of returning\n home, whether to Pittsylvania County or to Heaven. In a\n letter written on New Years Day of 1864, James includes two\n quotations about coming home to and through God. Quoting\n from the third stanza of \"Amazing Grace,\" James writes, \n Tis grace that brought me safe thus far And grace\n will lead me home. In March of 1864, however, James believed that he might\n not arrive home safely, at least not home to Pittsylvania,\n since the spring campaign would soon open and \"then we poor\n soldiers will see a hard time\" (March 16, 1864). But James\n embraced a spirit of Christian fatalism, contending that\n his life was in God's hands: \"If it is the will of [my]\n maker for me to be cut down in this war I dont ask to be\n spared for I beleave that he will do what is the best for\n me, thare is but few things that I would ask to stay in\n this trouble some world for\" (March 16, 1864). After\n writing this letter, James Booker lived for almost sixty\n more years, but his twin John died five months later of\n wounds he received at Drewry's Bluff.","Whereas John Booker responded to terrible conditions by\n getting angry, his brother James turned to religion as a\n way of making sense of his suffering and connecting with\n home. As he writes of his homesickness, James Booker\n occasionally expresses his desire to join his relatives at\n the religious revivals held at Mount Hermon Baptist Church\n near Danville, Virginia (August 3, 1862). But he reassures\n his cousin that revivals often take place in the camp and\n that many soldiers have been converted. According to James,\n a sense of gratitude in war-time motivates many of the men\n to convert: \"I think it is time for them to turn after\n being blesed so plainley as they have bin in the past\n battles\" (October 17, 1862). Likewise, James' faith seems\n to have strengthened him and given him hope of returning\n home, whether to Pittsylvania County or to Heaven. In a\n letter written on New Years Day of 1864, James includes two\n quotations about coming home to and through God. Quoting\n from the third stanza of \"Amazing Grace,\" James writes, \n Tis grace that brought me safe thus far And grace\n will lead me home.","In March of 1864, however, James believed that he might\n not arrive home safely, at least not home to Pittsylvania,\n since the spring campaign would soon open and \"then we poor\n soldiers will see a hard time\" (March 16, 1864). But James\n embraced a spirit of Christian fatalism, contending that\n his life was in God's hands: \"If it is the will of [my]\n maker for me to be cut down in this war I dont ask to be\n spared for I beleave that he will do what is the best for\n me, thare is but few things that I would ask to stay in\n this trouble some world for\" (March 16, 1864). After\n writing this letter, James Booker lived for almost sixty\n more years, but his twin John died five months later of\n wounds he received at Drewry's Bluff.","Optimistic at the beginning of the war, James\n Booker praises the \"elegant water,\" \"beautiful young\n Ladies,\" and \"most beautiful country\" he finds at the\n 38th's camp at Winchester. But he notes that one\n member of the regiment accidentally shot another\n member from his hometown and now feel terrible. He\n warns that \"cowardly boys\" who are avoiding service\n should beware, since they are likely to be drafted or\n made to put up breastworks. After salutations and\n greetings, James indicates where letters should be\n sent. A. Blair, a relative of James' and possibly\n Chloe Blair's brother, writes a short note to be\n included. Blair indicates that he is including a\n letter that \"brother William\" received from\n \"brother,\" who was expecting to go to Manassas. Blair\n finishes by saying that all are well.","James Booker complains of not hearing from his\n family. He mentions being too ill to serve and that\n he, consequently, works in the hospital. He talks\n about patients suffering from jaundice and yellow\n fever and mentions the poor health of James May, Hugh\n Norton and Josiah Burnett, as well as the death of\n Billy Pruett from eating \"too much beef liver.\" In\n spite of their complaints, he notes that the health\n of the men in camp is improving. He alludes to having\n received bad news from Texas, and then states that he\n will probably not come home as long as he is healthy\n or until peace is declared. The postscript states\n that James will try to send for things via any\n returning soldiers.","James Booker reports that his company is healthier\n than it has been for some time. He has heard about\n fighting at Falls Church the day before, and reports\n a conversation with a man from the Danville Grays,\n who told him that the Yankees are within four miles\n of his company at Fairfax Court House. From this\n information, James Booker predicts that a \"hard\n battle\" will soon take place. He mentions getting a\n letter from Addie (perhaps Drury Addison Blair),\n whose condition is improving.","This letter is a reply to one or more letters that\n James had received from his cousin and \"sweethearts\"\n a few days earlier. He has just heard that his\n regiment is about to move into their winter quarters\n in Gainesville. He will join it when the winter\n quarters are ready. Meanwhile, the work in his\n current quarters is lighter and the pay better. He\n believes the fighting in Centreville will not\n continue past winter. He mentions meeting a man who\n had been captured by the Union and who was recently\n released. According to this man, there are 60,000\n sick Yankees in Washington. He also adds that he has\n heard that two men in Centreville were shot for\n trying to kill their commanding officer. James closes\n the letter by asking to be remembered to cousin Eliza\n Ann Williams and to all the \"ladies\" at Christmas\n time.","Writing from the company's winter quarters near\n the battlefield of First Manassas, John Booker\n describes his brother James' sickness, which has left\n him weak and without an appetite. Other soldiers,\n including Nathaniel Robertson and Neal Gilbert, have\n struggled with illness; one, Josiah Burnett, has\n died. Booker ends his letter by expressing his\n pleasure at having received his cousin Unity's letter\n and apologizing that his brother James was unable to\n write.","James Booker explains why he has been so long in\n answering Unity's latest letters, stating that he has\n been in hospital, too ill to write. He had hoped to\n come home on furlough, but has been separated from\n his regiment and could not obtain leave. He asks that\n Unity write to him with the location of his regiment.\n He also complains about the quality of the food and\n mentions seeing many acquaintances on their way to\n the front. He closes by asking his cousin to direct\n her replies to Greaner's Hospital, care of Surgeon R.\n G. Banks.","James Booker writes to inform his cousin of the\n location of his regiment. He indicates that they have\n been shot at but infrequently hit. He mentions that a\n man named Tucker, who was wounded in the chin, was\n the only man from his regiment (he was attached to\n Captain Carter's Company F) to have been shot. He\n also notes that many men, mainly Yankees, were killed\n at last Wednesday's battle and that this evening the\n Yankees flew a truce flag in order to safely bury\n their dead. He feels that, because the best of both\n armies are here, the war will be settled here. He\n closes by asking that Unity write soon, and direct\n her letters to him at Yorktown. He also asks her to\n notify \"sister Mary\" that Pickney has not yet\n arrived.","John Booker describes a new posting and notes\n that, since leaving the Orange Court House, the\n troops are living without tents. They stay in the\n entrenchments every other day and night, and are\n under constant bombardment by the Yankees. He\n mentions that there is a good deal of sickness and\n many are being wounded. Also, he notes that they have\n elected officers for the next two years. John closes\n by asking Unity to direct her letter to him at\n Yorktown.","James begins by apologizing for the tardiness of\n his letter: he explains that he has been ill. He then\n discusses the practice of substitution (arranging for\n a replacement in the army), concluding that it is\n having a bad effect on the Confederate Army. He also\n discusses his work assignment and his health. In a\n separate letter on the same paper, John tells his\n cousin about his cold and sore throat. He also states\n that there is currently no fighting, but he can hear\n the Yankees firing cannonade \"down on the river.\"","James Booker writes that he and his brother John\n are in good health. They have been marching hard but\n usually have not gotten enough to eat. Booker reports\n that the general feeling in the camp is that peace\n will come soon. Four sick conscripts have arrived\n (and are named). James complains of having to march\n in wet clothing after crossing bridge-less streams.\n He also notes that the sick and wounded have been\n ordered from Winchester to Staunton and thinks that\n everyone else will be going to Richmond soon. James\n looks forward to going there since he has not heard\n from home since leaving Richmond. He greets other\n family members and mentions that John will write\n soon.","Claiming that he would be able to \"stand\" being a\n soldier if he received enough to eat, James Booker\n notes that recently the supply of food has been\n adequate, but that the men have not gotten enough\n salt. James Booker notes the illnesses of two men in\n camp, Bage Pritchett and John Hundley. He compares\n the entrepreneurship of the Yankees with the more\n whimsical quality of the Quakers' mercantilism and\n notes the use of Confederate money and specie to buy\n provisions. He also describes a month-long religious\n revival meeting underway in camp.","After reporting that he and his brother John are\n well, James Booker writes that the company has been\n marching for the past four days and has finally\n arrived at its camp near Fredericksburg. Many Union\n soldiers are nearby, and he predicts that the Union\n troops will soon begin shelling the Confederates. He\n expects a \"hard\" battle to commence soon.","Writing on the Sabbath, James Booker tells his\n cousin that both he and his brother are well. The\n members of Company D marched for the past ten days,\n and they expect to march again the next day, since\n they are following the movements of the Union troops.\n A few days previously, the Union had surprised the\n Confederate cavalry, but the Confederates managed to\n drive their enemies across the river and take several\n hundred prisoners. Complaining that \"the Yankees is\n getting too mean to live,\" James Booker writes that\n they steal and destroy Southern property, such as\n meat, corn, and horses. He notes, \"I still live in\n hope of peace soon though I may not live to see it.\"\n He observes that at a \"very interesting\" camp meeting\n several men, including Captain Herndon, were\n converted.","James Booker reports that he and his brother John\n are well. He mentions that local residents seem\n fearful of the army and that General Robert E. Lee\n has ordered his troops to respect private property.\n He describes the flourishing condition of\n Pennsylvania farms, noting that this part of the\n country has not yet felt the effects of the war.\n James perceives disunity in the people's attitude\n toward the war, comments on the abolitionists'\n motives, and mentions that he is boarding at a\n private house for free in return for guarding the\n owner's property. He closes by asking that Unity\n write soon, for he the last letter he received was\n dated the 13th.","Writing a few days after Gettysburg, James Booker\n describes the heavy losses suffered by his division\n during Pickett's Charge; most of the regiment's\n officers and many of the enlisted men were killed,\n wounded, or captured during the assault. James and\n John Booker escaped harm, though they were nearly\n taken prisoner by the Union forces. His division has\n been assigned to escort 5000-6000 Union prisoners to\n the South. He reports hearing daily of small battles\n and expects another major battle imminently, although\n he does not expect his division to be involved\n because it is on guard in Williamsport, a city where\n most of the citizens appear to favor the North.","John Booker writes that he is happy that Chloe\n enjoyed the revival meeting at Hermon (perhaps the\n Mount Hermon Baptist Church near Danville), then\n notes that there is \"good preaching\" at the camp. He\n contends that \"the prosspect for peece is very gloomy\n now,\" given that both sides are preparing for war\n with more intensity than ever. He reports that,\n despite rumors, Pickett's division will remain in\n Virginia. The troops are elated at this news, even\n though they have little more to do than guard camp\n and drill three times a day. In a postscript, James\n Booker asks Chloe Unity Blair to send his letter to\n his sister soon.","Apparently upset that he did not receive a\n furlough, James Booker wishes for the warmth and\n comforts of home, writing, \"there is none of them\n that knows how to appreciate a blessing until they\n are deprived of it.\" Still, he admits, in wartime he\n should find satisfaction simply in having enough to\n eat and enjoying good health; but he cannot be\n satisfied when speculators sell food to women and\n children at inflated prices. He observes that the\n married soldiers have sent for their wives and were\n boarding them at the homes of local citizens. He\n observes that General Corse's Brigade had been at the\n camp near Petersburg, but that they were sent to\n Tennessee. He also mentions writing to his sister\n Mary, telling her that he did not need clothing, as\n he received the box that \"you all\" sent him. The\n letter closes with a one-page postscript stating that\n John made a potato pie, and Cousin Tom ate with the\n two of them. He sends his regards to Cousin Pollie\n Ann and mentions that Cousin William Blair and Luther\n are stationed nearby but will be leaving for\n Chatanooga, Tennessee, within the next two days. He\n closes asking for Unity to return his \"soldier\n likeness\" to him so he can exchange it for a new\n one.","After observing that letters from home bring him\n great pleasure, John Booker chastises his cousin for\n not writing sooner. He notes that \"Flem\" Gregory has\n been ill, but is recuperating. Then he launches into\n a complaint that energizes the letter: Captain John\n Herndon is too \"lazy\" to grant the soldiers in his\n company furloughs, even though it is Christmas time,\n and even though the men are not doing anything, not\n even picket duty. So discontented are the soldiers\n that many say they will not re-enlist. John Booker\n claims that he opposes desertion, but that the\n wealthier men who paid substitutes to serve in the\n army should have to join, while veteran soldiers\n should receive furloughs. Angered at the inequality,\n John exclaims, \"this is a rich mans war an a poor\n mans fight.\" He ends his letter by observing that\n Memory Inman, another member of the D Company, is\n heading home to get married.","Booker reports that although his regiment had\n begun to march to meet the Yankees in battle, the\n Union had attacked --and been defeated by --another\n group of Confederate soldiers thirty-five miles away.\n He reports that the winter has been fairly pleasant\n and that food is cheap and plentiful. Despite such\n abundance, he notes, soldiers have been stealing food\n from local residents. He mentions a serious theft of\n $18,000 from the Quarter Master; soldiers are\n suspected of the deed. James expresses concern over\n General Barton's attitude towards the Regiment.\n (Barton has said his men come from \"rags and\n thieves.\") James complains that after three years of\n service he has still not received a furlough. He\n closes the letter with a stanza from \"Amazing\n Grace.\"","John Booker describes the attempt by Virginia\n Governor William \"Extra Billy\" Smith and Colonel\n [Joseph Robert] Cabell to make the men of the 38th\n Regiment re-enlist. He deplores the strategies they\n used: calling the men to stand before the \"Colors,\"\n declaring that any man who wanted to be a slave to\n the enemy should not re-enlist. John fears that his\n leaders want to continue to fight at all costs,\n rather than press for peace; and as long as men\n re-enlist the war will go on. John also expresses his\n dissatisfaction with the administration of the\n Regiment: only the men who re-enlist are granted\n furloughs, and John has still not received the\n furlough owed to him in 1862. He mentions that the\n two new recrutes to Company D are receiving their\n furloughs ahead of him. Changing the subject, John\n writes of nearby Union activity and says that they\n have been expecting a raid. Finally, he writes of\n Memory Inman's court martial and Captain John\n Herndon's marriage. He closes the letter by\n apologizing for its angry tone, writing, \"I have bin\n mad all day.\"","James Booker informs his cousin of his and his\n brother's good health. He discusses the treatment of\n prisoners of war, the unavailability of certain types\n of foodstuffs and the deprivations of civilians due\n to the war. He further comments on the weather and\n his coming duty in the field. He laments the lack of\n correspondence from home and closes his\n correspondence with salutations and wishes for his\n family's good health He apologizes for his poor\n writing, attributing it to having to finish the\n letter by firelight.","James Booker replies to Unity's letters of the\n 17th and 24th. He mentions that his company has been\n fishing about 20 miles away and that the Yankees are\n getting closer and are expected to drive the men out\n of the fishery. He states that the Yankees are\n believed to be heading for Richmond. James hopes that\n \"this cruel war\" may end soon and \"in our favor.\" He\n closes with a quotation from \n 1 John . The postscript,\n written on April 30th, states that the rumor that the\n Yankees are coming may be false."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eSee the \n \u003cextref type=\"simple\" href=\"https://www.library.virginia.edu/policies/use-of-materials\"\u003e\n University of Virginia Library’s use policy.\u003c/extref\u003e\n \u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions"],"userestrict_tesim":["See the \n \n University of Virginia Library’s use policy."],"physloc_html_tesm":["\u003cphysloc/\u003e"],"physloc_tesim":[""],"names_ssim":["University of Virginia. Library. Special\n Collections Dept.","Company D, 38th Virginia Regiment, Infantry (also\n known as \"the Whitmell Guards\").","Chimborazo Hospital","John Booker (1797-1859)","Nancy Blair Reynolds Booker\n (1796-1859)","Martha Ann Fulton (?-1923)","John Booker (1840-1864)","James Booker (1840-1923)","Chloe Unity Blair (1839-1875)"],"corpname_ssim":["University of Virginia. Library. Special\n Collections Dept.","Company D, 38th Virginia Regiment, Infantry (also\n known as \"the Whitmell Guards\").","Chimborazo Hospital"],"persname_ssim":["John Booker (1797-1859)","Nancy Blair Reynolds Booker\n (1796-1859)","Martha Ann Fulton (?-1923)","John Booker (1840-1864)","James Booker (1840-1923)","Chloe Unity Blair (1839-1875)"],"language_ssim":["English"],"total_component_count_is":23,"online_item_count_is":22,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-21T13:07:18.853Z","scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cscopecontent\u003e\n \u003chead\u003eScope and Content\u003c/head\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThis collection consists of ca. twenty-six items,\n 1861-1864, chiefly the letters of \n \u003cpersname\u003eJohn Booker (1840-1864)\u003c/persname\u003eand \n \u003cpersname\u003eJames Booker (1840-1923)\u003c/persname\u003eof \n \u003cgeogname\u003ePittsylvania County, Virginia,\u003c/geogname\u003eto their\n cousin, \n \u003cpersname\u003eChloe Unity Blair (1839-1875)\u003c/persname\u003e;\n electrostatic copies of Bible records for the Booker and\n Blair families; and electrostatic copies of typed\n transcripts of the letters. The original bound volume of\n the transcripts was returned to the donor.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/scopecontent\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis collection consists of ca. twenty-six items,\n 1861-1864, chiefly the letters of \n \u003cpersname\u003eJohn Booker (1840-1864)\u003c/persname\u003eand \n \u003cpersname\u003eJames Booker (1840-1923)\u003c/persname\u003eof \n \u003cgeogname\u003ePittsylvania County, Virginia,\u003c/geogname\u003eto their\n cousin, \n \u003cpersname\u003eChloe Unity Blair (1839-1875)\u003c/persname\u003e;\n electrostatic copies of Bible records for the Booker and\n Blair families; and electrostatic copies of typed\n transcripts of the letters. The original bound volume of\n the transcripts was returned to the donor.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cscopecontent\u003e\n \u003chead\u003eOverview of Themes Discussed in the Letters\u003c/head\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe letters of James and John Booker give a sense of\n what life was like for an ordinary soldier serving in the\n Confederate army. Of course, the Bookers depict the drama\n of battle --describing gunfire and cannonades, listing the\n dead and wounded, and giving thanks for their own escapes\n from death or imprisonment--but the letters are more\n concerned with the rhythms of everyday life at camp. The\n Bookers worry over their health and their comrades'; enjoy\n the plenty or (more often) lament the lack of food and\n supplies; report on the interactions between civilians and\n soldiers; and describe religious revivals held at the camp.\n As the war goes on, the Bookers begin to articulate with\n more intensity not only what happens to them, but how they\n feel about it. Whereas John fumes against the elites\n (officers, politicians, and the wealthy) for evading their\n responsibilities and mistreating the common soldier, James\n grows more fatalistic and religious, trusting that his\n suffering is God's will.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/scopecontent\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe letters of James and John Booker give a sense of\n what life was like for an ordinary soldier serving in the\n Confederate army. Of course, the Bookers depict the drama\n of battle --describing gunfire and cannonades, listing the\n dead and wounded, and giving thanks for their own escapes\n from death or imprisonment--but the letters are more\n concerned with the rhythms of everyday life at camp. The\n Bookers worry over their health and their comrades'; enjoy\n the plenty or (more often) lament the lack of food and\n supplies; report on the interactions between civilians and\n soldiers; and describe religious revivals held at the camp.\n As the war goes on, the Bookers begin to articulate with\n more intensity not only what happens to them, but how they\n feel about it. Whereas John fumes against the elites\n (officers, politicians, and the wealthy) for evading their\n responsibilities and mistreating the common soldier, James\n grows more fatalistic and religious, trusting that his\n suffering is God's will.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cscopecontent\u003e\n \u003chead\u003ePreparing for Battle\u003c/head\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe members of the 38th Virginia spent much of their\n time drilling, marching, serving picket duty, and\n speculating about when and where the next battle would be.\n Indeed, the Bookers seem to devote more energy to\n anticipating battles than to describing them (perhaps\n because they did not want to upset their cousin). They\n acquired much of the information that fueled their\n speculations from gossipping with citizens and other\n soldiers. In a letter from 1861, for instance, James Booker\n predicts that a \"hard battle\" will break out soon, basing\n his prediction on a conversation he had with a soldier\n whose company is located closer to the front (October 8).\n Sometimes more immediate experiences led the Bookers to\n forecast a battle, especially when they could see Union\n troops or hear cannonades and gunfire nearby. Writing from\n a rain-soaked outpost near Yorktown, Virginia in 1862, for\n instance, James reports that the Union forces have been\n \"shooting at our men constantly tho it is very cildom thay\n hit eny of them\" (April 19). He predicts that soon a battle\n will occur that will decide the war, since he has heard\n that Yankee prisoners \"say that thay have got to whip or\n die here\" (April 19, 1862). But in this prediction, as in\n others, James was disappointed. As the war dragged on, the\n Bookers stopped assuming that it would reach a speedy\n conclusion; indeed, by 1864 John came to the conclusion\n that the \"leaden men\" were not really interested in\n achieving peace (March 1, 1864).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAlthough the Bookers participated in several battles and\n skirmishes, the most devastating battle for their regiment\n was Gettysburg (see the section on Regimental History for a\n complete list of the engagements that the 38th took part\n in). While participating in Pickett's Charge, the 38th\n Virginia lost Colonel Edmonds, whom James Booker describes\n as \"one of the best men in service,\" and many other\n officers and soldiers (July 11, 1863). The Booker brothers\n themselves had to scramble to avoid being captured by Union\n troops; several of their companions, however, \"let the\n Yankees take them\" (John Booker, July 11, 1863).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNot only were the Bookers shocked by their experiences\n in battle, but by chilling events that upset camp routines.\n In the first weeks of the war, James Booker reports, a\n young man accidentally shot another soldier from his\n hometown and now is \"about to grieve himself to death about\n it\" (July 14, 1861). But James passes on an even more\n shocking story in a later letter: two soldiers were caught\n conspiring to kill their commanding officer and were\n executed. In an attempt to \"save their souls,\" the\n condemned soldiers \"gave the Roman Catholic Priest 25\n dollars apiece\" (December 15, 1861).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/scopecontent\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe members of the 38th Virginia spent much of their\n time drilling, marching, serving picket duty, and\n speculating about when and where the next battle would be.\n Indeed, the Bookers seem to devote more energy to\n anticipating battles than to describing them (perhaps\n because they did not want to upset their cousin). They\n acquired much of the information that fueled their\n speculations from gossipping with citizens and other\n soldiers. In a letter from 1861, for instance, James Booker\n predicts that a \"hard battle\" will break out soon, basing\n his prediction on a conversation he had with a soldier\n whose company is located closer to the front (October 8).\n Sometimes more immediate experiences led the Bookers to\n forecast a battle, especially when they could see Union\n troops or hear cannonades and gunfire nearby. Writing from\n a rain-soaked outpost near Yorktown, Virginia in 1862, for\n instance, James reports that the Union forces have been\n \"shooting at our men constantly tho it is very cildom thay\n hit eny of them\" (April 19). He predicts that soon a battle\n will occur that will decide the war, since he has heard\n that Yankee prisoners \"say that thay have got to whip or\n die here\" (April 19, 1862). But in this prediction, as in\n others, James was disappointed. As the war dragged on, the\n Bookers stopped assuming that it would reach a speedy\n conclusion; indeed, by 1864 John came to the conclusion\n that the \"leaden men\" were not really interested in\n achieving peace (March 1, 1864).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAlthough the Bookers participated in several battles and\n skirmishes, the most devastating battle for their regiment\n was Gettysburg (see the section on Regimental History for a\n complete list of the engagements that the 38th took part\n in). While participating in Pickett's Charge, the 38th\n Virginia lost Colonel Edmonds, whom James Booker describes\n as \"one of the best men in service,\" and many other\n officers and soldiers (July 11, 1863). The Booker brothers\n themselves had to scramble to avoid being captured by Union\n troops; several of their companions, however, \"let the\n Yankees take them\" (John Booker, July 11, 1863).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eNot only were the Bookers shocked by their experiences\n in battle, but by chilling events that upset camp routines.\n In the first weeks of the war, James Booker reports, a\n young man accidentally shot another soldier from his\n hometown and now is \"about to grieve himself to death about\n it\" (July 14, 1861). But James passes on an even more\n shocking story in a later letter: two soldiers were caught\n conspiring to kill their commanding officer and were\n executed. In an attempt to \"save their souls,\" the\n condemned soldiers \"gave the Roman Catholic Priest 25\n dollars apiece\" (December 15, 1861).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cscopecontent\u003e\n \u003chead\u003eHealth\u003c/head\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMore explainable than violence in the camps, but\n ultimately more destructive, was disease. Illness and\n disease killed two-thirds of the Southern soldiers who died\n during the Civil War, so not surprisingly the Bookers often\n detail the health problems that they and their fellow\n soldiers were suffering (Robertson 88-89). These ailments\n include jaundice, typhoid, stomach disorders, fever, and\n mumps. The Bookers imply that much of the illness is due to\n the conditions the soldiers must face; sometimes the\n soldiers lacked adequate shelter, at times they would have\n to wade rivers and then march miles wearing wet clothing,\n and often they lacked adequate provisions (John Booker,\n April 29, 1862). Although sick soldiers were typically sent\n to the hospital, the men also took care of each other. In\n the fall of 1861, James and John Booker, apparently just\n recovering from sickness themselves, were responsible for\n nursing three members of their company (James Booker,\n September 6). Several months later, James Booker fell sick\n with chronic diarrhea and was sent to Greaner's Hospital in\n Richmond to recuperate. While in the hospital, Booker was\n stuck in a Catch-22: he wanted to get a furlough so that he\n could recover his health at home, but he did not know where\n his company was, so he could not get the permission of his\n commanding officer to return to Pittsylvania. Eventually\n James re-joined his company, but he did not receive the\n furlough that he wished for.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/scopecontent\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMore explainable than violence in the camps, but\n ultimately more destructive, was disease. Illness and\n disease killed two-thirds of the Southern soldiers who died\n during the Civil War, so not surprisingly the Bookers often\n detail the health problems that they and their fellow\n soldiers were suffering (Robertson 88-89). These ailments\n include jaundice, typhoid, stomach disorders, fever, and\n mumps. The Bookers imply that much of the illness is due to\n the conditions the soldiers must face; sometimes the\n soldiers lacked adequate shelter, at times they would have\n to wade rivers and then march miles wearing wet clothing,\n and often they lacked adequate provisions (John Booker,\n April 29, 1862). Although sick soldiers were typically sent\n to the hospital, the men also took care of each other. In\n the fall of 1861, James and John Booker, apparently just\n recovering from sickness themselves, were responsible for\n nursing three members of their company (James Booker,\n September 6). Several months later, James Booker fell sick\n with chronic diarrhea and was sent to Greaner's Hospital in\n Richmond to recuperate. While in the hospital, Booker was\n stuck in a Catch-22: he wanted to get a furlough so that he\n could recover his health at home, but he did not know where\n his company was, so he could not get the permission of his\n commanding officer to return to Pittsylvania. Eventually\n James re-joined his company, but he did not receive the\n furlough that he wished for.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cscopecontent\u003e\n \u003chead\u003eFood and Supplies\u003c/head\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAlthough in his first letter James Booker claims that\n the soldiers get \"plenty of good pervision,\" the Bookers\n later complained that they often didn't get enough to eat\n (July 14, 1861). As James writes in 1862, \"the rations has\n bin very scanty a large portion of the time sence we have\n bin marching\" (September 30). But sometimes the 38th\n Virginia did enjoy plentiful supplies, particularly when\n they camped in locations where food was abundant. When the\n 38th Virginia arrived near Chambersburg, Pennsylvania, for\n instance, James Booker reported that \"we can get plenty of\n milk \u0026amp; butter and apple butter that is verry good\"\n (June 30, 1863). Often civilians would supply soldiers with\n food, whether because they feared or supported the\n troops.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/scopecontent\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAlthough in his first letter James Booker claims that\n the soldiers get \"plenty of good pervision,\" the Bookers\n later complained that they often didn't get enough to eat\n (July 14, 1861). As James writes in 1862, \"the rations has\n bin very scanty a large portion of the time sence we have\n bin marching\" (September 30). But sometimes the 38th\n Virginia did enjoy plentiful supplies, particularly when\n they camped in locations where food was abundant. When the\n 38th Virginia arrived near Chambersburg, Pennsylvania, for\n instance, James Booker reported that \"we can get plenty of\n milk \u0026amp; butter and apple butter that is verry good\"\n (June 30, 1863). Often civilians would supply soldiers with\n food, whether because they feared or supported the\n troops.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cscopecontent\u003e\n \u003chead\u003eInteractions with Civilians\u003c/head\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThroughout the letters, the Bookers demonstrate their\n consciousness of the effect the war is having on the\n civilians. At the beginning of the war, James Booker\n describes the friendly exchanges between Southern soldiers\n and civilians, reporting gleefully from a camp near\n Winchester that the men have \"a fine chance of beautiful\n young Ladies, and the kindest that I ever saw\" (July 14,\n 1861). Besides providing moral support, Southern civilians\n would exchange information about the war with the\n Confederate troops (James Booker, November 24, 1862). Both\n Southern and Northern civilians would sell or give supplies\n to Confederate troops. Writing from Winchester, Virginia in\n 1862, James Booker even claims that he prefers Yankees to\n Quakers, since \"the Yankees will sell us eny thing cheap\n for the specia\" while \"the quakers will sell any thing thay\n have got when the spirit moves them, tho we cant catch them\n rite half our time\" (James Booker, October 17, 1862).\n Likewise, in Fredericksburg, Pennsylvania, the Yankee\n citizens treated the Confederate soldiers \"verry kind,\"\n providing them food without charging them for it, though\n James suggests that \"it is don through fear\" (June 30,\n 1863). While in Fredericksburg, James enjoyed a mutually\n supportive relationship with a local civilian, guarding his\n home in exchange for lodging.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAlthough civilians and soldiers often cooperated with\n each other, the Bookers realized that the war was damaging\n the lives of those not directly involved in the fighting.\n In particular, James argues, citizens who live near the\n \"line of the enemy\" \"have great deal to see trouble about\"\n (June 14, 1863). Even those areas not yet scarred by the\n war would soon be, James predicts. As he says of\n Fredericksburg, Pennsylvania,\"this is a verry flourishing\n looking Country the crops all look fine. it has never felt\n the affect of the war, though I guess if we stay here long\n it will feel the affect of it\" (June 30, 1863). James\n especially blames Northern soldiers for looting the homes\n of Southern citizens, claiming that \"the yankees is geting\n too mean to live\" (June 14, 1863). But he admits that some\n Confederate soldiers likewise have stolen from citizens,\n disobeying General Lee's orders. Indeed, one woman stormed\n into the Confederate camp near Kinston, North Carolina,\n hoping to recover a skillet of soup that had been stolen\n (June 30, 1863; January 1, 1864). Confederate soldiers also\n stole over 18,000 dollars from the Quarter Master (January\n 1, 1864). Despite these incidents, James Booker was\n offended when Confederate General Seth Maxwell Barton\n called the members of his brigade \"rags and thieves,\" since\n \"it is not healthy for him to gave honist people such a bad\n name because some men does wrong\" (January 1, 1864).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/scopecontent\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThroughout the letters, the Bookers demonstrate their\n consciousness of the effect the war is having on the\n civilians. At the beginning of the war, James Booker\n describes the friendly exchanges between Southern soldiers\n and civilians, reporting gleefully from a camp near\n Winchester that the men have \"a fine chance of beautiful\n young Ladies, and the kindest that I ever saw\" (July 14,\n 1861). Besides providing moral support, Southern civilians\n would exchange information about the war with the\n Confederate troops (James Booker, November 24, 1862). Both\n Southern and Northern civilians would sell or give supplies\n to Confederate troops. Writing from Winchester, Virginia in\n 1862, James Booker even claims that he prefers Yankees to\n Quakers, since \"the Yankees will sell us eny thing cheap\n for the specia\" while \"the quakers will sell any thing thay\n have got when the spirit moves them, tho we cant catch them\n rite half our time\" (James Booker, October 17, 1862).\n Likewise, in Fredericksburg, Pennsylvania, the Yankee\n citizens treated the Confederate soldiers \"verry kind,\"\n providing them food without charging them for it, though\n James suggests that \"it is don through fear\" (June 30,\n 1863). While in Fredericksburg, James enjoyed a mutually\n supportive relationship with a local civilian, guarding his\n home in exchange for lodging.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAlthough civilians and soldiers often cooperated with\n each other, the Bookers realized that the war was damaging\n the lives of those not directly involved in the fighting.\n In particular, James argues, citizens who live near the\n \"line of the enemy\" \"have great deal to see trouble about\"\n (June 14, 1863). Even those areas not yet scarred by the\n war would soon be, James predicts. As he says of\n Fredericksburg, Pennsylvania,\"this is a verry flourishing\n looking Country the crops all look fine. it has never felt\n the affect of the war, though I guess if we stay here long\n it will feel the affect of it\" (June 30, 1863). James\n especially blames Northern soldiers for looting the homes\n of Southern citizens, claiming that \"the yankees is geting\n too mean to live\" (June 14, 1863). But he admits that some\n Confederate soldiers likewise have stolen from citizens,\n disobeying General Lee's orders. Indeed, one woman stormed\n into the Confederate camp near Kinston, North Carolina,\n hoping to recover a skillet of soup that had been stolen\n (June 30, 1863; January 1, 1864). Confederate soldiers also\n stole over 18,000 dollars from the Quarter Master (January\n 1, 1864). Despite these incidents, James Booker was\n offended when Confederate General Seth Maxwell Barton\n called the members of his brigade \"rags and thieves,\" since\n \"it is not healthy for him to gave honist people such a bad\n name because some men does wrong\" (January 1, 1864).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cscopecontent\u003e\n \u003chead\u003eMorale\u003c/head\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEarly in the war, James and John Booker seemed to\n believe that the South would defeat the North swiftly. They\n contended that the South had a stronger army, and they\n noted that Northerners \"dont unite like our people do,\"\n since the Democrats and the Republicans were at odds (James\n Booker, June 30, 1863).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSoon their hope had begun to fade. Though James Booker\n longed to return home, by 1863 he no longer believed that\n the North and South would achieve a quick peace: \n \u003cblockquote\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\"I am a fread it will be a long time first if ever, I\n think the prosspect for peece is very gloomy now it dont\n look like eather side is make in any prepperration for\n Piece, thare are greater preperation for fighten than\n ever\" (September 23, 1863).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/blockquote\u003eJohn Booker was even more pessimistic, and\n certainly much more cynical, as he accused the Southern\n leadership of needlessly prolonging the war: \n \u003cblockquote\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\"I beleave that we mout have hud piece be fore this\n time if our head leaden men would would have tride\"\n (March 1, 1864).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/blockquote\u003e\n \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe Bookers, particularly John, felt that while Southern\n elites were making decisions that extended the war, the\n poor were actually fighting most of the battles and\n suffering the consequences of those decisions. Because the\n First Conscription Act allowed a drafted man to hire a\n \"substitute\" to serve his term in the army, wealthy men\n could evade service (Current, 396-99). This provision\n enraged many of the Confederate soldiers, who contended\n that it placed the burden of the war on those who could not\n afford to pay for a substitute. Not only did substitution\n fan class tensions, but it also failed to bring competent\n soldiers into the army. James Booker mentions that that the\n substitute for John Millner deserted, and many other\n substitutes did likewise (August 3, 1862). Some men even\n made a business of agreeing to substitute for one person,\n deserting, and then collecting money to substitute for\n someone else. Although James Booker did not get angry about\n the practice of substitution, he understood that it\n weakened the Confederate Army: \n \u003cblockquote\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\"I dont blame no man to put in a substitute if he\n can, tho I think if it is kept up much long er it will\n ruin our army\" (August 3, 1862).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/blockquote\u003e\n \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHis brother John, however, was less tentative in\n condemning substitution: \n \u003cblockquote\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\"I say put every one on equal foottin for this is a\n rich mans war an a por mans fight, I be leave thare are\n some of the men that have but in substitute are dooen a\n great [d]eal of good but the most of them are doo en\n more harm than good they are just speculaten on the poor\n people, an soldiers\" (December 22, 1863).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/blockquote\u003e\n \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFurther feeding John Booker's indignation was the\n distribution of furloughs. According to the First\n Conscription Act, a \"twelvemonth man\" was entitled to a\n sixty-day furlough each year, but neither Booker received a\n furlough during his time in the army (Current, 396-99).\n John Booker noted that while officers freely took furloughs\n themselves, the captain in charge of his company, John\n Herndon, was \"too lazy\" to give his exhausted men a break\n (Decemeber 22, 1863).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAs a result of the inequalities and inefficiencies of\n miltary adminstration, John Booker believed that soldiers\n should refuse to re-enlist. In his March 1, 1864 letter, he\n derides the miltary pagaent staged by Virginia Governor\n William \"Extra Billy\" Smith and Colonel Cabell in an\n attempt to persuade the men to re-enlist. After commanding\n the soldiers to line up, the Colonel ordered that the\n Colors (the flags of the regiment) be borne to the front\n and asked \"all who wer determen to be freemen to step out\n on the line with the cullars and all who wer willen to be\n slaves for thare enemyes to stand fast\" (March 1, 1864).\n Angry that he hadn't yet received a furlough, and convinced\n that re-enlisting would only encourage the Southern\n leadership to continue the war, John Booker rejected the\n Colonel's challenge that he re-enlist; two-thirds of the\n soldiers stood back with him. As he explains, \"I dideant\n inten to reinlist nor I wes not willen to be a Slave for my\n enemyes and I dident go on line with the reinlisted, and I\n dideant wish to bee in eather line\" (March 1, 1864).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/scopecontent\u003e","\u003cp\u003eEarly in the war, James and John Booker seemed to\n believe that the South would defeat the North swiftly. They\n contended that the South had a stronger army, and they\n noted that Northerners \"dont unite like our people do,\"\n since the Democrats and the Republicans were at odds (James\n Booker, June 30, 1863).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSoon their hope had begun to fade. Though James Booker\n longed to return home, by 1863 he no longer believed that\n the North and South would achieve a quick peace: \n \u003cblockquote\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\"I am a fread it will be a long time first if ever, I\n think the prosspect for peece is very gloomy now it dont\n look like eather side is make in any prepperration for\n Piece, thare are greater preperation for fighten than\n ever\" (September 23, 1863).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/blockquote\u003eJohn Booker was even more pessimistic, and\n certainly much more cynical, as he accused the Southern\n leadership of needlessly prolonging the war: \n \u003cblockquote\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\"I beleave that we mout have hud piece be fore this\n time if our head leaden men would would have tride\"\n (March 1, 1864).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/blockquote\u003e\n \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe Bookers, particularly John, felt that while Southern\n elites were making decisions that extended the war, the\n poor were actually fighting most of the battles and\n suffering the consequences of those decisions. Because the\n First Conscription Act allowed a drafted man to hire a\n \"substitute\" to serve his term in the army, wealthy men\n could evade service (Current, 396-99). This provision\n enraged many of the Confederate soldiers, who contended\n that it placed the burden of the war on those who could not\n afford to pay for a substitute. Not only did substitution\n fan class tensions, but it also failed to bring competent\n soldiers into the army. James Booker mentions that that the\n substitute for John Millner deserted, and many other\n substitutes did likewise (August 3, 1862). Some men even\n made a business of agreeing to substitute for one person,\n deserting, and then collecting money to substitute for\n someone else. Although James Booker did not get angry about\n the practice of substitution, he understood that it\n weakened the Confederate Army: \n \u003cblockquote\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\"I dont blame no man to put in a substitute if he\n can, tho I think if it is kept up much long er it will\n ruin our army\" (August 3, 1862).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/blockquote\u003e\n \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHis brother John, however, was less tentative in\n condemning substitution: \n \u003cblockquote\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\"I say put every one on equal foottin for this is a\n rich mans war an a por mans fight, I be leave thare are\n some of the men that have but in substitute are dooen a\n great [d]eal of good but the most of them are doo en\n more harm than good they are just speculaten on the poor\n people, an soldiers\" (December 22, 1863).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/blockquote\u003e\n \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFurther feeding John Booker's indignation was the\n distribution of furloughs. According to the First\n Conscription Act, a \"twelvemonth man\" was entitled to a\n sixty-day furlough each year, but neither Booker received a\n furlough during his time in the army (Current, 396-99).\n John Booker noted that while officers freely took furloughs\n themselves, the captain in charge of his company, John\n Herndon, was \"too lazy\" to give his exhausted men a break\n (Decemeber 22, 1863).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAs a result of the inequalities and inefficiencies of\n miltary adminstration, John Booker believed that soldiers\n should refuse to re-enlist. In his March 1, 1864 letter, he\n derides the miltary pagaent staged by Virginia Governor\n William \"Extra Billy\" Smith and Colonel Cabell in an\n attempt to persuade the men to re-enlist. After commanding\n the soldiers to line up, the Colonel ordered that the\n Colors (the flags of the regiment) be borne to the front\n and asked \"all who wer determen to be freemen to step out\n on the line with the cullars and all who wer willen to be\n slaves for thare enemyes to stand fast\" (March 1, 1864).\n Angry that he hadn't yet received a furlough, and convinced\n that re-enlisting would only encourage the Southern\n leadership to continue the war, John Booker rejected the\n Colonel's challenge that he re-enlist; two-thirds of the\n soldiers stood back with him. As he explains, \"I dideant\n inten to reinlist nor I wes not willen to be a Slave for my\n enemyes and I dident go on line with the reinlisted, and I\n dideant wish to bee in eather line\" (March 1, 1864).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cscopecontent\u003e\n \u003chead\u003eReligion\u003c/head\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWhereas John Booker responded to terrible conditions by\n getting angry, his brother James turned to religion as a\n way of making sense of his suffering and connecting with\n home. As he writes of his homesickness, James Booker\n occasionally expresses his desire to join his relatives at\n the religious revivals held at Mount Hermon Baptist Church\n near Danville, Virginia (August 3, 1862). But he reassures\n his cousin that revivals often take place in the camp and\n that many soldiers have been converted. According to James,\n a sense of gratitude in war-time motivates many of the men\n to convert: \"I think it is time for them to turn after\n being blesed so plainley as they have bin in the past\n battles\" (October 17, 1862). Likewise, James' faith seems\n to have strengthened him and given him hope of returning\n home, whether to Pittsylvania County or to Heaven. In a\n letter written on New Years Day of 1864, James includes two\n quotations about coming home to and through God. Quoting\n from the third stanza of \"Amazing Grace,\" James writes, \n \u003cblockquote\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTis grace that brought me safe thus far And grace\n will lead me home.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/blockquote\u003e\n \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIn March of 1864, however, James believed that he might\n not arrive home safely, at least not home to Pittsylvania,\n since the spring campaign would soon open and \"then we poor\n soldiers will see a hard time\" (March 16, 1864). But James\n embraced a spirit of Christian fatalism, contending that\n his life was in God's hands: \"If it is the will of [my]\n maker for me to be cut down in this war I dont ask to be\n spared for I beleave that he will do what is the best for\n me, thare is but few things that I would ask to stay in\n this trouble some world for\" (March 16, 1864). After\n writing this letter, James Booker lived for almost sixty\n more years, but his twin John died five months later of\n wounds he received at Drewry's Bluff.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/scopecontent\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWhereas John Booker responded to terrible conditions by\n getting angry, his brother James turned to religion as a\n way of making sense of his suffering and connecting with\n home. As he writes of his homesickness, James Booker\n occasionally expresses his desire to join his relatives at\n the religious revivals held at Mount Hermon Baptist Church\n near Danville, Virginia (August 3, 1862). But he reassures\n his cousin that revivals often take place in the camp and\n that many soldiers have been converted. According to James,\n a sense of gratitude in war-time motivates many of the men\n to convert: \"I think it is time for them to turn after\n being blesed so plainley as they have bin in the past\n battles\" (October 17, 1862). Likewise, James' faith seems\n to have strengthened him and given him hope of returning\n home, whether to Pittsylvania County or to Heaven. In a\n letter written on New Years Day of 1864, James includes two\n quotations about coming home to and through God. Quoting\n from the third stanza of \"Amazing Grace,\" James writes, \n \u003cblockquote\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTis grace that brought me safe thus far And grace\n will lead me home.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/blockquote\u003e\n \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn March of 1864, however, James believed that he might\n not arrive home safely, at least not home to Pittsylvania,\n since the spring campaign would soon open and \"then we poor\n soldiers will see a hard time\" (March 16, 1864). But James\n embraced a spirit of Christian fatalism, contending that\n his life was in God's hands: \"If it is the will of [my]\n maker for me to be cut down in this war I dont ask to be\n spared for I beleave that he will do what is the best for\n me, thare is but few things that I would ask to stay in\n this trouble some world for\" (March 16, 1864). After\n writing this letter, James Booker lived for almost sixty\n more years, but his twin John died five months later of\n wounds he received at Drewry's Bluff.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eOptimistic at the beginning of the war, James\n Booker praises the \"elegant water,\" \"beautiful young\n Ladies,\" and \"most beautiful country\" he finds at the\n 38th's camp at Winchester. But he notes that one\n member of the regiment accidentally shot another\n member from his hometown and now feel terrible. He\n warns that \"cowardly boys\" who are avoiding service\n should beware, since they are likely to be drafted or\n made to put up breastworks. After salutations and\n greetings, James indicates where letters should be\n sent. A. Blair, a relative of James' and possibly\n Chloe Blair's brother, writes a short note to be\n included. Blair indicates that he is including a\n letter that \"brother William\" received from\n \"brother,\" who was expecting to go to Manassas. Blair\n finishes by saying that all are well.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eJames Booker complains of not hearing from his\n family. He mentions being too ill to serve and that\n he, consequently, works in the hospital. He talks\n about patients suffering from jaundice and yellow\n fever and mentions the poor health of James May, Hugh\n Norton and Josiah Burnett, as well as the death of\n Billy Pruett from eating \"too much beef liver.\" In\n spite of their complaints, he notes that the health\n of the men in camp is improving. He alludes to having\n received bad news from Texas, and then states that he\n will probably not come home as long as he is healthy\n or until peace is declared. The postscript states\n that James will try to send for things via any\n returning soldiers.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eJames Booker reports that his company is healthier\n than it has been for some time. He has heard about\n fighting at Falls Church the day before, and reports\n a conversation with a man from the Danville Grays,\n who told him that the Yankees are within four miles\n of his company at Fairfax Court House. From this\n information, James Booker predicts that a \"hard\n battle\" will soon take place. He mentions getting a\n letter from Addie (perhaps Drury Addison Blair),\n whose condition is improving.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis letter is a reply to one or more letters that\n James had received from his cousin and \"sweethearts\"\n a few days earlier. He has just heard that his\n regiment is about to move into their winter quarters\n in Gainesville. He will join it when the winter\n quarters are ready. Meanwhile, the work in his\n current quarters is lighter and the pay better. He\n believes the fighting in Centreville will not\n continue past winter. He mentions meeting a man who\n had been captured by the Union and who was recently\n released. According to this man, there are 60,000\n sick Yankees in Washington. He also adds that he has\n heard that two men in Centreville were shot for\n trying to kill their commanding officer. James closes\n the letter by asking to be remembered to cousin Eliza\n Ann Williams and to all the \"ladies\" at Christmas\n time.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWriting from the company's winter quarters near\n the battlefield of First Manassas, John Booker\n describes his brother James' sickness, which has left\n him weak and without an appetite. Other soldiers,\n including Nathaniel Robertson and Neal Gilbert, have\n struggled with illness; one, Josiah Burnett, has\n died. Booker ends his letter by expressing his\n pleasure at having received his cousin Unity's letter\n and apologizing that his brother James was unable to\n write.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eJames Booker explains why he has been so long in\n answering Unity's latest letters, stating that he has\n been in hospital, too ill to write. He had hoped to\n come home on furlough, but has been separated from\n his regiment and could not obtain leave. He asks that\n Unity write to him with the location of his regiment.\n He also complains about the quality of the food and\n mentions seeing many acquaintances on their way to\n the front. He closes by asking his cousin to direct\n her replies to Greaner's Hospital, care of Surgeon R.\n G. Banks.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eJames Booker writes to inform his cousin of the\n location of his regiment. He indicates that they have\n been shot at but infrequently hit. He mentions that a\n man named Tucker, who was wounded in the chin, was\n the only man from his regiment (he was attached to\n Captain Carter's Company F) to have been shot. He\n also notes that many men, mainly Yankees, were killed\n at last Wednesday's battle and that this evening the\n Yankees flew a truce flag in order to safely bury\n their dead. He feels that, because the best of both\n armies are here, the war will be settled here. He\n closes by asking that Unity write soon, and direct\n her letters to him at Yorktown. He also asks her to\n notify \"sister Mary\" that Pickney has not yet\n arrived.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eJohn Booker describes a new posting and notes\n that, since leaving the Orange Court House, the\n troops are living without tents. They stay in the\n entrenchments every other day and night, and are\n under constant bombardment by the Yankees. He\n mentions that there is a good deal of sickness and\n many are being wounded. Also, he notes that they have\n elected officers for the next two years. John closes\n by asking Unity to direct her letter to him at\n Yorktown.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eJames begins by apologizing for the tardiness of\n his letter: he explains that he has been ill. He then\n discusses the practice of substitution (arranging for\n a replacement in the army), concluding that it is\n having a bad effect on the Confederate Army. He also\n discusses his work assignment and his health. In a\n separate letter on the same paper, John tells his\n cousin about his cold and sore throat. He also states\n that there is currently no fighting, but he can hear\n the Yankees firing cannonade \"down on the river.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eJames Booker writes that he and his brother John\n are in good health. They have been marching hard but\n usually have not gotten enough to eat. Booker reports\n that the general feeling in the camp is that peace\n will come soon. Four sick conscripts have arrived\n (and are named). James complains of having to march\n in wet clothing after crossing bridge-less streams.\n He also notes that the sick and wounded have been\n ordered from Winchester to Staunton and thinks that\n everyone else will be going to Richmond soon. James\n looks forward to going there since he has not heard\n from home since leaving Richmond. He greets other\n family members and mentions that John will write\n soon.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eClaiming that he would be able to \"stand\" being a\n soldier if he received enough to eat, James Booker\n notes that recently the supply of food has been\n adequate, but that the men have not gotten enough\n salt. James Booker notes the illnesses of two men in\n camp, Bage Pritchett and John Hundley. He compares\n the entrepreneurship of the Yankees with the more\n whimsical quality of the Quakers' mercantilism and\n notes the use of Confederate money and specie to buy\n provisions. He also describes a month-long religious\n revival meeting underway in camp.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAfter reporting that he and his brother John are\n well, James Booker writes that the company has been\n marching for the past four days and has finally\n arrived at its camp near Fredericksburg. Many Union\n soldiers are nearby, and he predicts that the Union\n troops will soon begin shelling the Confederates. He\n expects a \"hard\" battle to commence soon.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWriting on the Sabbath, James Booker tells his\n cousin that both he and his brother are well. The\n members of Company D marched for the past ten days,\n and they expect to march again the next day, since\n they are following the movements of the Union troops.\n A few days previously, the Union had surprised the\n Confederate cavalry, but the Confederates managed to\n drive their enemies across the river and take several\n hundred prisoners. Complaining that \"the Yankees is\n getting too mean to live,\" James Booker writes that\n they steal and destroy Southern property, such as\n meat, corn, and horses. He notes, \"I still live in\n hope of peace soon though I may not live to see it.\"\n He observes that at a \"very interesting\" camp meeting\n several men, including Captain Herndon, were\n converted.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eJames Booker reports that he and his brother John\n are well. He mentions that local residents seem\n fearful of the army and that General Robert E. Lee\n has ordered his troops to respect private property.\n He describes the flourishing condition of\n Pennsylvania farms, noting that this part of the\n country has not yet felt the effects of the war.\n James perceives disunity in the people's attitude\n toward the war, comments on the abolitionists'\n motives, and mentions that he is boarding at a\n private house for free in return for guarding the\n owner's property. He closes by asking that Unity\n write soon, for he the last letter he received was\n dated the 13th.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWriting a few days after Gettysburg, James Booker\n describes the heavy losses suffered by his division\n during Pickett's Charge; most of the regiment's\n officers and many of the enlisted men were killed,\n wounded, or captured during the assault. James and\n John Booker escaped harm, though they were nearly\n taken prisoner by the Union forces. His division has\n been assigned to escort 5000-6000 Union prisoners to\n the South. He reports hearing daily of small battles\n and expects another major battle imminently, although\n he does not expect his division to be involved\n because it is on guard in Williamsport, a city where\n most of the citizens appear to favor the North.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eJohn Booker writes that he is happy that Chloe\n enjoyed the revival meeting at Hermon (perhaps the\n Mount Hermon Baptist Church near Danville), then\n notes that there is \"good preaching\" at the camp. He\n contends that \"the prosspect for peece is very gloomy\n now,\" given that both sides are preparing for war\n with more intensity than ever. He reports that,\n despite rumors, Pickett's division will remain in\n Virginia. The troops are elated at this news, even\n though they have little more to do than guard camp\n and drill three times a day. In a postscript, James\n Booker asks Chloe Unity Blair to send his letter to\n his sister soon.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eApparently upset that he did not receive a\n furlough, James Booker wishes for the warmth and\n comforts of home, writing, \"there is none of them\n that knows how to appreciate a blessing until they\n are deprived of it.\" Still, he admits, in wartime he\n should find satisfaction simply in having enough to\n eat and enjoying good health; but he cannot be\n satisfied when speculators sell food to women and\n children at inflated prices. He observes that the\n married soldiers have sent for their wives and were\n boarding them at the homes of local citizens. He\n observes that General Corse's Brigade had been at the\n camp near Petersburg, but that they were sent to\n Tennessee. He also mentions writing to his sister\n Mary, telling her that he did not need clothing, as\n he received the box that \"you all\" sent him. The\n letter closes with a one-page postscript stating that\n John made a potato pie, and Cousin Tom ate with the\n two of them. He sends his regards to Cousin Pollie\n Ann and mentions that Cousin William Blair and Luther\n are stationed nearby but will be leaving for\n Chatanooga, Tennessee, within the next two days. He\n closes asking for Unity to return his \"soldier\n likeness\" to him so he can exchange it for a new\n one.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAfter observing that letters from home bring him\n great pleasure, John Booker chastises his cousin for\n not writing sooner. He notes that \"Flem\" Gregory has\n been ill, but is recuperating. Then he launches into\n a complaint that energizes the letter: Captain John\n Herndon is too \"lazy\" to grant the soldiers in his\n company furloughs, even though it is Christmas time,\n and even though the men are not doing anything, not\n even picket duty. So discontented are the soldiers\n that many say they will not re-enlist. John Booker\n claims that he opposes desertion, but that the\n wealthier men who paid substitutes to serve in the\n army should have to join, while veteran soldiers\n should receive furloughs. Angered at the inequality,\n John exclaims, \"this is a rich mans war an a poor\n mans fight.\" He ends his letter by observing that\n Memory Inman, another member of the D Company, is\n heading home to get married.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBooker reports that although his regiment had\n begun to march to meet the Yankees in battle, the\n Union had attacked --and been defeated by --another\n group of Confederate soldiers thirty-five miles away.\n He reports that the winter has been fairly pleasant\n and that food is cheap and plentiful. Despite such\n abundance, he notes, soldiers have been stealing food\n from local residents. He mentions a serious theft of\n $18,000 from the Quarter Master; soldiers are\n suspected of the deed. James expresses concern over\n General Barton's attitude towards the Regiment.\n (Barton has said his men come from \"rags and\n thieves.\") James complains that after three years of\n service he has still not received a furlough. He\n closes the letter with a stanza from \"Amazing\n Grace.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eJohn Booker describes the attempt by Virginia\n Governor William \"Extra Billy\" Smith and Colonel\n [Joseph Robert] Cabell to make the men of the 38th\n Regiment re-enlist. He deplores the strategies they\n used: calling the men to stand before the \"Colors,\"\n declaring that any man who wanted to be a slave to\n the enemy should not re-enlist. John fears that his\n leaders want to continue to fight at all costs,\n rather than press for peace; and as long as men\n re-enlist the war will go on. John also expresses his\n dissatisfaction with the administration of the\n Regiment: only the men who re-enlist are granted\n furloughs, and John has still not received the\n furlough owed to him in 1862. He mentions that the\n two new recrutes to Company D are receiving their\n furloughs ahead of him. Changing the subject, John\n writes of nearby Union activity and says that they\n have been expecting a raid. Finally, he writes of\n Memory Inman's court martial and Captain John\n Herndon's marriage. He closes the letter by\n apologizing for its angry tone, writing, \"I have bin\n mad all day.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eJames Booker informs his cousin of his and his\n brother's good health. He discusses the treatment of\n prisoners of war, the unavailability of certain types\n of foodstuffs and the deprivations of civilians due\n to the war. He further comments on the weather and\n his coming duty in the field. He laments the lack of\n correspondence from home and closes his\n correspondence with salutations and wishes for his\n family's good health He apologizes for his poor\n writing, attributing it to having to finish the\n letter by firelight.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eJames Booker replies to Unity's letters of the\n 17th and 24th. He mentions that his company has been\n fishing about 20 miles away and that the Yankees are\n getting closer and are expected to drive the men out\n of the fishery. He states that the Yankees are\n believed to be heading for Richmond. James hopes that\n \"this cruel war\" may end soon and \"in our favor.\" He\n closes with a quotation from \n \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003e1 John\u003c/emph\u003e. The postscript,\n written on April 30th, states that the rumor that the\n Yankees are coming may be false.\u003c/p\u003e"]}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_viu01838_c01_c01"}},{"id":"vimtvl_repositories_3_resources_76","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Jane Charlotte Blackburn Washington and John Augustine Washington III correspondence","creator":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vimtvl_repositories_3_resources_76#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Washington, Jane Charlotte Blackburn, 1786-1855","label":"Creator"}},"abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vimtvl_repositories_3_resources_76#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eThe bulk of this collection is made up of letters from Jane Charlotte Washington to her son, John Augustine Washington III. Also included are letters to Eleanor Love Selden Washington, a few letters to or from John Augustine Washington III to various individuals, several letters from George Mason of Hollin Hall (1797-1870) to John Augustine Washington III, letters by Lackland and Alexander family members (relatives of the Washingtons) and three receipts. The subject matter of most letters is family or personal affairs and Mount Vernon business with some discussion of the enslaved people owned by the Washingtons. Inclusive dates are 1837 to 1861.\u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vimtvl_repositories_3_resources_76#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"vimtvl_repositories_3_resources_76","ead_ssi":"vimtvl_repositories_3_resources_76","_root_":"vimtvl_repositories_3_resources_76","_nest_parent_":"vimtvl_repositories_3_resources_76","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/MV/repositories_3_resources_76.xml","title_ssm":["Jane Charlotte Blackburn Washington and John Augustine Washington III correspondence"],"title_tesim":["Jane Charlotte Blackburn Washington and John Augustine Washington III correspondence"],"unitdate_ssm":["1837-1861"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1837-1861"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["2019.SC.035","/repositories/3/resources/76"],"text":["2019.SC.035","/repositories/3/resources/76","Jane Charlotte Blackburn Washington and John Augustine Washington III correspondence","This collection is open for research during scheduled appointments. Researchers must complete the Washington Library's Special Collections and Archives Registration Form before access is provided. The library reserves the right to restrict access to certain items for preservation purposes.","Arranged chronologically with undated material at the end of the collection.","Jane Charlotte Blackburn was born on August 23, 1786 at Rippon Lodge, Prince William, Virginia to Major Richard Scott Blackburn and Judith Blackburn. She married John Augustine Washington II and had five children, three of whom lived to adulthood – Anna Maria Thomasina Washington Alexander, John Augustine Washington III, and Richard Scott Blackburn Thomas. The couple lived at Blakely plantation near Charles Town, West Virginia, until the death of Bushrod Washington in 1829, who left the property of Mount Vernon to John Augustine Washington II in his will. When her husband died in 1832, Jane Charlotte Washington inherited Mount Vernon and vowed to maintain the estate to the best of her ability. She insisted her oldest son, John Augustine Washington III, attend college to better prepare him to someday manage the family's properties. He graduated from the University of Virginia in 1840 and a year later began overseeing all business at Mount Vernon for his mother. Jane Charlotte Washington died in 1855 and is buried at Mount Vernon with her husband.","John Augustine Washington was the great-grandnephew of George Washington and the last Washington to own Mount Vernon before its sale to the Mount Vernon Ladies Association (MVLA). He was born on May 3, 1821 to John Augustine Washington II and Jane Charlotte Blackburn Washington. He graduated from the University of Virginia in 1840, and returned to Mount Vernon to manage the declining estate with his widowed mother's permission. In 1843, he married Eleanor Love Selden with whom he had seven children. He sold 200 acres of Mount Vernon to the MVLA in 1858 for $200,000, and he and his family moved to Waveland plantation in Fauquier County, Virginia in 1860. He served as aide-de-camp to General Robert E. Lee, but was shot by a bushwhacker and died one week later on September 13, 1861.","John Augustine Washington III and Eleanor Love Selden Correspondence\nJohn Augustine Washington III and Descendants Papers\nJohn Augustine Washington III and MVLA Collection\nLawrence Washington Collection of Washington family papers\nHistoric Manuscripts Collection\nElswyth Thane Beebe Collection","The bulk of this collection is made up of letters from Jane Charlotte Washington to her son, John Augustine Washington III. Also included are letters to Eleanor Love Selden Washington, a few letters to or from John Augustine Washington III to various individuals, several letters from George Mason of Hollin Hall (1797-1870) to John Augustine Washington III, letters by Lackland and Alexander family members (relatives of the Washingtons) and three receipts. The subject matter of most letters is family or personal affairs and Mount Vernon business with some discussion of the enslaved people owned by the Washingtons. Inclusive dates are 1837 to 1861.","A.L.S. Mount Vernon. Tells him of four family members with consumption. Also \"have no servant to dispose of who would suit her sister, unless Milly would be willing for one of her three elder daughters to go. It would be a sure and good home I believe.\" Discusses sale of corn crop and other family news. Mentions repairs being made by Mr. Skidmore at Mt. Vernon. We have two other letters dated 1837 November 23 and 1838 November 1 mentioning repairs made by Jesse Skidmore. In 1839 July 27, Lawrence Lewis paid Skidmore for work done on the new tomb at Mount Vernon.","A.L.S. She is enclosing another $10 note requesting it get charged and sent to her by him.","A.L.S. Blakeley. She is unable to join him at Mount Vernon as her business would not fare well. Is sending a horse down as he is better fitted for the saddle than harness. Writes about sending him to Mount Vernon to \"relieve Maj. Lewis,\" who is working with Struthers and Strickland to build the new tomb. Writes of her \"deep veneration and gratitude to the memory of Genl Washington.\"","A.L.S. Blakeley. Upon her return home, she found things had not been taken care of on her farm. A fodder house for the cattle was not placed correctly at all. She encouraged her son to get a good education at Mr. Hallowell's school in Alexandria.","A.L.S. Blakeley. She wants him to inquire about an appointment for Lawrence Washington who needs employment. Inquires about his studies and the repairs on the \"old mansion.\" Gives some family news and wants him to call on Mary and Julia.","A.L.S. Blakeley. Reports on crop yields. Says there \"have been some difficulties between the overseer and the Negroes\" on the Mountain. Tells him of the impending purchase of a pair of draft horses. Talks of sending Willoughby and Gabriel to Mount Vernon, as well as Henry and Dolly. (This is likely Gabriel Johnson, about whom we have at least nine other letters in the collection.) Mentions letting his cousin have Jesse at \"whatever you think a reasonable price.\" Reports pork prices are down and is worried about the expenses of repairs to Mount Vernon. Was sorry to \"learn by a letter from West that our crop of corn at Mount Vernon has turned out so badly.\" Might need to employ West for another year. More family news and greetings.","A.L.S. Blakeley. She was sorry to hear of his illness and tells him to leave Mount Vernon in the hands of hirelings and not endanger his health further by riding there. Refers to reading about \"Mr. Calhoun's and Mr. Clay's conversations in the Senate on Mr. Calhoun's resolutions respecting abolition petitions.\" Much difficulty regarding Jessy – Cousin Jane has abandoned all idea of purchasing her.","A.L.S. with additional writing by Jane C. Washington. Blakeley. Tells of new animals being born, his schooling, and family news. Jane adds: glad to hear his schooling is going well. Asks if he participated in the February 22 celebration. Is sorry he gave up Greek. Wants him to send her a translation from Latin or French. Orders shoes to be made for Kitty.","A.L.S. Blakeley. She returned home safely and passes along some family news. Harvest had not been started, but since she returned they have begun on the wheat. Much gets lost by \"having inefficient hands as rakers,\" so she requests him to send Willoughby and Gabriel up immediately. \"Labourers cannot be procured, and wages are higher than ever before known to be.\"","A.L.S. Blakeley. Hopes he will get to enjoy his job at the Library of the House of Representatives. Thinks it will be good for his future. She is unwell at present. Reports on Dr. Gates who is also not doing well.","A.L.S. Blakeley. She is troubled about getting Richard to be an \"irregular Cadet\" or maybe to West Point. Reports on the death of Dr. Yates. Gives various instructions and requests.","A.L.S. Blakeley. She hopes the water at White Sulphur Spring will prove beneficial. Describes a sermon on Communion Sunday and hopes he's hearing as good as that. Had a disappointing wheat crop. Contracted with Ford and Snyder for the crop. Gabriel is still there, with JAW's permission. Additional page from Aunt Judy Alexander, hoping he meets some young ladies.","A.L.S. Blakeley. She wants him to rent the Prospect Hill fields for three years to Mr. Anderson. George carried wheat and oats to him, as well as other items. Poor Tansel wants a place with him. He'll make rakes and \"I know he makes excellent shoes.\" Sends greetings to family.","A.L.S. Blakeley. She wants Maria and Augustine to return to Blakeley as both are sick. Is disturbed that cousin Jane means to keep Betty for the next year, despite knowing of the intention to send her to Mount Vernon. \"Shall I send Hannah or Sally down, or contend for Betty?\"","A.L.S. Blakeley. She relates the difficult journey of his sister to Blakeley. Is glad he is feeling better. Writes about selling enslaved people: \"I am sorry to tell you Milly I understand is unfit for hire, and we shall be obliged to keep her at home. Mr. Rutherford… will take Sally. She is said to be a first rate manager, a strict tho kind mistress. She is to give $35. Hannah I have as yet had no offer for. Closely confined at home without a way of getting out, I have not had it in my power to look out places for our hirelings and do not like to offer them at public hire.\"","A.L.S. Blakeley. Glad he got rid of his chills. The horse cart is so much in use it cannot be sent down to Mount Vernon. Will send George, Edmund, and Betty to him. Still been unable to get a place for Hannah whose character does not stand well as to docility or usefulness. More instructions as to how to deal with various servants.","A.L.S. To Mount Vernon. \"Dr. A. has determined to keep the servants. I hope they will continue faithful and useful to him. Willoughby is a grumbler, but I am sure he has no just cause of complaint. Dr. A is a human and liberal master. I think you give a high price for your wagoner. Negroes have generally hired lower than usual this year. Hannah is at present laid up, sd. I not be able to get a good and safe place for her, I will send her down by the first safe opportunity.\" \"Remember me most kindly to all our Mount Vernon household – dear Old Jenny especially and West Ford.\"","A.L.S. Blakeley. She's so happy to hear from Dr. A that his health is much improved. Discusses financial difficulties. \"We must all practice strict economy.\" Sends family news.","A.L.S. Mount Vernon to Charlestown, Jefferson County, Virginia. Discusses the current low price for wood and Dr. Alexander and his travels. Regrets the failure of Ford and Snyder. Wants her to settle for Hannah's support as West thinks that she has not been given anything to eat. Also wants to remind Dick of a pair of boots for Mr. Morgan. Phil and Jesse have been sick for some time.","A.L.S. Blakeley. She hopes his health improves. Discusses disorder on banks, making business difficult. Is sorry this happened at the beginning of his life in business but hopes it will teach him. Tells of harvests and yields and gives some family news.","A.L.S. Blakeley. She's so glad he has recovered his health. Will be able to get clover seed shortly. Wants to plant the 90 acre field with oats. Sends greetings to Cary. Was able to hire Hannah out until Christmas.","A.L.S. Blakeley. George is off to Mount Vernon with a wagon full of goods. Requests various items to be brought back by him. Hopes his health remains good. His sister wishes to have Caroline whom she has hired brought down to Mount Vernon. She might come up with George. \"Remember me most kindly to Jenny – West's servant at Mount Vernon.\"","A.L.S. Blakeley. Sending this via Mr. Lamar requesting additional things for George to bring back. Describes a sermon given by Mr. Jones the previous Sunday. Hopes he will have \"our old establishment very clean white washed if not painted a little.\" Richard is not well but hopes he will join her when she goes down for a few days.","A.L.S. He is mortified that JAW might have been offended at not having received an invitation to dine with him, which was sent with a \"silly servant.\" He always values having his company and sends him some rhubarb with instructions as to its preparation.","A.L.S. Blakeley. George arrived safely yesterday afternoon. Disappointed various items from Mr. Hooff were not sent but instead sent via canal. Discusses prices of some items. Thanks him for fruit sent. Tells him to do what he thinks best with the greenhouse.","A.L.S. Blakeley. She is anxiously awaiting the arrival of his hands from Mount Vernon as George Saunders Ned and Lewis are all laid up. Marie and Mary Jane are incapable of working out. Harvest has commenced. Wants him to send a barrel of white sand for plastering the pillars in the brick portico. Hopes he will come soon. Sends family greetings.","A.L.S. Blakeley. She had a good journey home with pleasant visits with friends on the way. \"You have a partial friend in Mr. S. altho' I think he would be pleased if you did not speak quite so loud.\" Richard says a man wants to rent the P.H. Farm but is unwilling to pay the terms requested. Describes two sermons she heard. Wants him to look in the study for letters which Uncle Bushrod says must be there.","A.L.S. To Mount Vernon. Writes with suggestions for the furniture and carpet at Mount Vernon. She specifically mentions the \"little drawing room,\" \"parlor,\" \"front passage,\" \"little room,\" and \"old dining room.\" Fears she shall be left more largely in debt than ever yet been. A Dutch farmer wants to rent P. Hole farm.","A.L.S. To Mount Vernon. Gives some financial information. \"If the work is all finished at Mount Vernon both Harry and Fanny had better come but if there is still any thing for Fanny to do, she can remain.\" Requests items to be brought up, including lemons and oranges. Family news, including that Uncle Bushrod remains confined to his couch.","A.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. She has not heard from him. Ordered various building supplies. Financial times are very difficult and strict economy is necessary. Will send him some of her horses until his can be matched. Since Mary Jane is sick, Fanny should return to care for her. \"Remember me most kindly to my Old Jenny and West.\"","A.L.S. Walnut Farm to Mount Vernon. She returned home on Saturday and deplored the roads in Harpers Ferry. \"It seems Mr. John Selden is anxious to purchase Harriet. She was appraised at $400 with her child. She is said to be an excellent servant, and if you can get her in place of Hannah, Julia, or Sally, I think you had better do so. Julia is now at Blakely, having laid up and then come off without Lake's permission… Dr. Cordell has been called out to see her twice and from his prescription I rather suppose thinks very little except hysteria ails her.\" Discusses crops and a sermon and sends family greetings.","A.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. She has not been feeling well at all lately. Has heard from Cousin Lorenzo Lewis that Augustine looks very well. She would have liked to have heard that from him or his wife. \"The servants are becoming more and more worthless and disobedient. I really find it very difficult to govern them, or to have the most necessary domestic work attended to with any regularity.\" Family news. Wants him to send Harry up before harvest.","A.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. She's glad to hear that he and Nelly are doing so well. Much family news. \"Remember me very kindly to my good and faithful Jenny and Harry, also West and Eliza.\"","A.L.S. Bath to Blakeley. She is in Bath for the waters. It is very crowded, and all the houses are full. Heard two good sermons but then was ill again.","A.L.S. To Mount Vernon. She is concerned about poor Jenny and hopes the operation will give her a better chance of recovery. Many family members are ill. Another description of a sermon she heard.","A.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. She tells of travel difficulties. Relates some gossip. Made a deal for some provisions, but nothing has been delivered. She advanced the man $150. Family news.","A.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. Lots of news about family and friends. Also mentions Hannah and Rebecca being still invalids and that Thomas has again gone to Maryland. \"The boys have bought a wagon and two or three servants.\"","A.L.S. Mount Vernon. She wants to know if certain lawyers are in Alexandria or Washington. Also wishes to subscribe to the Audubon works and asks him to see to that.","A.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. She has been anxious at not hearing from him. Wants him to send the rent check for $500 as soon as possible. Wants him to send the fish via the Misses Moore's boats on the canal. Mentions the subject of Julia's purchase. Family and friend news. Additional page following receipt of his letter. Sorry the fishery has been unsuccessful. Due to drought the strawberries gave poor yield.","A.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. She received the check from him. His carpenter is unwilling to go to Mount Vernon before late next autumn due to the climate there. Has tried to find out why the fish and shingles he was to send have not been found on the wharves for the Misses Moore's boats to bring.","A.L.S. Mount Vernon. Deals with settling the estate of Mr. Selden. Discusses his purchase of Mary, an enslaved woman who seems to be quite ill and therefore not worth more than $50 or $60. His wife does not want her sold away. Also wants to sell the corn crop at Exeter.","A.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. She is glad he was able to go to Philadelphia. Mentions the death of the wife of Lewis Washington. His sister was with her at her death, and Jane was there through the funeral. Is anxious about Charles' daughter Catherine who was sent via stage to Mrs. Page who did not want her after all and seems unwilling to pay the stage driver for her passage. Discusses the hiring of a German gardener for Mount Vernon. Wants him to send a shoe she left at Mount Vernon and a quantity of cotton.","A.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. She is busy with pork business and will send two barrels of hams and one of lard. Complains about his brother and his wife coming without replying to her as to when they would arrive. Says her health is very infirm.","A.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. Thanks him for the articles send, including oysters and ducks. Discusses sale of corn and is keeping some back to get a better price in the spring. Gives family news and that Captain Symington \"is stationed at H.F. where the government intends having erected barracks for him.\" Discusses the benefits of religion. Wants him to give a \"piece of old bacon/shoulders to West, Jenny and Phill.\"","A.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. Lengthy discussion of the purchase of a house by Dr. Alexander and his sister. The finances of this are described.","A.L.S. To Mount Vernon. She is \"sorry to hear of the disturbances among the negroes, especially poor Alfred. I think you had better sell him. Perhaps you might do it advantageously to some one in Richmond, who wants a capable and trustworthy servant. I am told Jim is very much distressed at parting with his son. If the purchaser of Alfred is willing to take Jim and he wishes to go, I have no objection to it.\" Discusses various crop prices. Reports the death of one child from scarlet fever and how it sickens many in Charleston.","A.L.S. To Mount Vernon. Discusses a few financial matters. \"Hannah was sick \u0026 soon gave birth to a still born infant a boy. It was a mercy the event occurred for decomposition had commenced.\" People are still getting sick with scarlet fever.","A.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. Describes the symptoms and illness with scarlet fever of Julia. She will be unable to attend Jane Davis's wedding. \"I have been in a most unsettled state for a long time. It seems difficult to get my family matters and business settled into any regular method again.\"","A.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. Julia Alexander died from scarlet fever. Others are also ill. She will not come to Mount Vernon for fear of bringing the disease with her and wants him to collect rents due her and pay various bills from that and send the rest to her.","A.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. Discussion of finances and sale of stock. Gives medical advice to him for various people. Tells of recent election – not more than half of either party voted. Uncle Bushrod is going to Maryland to attend a meeting of the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal Company.","A.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. She has \"the severest attack of Influenza I have had for two years.\" Kitty has discarded Lt. Hooe due to his poor conduct. Describes drought conditions badly affecting crops.","A.L.S. Draft copy. Mount Vernon. Refuses permission to bring a party of military people to Mount Vernon by water. Does not want boats to dock there, but will allow them to enter if they arrive by land.","A.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. Have had much sickness. \"Thompson, Jerry and Mingo laid up; in consequence of which George is driving the wagon… Am now endeavoring to save what apples remain on the trees and prepare winter clothing for the servants.\" Wants him to come visit.","A.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. Have had an unusual degree of sickness. \"Poor old Mingo is thought to be dying!... Berkeley, Jerry, and Thompson are still on the sick list.\" Tells of death of a neighbor who shot himself by accident as he was mounting his horse. Is unable to bring the wheat to the mill as the mill was \"dangerously full.\" Describes a difficult journey by his aunt. At end \"Mingo is Dead.\"","A.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. She was still too ill at Christmas to visit others. \"We have still four or five cases of typhoid fever at the quarters. Charlotte among them she is still very sick. The Dr. hopes a favourable change has taken place in Selina, Saul and Jerry. Mary came out today. I have taken Sophy home and hope to be able to get on with her under Fanny's superintendance.\" Other descriptions of moving enslaved people around. Relates episode of Julia having escaped from Cousin H. and coming to her.","A.L.S. To Mount Vernon. Tells him Col. and Mrs. Davenport intend to visit him at Mount Vernon. Wants them to entertain them well. Discusses politics – \"the great question of Annexation.\" Mr. Rivers' speech was a great production. \"He feels as we do, the waning power of our once great \u0026 noble state.\"","A.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. She returned from a ride feeling quite well again. Describes a beautiful snowfall. \"I am sorry to hear you have still sickness among your servants. It is also the case here, new cases constantly occuring. The Dr. has been a daily visiter with the exception of two or three days. Milly's youngest child is now ill.\" Describes the death of his cousin. Other family news.","A.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. Describes her journey home from Mount Vernon, visiting friends on the way. \"Richard … is going Missouri and wishes to purchase Negroes to take with him. He has yet made no offer for Caroline, tho' we understand he wishes to get her. She I am told is averse to going.\" Describes a sermon and exhorts him to read the Bible. Family information. \"Excuse this blotted ill written scrawl. Read and burn it.\"","A.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. Discusses the naming of his new baby girl. Nelly wanted to name her after Jane, but she thought she should be named after Nelly's recently deceased grandmother. Tells of financial difficulties of Dr. A. and the prices of crops. After her signature – \"Destroy this letter.\"","A.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. Writes to discuss ways to assist Dr. A. \"out of his present difficulties.\" Wants him to come visit soon with the family.","A.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. Discusses a large christenings in church. Relates tale of two men who recently died from intemperance. Also tells plans for an upcoming wedding and where various guests will stay.","A.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. Has yet to hear back from him in answer to her letter about Dr. A. Tells him of what she wants to do for him. Gives instructions as to how he should travel to visit her with the family.","A.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. Wants to send George with the carriage to bring her and the children. Describes dancing by various people. Wants to receive some financial records.","A.L.S. To Mount Vernon. Tells him of money placed in bank \"for servants sold… (Humphrey, Shedrack, Thompson, Caroline, Little Daniel, Margaret, and John).\" \"I am not well and feel a good deal agitated at the sale tho' I believe it will be better for all concerned but it is distressing to break up families by sales.\"","A.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. Sending notes to him and hopes he will return as soon as he arranges this business. Nelly and the girls are well, though Lou has still a cough.","A.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. Misses the family and tells of items that were left during their last visit. Much rain has kept her from church. Maria sent jars of quince jelly for her. Gives family news and describes some roses. Sends message to Augustine \"to write to his old and now very unimportant mother.\"","A.L.S. To Mount Vernon. Describes family members' travels. Not a good wheat crop. Discusses the estate of Mr. Foote and how it treats his wife. Talks about the American B.S. and its efforts to bring the Bible to 10,000 families who have none. Asks him to pay some bills for her.","A.L.S. To Mount Vernon. Congratulates him on getting much ice stored in his ice house as \"it is a luxury, essential to health, and economy in domestic management.\" \"I believe slaves will become less and less valuable; and unless we keep them in the hope of being able to liberate and provide for them: for pecuniary interest, it is best to own, only as many as are necessary for the ordinary work of our farms.\" Many hams were spoilt, so they cannot offer any.","A.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. Much sickness in the early spring of cholera. Many people unable to work – Old Jenny, Maria and Dick, Lewis and George obliged to plough. Her cook Eliza has a crippled sore arm. Sophy, Joe, and Little Tom have been helping with many guests. Much discussion of weather.","A.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. Tells of various charges Richard made on his behalf. The weather has badly affected the crops. Wants to travel to Chicago in the summer. \"Richard has purchased West's little farm… West intends going West.\"","A.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. Sorry to hear about his return of chills. Their diet has been quite poor with a lack of vegetables and fresh meat. Thanks him for the check he sent, but he forgot to sign it. Describes another sermon. Requests him to send cypress shingles as soon as possible as the house leaks when it rains.","A.L.S. Mount Vernon to Charlestown, Jefferson County. Discusses failure to purchase mules at auction. He is unable to procure the peaches she wanted in Alexandria as many fruits have already fallen off the trees. West Ford said they needed some double shovel ploughs to put in the wheat.","A.L.S. Blakeley to Baltimore. She is sorry to hear of Lou's \"hooping cough.\" Other family news. Long description of Mr. Tacker and his vision of his impending death. Is sorry that Augustine is alone at Mount Vernon with the servants who have been \"a source of disquiet and distress to him.\"","Summerville, Gloucester County, Virginia to Alexandria. Tells him of a property coming for sale in the area. Also wants to make bricks and needs a \"responsible white man to superintend.\"","A.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. Congratulates him on the birth of another daughter. Gives news of Richard.","A.L.S. Blakeley. Nelly is recovering from childbirth, and the baby thrives. Nelly wishes him to remind Miss Entwisle about the dresses.","A.L.S. Blakeley. Gives prices of bushels of wheat from Mr. Burns and Mr. Snyder.","A.L.S. Blakeley. Describes a wedding and the young guests at the dinner. Discusses an Irishman who came to sell her tablecloths which she did not want. Letter was written over several days. She really misses the family.","A.L.S. To Mount Vernon. Won't give him the family news as she just passed that along to Nelly in a very recent letter. Thanks him for paying her bills. Discusses rental of the Ferry Landing fisheries and wants to rent to Mr. Whitall. Will let him decide whether to increase the fisheries.","A.L.S. To Mount Vernon. Entreats him to take it easy in the winter. They have had much snow. Uncle Bushrod has much ice stored away and offered some to her as her pond had a defect which caused it to drain. Discusses finances. He may rent out North Farm. \"I fear however you will have many difficulties and vexations if you let the servants go with the farm.\" Tells of his sister having a tumour under her arm. Also their church burned. Tells him of the death of her true friend Mrs. Adams.","A.L.S. Blakeley. Describes different people reading the will. Hopes his brother and family reached Mount Vernon safely. \"I think if the ladies attend the Inauguration of our brave honest chief, they had better join Mrs. Madison – who I am sure would be gratified at their so doing, and render their visit much more agreeable.\"","A.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. Has been anxiously awaiting a reply from him to her letter of a month ago. Wants to know when the monuments would be brought to Mount Vernon and the sum of money to be obtained. Is sending George with barrels containing hams and some apples. Wants him to return with the horses only, leaving the carriage. There was a fire at Hannah's house which was extinguished.","A.L.S. Gives much family news. Discusses lower prices for wheat and increasing the salary of the woman who must cook for Mr. Graham and all who are on the farm. Wants his help hiring a new overseer.","A.L.S. Blakeley. She is waiting to hear from him as to the overseer and waiting to see if Mr. Graham will accept the terms offered. \"Richard intends hiring out the hands he employed on the farm hoping to derive more clear profit from the Hires than he has received from the farm.\" Questions whether she should do anything about the deed for Mount Vernon drawn up. His sister Maria continues to look quite ill.","A.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. Snyder has delivered in mill his rent wheat. Writes that she is sending the deed to Mount Vernon, which has officially been signed over to him. Discusses an interesting trial in Charlestown. \"A Negro hired by Anderson … made an assault on Anderson for which he was committed and is today to be tried. The gentlemen all seemed to consider the issue of high importance. It certainly is to the miserable prisoner whose fate will be selling, transportation, or Death! I trust the decision will be merciful.\"","A.L.S. Blakeley. Writes about acquiring copies of the free papers for a formerly enslaved man named William Lyons. He is hoping to travel to Tennessee to visit his parents. Tells him his sister continues to do poorly.","A.L.S. Blakeley. Relates the sending of the deed conveying Mount Vernon to him. Is preparing to have Maria come stay for a while.","A.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. Maria has been there for a week and continues to be very ill. Tells him his tenants have not honoured his orders. More family news.","A.L.S. Blakeley. Discusses difficulties with the harvest and procuring labourers. Dr. Alexander hired a tutor for Charlotte who is very well thought of. More neighborhood and family news.","A.L.S. Blakeley. Hopes Nelly will soon be able to travel and recommends she drink a tea (\"it can no doubt be had at Stablers\") as the best remedy in her case. \"The servants … are very much alarmed in regard to cholera.\" Wants him to get some good port and M. Wine. She can get good whiskey in C-town.","A.L.S. Blakeley. She is very glad of the dividend declared by the Alexandria Bank. They have had severe colds but not cholera.","A.L.S. Caledon to Mount Vernon. Writing from Caledon and describes journey there. Their trunk did not arrive with them, so they have no change of clothes. Tells stories from the boat trip.","A.L.S. Blakeley. Much family news. Tells him a cousin died shortly after their visit. Richard \"seems to be a very happy man, he surely is blest in his wife \u0026 eight children.\" Dr. A has acquired an excellent housekeeper.","A.L.S. Blakeley. Tells of Annie ill with scarlet fever and how the doctor has her rubbed with a piece of raw fat bacon. Is now much improved. Was in care of Miss Gantt, the housekeeper, whom she praises highly. Wishes she could have heard Miss Lind sing at Mount Vernon. Describes a sermon. More news about friends and relatives.","A.L.S. Blakeley. Describes the symptoms of \"our dear little John\" and is sure something is wrong with his spine. Tells of the route of the turnpike and how it will cut off some of his woodland. Much news about family and acquaintances. Is very pleased with \"our young minister\" and hopes his teachings will help everyone.","A.L.S. Blakeley. Top portion of first page cut away, incomplete letter. Wants him to see the plans for the turnpike as it might cut through his land. Mrs. Briscoe's son would like to visit Mount Vernon and will bring any letter or package there.","A.L.S. Blakeley. More on the Turnpike passing through his farm. Entreats him to not bring forward tempting articles which are stimulating and exciting during his brother's visit. She is unable to visit due to pressing business.","A.L.S. Blakeley. Met Dr. Alexander and family before church and invited them to dinner. Encloses a letter from Mrs. Moran who would like to stay at Mount Vernon on her way to visit Jane. Is sending George with fish to be pickled. Sends remembrances to \"your maids Sarah, Eliza, Fanny and Amanda.\"","A.L.S. Thanks him for the fish and oysters sent by wagon. George did not properly stack items on the wagon, and much was damaged. The prayer book for Louisa has finally arrived and will be sent as soon as possible.","A.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. Discusses difficulties of Mr. Whitall and the fishery. Hopes to collect from Snyder and will send it to him. News about friends and family. Finished planting corn. Had snow recently.","A.L.S. Blakeley. Tells him she got $200 from Mr. Rutherford which will be deposited in a bank in Charlestown. He informed them that the roof of the barn is in need of repair. Gives family news.","A.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. Wants Nelly and the children to visit after harvest and will send George with the carriage to get them. Hopes Augustine will be friends with Mr. Moran. Has been sick and taken \"an unusual quantity of opium for me.\"","A.L.S. Blakeley. She is glad his servants have recovered and \"that you … have not suffered from your humane and close attendance on them.\" Was sorry to hear that Ephraim had fallen a victim. Tells him of a good friend who seems to be recovering. Gives a recipe for a remedy. Talks about the harvest and the various servants who are working on it. Is considering renting out her farm though she would retain part. Tells of Hannah's health.","A.L.S. Springland to Staunton, Virginia. Urges her not to think too much of home and to apply herself to her books and music. Gives family news.","A.L.S. Blakeley. She is happy to hear they are all healthy. Relates family news and gives him business advice. Describes hearing a musician. Discusses Mr. Rutherford and his acquiring bone dust to use as fertilizer.","A.L.S. Blakeley. She was so sorry to learn of the disaster that occurred to the vessel that was taking his wheat to market. Describes her journey home. At end, thanks him for the venison.","A.L.S. Blakeley. She is so sorry about his heavy loss and prays that God will help him through it. More family news about various people being ill.","A.L.S. Blakeley. Describes a sermon on intemperance. Discusses health problems of John and hopes he will improve when the weather gets better. Much family news.","A.L.S. Springland to Staunton, Virginia. Tells her that her last two letters appear to have been robbed. Gives news about her mother, grandmother, and sister.","A.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. Hopes Augustine is recovering. Much sickness in her house. Sent a new plough to Augustine. Hopes it arrives in time. Other family news.","A.L.S. Blakeley. Describes a visit from Mrs. Powel and various other family members. Wants part of the rent on the fishery to go toward the purchase of a piano for Louisa and the rest sent to her to pay off some debts. Sends love to all and reports on a few deaths.","A.L.S. Blakeley. Looks forward to the visit from him and his family in July. Describes harvesting of wheat and rye after much rain. Both had much desired Mr. Fillmore's election to the presidency. Wants Noblet to return from California.","A.L.S. Blakeley. She is enclosing some stock certificates to Mr. Eaches to be her attorney. Glad Nelly and the children are safely home. Tells of the loss of Richard and Christian's children.","A.L.S. Blakeley. Looks forward to Augustine's visit. Invited Kitty to spend the winter with her, but she will go elsewhere. News about various acquaintances. The disagreeable pork business is done, and she is sending three barrels of pippins via boat.","A.L.S. Blakeley. Thanks him for the $200 check which enabled her to pay her tax bill. Is again concerned about Noblet. Tells of Kitty Wright's trip to Winchester where her companion became ill with typhoid fever. Kitty \"is now with us, with three lovely children, and a good coloured girl (a slave) the one whom she hired.\" All her friends send their love.","A.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. \"Gabriel has sent in to say he wishes to set off tomorrow on his return home.\" Tells of much family with her at Christmas time.","A.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. She has been awaiting his visit and wonders about the cause of the delay. Still no news about Noblet. Tells of returning Annie Burnett home after she came into Richard's pew in church and wanted to come home with her. The next day she returned home.","A.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. Put $600 in bank to his credit. Kitty and her three children left with Sophy replacing the other nurse who has been ill for the children","A.L.S. Blakeley. There is much whooping cough going around with so far one death. The weather is very fine, and there are many flowers. Glad to hear the fisheries are doing well. Describes her visit to Walnut Farm and the people she saw while there. Asks if he has seen the Masonic oration on the \"centennial commemoration of the initiation of George Washington into the order of free Masons.","A.L.S. Blakeley. She was sorry to hear about the hail storm they had. Celebrated Hannah's birthday. Will send this letter with William Lyons who is leaving to see Augustine. Other family and friend news.","A.L.S. Blakeley. She is so glad Eliza is recovered. So sad about the death of Dr. Powel. More news about impending visits. General Duvall will be in Washington soon and would like to see Augustine so he could become \"acquainted with many of the influential members from the South \u0026 West, with whom he wishes you to become acquainted in case you still determine on disposing of M.V.\"","A.L.S. \tBlakeley. Wants either a visit from them or for her to visit them before winter sets in. She had quite a pleasant visit to New York and Philadelphia. Tells him of climbing 180 steps of the Washington Monument in Baltimore and having a beautiful view. Glad they have obtained a governess for the girls.","A.L.S. Blakeley. She is sorry Nelly is sick but will be unable to come down until after Christmas. Has several articles brought from N.Y. for \"my deal g.children at M.V.\"","A.L.S. Tells him of a deposit in bank for his use. Grieved to learn Eliza continues in feeble health. Visited Walnut Farm and heard from Dr. Alexander that \"the financial affairs of our church are in a very confused \u0026 entangled state.\" Looking forward to her trip to New York.","A.L.S. Blakeley. Paid $200 on stock note at bank. Is anxious about his brother determining to go to Housekeeping \u0026 renting Col. Devenport's House. He will still be at Blakeley every day. She has been suffering from dyspepsia. Glad to hear the governess gives satisfaction. Reference to Miss Nancy at Walnut Farm, who \"is not only a good house keeper but also understands gardening.\"","A.L.S. Blakeley. Tells him Mr. and Mrs. Depau intend visiting Mount Vernon, along with their son. Richard and family left for their new home and are much missed. She feels quite anxious to see her \"dear children at M.V. especially my grandson whose name I am as yet unacquainted with.\" Says two of our Cedar lawn cousins are to be married. \"The servants have been divided \u0026 the Cedar Lawn will be sold.\"","A.L.S. Blakeley. Sympathizes with the delayed visit due to the sickness of the family \"and death of your valuable and good young servant Dennis. It is a severe affliction to his poor mother. He was I think her youngest child.\" Is most anxious to see her grandson Lawrence. Had a visit from his brother and Christian and their son John. Went by invitation to Mr. Lovel's school where pupils delivered speeches and addresses. Wants the family to visit and will have rooms fixed up for them. Sends \"kind regards to your good \u0026 faithful servant Eliza, Danny \u0026 Sarah.\"","A.L.S. Blakeley. Looks forward to a shipment of \"Nellies Pickled Rockfish\" to share with neighbours \u0026 friends. Discusses planting of crops. Will visit him and his family \"this day week,\"","A.L.S. Blakeley. Describes her trip back home from Mount Vernon. Everyone is harvesting but having difficulty obtaining sufficient hands for the task.","A.L.S. Blakeley. Tells of the sudden death of Mrs. Selden and the funeral. Mentions harvests and addition to his house Dr. A. is doing. Wants to see him and the family. Mr. Rutherford wishes to renew his lease on the farm.","A.L.S. Blakeley. Hopes Maria's arm heals well and that he received the two barrels of oats she sent. Gives news about family. Tells of \"our beloved Charlotte\" taking communion and becoming a member of the church.","A.L.S. Blakeley. She is so sorry that Richard is ill but glad that Augustine is with him. Tells of George's illness. Gives more family news and hopes to see the family soon.","A.L.S. Requests he send him the cantaloupe seeds he talked about. Wants to talk about a system of patrols \"to try \u0026 keep our slaves at home.\" Says the slaves are stealing so much from them and taking it to Alexandria. Says everyone in the neighborhood of slave holders could contribute to hire 6 good men to patrol.","A.L.S. New Charlestown to Richmond. Sends family news and gives advice as to her traveling home. Tells of someone about to die, and that Fanny Griggs' school is broken up.","A.L.S. Blakeley. Laments that it has been so long since she heard from him or his family and wonders when they will come to visit. Gives news about local people. Tells of the wonderful addition that Dr. A. put on his house.","A.L.S. \tBlakeley to Mount Vernon. Had a tooth extracted. News of friends and neighbors. Has had influenza for 10 days.","A.L.S. White House. Gives his legal opinion as to a dispute among them. First the fact that the seine was not received by Mr. Washington at the appointed time, necessitating many difficulties. Second, the Hoopers did not receive the required loom but are entitled to some compensation for work done. His judgment is for $275 for Mr. Washington.","A.L.S. Hampstead, Virginia to Mount Vernon. Discusses her love of gardening and the recent harvest. Says she likes the new teacher at a neighbor's house \"but she looks consumptive.\" Describes a monument to two boys.","A.D.S. Fairfax County. Indicates full payment of judgment from JAW to William Mason.","A.L.S. Spring Bank, Virginia to Mount Vernon. Discusses the route of the turnpike and that it should go through Mr. E's land. It would split it up, and so Mason wants to offer other alternatives. Much of the land is prone to flooding and marshy. It would be very expensive to put the road through that.","A.L.S. Spring Bank, Virginia to Mount Vernon. Discusses his written ordinance about how to deal with people coming onto unenclosed land and hunting or fishing. Talks of a particular problem with land along waterways. Wants JAW to write to lawmakers and make this happen.","A.L.S. Spring Bank, Virginia. Before the Legislature meets, he encloses a proposed measure to be enacted. Discusses counties to be included – all along the Potomac and Rappahanoc.","A.L.S. Rose Hill. Discusses the hiring of an African American boy to do odd jobs and will pay $15.","A.L.S. Discusses the sending of clover seed. Had a problem with old Henry who emptied some tailings for the hens near the clover, mixing some up. \"I think I never was more vexed with any human being in all my life.\"","A.L.S. Spring Bank, Virginia to Mount Vernon. Mason writes describing an incident he had with West Ford on his plantation. This remarkable letter highlights the way Ford, despite being a free man, was still treated like a slave by others: \"On the evening of the Monday after Whitsunday, I was about sunset standing at my stable, giving some orders for the morning's work, when there passed within three or four yards of me a Negro man, who I did not know, without touching his hat, or any other recognition of my presence. After he had passed, I called to him asking who he was, and who did he belong to? He walked on, taking no notice, until I repeated the question, when he said 'Washington.' I then said, I suppose you have a name, and can tell me what Mr. Washington you belong to? He replied, 'West Ford.' His manner was insolent and supposing he was drunk, I said to him, there is the road to the gate, go off my place at once… When he got to the corner of the house, he commenced whooping and continued doing so, till he got out of the gate, which I had to send and have closed after him. I said nothing further to him, as he was obviously drunk; but directed one of my servants to go and tell him never to put his foot on the place again… Had he been anyone's servant but yours, I shd. have immediately had him apprehended and flogged for his impertinence; but satisfied that it could only be necessary to report the facts to you, and that you would take measures to prevent his ever coming here again, or repeating it, I have taken no further steps in the matter.\"","A.L.S. Spring Bank, Virginia to Mount Vernon. Sorry to hear that JAW is no longer a magistrate of the county. Will do what he can to get Mr. Herbert elected magistrate, so he can form the patrol necessary.","A.L.S. Spring Bank, Virginia. Heard that all will be done to keep out a Yankee for the office of Justice. Hopes Mr. Herbert will consent to serve.","A.L.S. Writes about the issue of county taxes which have become exceedingly high, mainly to pay for road construction. Found out that one group was destroying his trees and running a new road through his land to take business away from the turnpike.","A.D.S. Acknowledges receipt of payment in full on her account for boots and shoes for various named men.","A.L.S. Tells him of the considerable debts ($2,169.80) of Cousin Hannah and wishes to know what is to be done about it.","A.L.S. Urges him to do well in school and to board with the principal and not to associate with his old school mate Charles J.","A.L.S. Describes her trip home and the friends and family she visited on the way. Had friends to dine but had difficulty with the dinner as meat is scarce.","A.L.S. Just sent George to the Charlestown P.O. with a letter and check to him. Sorry to hear that Nelly is again sick.","A.L.S. To Mount Vernon. Describes her feelings at the recent losses of children and Noblet. Tells of much sickness in the area. \"Old Jenny's was by far the severest case, one which Dr. C. intirely dispaired of. She is recovering which we are thankful for, tho' old and feeble, she is good and pious, and has considerable influence with her children and fellow servants.\"","A.L.S. Has attached a check for $200 to be paid to the Exchange Bank in Alexandria toward her debt of $700. Was sorry to hear of Nelly's illness. Gives other family news.","A.L.S. Discusses a recently recorded deed. Describes health concerns of her sister. Bad weather is affecting planting. At end of letter: \"Matilda, your woman at Harewood has had an infant and lost it. It died after suffering greatly from fits. Dr. Cordell attended it.\"","A.L.S. To Mount Vernon. Has enclosed a check to be paid on her account with Mr. Hooff. Prices are low for horses and stock. Planting goes slowly. Gives family and friends news. Gives a recipe for quince jelly and marmalade. \"Remember me most kindly to Jenny \u0026 West \u0026 … indeed all our household at M.V.\"","A.L.S. To Mount Vernon. A brief note requesting him to \"let George have money $2.50 to get a pair of boots.\"","A.L.S. To Mount Vernon. She is sending Jenny and Fanny and hopes they will be \"useful and conduct themselves well.\" His carpenter came by the day after he left wanting some money he was owed as he had a debt to pay. Wants to visit them but wants him to let her know \"whether or not it is desirable for me to go. I shall not be in the slightest degree either hurt or offended at my room being preferable to my company.\" \"Mr. Rutherford … declines keeping Sally another year. I have told Mr. Shepperd to look out for a good place for her but I really think you had better take her down and either keep her at M.V. under your own eye as milker and washer or hire her out there. I think she and Alfred or Gabriel had better make a match.\"","A.L.S. All have been enjoying the visit from Augustine but regrets she and the children did not also come. Hannah is about to leave for New York for medical treatment, accompanied by Fanny. Thanks Louisa for the chow chow she made. News about a visit to cousin Ann Washington. Much talk of friends and family.","A.L.S. \"Your kind mother always advances for me the money with which I travel to the upper country. I am making my arrangements to move rather earlier than usual this summer that I may have the advantage of Cousin Betsy Winter's company … I shall take Rosina with me who is a fine sensible, amiable girl of fourteen, rather handsome, but bashful and awkward. She looks badly now from a sort of bilious fever without chills, which hangs about her in despite of blue pile etc.\"","A.L.S. Anna writes of the death of an enslaved woman named Harry: \"she died on Monday last, after a short illness, inflammation of the brain and womb… Dr. Alexander and Straith examined her body and found the womb and other organs around it entirely diseased. Mother has lost a kind and faithful servant, a sincere tho humble friend. We shall all feel her loss, to mother it is irreparable, she has no servant who can take her place.\"","A.L.S. Letter being carried by Randall, a slave, and tells of various people's health problems.","A.L.S.\t Hollin Hall to Mount Vernon. Has heard there is little chance of the law they want passing in this session of the Legislature. Gives his thoughts about future elections of people who will assist them.","A.L.S. To Mount Vernon. Wonders whether he has recovered his slave. If so \"make a stern and proper example.\" Tells Augustine to come to him for trials and punishments of slaves.","A.D.S. Autograph copy. Describes an ordinance stating consequences if anyone shall \"root, hunt, range, fish or fowl\" on private land.","Special Collections at The George Washington Presidential Library at Mount Vernon","Washington, Jane Charlotte Blackburn, 1786-1855","Washington, John Augustine, III, 1821-1861","Mason, George, 1797-1870","Washington, Eleanor Love Selden, 1824-1860","Tabb, John Prosser","Alexander, Judith Ball Blackburn, 1796-1866","Alexander, William Fontaine, 1811-1862","Ford, West, approximately 1784-1863","Alexander, Anna Maria Washington, 1817-1850","English \n. "],"unitid_tesim":["2019.SC.035","/repositories/3/resources/76"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Jane Charlotte Blackburn Washington and John Augustine Washington III correspondence"],"collection_title_tesim":["Jane Charlotte Blackburn Washington and John Augustine Washington III correspondence"],"collection_ssim":["Jane Charlotte Blackburn Washington and John Augustine Washington III correspondence"],"repository_ssm":["The George Washington Presidential Library at Mount Vernon"],"repository_ssim":["The George Washington Presidential Library at Mount Vernon"],"creator_ssm":["Washington, Jane Charlotte Blackburn, 1786-1855","Washington, John Augustine, III, 1821-1861"],"creator_ssim":["Washington, Jane Charlotte Blackburn, 1786-1855","Washington, John Augustine, III, 1821-1861"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Washington, Jane Charlotte Blackburn, 1786-1855","Washington, John Augustine, III, 1821-1861"],"creators_ssim":["Washington, Jane Charlotte Blackburn, 1786-1855","Washington, John Augustine, III, 1821-1861"],"has_online_content_ssim":["true"],"extent_ssm":["5.7 Linear Feet 4 manuscript boxes"],"extent_tesim":["5.7 Linear Feet 4 manuscript boxes"],"date_range_isim":[1837,1838,1839,1840,1841,1842,1843,1844,1845,1846,1847,1848,1849,1850,1851,1852,1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection is open for research during scheduled appointments. Researchers must complete the Washington Library's Special Collections and Archives Registration Form before access is provided. The library reserves the right to restrict access to certain items for preservation purposes.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["This collection is open for research during scheduled appointments. Researchers must complete the Washington Library's Special Collections and Archives Registration Form before access is provided. The library reserves the right to restrict access to certain items for preservation purposes."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eArranged chronologically with undated material at the end of the collection.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["Arranged chronologically with undated material at the end of the collection."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eJane Charlotte Blackburn was born on August 23, 1786 at Rippon Lodge, Prince William, Virginia to Major Richard Scott Blackburn and Judith Blackburn. She married John Augustine Washington II and had five children, three of whom lived to adulthood – Anna Maria Thomasina Washington Alexander, John Augustine Washington III, and Richard Scott Blackburn Thomas. The couple lived at Blakely plantation near Charles Town, West Virginia, until the death of Bushrod Washington in 1829, who left the property of Mount Vernon to John Augustine Washington II in his will. When her husband died in 1832, Jane Charlotte Washington inherited Mount Vernon and vowed to maintain the estate to the best of her ability. She insisted her oldest son, John Augustine Washington III, attend college to better prepare him to someday manage the family's properties. He graduated from the University of Virginia in 1840 and a year later began overseeing all business at Mount Vernon for his mother. Jane Charlotte Washington died in 1855 and is buried at Mount Vernon with her husband.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJohn Augustine Washington was the great-grandnephew of George Washington and the last Washington to own Mount Vernon before its sale to the Mount Vernon Ladies Association (MVLA). He was born on May 3, 1821 to John Augustine Washington II and Jane Charlotte Blackburn Washington. He graduated from the University of Virginia in 1840, and returned to Mount Vernon to manage the declining estate with his widowed mother's permission. In 1843, he married Eleanor Love Selden with whom he had seven children. He sold 200 acres of Mount Vernon to the MVLA in 1858 for $200,000, and he and his family moved to Waveland plantation in Fauquier County, Virginia in 1860. He served as aide-de-camp to General Robert E. Lee, but was shot by a bushwhacker and died one week later on September 13, 1861.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["Jane Charlotte Blackburn was born on August 23, 1786 at Rippon Lodge, Prince William, Virginia to Major Richard Scott Blackburn and Judith Blackburn. She married John Augustine Washington II and had five children, three of whom lived to adulthood – Anna Maria Thomasina Washington Alexander, John Augustine Washington III, and Richard Scott Blackburn Thomas. The couple lived at Blakely plantation near Charles Town, West Virginia, until the death of Bushrod Washington in 1829, who left the property of Mount Vernon to John Augustine Washington II in his will. When her husband died in 1832, Jane Charlotte Washington inherited Mount Vernon and vowed to maintain the estate to the best of her ability. She insisted her oldest son, John Augustine Washington III, attend college to better prepare him to someday manage the family's properties. He graduated from the University of Virginia in 1840 and a year later began overseeing all business at Mount Vernon for his mother. Jane Charlotte Washington died in 1855 and is buried at Mount Vernon with her husband.","John Augustine Washington was the great-grandnephew of George Washington and the last Washington to own Mount Vernon before its sale to the Mount Vernon Ladies Association (MVLA). He was born on May 3, 1821 to John Augustine Washington II and Jane Charlotte Blackburn Washington. He graduated from the University of Virginia in 1840, and returned to Mount Vernon to manage the declining estate with his widowed mother's permission. In 1843, he married Eleanor Love Selden with whom he had seven children. He sold 200 acres of Mount Vernon to the MVLA in 1858 for $200,000, and he and his family moved to Waveland plantation in Fauquier County, Virginia in 1860. He served as aide-de-camp to General Robert E. Lee, but was shot by a bushwhacker and died one week later on September 13, 1861."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[Name and date of item], Jane Charlotte Blackburn Washington and John Augustine Washington III correspondence, [Folder], Special Collections, The George Washington Presidential Library at Mount Vernon [hereafter Washington Library], Mount Vernon, Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["[Name and date of item], Jane Charlotte Blackburn Washington and John Augustine Washington III correspondence, [Folder], Special Collections, The George Washington Presidential Library at Mount Vernon [hereafter Washington Library], Mount Vernon, Virginia."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eJohn Augustine Washington III and Eleanor Love Selden Correspondence\nJohn Augustine Washington III and Descendants Papers\nJohn Augustine Washington III and MVLA Collection\nLawrence Washington Collection of Washington family papers\nHistoric Manuscripts Collection\nElswyth Thane Beebe Collection\u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Materials"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["John Augustine Washington III and Eleanor Love Selden Correspondence\nJohn Augustine Washington III and Descendants Papers\nJohn Augustine Washington III and MVLA Collection\nLawrence Washington Collection of Washington family papers\nHistoric Manuscripts Collection\nElswyth Thane Beebe Collection"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe bulk of this collection is made up of letters from Jane Charlotte Washington to her son, John Augustine Washington III. Also included are letters to Eleanor Love Selden Washington, a few letters to or from John Augustine Washington III to various individuals, several letters from George Mason of Hollin Hall (1797-1870) to John Augustine Washington III, letters by Lackland and Alexander family members (relatives of the Washingtons) and three receipts. The subject matter of most letters is family or personal affairs and Mount Vernon business with some discussion of the enslaved people owned by the Washingtons. Inclusive dates are 1837 to 1861.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Mount Vernon. Tells him of four family members with consumption. Also \"have no servant to dispose of who would suit her sister, unless Milly would be willing for one of her three elder daughters to go. It would be a sure and good home I believe.\" Discusses sale of corn crop and other family news. Mentions repairs being made by Mr. Skidmore at Mt. Vernon. We have two other letters dated 1837 November 23 and 1838 November 1 mentioning repairs made by Jesse Skidmore. In 1839 July 27, Lawrence Lewis paid Skidmore for work done on the new tomb at Mount Vernon.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. She is enclosing another $10 note requesting it get charged and sent to her by him.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Blakeley. She is unable to join him at Mount Vernon as her business would not fare well. Is sending a horse down as he is better fitted for the saddle than harness. Writes about sending him to Mount Vernon to \"relieve Maj. Lewis,\" who is working with Struthers and Strickland to build the new tomb. Writes of her \"deep veneration and gratitude to the memory of Genl Washington.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Blakeley. Upon her return home, she found things had not been taken care of on her farm. A fodder house for the cattle was not placed correctly at all. She encouraged her son to get a good education at Mr. Hallowell's school in Alexandria.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Blakeley. She wants him to inquire about an appointment for Lawrence Washington who needs employment. Inquires about his studies and the repairs on the \"old mansion.\" Gives some family news and wants him to call on Mary and Julia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Blakeley. Reports on crop yields. Says there \"have been some difficulties between the overseer and the Negroes\" on the Mountain. Tells him of the impending purchase of a pair of draft horses. Talks of sending Willoughby and Gabriel to Mount Vernon, as well as Henry and Dolly. (This is likely Gabriel Johnson, about whom we have at least nine other letters in the collection.) Mentions letting his cousin have Jesse at \"whatever you think a reasonable price.\" Reports pork prices are down and is worried about the expenses of repairs to Mount Vernon. Was sorry to \"learn by a letter from West that our crop of corn at Mount Vernon has turned out so badly.\" Might need to employ West for another year. More family news and greetings.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Blakeley. She was sorry to hear of his illness and tells him to leave Mount Vernon in the hands of hirelings and not endanger his health further by riding there. Refers to reading about \"Mr. Calhoun's and Mr. Clay's conversations in the Senate on Mr. Calhoun's resolutions respecting abolition petitions.\" Much difficulty regarding Jessy – Cousin Jane has abandoned all idea of purchasing her.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. with additional writing by Jane C. Washington. Blakeley. Tells of new animals being born, his schooling, and family news. Jane adds: glad to hear his schooling is going well. Asks if he participated in the February 22 celebration. Is sorry he gave up Greek. Wants him to send her a translation from Latin or French. Orders shoes to be made for Kitty.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Blakeley. She returned home safely and passes along some family news. Harvest had not been started, but since she returned they have begun on the wheat. Much gets lost by \"having inefficient hands as rakers,\" so she requests him to send Willoughby and Gabriel up immediately. \"Labourers cannot be procured, and wages are higher than ever before known to be.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Blakeley. Hopes he will get to enjoy his job at the Library of the House of Representatives. Thinks it will be good for his future. She is unwell at present. Reports on Dr. Gates who is also not doing well.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Blakeley. She is troubled about getting Richard to be an \"irregular Cadet\" or maybe to West Point. Reports on the death of Dr. Yates. Gives various instructions and requests.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Blakeley. She hopes the water at White Sulphur Spring will prove beneficial. Describes a sermon on Communion Sunday and hopes he's hearing as good as that. Had a disappointing wheat crop. Contracted with Ford and Snyder for the crop. Gabriel is still there, with JAW's permission. Additional page from Aunt Judy Alexander, hoping he meets some young ladies.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Blakeley. She wants him to rent the Prospect Hill fields for three years to Mr. Anderson. George carried wheat and oats to him, as well as other items. Poor Tansel wants a place with him. He'll make rakes and \"I know he makes excellent shoes.\" Sends greetings to family.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Blakeley. She wants Maria and Augustine to return to Blakeley as both are sick. Is disturbed that cousin Jane means to keep Betty for the next year, despite knowing of the intention to send her to Mount Vernon. \"Shall I send Hannah or Sally down, or contend for Betty?\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Blakeley. She relates the difficult journey of his sister to Blakeley. Is glad he is feeling better. Writes about selling enslaved people: \"I am sorry to tell you Milly I understand is unfit for hire, and we shall be obliged to keep her at home. Mr. Rutherford… will take Sally. She is said to be a first rate manager, a strict tho kind mistress. She is to give $35. Hannah I have as yet had no offer for. Closely confined at home without a way of getting out, I have not had it in my power to look out places for our hirelings and do not like to offer them at public hire.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Blakeley. Glad he got rid of his chills. The horse cart is so much in use it cannot be sent down to Mount Vernon. Will send George, Edmund, and Betty to him. Still been unable to get a place for Hannah whose character does not stand well as to docility or usefulness. More instructions as to how to deal with various servants.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. To Mount Vernon. \"Dr. A. has determined to keep the servants. I hope they will continue faithful and useful to him. Willoughby is a grumbler, but I am sure he has no just cause of complaint. Dr. A is a human and liberal master. I think you give a high price for your wagoner. Negroes have generally hired lower than usual this year. Hannah is at present laid up, sd. I not be able to get a good and safe place for her, I will send her down by the first safe opportunity.\" \"Remember me most kindly to all our Mount Vernon household – dear Old Jenny especially and West Ford.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Blakeley. She's so happy to hear from Dr. A that his health is much improved. Discusses financial difficulties. \"We must all practice strict economy.\" Sends family news.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Mount Vernon to Charlestown, Jefferson County, Virginia. Discusses the current low price for wood and Dr. Alexander and his travels. Regrets the failure of Ford and Snyder. Wants her to settle for Hannah's support as West thinks that she has not been given anything to eat. Also wants to remind Dick of a pair of boots for Mr. Morgan. Phil and Jesse have been sick for some time.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Blakeley. She hopes his health improves. Discusses disorder on banks, making business difficult. Is sorry this happened at the beginning of his life in business but hopes it will teach him. Tells of harvests and yields and gives some family news.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Blakeley. She's so glad he has recovered his health. Will be able to get clover seed shortly. Wants to plant the 90 acre field with oats. Sends greetings to Cary. Was able to hire Hannah out until Christmas.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Blakeley. George is off to Mount Vernon with a wagon full of goods. Requests various items to be brought back by him. Hopes his health remains good. His sister wishes to have Caroline whom she has hired brought down to Mount Vernon. She might come up with George. \"Remember me most kindly to Jenny – West's servant at Mount Vernon.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Blakeley. Sending this via Mr. Lamar requesting additional things for George to bring back. Describes a sermon given by Mr. Jones the previous Sunday. Hopes he will have \"our old establishment very clean white washed if not painted a little.\" Richard is not well but hopes he will join her when she goes down for a few days.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. He is mortified that JAW might have been offended at not having received an invitation to dine with him, which was sent with a \"silly servant.\" He always values having his company and sends him some rhubarb with instructions as to its preparation.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Blakeley. George arrived safely yesterday afternoon. Disappointed various items from Mr. Hooff were not sent but instead sent via canal. Discusses prices of some items. Thanks him for fruit sent. Tells him to do what he thinks best with the greenhouse.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Blakeley. She is anxiously awaiting the arrival of his hands from Mount Vernon as George Saunders Ned and Lewis are all laid up. Marie and Mary Jane are incapable of working out. Harvest has commenced. Wants him to send a barrel of white sand for plastering the pillars in the brick portico. Hopes he will come soon. Sends family greetings.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Blakeley. She had a good journey home with pleasant visits with friends on the way. \"You have a partial friend in Mr. S. altho' I think he would be pleased if you did not speak quite so loud.\" Richard says a man wants to rent the P.H. Farm but is unwilling to pay the terms requested. Describes two sermons she heard. Wants him to look in the study for letters which Uncle Bushrod says must be there.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. To Mount Vernon. Writes with suggestions for the furniture and carpet at Mount Vernon. She specifically mentions the \"little drawing room,\" \"parlor,\" \"front passage,\" \"little room,\" and \"old dining room.\" Fears she shall be left more largely in debt than ever yet been. A Dutch farmer wants to rent P. Hole farm.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. To Mount Vernon. Gives some financial information. \"If the work is all finished at Mount Vernon both Harry and Fanny had better come but if there is still any thing for Fanny to do, she can remain.\" Requests items to be brought up, including lemons and oranges. Family news, including that Uncle Bushrod remains confined to his couch.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. She has not heard from him. Ordered various building supplies. Financial times are very difficult and strict economy is necessary. Will send him some of her horses until his can be matched. Since Mary Jane is sick, Fanny should return to care for her. \"Remember me most kindly to my Old Jenny and West.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Walnut Farm to Mount Vernon. She returned home on Saturday and deplored the roads in Harpers Ferry. \"It seems Mr. John Selden is anxious to purchase Harriet. She was appraised at $400 with her child. She is said to be an excellent servant, and if you can get her in place of Hannah, Julia, or Sally, I think you had better do so. Julia is now at Blakely, having laid up and then come off without Lake's permission… Dr. Cordell has been called out to see her twice and from his prescription I rather suppose thinks very little except hysteria ails her.\" Discusses crops and a sermon and sends family greetings.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. She has not been feeling well at all lately. Has heard from Cousin Lorenzo Lewis that Augustine looks very well. She would have liked to have heard that from him or his wife. \"The servants are becoming more and more worthless and disobedient. I really find it very difficult to govern them, or to have the most necessary domestic work attended to with any regularity.\" Family news. Wants him to send Harry up before harvest.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. She's glad to hear that he and Nelly are doing so well. Much family news. \"Remember me very kindly to my good and faithful Jenny and Harry, also West and Eliza.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Bath to Blakeley. She is in Bath for the waters. It is very crowded, and all the houses are full. Heard two good sermons but then was ill again.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. To Mount Vernon. She is concerned about poor Jenny and hopes the operation will give her a better chance of recovery. Many family members are ill. Another description of a sermon she heard.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. She tells of travel difficulties. Relates some gossip. Made a deal for some provisions, but nothing has been delivered. She advanced the man $150. Family news.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. Lots of news about family and friends. Also mentions Hannah and Rebecca being still invalids and that Thomas has again gone to Maryland. \"The boys have bought a wagon and two or three servants.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Mount Vernon. She wants to know if certain lawyers are in Alexandria or Washington. Also wishes to subscribe to the Audubon works and asks him to see to that.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. She has been anxious at not hearing from him. Wants him to send the rent check for $500 as soon as possible. Wants him to send the fish via the Misses Moore's boats on the canal. Mentions the subject of Julia's purchase. Family and friend news. Additional page following receipt of his letter. Sorry the fishery has been unsuccessful. Due to drought the strawberries gave poor yield.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. She received the check from him. His carpenter is unwilling to go to Mount Vernon before late next autumn due to the climate there. Has tried to find out why the fish and shingles he was to send have not been found on the wharves for the Misses Moore's boats to bring.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Mount Vernon. Deals with settling the estate of Mr. Selden. Discusses his purchase of Mary, an enslaved woman who seems to be quite ill and therefore not worth more than $50 or $60. His wife does not want her sold away. Also wants to sell the corn crop at Exeter.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. She is glad he was able to go to Philadelphia. Mentions the death of the wife of Lewis Washington. His sister was with her at her death, and Jane was there through the funeral. Is anxious about Charles' daughter Catherine who was sent via stage to Mrs. Page who did not want her after all and seems unwilling to pay the stage driver for her passage. Discusses the hiring of a German gardener for Mount Vernon. Wants him to send a shoe she left at Mount Vernon and a quantity of cotton.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. She is busy with pork business and will send two barrels of hams and one of lard. Complains about his brother and his wife coming without replying to her as to when they would arrive. Says her health is very infirm.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. Thanks him for the articles send, including oysters and ducks. Discusses sale of corn and is keeping some back to get a better price in the spring. Gives family news and that Captain Symington \"is stationed at H.F. where the government intends having erected barracks for him.\" Discusses the benefits of religion. Wants him to give a \"piece of old bacon/shoulders to West, Jenny and Phill.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. Lengthy discussion of the purchase of a house by Dr. Alexander and his sister. The finances of this are described.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. To Mount Vernon. She is \"sorry to hear of the disturbances among the negroes, especially poor Alfred. I think you had better sell him. Perhaps you might do it advantageously to some one in Richmond, who wants a capable and trustworthy servant. I am told Jim is very much distressed at parting with his son. If the purchaser of Alfred is willing to take Jim and he wishes to go, I have no objection to it.\" Discusses various crop prices. Reports the death of one child from scarlet fever and how it sickens many in Charleston.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. To Mount Vernon. Discusses a few financial matters. \"Hannah was sick \u0026amp; soon gave birth to a still born infant a boy. It was a mercy the event occurred for decomposition had commenced.\" People are still getting sick with scarlet fever.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. Describes the symptoms and illness with scarlet fever of Julia. She will be unable to attend Jane Davis's wedding. \"I have been in a most unsettled state for a long time. It seems difficult to get my family matters and business settled into any regular method again.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. Julia Alexander died from scarlet fever. Others are also ill. She will not come to Mount Vernon for fear of bringing the disease with her and wants him to collect rents due her and pay various bills from that and send the rest to her.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. Discussion of finances and sale of stock. Gives medical advice to him for various people. Tells of recent election – not more than half of either party voted. Uncle Bushrod is going to Maryland to attend a meeting of the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal Company.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. She has \"the severest attack of Influenza I have had for two years.\" Kitty has discarded Lt. Hooe due to his poor conduct. Describes drought conditions badly affecting crops.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Draft copy. Mount Vernon. Refuses permission to bring a party of military people to Mount Vernon by water. Does not want boats to dock there, but will allow them to enter if they arrive by land.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. Have had much sickness. \"Thompson, Jerry and Mingo laid up; in consequence of which George is driving the wagon… Am now endeavoring to save what apples remain on the trees and prepare winter clothing for the servants.\" Wants him to come visit.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. Have had an unusual degree of sickness. \"Poor old Mingo is thought to be dying!... Berkeley, Jerry, and Thompson are still on the sick list.\" Tells of death of a neighbor who shot himself by accident as he was mounting his horse. Is unable to bring the wheat to the mill as the mill was \"dangerously full.\" Describes a difficult journey by his aunt. At end \"Mingo is Dead.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. She was still too ill at Christmas to visit others. \"We have still four or five cases of typhoid fever at the quarters. Charlotte among them she is still very sick. The Dr. hopes a favourable change has taken place in Selina, Saul and Jerry. Mary came out today. I have taken Sophy home and hope to be able to get on with her under Fanny's superintendance.\" Other descriptions of moving enslaved people around. Relates episode of Julia having escaped from Cousin H. and coming to her.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. To Mount Vernon. Tells him Col. and Mrs. Davenport intend to visit him at Mount Vernon. Wants them to entertain them well. Discusses politics – \"the great question of Annexation.\" Mr. Rivers' speech was a great production. \"He feels as we do, the waning power of our once great \u0026amp; noble state.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. She returned from a ride feeling quite well again. Describes a beautiful snowfall. \"I am sorry to hear you have still sickness among your servants. It is also the case here, new cases constantly occuring. The Dr. has been a daily visiter with the exception of two or three days. Milly's youngest child is now ill.\" Describes the death of his cousin. Other family news.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. Describes her journey home from Mount Vernon, visiting friends on the way. \"Richard … is going Missouri and wishes to purchase Negroes to take with him. He has yet made no offer for Caroline, tho' we understand he wishes to get her. She I am told is averse to going.\" Describes a sermon and exhorts him to read the Bible. Family information. \"Excuse this blotted ill written scrawl. Read and burn it.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. Discusses the naming of his new baby girl. Nelly wanted to name her after Jane, but she thought she should be named after Nelly's recently deceased grandmother. Tells of financial difficulties of Dr. A. and the prices of crops. After her signature – \"Destroy this letter.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. Writes to discuss ways to assist Dr. A. \"out of his present difficulties.\" Wants him to come visit soon with the family.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. Discusses a large christenings in church. Relates tale of two men who recently died from intemperance. Also tells plans for an upcoming wedding and where various guests will stay.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. Has yet to hear back from him in answer to her letter about Dr. A. Tells him of what she wants to do for him. Gives instructions as to how he should travel to visit her with the family.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. Wants to send George with the carriage to bring her and the children. Describes dancing by various people. Wants to receive some financial records.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. To Mount Vernon. Tells him of money placed in bank \"for servants sold… (Humphrey, Shedrack, Thompson, Caroline, Little Daniel, Margaret, and John).\" \"I am not well and feel a good deal agitated at the sale tho' I believe it will be better for all concerned but it is distressing to break up families by sales.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. Sending notes to him and hopes he will return as soon as he arranges this business. Nelly and the girls are well, though Lou has still a cough.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. Misses the family and tells of items that were left during their last visit. Much rain has kept her from church. Maria sent jars of quince jelly for her. Gives family news and describes some roses. Sends message to Augustine \"to write to his old and now very unimportant mother.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. To Mount Vernon. Describes family members' travels. Not a good wheat crop. Discusses the estate of Mr. Foote and how it treats his wife. Talks about the American B.S. and its efforts to bring the Bible to 10,000 families who have none. Asks him to pay some bills for her.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. To Mount Vernon. Congratulates him on getting much ice stored in his ice house as \"it is a luxury, essential to health, and economy in domestic management.\" \"I believe slaves will become less and less valuable; and unless we keep them in the hope of being able to liberate and provide for them: for pecuniary interest, it is best to own, only as many as are necessary for the ordinary work of our farms.\" Many hams were spoilt, so they cannot offer any.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. Much sickness in the early spring of cholera. Many people unable to work – Old Jenny, Maria and Dick, Lewis and George obliged to plough. Her cook Eliza has a crippled sore arm. Sophy, Joe, and Little Tom have been helping with many guests. Much discussion of weather.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. Tells of various charges Richard made on his behalf. The weather has badly affected the crops. Wants to travel to Chicago in the summer. \"Richard has purchased West's little farm… West intends going West.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. Sorry to hear about his return of chills. Their diet has been quite poor with a lack of vegetables and fresh meat. Thanks him for the check he sent, but he forgot to sign it. Describes another sermon. Requests him to send cypress shingles as soon as possible as the house leaks when it rains.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Mount Vernon to Charlestown, Jefferson County. Discusses failure to purchase mules at auction. He is unable to procure the peaches she wanted in Alexandria as many fruits have already fallen off the trees. West Ford said they needed some double shovel ploughs to put in the wheat.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Blakeley to Baltimore. She is sorry to hear of Lou's \"hooping cough.\" Other family news. Long description of Mr. Tacker and his vision of his impending death. Is sorry that Augustine is alone at Mount Vernon with the servants who have been \"a source of disquiet and distress to him.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSummerville, Gloucester County, Virginia to Alexandria. Tells him of a property coming for sale in the area. Also wants to make bricks and needs a \"responsible white man to superintend.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. Congratulates him on the birth of another daughter. Gives news of Richard.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Blakeley. Nelly is recovering from childbirth, and the baby thrives. Nelly wishes him to remind Miss Entwisle about the dresses.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Blakeley. Gives prices of bushels of wheat from Mr. Burns and Mr. Snyder.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Blakeley. Describes a wedding and the young guests at the dinner. Discusses an Irishman who came to sell her tablecloths which she did not want. Letter was written over several days. She really misses the family.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. To Mount Vernon. Won't give him the family news as she just passed that along to Nelly in a very recent letter. Thanks him for paying her bills. Discusses rental of the Ferry Landing fisheries and wants to rent to Mr. Whitall. Will let him decide whether to increase the fisheries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. To Mount Vernon. Entreats him to take it easy in the winter. They have had much snow. Uncle Bushrod has much ice stored away and offered some to her as her pond had a defect which caused it to drain. Discusses finances. He may rent out North Farm. \"I fear however you will have many difficulties and vexations if you let the servants go with the farm.\" Tells of his sister having a tumour under her arm. Also their church burned. Tells him of the death of her true friend Mrs. Adams.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Blakeley. Describes different people reading the will. Hopes his brother and family reached Mount Vernon safely. \"I think if the ladies attend the Inauguration of our brave honest chief, they had better join Mrs. Madison – who I am sure would be gratified at their so doing, and render their visit much more agreeable.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. Has been anxiously awaiting a reply from him to her letter of a month ago. Wants to know when the monuments would be brought to Mount Vernon and the sum of money to be obtained. Is sending George with barrels containing hams and some apples. Wants him to return with the horses only, leaving the carriage. There was a fire at Hannah's house which was extinguished.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Gives much family news. Discusses lower prices for wheat and increasing the salary of the woman who must cook for Mr. Graham and all who are on the farm. Wants his help hiring a new overseer.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Blakeley. She is waiting to hear from him as to the overseer and waiting to see if Mr. Graham will accept the terms offered. \"Richard intends hiring out the hands he employed on the farm hoping to derive more clear profit from the Hires than he has received from the farm.\" Questions whether she should do anything about the deed for Mount Vernon drawn up. His sister Maria continues to look quite ill.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. Snyder has delivered in mill his rent wheat. Writes that she is sending the deed to Mount Vernon, which has officially been signed over to him. Discusses an interesting trial in Charlestown. \"A Negro hired by Anderson … made an assault on Anderson for which he was committed and is today to be tried. The gentlemen all seemed to consider the issue of high importance. It certainly is to the miserable prisoner whose fate will be selling, transportation, or Death! I trust the decision will be merciful.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Blakeley. Writes about acquiring copies of the free papers for a formerly enslaved man named William Lyons. He is hoping to travel to Tennessee to visit his parents. Tells him his sister continues to do poorly.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Blakeley. Relates the sending of the deed conveying Mount Vernon to him. Is preparing to have Maria come stay for a while.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. Maria has been there for a week and continues to be very ill. Tells him his tenants have not honoured his orders. More family news.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Blakeley. Discusses difficulties with the harvest and procuring labourers. Dr. Alexander hired a tutor for Charlotte who is very well thought of. More neighborhood and family news.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Blakeley. Hopes Nelly will soon be able to travel and recommends she drink a tea (\"it can no doubt be had at Stablers\") as the best remedy in her case. \"The servants … are very much alarmed in regard to cholera.\" Wants him to get some good port and M. Wine. She can get good whiskey in C-town.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Blakeley. She is very glad of the dividend declared by the Alexandria Bank. They have had severe colds but not cholera.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Caledon to Mount Vernon. Writing from Caledon and describes journey there. Their trunk did not arrive with them, so they have no change of clothes. Tells stories from the boat trip.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Blakeley. Much family news. Tells him a cousin died shortly after their visit. Richard \"seems to be a very happy man, he surely is blest in his wife \u0026amp; eight children.\" Dr. A has acquired an excellent housekeeper.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Blakeley. Tells of Annie ill with scarlet fever and how the doctor has her rubbed with a piece of raw fat bacon. Is now much improved. Was in care of Miss Gantt, the housekeeper, whom she praises highly. Wishes she could have heard Miss Lind sing at Mount Vernon. Describes a sermon. More news about friends and relatives.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Blakeley. Describes the symptoms of \"our dear little John\" and is sure something is wrong with his spine. Tells of the route of the turnpike and how it will cut off some of his woodland. Much news about family and acquaintances. Is very pleased with \"our young minister\" and hopes his teachings will help everyone.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Blakeley. Top portion of first page cut away, incomplete letter. Wants him to see the plans for the turnpike as it might cut through his land. Mrs. Briscoe's son would like to visit Mount Vernon and will bring any letter or package there.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Blakeley. More on the Turnpike passing through his farm. Entreats him to not bring forward tempting articles which are stimulating and exciting during his brother's visit. She is unable to visit due to pressing business.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Blakeley. Met Dr. Alexander and family before church and invited them to dinner. Encloses a letter from Mrs. Moran who would like to stay at Mount Vernon on her way to visit Jane. Is sending George with fish to be pickled. Sends remembrances to \"your maids Sarah, Eliza, Fanny and Amanda.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Thanks him for the fish and oysters sent by wagon. George did not properly stack items on the wagon, and much was damaged. The prayer book for Louisa has finally arrived and will be sent as soon as possible.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. Discusses difficulties of Mr. Whitall and the fishery. Hopes to collect from Snyder and will send it to him. News about friends and family. Finished planting corn. Had snow recently.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Blakeley. Tells him she got $200 from Mr. Rutherford which will be deposited in a bank in Charlestown. He informed them that the roof of the barn is in need of repair. Gives family news.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. Wants Nelly and the children to visit after harvest and will send George with the carriage to get them. Hopes Augustine will be friends with Mr. Moran. Has been sick and taken \"an unusual quantity of opium for me.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Blakeley. She is glad his servants have recovered and \"that you … have not suffered from your humane and close attendance on them.\" Was sorry to hear that Ephraim had fallen a victim. Tells him of a good friend who seems to be recovering. Gives a recipe for a remedy. Talks about the harvest and the various servants who are working on it. Is considering renting out her farm though she would retain part. Tells of Hannah's health.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Springland to Staunton, Virginia. Urges her not to think too much of home and to apply herself to her books and music. Gives family news.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Blakeley. She is happy to hear they are all healthy. Relates family news and gives him business advice. Describes hearing a musician. Discusses Mr. Rutherford and his acquiring bone dust to use as fertilizer.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Blakeley. She was so sorry to learn of the disaster that occurred to the vessel that was taking his wheat to market. Describes her journey home. At end, thanks him for the venison.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Blakeley. She is so sorry about his heavy loss and prays that God will help him through it. More family news about various people being ill.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Blakeley. Describes a sermon on intemperance. Discusses health problems of John and hopes he will improve when the weather gets better. Much family news.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Springland to Staunton, Virginia. Tells her that her last two letters appear to have been robbed. Gives news about her mother, grandmother, and sister.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. Hopes Augustine is recovering. Much sickness in her house. Sent a new plough to Augustine. Hopes it arrives in time. Other family news.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Blakeley. Describes a visit from Mrs. Powel and various other family members. Wants part of the rent on the fishery to go toward the purchase of a piano for Louisa and the rest sent to her to pay off some debts. Sends love to all and reports on a few deaths.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Blakeley. Looks forward to the visit from him and his family in July. Describes harvesting of wheat and rye after much rain. Both had much desired Mr. Fillmore's election to the presidency. Wants Noblet to return from California.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Blakeley. She is enclosing some stock certificates to Mr. Eaches to be her attorney. Glad Nelly and the children are safely home. Tells of the loss of Richard and Christian's children.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Blakeley. Looks forward to Augustine's visit. Invited Kitty to spend the winter with her, but she will go elsewhere. News about various acquaintances. The disagreeable pork business is done, and she is sending three barrels of pippins via boat.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Blakeley. Thanks him for the $200 check which enabled her to pay her tax bill. Is again concerned about Noblet. Tells of Kitty Wright's trip to Winchester where her companion became ill with typhoid fever. Kitty \"is now with us, with three lovely children, and a good coloured girl (a slave) the one whom she hired.\" All her friends send their love.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. \"Gabriel has sent in to say he wishes to set off tomorrow on his return home.\" Tells of much family with her at Christmas time.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. She has been awaiting his visit and wonders about the cause of the delay. Still no news about Noblet. Tells of returning Annie Burnett home after she came into Richard's pew in church and wanted to come home with her. The next day she returned home.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. Put $600 in bank to his credit. Kitty and her three children left with Sophy replacing the other nurse who has been ill for the children\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Blakeley. There is much whooping cough going around with so far one death. The weather is very fine, and there are many flowers. Glad to hear the fisheries are doing well. Describes her visit to Walnut Farm and the people she saw while there. Asks if he has seen the Masonic oration on the \"centennial commemoration of the initiation of George Washington into the order of free Masons.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Blakeley. She was sorry to hear about the hail storm they had. Celebrated Hannah's birthday. Will send this letter with William Lyons who is leaving to see Augustine. Other family and friend news.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Blakeley. She is so glad Eliza is recovered. So sad about the death of Dr. Powel. More news about impending visits. General Duvall will be in Washington soon and would like to see Augustine so he could become \"acquainted with many of the influential members from the South \u0026amp; West, with whom he wishes you to become acquainted in case you still determine on disposing of M.V.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. \tBlakeley. Wants either a visit from them or for her to visit them before winter sets in. She had quite a pleasant visit to New York and Philadelphia. Tells him of climbing 180 steps of the Washington Monument in Baltimore and having a beautiful view. Glad they have obtained a governess for the girls.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Blakeley. She is sorry Nelly is sick but will be unable to come down until after Christmas. Has several articles brought from N.Y. for \"my deal g.children at M.V.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Tells him of a deposit in bank for his use. Grieved to learn Eliza continues in feeble health. Visited Walnut Farm and heard from Dr. Alexander that \"the financial affairs of our church are in a very confused \u0026amp; entangled state.\" Looking forward to her trip to New York.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Blakeley. Paid $200 on stock note at bank. Is anxious about his brother determining to go to Housekeeping \u0026amp; renting Col. Devenport's House. He will still be at Blakeley every day. She has been suffering from dyspepsia. Glad to hear the governess gives satisfaction. Reference to Miss Nancy at Walnut Farm, who \"is not only a good house keeper but also understands gardening.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Blakeley. Tells him Mr. and Mrs. Depau intend visiting Mount Vernon, along with their son. Richard and family left for their new home and are much missed. She feels quite anxious to see her \"dear children at M.V. especially my grandson whose name I am as yet unacquainted with.\" Says two of our Cedar lawn cousins are to be married. \"The servants have been divided \u0026amp; the Cedar Lawn will be sold.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Blakeley. Sympathizes with the delayed visit due to the sickness of the family \"and death of your valuable and good young servant Dennis. It is a severe affliction to his poor mother. He was I think her youngest child.\" Is most anxious to see her grandson Lawrence. Had a visit from his brother and Christian and their son John. Went by invitation to Mr. Lovel's school where pupils delivered speeches and addresses. Wants the family to visit and will have rooms fixed up for them. Sends \"kind regards to your good \u0026amp; faithful servant Eliza, Danny \u0026amp; Sarah.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Blakeley. Looks forward to a shipment of \"Nellies Pickled Rockfish\" to share with neighbours \u0026amp; friends. Discusses planting of crops. Will visit him and his family \"this day week,\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Blakeley. Describes her trip back home from Mount Vernon. Everyone is harvesting but having difficulty obtaining sufficient hands for the task.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Blakeley. Tells of the sudden death of Mrs. Selden and the funeral. Mentions harvests and addition to his house Dr. A. is doing. Wants to see him and the family. Mr. Rutherford wishes to renew his lease on the farm.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Blakeley. Hopes Maria's arm heals well and that he received the two barrels of oats she sent. Gives news about family. Tells of \"our beloved Charlotte\" taking communion and becoming a member of the church.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Blakeley. She is so sorry that Richard is ill but glad that Augustine is with him. Tells of George's illness. Gives more family news and hopes to see the family soon.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Requests he send him the cantaloupe seeds he talked about. Wants to talk about a system of patrols \"to try \u0026amp; keep our slaves at home.\" Says the slaves are stealing so much from them and taking it to Alexandria. Says everyone in the neighborhood of slave holders could contribute to hire 6 good men to patrol.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. New Charlestown to Richmond. Sends family news and gives advice as to her traveling home. Tells of someone about to die, and that Fanny Griggs' school is broken up.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Blakeley. Laments that it has been so long since she heard from him or his family and wonders when they will come to visit. Gives news about local people. Tells of the wonderful addition that Dr. A. put on his house.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. \tBlakeley to Mount Vernon. Had a tooth extracted. News of friends and neighbors. Has had influenza for 10 days.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. White House. Gives his legal opinion as to a dispute among them. First the fact that the seine was not received by Mr. Washington at the appointed time, necessitating many difficulties. Second, the Hoopers did not receive the required loom but are entitled to some compensation for work done. His judgment is for $275 for Mr. Washington.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Hampstead, Virginia to Mount Vernon. Discusses her love of gardening and the recent harvest. Says she likes the new teacher at a neighbor's house \"but she looks consumptive.\" Describes a monument to two boys.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.D.S. Fairfax County. Indicates full payment of judgment from JAW to William Mason.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Spring Bank, Virginia to Mount Vernon. Discusses the route of the turnpike and that it should go through Mr. E's land. It would split it up, and so Mason wants to offer other alternatives. Much of the land is prone to flooding and marshy. It would be very expensive to put the road through that.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Spring Bank, Virginia to Mount Vernon. Discusses his written ordinance about how to deal with people coming onto unenclosed land and hunting or fishing. Talks of a particular problem with land along waterways. Wants JAW to write to lawmakers and make this happen.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Spring Bank, Virginia. Before the Legislature meets, he encloses a proposed measure to be enacted. Discusses counties to be included – all along the Potomac and Rappahanoc.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Rose Hill. Discusses the hiring of an African American boy to do odd jobs and will pay $15.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Discusses the sending of clover seed. Had a problem with old Henry who emptied some tailings for the hens near the clover, mixing some up. \"I think I never was more vexed with any human being in all my life.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Spring Bank, Virginia to Mount Vernon. Mason writes describing an incident he had with West Ford on his plantation. This remarkable letter highlights the way Ford, despite being a free man, was still treated like a slave by others: \"On the evening of the Monday after Whitsunday, I was about sunset standing at my stable, giving some orders for the morning's work, when there passed within three or four yards of me a Negro man, who I did not know, without touching his hat, or any other recognition of my presence. After he had passed, I called to him asking who he was, and who did he belong to? He walked on, taking no notice, until I repeated the question, when he said 'Washington.' I then said, I suppose you have a name, and can tell me what Mr. Washington you belong to? He replied, 'West Ford.' His manner was insolent and supposing he was drunk, I said to him, there is the road to the gate, go off my place at once… When he got to the corner of the house, he commenced whooping and continued doing so, till he got out of the gate, which I had to send and have closed after him. I said nothing further to him, as he was obviously drunk; but directed one of my servants to go and tell him never to put his foot on the place again… Had he been anyone's servant but yours, I shd. have immediately had him apprehended and flogged for his impertinence; but satisfied that it could only be necessary to report the facts to you, and that you would take measures to prevent his ever coming here again, or repeating it, I have taken no further steps in the matter.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Spring Bank, Virginia to Mount Vernon. Sorry to hear that JAW is no longer a magistrate of the county. Will do what he can to get Mr. Herbert elected magistrate, so he can form the patrol necessary.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Spring Bank, Virginia. Heard that all will be done to keep out a Yankee for the office of Justice. Hopes Mr. Herbert will consent to serve.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Writes about the issue of county taxes which have become exceedingly high, mainly to pay for road construction. Found out that one group was destroying his trees and running a new road through his land to take business away from the turnpike.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.D.S. Acknowledges receipt of payment in full on her account for boots and shoes for various named men.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Tells him of the considerable debts ($2,169.80) of Cousin Hannah and wishes to know what is to be done about it.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Urges him to do well in school and to board with the principal and not to associate with his old school mate Charles J.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Describes her trip home and the friends and family she visited on the way. Had friends to dine but had difficulty with the dinner as meat is scarce.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Just sent George to the Charlestown P.O. with a letter and check to him. Sorry to hear that Nelly is again sick.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. To Mount Vernon. Describes her feelings at the recent losses of children and Noblet. Tells of much sickness in the area. \"Old Jenny's was by far the severest case, one which Dr. C. intirely dispaired of. She is recovering which we are thankful for, tho' old and feeble, she is good and pious, and has considerable influence with her children and fellow servants.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Has attached a check for $200 to be paid to the Exchange Bank in Alexandria toward her debt of $700. Was sorry to hear of Nelly's illness. Gives other family news.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Discusses a recently recorded deed. Describes health concerns of her sister. Bad weather is affecting planting. At end of letter: \"Matilda, your woman at Harewood has had an infant and lost it. It died after suffering greatly from fits. Dr. Cordell attended it.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. To Mount Vernon. Has enclosed a check to be paid on her account with Mr. Hooff. Prices are low for horses and stock. Planting goes slowly. Gives family and friends news. Gives a recipe for quince jelly and marmalade. \"Remember me most kindly to Jenny \u0026amp; West \u0026amp; … indeed all our household at M.V.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. To Mount Vernon. A brief note requesting him to \"let George have money $2.50 to get a pair of boots.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. To Mount Vernon. She is sending Jenny and Fanny and hopes they will be \"useful and conduct themselves well.\" His carpenter came by the day after he left wanting some money he was owed as he had a debt to pay. Wants to visit them but wants him to let her know \"whether or not it is desirable for me to go. I shall not be in the slightest degree either hurt or offended at my room being preferable to my company.\" \"Mr. Rutherford … declines keeping Sally another year. I have told Mr. Shepperd to look out for a good place for her but I really think you had better take her down and either keep her at M.V. under your own eye as milker and washer or hire her out there. I think she and Alfred or Gabriel had better make a match.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. All have been enjoying the visit from Augustine but regrets she and the children did not also come. Hannah is about to leave for New York for medical treatment, accompanied by Fanny. Thanks Louisa for the chow chow she made. News about a visit to cousin Ann Washington. Much talk of friends and family.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. \"Your kind mother always advances for me the money with which I travel to the upper country. I am making my arrangements to move rather earlier than usual this summer that I may have the advantage of Cousin Betsy Winter's company … I shall take Rosina with me who is a fine sensible, amiable girl of fourteen, rather handsome, but bashful and awkward. She looks badly now from a sort of bilious fever without chills, which hangs about her in despite of blue pile etc.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Anna writes of the death of an enslaved woman named Harry: \"she died on Monday last, after a short illness, inflammation of the brain and womb… Dr. Alexander and Straith examined her body and found the womb and other organs around it entirely diseased. Mother has lost a kind and faithful servant, a sincere tho humble friend. We shall all feel her loss, to mother it is irreparable, she has no servant who can take her place.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Letter being carried by Randall, a slave, and tells of various people's health problems.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S.\t Hollin Hall to Mount Vernon. Has heard there is little chance of the law they want passing in this session of the Legislature. Gives his thoughts about future elections of people who will assist them.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. To Mount Vernon. Wonders whether he has recovered his slave. If so \"make a stern and proper example.\" Tells Augustine to come to him for trials and punishments of slaves.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.D.S. Autograph copy. Describes an ordinance stating consequences if anyone shall \"root, hunt, range, fish or fowl\" on private land.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The bulk of this collection is made up of letters from Jane Charlotte Washington to her son, John Augustine Washington III. Also included are letters to Eleanor Love Selden Washington, a few letters to or from John Augustine Washington III to various individuals, several letters from George Mason of Hollin Hall (1797-1870) to John Augustine Washington III, letters by Lackland and Alexander family members (relatives of the Washingtons) and three receipts. The subject matter of most letters is family or personal affairs and Mount Vernon business with some discussion of the enslaved people owned by the Washingtons. Inclusive dates are 1837 to 1861.","A.L.S. Mount Vernon. Tells him of four family members with consumption. Also \"have no servant to dispose of who would suit her sister, unless Milly would be willing for one of her three elder daughters to go. It would be a sure and good home I believe.\" Discusses sale of corn crop and other family news. Mentions repairs being made by Mr. Skidmore at Mt. Vernon. We have two other letters dated 1837 November 23 and 1838 November 1 mentioning repairs made by Jesse Skidmore. In 1839 July 27, Lawrence Lewis paid Skidmore for work done on the new tomb at Mount Vernon.","A.L.S. She is enclosing another $10 note requesting it get charged and sent to her by him.","A.L.S. Blakeley. She is unable to join him at Mount Vernon as her business would not fare well. Is sending a horse down as he is better fitted for the saddle than harness. Writes about sending him to Mount Vernon to \"relieve Maj. Lewis,\" who is working with Struthers and Strickland to build the new tomb. Writes of her \"deep veneration and gratitude to the memory of Genl Washington.\"","A.L.S. Blakeley. Upon her return home, she found things had not been taken care of on her farm. A fodder house for the cattle was not placed correctly at all. She encouraged her son to get a good education at Mr. Hallowell's school in Alexandria.","A.L.S. Blakeley. She wants him to inquire about an appointment for Lawrence Washington who needs employment. Inquires about his studies and the repairs on the \"old mansion.\" Gives some family news and wants him to call on Mary and Julia.","A.L.S. Blakeley. Reports on crop yields. Says there \"have been some difficulties between the overseer and the Negroes\" on the Mountain. Tells him of the impending purchase of a pair of draft horses. Talks of sending Willoughby and Gabriel to Mount Vernon, as well as Henry and Dolly. (This is likely Gabriel Johnson, about whom we have at least nine other letters in the collection.) Mentions letting his cousin have Jesse at \"whatever you think a reasonable price.\" Reports pork prices are down and is worried about the expenses of repairs to Mount Vernon. Was sorry to \"learn by a letter from West that our crop of corn at Mount Vernon has turned out so badly.\" Might need to employ West for another year. More family news and greetings.","A.L.S. Blakeley. She was sorry to hear of his illness and tells him to leave Mount Vernon in the hands of hirelings and not endanger his health further by riding there. Refers to reading about \"Mr. Calhoun's and Mr. Clay's conversations in the Senate on Mr. Calhoun's resolutions respecting abolition petitions.\" Much difficulty regarding Jessy – Cousin Jane has abandoned all idea of purchasing her.","A.L.S. with additional writing by Jane C. Washington. Blakeley. Tells of new animals being born, his schooling, and family news. Jane adds: glad to hear his schooling is going well. Asks if he participated in the February 22 celebration. Is sorry he gave up Greek. Wants him to send her a translation from Latin or French. Orders shoes to be made for Kitty.","A.L.S. Blakeley. She returned home safely and passes along some family news. Harvest had not been started, but since she returned they have begun on the wheat. Much gets lost by \"having inefficient hands as rakers,\" so she requests him to send Willoughby and Gabriel up immediately. \"Labourers cannot be procured, and wages are higher than ever before known to be.\"","A.L.S. Blakeley. Hopes he will get to enjoy his job at the Library of the House of Representatives. Thinks it will be good for his future. She is unwell at present. Reports on Dr. Gates who is also not doing well.","A.L.S. Blakeley. She is troubled about getting Richard to be an \"irregular Cadet\" or maybe to West Point. Reports on the death of Dr. Yates. Gives various instructions and requests.","A.L.S. Blakeley. She hopes the water at White Sulphur Spring will prove beneficial. Describes a sermon on Communion Sunday and hopes he's hearing as good as that. Had a disappointing wheat crop. Contracted with Ford and Snyder for the crop. Gabriel is still there, with JAW's permission. Additional page from Aunt Judy Alexander, hoping he meets some young ladies.","A.L.S. Blakeley. She wants him to rent the Prospect Hill fields for three years to Mr. Anderson. George carried wheat and oats to him, as well as other items. Poor Tansel wants a place with him. He'll make rakes and \"I know he makes excellent shoes.\" Sends greetings to family.","A.L.S. Blakeley. She wants Maria and Augustine to return to Blakeley as both are sick. Is disturbed that cousin Jane means to keep Betty for the next year, despite knowing of the intention to send her to Mount Vernon. \"Shall I send Hannah or Sally down, or contend for Betty?\"","A.L.S. Blakeley. She relates the difficult journey of his sister to Blakeley. Is glad he is feeling better. Writes about selling enslaved people: \"I am sorry to tell you Milly I understand is unfit for hire, and we shall be obliged to keep her at home. Mr. Rutherford… will take Sally. She is said to be a first rate manager, a strict tho kind mistress. She is to give $35. Hannah I have as yet had no offer for. Closely confined at home without a way of getting out, I have not had it in my power to look out places for our hirelings and do not like to offer them at public hire.\"","A.L.S. Blakeley. Glad he got rid of his chills. The horse cart is so much in use it cannot be sent down to Mount Vernon. Will send George, Edmund, and Betty to him. Still been unable to get a place for Hannah whose character does not stand well as to docility or usefulness. More instructions as to how to deal with various servants.","A.L.S. To Mount Vernon. \"Dr. A. has determined to keep the servants. I hope they will continue faithful and useful to him. Willoughby is a grumbler, but I am sure he has no just cause of complaint. Dr. A is a human and liberal master. I think you give a high price for your wagoner. Negroes have generally hired lower than usual this year. Hannah is at present laid up, sd. I not be able to get a good and safe place for her, I will send her down by the first safe opportunity.\" \"Remember me most kindly to all our Mount Vernon household – dear Old Jenny especially and West Ford.\"","A.L.S. Blakeley. She's so happy to hear from Dr. A that his health is much improved. Discusses financial difficulties. \"We must all practice strict economy.\" Sends family news.","A.L.S. Mount Vernon to Charlestown, Jefferson County, Virginia. Discusses the current low price for wood and Dr. Alexander and his travels. Regrets the failure of Ford and Snyder. Wants her to settle for Hannah's support as West thinks that she has not been given anything to eat. Also wants to remind Dick of a pair of boots for Mr. Morgan. Phil and Jesse have been sick for some time.","A.L.S. Blakeley. She hopes his health improves. Discusses disorder on banks, making business difficult. Is sorry this happened at the beginning of his life in business but hopes it will teach him. Tells of harvests and yields and gives some family news.","A.L.S. Blakeley. She's so glad he has recovered his health. Will be able to get clover seed shortly. Wants to plant the 90 acre field with oats. Sends greetings to Cary. Was able to hire Hannah out until Christmas.","A.L.S. Blakeley. George is off to Mount Vernon with a wagon full of goods. Requests various items to be brought back by him. Hopes his health remains good. His sister wishes to have Caroline whom she has hired brought down to Mount Vernon. She might come up with George. \"Remember me most kindly to Jenny – West's servant at Mount Vernon.\"","A.L.S. Blakeley. Sending this via Mr. Lamar requesting additional things for George to bring back. Describes a sermon given by Mr. Jones the previous Sunday. Hopes he will have \"our old establishment very clean white washed if not painted a little.\" Richard is not well but hopes he will join her when she goes down for a few days.","A.L.S. He is mortified that JAW might have been offended at not having received an invitation to dine with him, which was sent with a \"silly servant.\" He always values having his company and sends him some rhubarb with instructions as to its preparation.","A.L.S. Blakeley. George arrived safely yesterday afternoon. Disappointed various items from Mr. Hooff were not sent but instead sent via canal. Discusses prices of some items. Thanks him for fruit sent. Tells him to do what he thinks best with the greenhouse.","A.L.S. Blakeley. She is anxiously awaiting the arrival of his hands from Mount Vernon as George Saunders Ned and Lewis are all laid up. Marie and Mary Jane are incapable of working out. Harvest has commenced. Wants him to send a barrel of white sand for plastering the pillars in the brick portico. Hopes he will come soon. Sends family greetings.","A.L.S. Blakeley. She had a good journey home with pleasant visits with friends on the way. \"You have a partial friend in Mr. S. altho' I think he would be pleased if you did not speak quite so loud.\" Richard says a man wants to rent the P.H. Farm but is unwilling to pay the terms requested. Describes two sermons she heard. Wants him to look in the study for letters which Uncle Bushrod says must be there.","A.L.S. To Mount Vernon. Writes with suggestions for the furniture and carpet at Mount Vernon. She specifically mentions the \"little drawing room,\" \"parlor,\" \"front passage,\" \"little room,\" and \"old dining room.\" Fears she shall be left more largely in debt than ever yet been. A Dutch farmer wants to rent P. Hole farm.","A.L.S. To Mount Vernon. Gives some financial information. \"If the work is all finished at Mount Vernon both Harry and Fanny had better come but if there is still any thing for Fanny to do, she can remain.\" Requests items to be brought up, including lemons and oranges. Family news, including that Uncle Bushrod remains confined to his couch.","A.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. She has not heard from him. Ordered various building supplies. Financial times are very difficult and strict economy is necessary. Will send him some of her horses until his can be matched. Since Mary Jane is sick, Fanny should return to care for her. \"Remember me most kindly to my Old Jenny and West.\"","A.L.S. Walnut Farm to Mount Vernon. She returned home on Saturday and deplored the roads in Harpers Ferry. \"It seems Mr. John Selden is anxious to purchase Harriet. She was appraised at $400 with her child. She is said to be an excellent servant, and if you can get her in place of Hannah, Julia, or Sally, I think you had better do so. Julia is now at Blakely, having laid up and then come off without Lake's permission… Dr. Cordell has been called out to see her twice and from his prescription I rather suppose thinks very little except hysteria ails her.\" Discusses crops and a sermon and sends family greetings.","A.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. She has not been feeling well at all lately. Has heard from Cousin Lorenzo Lewis that Augustine looks very well. She would have liked to have heard that from him or his wife. \"The servants are becoming more and more worthless and disobedient. I really find it very difficult to govern them, or to have the most necessary domestic work attended to with any regularity.\" Family news. Wants him to send Harry up before harvest.","A.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. She's glad to hear that he and Nelly are doing so well. Much family news. \"Remember me very kindly to my good and faithful Jenny and Harry, also West and Eliza.\"","A.L.S. Bath to Blakeley. She is in Bath for the waters. It is very crowded, and all the houses are full. Heard two good sermons but then was ill again.","A.L.S. To Mount Vernon. She is concerned about poor Jenny and hopes the operation will give her a better chance of recovery. Many family members are ill. Another description of a sermon she heard.","A.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. She tells of travel difficulties. Relates some gossip. Made a deal for some provisions, but nothing has been delivered. She advanced the man $150. Family news.","A.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. Lots of news about family and friends. Also mentions Hannah and Rebecca being still invalids and that Thomas has again gone to Maryland. \"The boys have bought a wagon and two or three servants.\"","A.L.S. Mount Vernon. She wants to know if certain lawyers are in Alexandria or Washington. Also wishes to subscribe to the Audubon works and asks him to see to that.","A.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. She has been anxious at not hearing from him. Wants him to send the rent check for $500 as soon as possible. Wants him to send the fish via the Misses Moore's boats on the canal. Mentions the subject of Julia's purchase. Family and friend news. Additional page following receipt of his letter. Sorry the fishery has been unsuccessful. Due to drought the strawberries gave poor yield.","A.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. She received the check from him. His carpenter is unwilling to go to Mount Vernon before late next autumn due to the climate there. Has tried to find out why the fish and shingles he was to send have not been found on the wharves for the Misses Moore's boats to bring.","A.L.S. Mount Vernon. Deals with settling the estate of Mr. Selden. Discusses his purchase of Mary, an enslaved woman who seems to be quite ill and therefore not worth more than $50 or $60. His wife does not want her sold away. Also wants to sell the corn crop at Exeter.","A.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. She is glad he was able to go to Philadelphia. Mentions the death of the wife of Lewis Washington. His sister was with her at her death, and Jane was there through the funeral. Is anxious about Charles' daughter Catherine who was sent via stage to Mrs. Page who did not want her after all and seems unwilling to pay the stage driver for her passage. Discusses the hiring of a German gardener for Mount Vernon. Wants him to send a shoe she left at Mount Vernon and a quantity of cotton.","A.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. She is busy with pork business and will send two barrels of hams and one of lard. Complains about his brother and his wife coming without replying to her as to when they would arrive. Says her health is very infirm.","A.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. Thanks him for the articles send, including oysters and ducks. Discusses sale of corn and is keeping some back to get a better price in the spring. Gives family news and that Captain Symington \"is stationed at H.F. where the government intends having erected barracks for him.\" Discusses the benefits of religion. Wants him to give a \"piece of old bacon/shoulders to West, Jenny and Phill.\"","A.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. Lengthy discussion of the purchase of a house by Dr. Alexander and his sister. The finances of this are described.","A.L.S. To Mount Vernon. She is \"sorry to hear of the disturbances among the negroes, especially poor Alfred. I think you had better sell him. Perhaps you might do it advantageously to some one in Richmond, who wants a capable and trustworthy servant. I am told Jim is very much distressed at parting with his son. If the purchaser of Alfred is willing to take Jim and he wishes to go, I have no objection to it.\" Discusses various crop prices. Reports the death of one child from scarlet fever and how it sickens many in Charleston.","A.L.S. To Mount Vernon. Discusses a few financial matters. \"Hannah was sick \u0026 soon gave birth to a still born infant a boy. It was a mercy the event occurred for decomposition had commenced.\" People are still getting sick with scarlet fever.","A.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. Describes the symptoms and illness with scarlet fever of Julia. She will be unable to attend Jane Davis's wedding. \"I have been in a most unsettled state for a long time. It seems difficult to get my family matters and business settled into any regular method again.\"","A.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. Julia Alexander died from scarlet fever. Others are also ill. She will not come to Mount Vernon for fear of bringing the disease with her and wants him to collect rents due her and pay various bills from that and send the rest to her.","A.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. Discussion of finances and sale of stock. Gives medical advice to him for various people. Tells of recent election – not more than half of either party voted. Uncle Bushrod is going to Maryland to attend a meeting of the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal Company.","A.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. She has \"the severest attack of Influenza I have had for two years.\" Kitty has discarded Lt. Hooe due to his poor conduct. Describes drought conditions badly affecting crops.","A.L.S. Draft copy. Mount Vernon. Refuses permission to bring a party of military people to Mount Vernon by water. Does not want boats to dock there, but will allow them to enter if they arrive by land.","A.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. Have had much sickness. \"Thompson, Jerry and Mingo laid up; in consequence of which George is driving the wagon… Am now endeavoring to save what apples remain on the trees and prepare winter clothing for the servants.\" Wants him to come visit.","A.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. Have had an unusual degree of sickness. \"Poor old Mingo is thought to be dying!... Berkeley, Jerry, and Thompson are still on the sick list.\" Tells of death of a neighbor who shot himself by accident as he was mounting his horse. Is unable to bring the wheat to the mill as the mill was \"dangerously full.\" Describes a difficult journey by his aunt. At end \"Mingo is Dead.\"","A.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. She was still too ill at Christmas to visit others. \"We have still four or five cases of typhoid fever at the quarters. Charlotte among them she is still very sick. The Dr. hopes a favourable change has taken place in Selina, Saul and Jerry. Mary came out today. I have taken Sophy home and hope to be able to get on with her under Fanny's superintendance.\" Other descriptions of moving enslaved people around. Relates episode of Julia having escaped from Cousin H. and coming to her.","A.L.S. To Mount Vernon. Tells him Col. and Mrs. Davenport intend to visit him at Mount Vernon. Wants them to entertain them well. Discusses politics – \"the great question of Annexation.\" Mr. Rivers' speech was a great production. \"He feels as we do, the waning power of our once great \u0026 noble state.\"","A.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. She returned from a ride feeling quite well again. Describes a beautiful snowfall. \"I am sorry to hear you have still sickness among your servants. It is also the case here, new cases constantly occuring. The Dr. has been a daily visiter with the exception of two or three days. Milly's youngest child is now ill.\" Describes the death of his cousin. Other family news.","A.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. Describes her journey home from Mount Vernon, visiting friends on the way. \"Richard … is going Missouri and wishes to purchase Negroes to take with him. He has yet made no offer for Caroline, tho' we understand he wishes to get her. She I am told is averse to going.\" Describes a sermon and exhorts him to read the Bible. Family information. \"Excuse this blotted ill written scrawl. Read and burn it.\"","A.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. Discusses the naming of his new baby girl. Nelly wanted to name her after Jane, but she thought she should be named after Nelly's recently deceased grandmother. Tells of financial difficulties of Dr. A. and the prices of crops. After her signature – \"Destroy this letter.\"","A.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. Writes to discuss ways to assist Dr. A. \"out of his present difficulties.\" Wants him to come visit soon with the family.","A.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. Discusses a large christenings in church. Relates tale of two men who recently died from intemperance. Also tells plans for an upcoming wedding and where various guests will stay.","A.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. Has yet to hear back from him in answer to her letter about Dr. A. Tells him of what she wants to do for him. Gives instructions as to how he should travel to visit her with the family.","A.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. Wants to send George with the carriage to bring her and the children. Describes dancing by various people. Wants to receive some financial records.","A.L.S. To Mount Vernon. Tells him of money placed in bank \"for servants sold… (Humphrey, Shedrack, Thompson, Caroline, Little Daniel, Margaret, and John).\" \"I am not well and feel a good deal agitated at the sale tho' I believe it will be better for all concerned but it is distressing to break up families by sales.\"","A.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. Sending notes to him and hopes he will return as soon as he arranges this business. Nelly and the girls are well, though Lou has still a cough.","A.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. Misses the family and tells of items that were left during their last visit. Much rain has kept her from church. Maria sent jars of quince jelly for her. Gives family news and describes some roses. Sends message to Augustine \"to write to his old and now very unimportant mother.\"","A.L.S. To Mount Vernon. Describes family members' travels. Not a good wheat crop. Discusses the estate of Mr. Foote and how it treats his wife. Talks about the American B.S. and its efforts to bring the Bible to 10,000 families who have none. Asks him to pay some bills for her.","A.L.S. To Mount Vernon. Congratulates him on getting much ice stored in his ice house as \"it is a luxury, essential to health, and economy in domestic management.\" \"I believe slaves will become less and less valuable; and unless we keep them in the hope of being able to liberate and provide for them: for pecuniary interest, it is best to own, only as many as are necessary for the ordinary work of our farms.\" Many hams were spoilt, so they cannot offer any.","A.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. Much sickness in the early spring of cholera. Many people unable to work – Old Jenny, Maria and Dick, Lewis and George obliged to plough. Her cook Eliza has a crippled sore arm. Sophy, Joe, and Little Tom have been helping with many guests. Much discussion of weather.","A.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. Tells of various charges Richard made on his behalf. The weather has badly affected the crops. Wants to travel to Chicago in the summer. \"Richard has purchased West's little farm… West intends going West.\"","A.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. Sorry to hear about his return of chills. Their diet has been quite poor with a lack of vegetables and fresh meat. Thanks him for the check he sent, but he forgot to sign it. Describes another sermon. Requests him to send cypress shingles as soon as possible as the house leaks when it rains.","A.L.S. Mount Vernon to Charlestown, Jefferson County. Discusses failure to purchase mules at auction. He is unable to procure the peaches she wanted in Alexandria as many fruits have already fallen off the trees. West Ford said they needed some double shovel ploughs to put in the wheat.","A.L.S. Blakeley to Baltimore. She is sorry to hear of Lou's \"hooping cough.\" Other family news. Long description of Mr. Tacker and his vision of his impending death. Is sorry that Augustine is alone at Mount Vernon with the servants who have been \"a source of disquiet and distress to him.\"","Summerville, Gloucester County, Virginia to Alexandria. Tells him of a property coming for sale in the area. Also wants to make bricks and needs a \"responsible white man to superintend.\"","A.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. Congratulates him on the birth of another daughter. Gives news of Richard.","A.L.S. Blakeley. Nelly is recovering from childbirth, and the baby thrives. Nelly wishes him to remind Miss Entwisle about the dresses.","A.L.S. Blakeley. Gives prices of bushels of wheat from Mr. Burns and Mr. Snyder.","A.L.S. Blakeley. Describes a wedding and the young guests at the dinner. Discusses an Irishman who came to sell her tablecloths which she did not want. Letter was written over several days. She really misses the family.","A.L.S. To Mount Vernon. Won't give him the family news as she just passed that along to Nelly in a very recent letter. Thanks him for paying her bills. Discusses rental of the Ferry Landing fisheries and wants to rent to Mr. Whitall. Will let him decide whether to increase the fisheries.","A.L.S. To Mount Vernon. Entreats him to take it easy in the winter. They have had much snow. Uncle Bushrod has much ice stored away and offered some to her as her pond had a defect which caused it to drain. Discusses finances. He may rent out North Farm. \"I fear however you will have many difficulties and vexations if you let the servants go with the farm.\" Tells of his sister having a tumour under her arm. Also their church burned. Tells him of the death of her true friend Mrs. Adams.","A.L.S. Blakeley. Describes different people reading the will. Hopes his brother and family reached Mount Vernon safely. \"I think if the ladies attend the Inauguration of our brave honest chief, they had better join Mrs. Madison – who I am sure would be gratified at their so doing, and render their visit much more agreeable.\"","A.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. Has been anxiously awaiting a reply from him to her letter of a month ago. Wants to know when the monuments would be brought to Mount Vernon and the sum of money to be obtained. Is sending George with barrels containing hams and some apples. Wants him to return with the horses only, leaving the carriage. There was a fire at Hannah's house which was extinguished.","A.L.S. Gives much family news. Discusses lower prices for wheat and increasing the salary of the woman who must cook for Mr. Graham and all who are on the farm. Wants his help hiring a new overseer.","A.L.S. Blakeley. She is waiting to hear from him as to the overseer and waiting to see if Mr. Graham will accept the terms offered. \"Richard intends hiring out the hands he employed on the farm hoping to derive more clear profit from the Hires than he has received from the farm.\" Questions whether she should do anything about the deed for Mount Vernon drawn up. His sister Maria continues to look quite ill.","A.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. Snyder has delivered in mill his rent wheat. Writes that she is sending the deed to Mount Vernon, which has officially been signed over to him. Discusses an interesting trial in Charlestown. \"A Negro hired by Anderson … made an assault on Anderson for which he was committed and is today to be tried. The gentlemen all seemed to consider the issue of high importance. It certainly is to the miserable prisoner whose fate will be selling, transportation, or Death! I trust the decision will be merciful.\"","A.L.S. Blakeley. Writes about acquiring copies of the free papers for a formerly enslaved man named William Lyons. He is hoping to travel to Tennessee to visit his parents. Tells him his sister continues to do poorly.","A.L.S. Blakeley. Relates the sending of the deed conveying Mount Vernon to him. Is preparing to have Maria come stay for a while.","A.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. Maria has been there for a week and continues to be very ill. Tells him his tenants have not honoured his orders. More family news.","A.L.S. Blakeley. Discusses difficulties with the harvest and procuring labourers. Dr. Alexander hired a tutor for Charlotte who is very well thought of. More neighborhood and family news.","A.L.S. Blakeley. Hopes Nelly will soon be able to travel and recommends she drink a tea (\"it can no doubt be had at Stablers\") as the best remedy in her case. \"The servants … are very much alarmed in regard to cholera.\" Wants him to get some good port and M. Wine. She can get good whiskey in C-town.","A.L.S. Blakeley. She is very glad of the dividend declared by the Alexandria Bank. They have had severe colds but not cholera.","A.L.S. Caledon to Mount Vernon. Writing from Caledon and describes journey there. Their trunk did not arrive with them, so they have no change of clothes. Tells stories from the boat trip.","A.L.S. Blakeley. Much family news. Tells him a cousin died shortly after their visit. Richard \"seems to be a very happy man, he surely is blest in his wife \u0026 eight children.\" Dr. A has acquired an excellent housekeeper.","A.L.S. Blakeley. Tells of Annie ill with scarlet fever and how the doctor has her rubbed with a piece of raw fat bacon. Is now much improved. Was in care of Miss Gantt, the housekeeper, whom she praises highly. Wishes she could have heard Miss Lind sing at Mount Vernon. Describes a sermon. More news about friends and relatives.","A.L.S. Blakeley. Describes the symptoms of \"our dear little John\" and is sure something is wrong with his spine. Tells of the route of the turnpike and how it will cut off some of his woodland. Much news about family and acquaintances. Is very pleased with \"our young minister\" and hopes his teachings will help everyone.","A.L.S. Blakeley. Top portion of first page cut away, incomplete letter. Wants him to see the plans for the turnpike as it might cut through his land. Mrs. Briscoe's son would like to visit Mount Vernon and will bring any letter or package there.","A.L.S. Blakeley. More on the Turnpike passing through his farm. Entreats him to not bring forward tempting articles which are stimulating and exciting during his brother's visit. She is unable to visit due to pressing business.","A.L.S. Blakeley. Met Dr. Alexander and family before church and invited them to dinner. Encloses a letter from Mrs. Moran who would like to stay at Mount Vernon on her way to visit Jane. Is sending George with fish to be pickled. Sends remembrances to \"your maids Sarah, Eliza, Fanny and Amanda.\"","A.L.S. Thanks him for the fish and oysters sent by wagon. George did not properly stack items on the wagon, and much was damaged. The prayer book for Louisa has finally arrived and will be sent as soon as possible.","A.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. Discusses difficulties of Mr. Whitall and the fishery. Hopes to collect from Snyder and will send it to him. News about friends and family. Finished planting corn. Had snow recently.","A.L.S. Blakeley. Tells him she got $200 from Mr. Rutherford which will be deposited in a bank in Charlestown. He informed them that the roof of the barn is in need of repair. Gives family news.","A.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. Wants Nelly and the children to visit after harvest and will send George with the carriage to get them. Hopes Augustine will be friends with Mr. Moran. Has been sick and taken \"an unusual quantity of opium for me.\"","A.L.S. Blakeley. She is glad his servants have recovered and \"that you … have not suffered from your humane and close attendance on them.\" Was sorry to hear that Ephraim had fallen a victim. Tells him of a good friend who seems to be recovering. Gives a recipe for a remedy. Talks about the harvest and the various servants who are working on it. Is considering renting out her farm though she would retain part. Tells of Hannah's health.","A.L.S. Springland to Staunton, Virginia. Urges her not to think too much of home and to apply herself to her books and music. Gives family news.","A.L.S. Blakeley. She is happy to hear they are all healthy. Relates family news and gives him business advice. Describes hearing a musician. Discusses Mr. Rutherford and his acquiring bone dust to use as fertilizer.","A.L.S. Blakeley. She was so sorry to learn of the disaster that occurred to the vessel that was taking his wheat to market. Describes her journey home. At end, thanks him for the venison.","A.L.S. Blakeley. She is so sorry about his heavy loss and prays that God will help him through it. More family news about various people being ill.","A.L.S. Blakeley. Describes a sermon on intemperance. Discusses health problems of John and hopes he will improve when the weather gets better. Much family news.","A.L.S. Springland to Staunton, Virginia. Tells her that her last two letters appear to have been robbed. Gives news about her mother, grandmother, and sister.","A.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. Hopes Augustine is recovering. Much sickness in her house. Sent a new plough to Augustine. Hopes it arrives in time. Other family news.","A.L.S. Blakeley. Describes a visit from Mrs. Powel and various other family members. Wants part of the rent on the fishery to go toward the purchase of a piano for Louisa and the rest sent to her to pay off some debts. Sends love to all and reports on a few deaths.","A.L.S. Blakeley. Looks forward to the visit from him and his family in July. Describes harvesting of wheat and rye after much rain. Both had much desired Mr. Fillmore's election to the presidency. Wants Noblet to return from California.","A.L.S. Blakeley. She is enclosing some stock certificates to Mr. Eaches to be her attorney. Glad Nelly and the children are safely home. Tells of the loss of Richard and Christian's children.","A.L.S. Blakeley. Looks forward to Augustine's visit. Invited Kitty to spend the winter with her, but she will go elsewhere. News about various acquaintances. The disagreeable pork business is done, and she is sending three barrels of pippins via boat.","A.L.S. Blakeley. Thanks him for the $200 check which enabled her to pay her tax bill. Is again concerned about Noblet. Tells of Kitty Wright's trip to Winchester where her companion became ill with typhoid fever. Kitty \"is now with us, with three lovely children, and a good coloured girl (a slave) the one whom she hired.\" All her friends send their love.","A.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. \"Gabriel has sent in to say he wishes to set off tomorrow on his return home.\" Tells of much family with her at Christmas time.","A.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. She has been awaiting his visit and wonders about the cause of the delay. Still no news about Noblet. Tells of returning Annie Burnett home after she came into Richard's pew in church and wanted to come home with her. The next day she returned home.","A.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. Put $600 in bank to his credit. Kitty and her three children left with Sophy replacing the other nurse who has been ill for the children","A.L.S. Blakeley. There is much whooping cough going around with so far one death. The weather is very fine, and there are many flowers. Glad to hear the fisheries are doing well. Describes her visit to Walnut Farm and the people she saw while there. Asks if he has seen the Masonic oration on the \"centennial commemoration of the initiation of George Washington into the order of free Masons.","A.L.S. Blakeley. She was sorry to hear about the hail storm they had. Celebrated Hannah's birthday. Will send this letter with William Lyons who is leaving to see Augustine. Other family and friend news.","A.L.S. Blakeley. She is so glad Eliza is recovered. So sad about the death of Dr. Powel. More news about impending visits. General Duvall will be in Washington soon and would like to see Augustine so he could become \"acquainted with many of the influential members from the South \u0026 West, with whom he wishes you to become acquainted in case you still determine on disposing of M.V.\"","A.L.S. \tBlakeley. Wants either a visit from them or for her to visit them before winter sets in. She had quite a pleasant visit to New York and Philadelphia. Tells him of climbing 180 steps of the Washington Monument in Baltimore and having a beautiful view. Glad they have obtained a governess for the girls.","A.L.S. Blakeley. She is sorry Nelly is sick but will be unable to come down until after Christmas. Has several articles brought from N.Y. for \"my deal g.children at M.V.\"","A.L.S. Tells him of a deposit in bank for his use. Grieved to learn Eliza continues in feeble health. Visited Walnut Farm and heard from Dr. Alexander that \"the financial affairs of our church are in a very confused \u0026 entangled state.\" Looking forward to her trip to New York.","A.L.S. Blakeley. Paid $200 on stock note at bank. Is anxious about his brother determining to go to Housekeeping \u0026 renting Col. Devenport's House. He will still be at Blakeley every day. She has been suffering from dyspepsia. Glad to hear the governess gives satisfaction. Reference to Miss Nancy at Walnut Farm, who \"is not only a good house keeper but also understands gardening.\"","A.L.S. Blakeley. Tells him Mr. and Mrs. Depau intend visiting Mount Vernon, along with their son. Richard and family left for their new home and are much missed. She feels quite anxious to see her \"dear children at M.V. especially my grandson whose name I am as yet unacquainted with.\" Says two of our Cedar lawn cousins are to be married. \"The servants have been divided \u0026 the Cedar Lawn will be sold.\"","A.L.S. Blakeley. Sympathizes with the delayed visit due to the sickness of the family \"and death of your valuable and good young servant Dennis. It is a severe affliction to his poor mother. He was I think her youngest child.\" Is most anxious to see her grandson Lawrence. Had a visit from his brother and Christian and their son John. Went by invitation to Mr. Lovel's school where pupils delivered speeches and addresses. Wants the family to visit and will have rooms fixed up for them. Sends \"kind regards to your good \u0026 faithful servant Eliza, Danny \u0026 Sarah.\"","A.L.S. Blakeley. Looks forward to a shipment of \"Nellies Pickled Rockfish\" to share with neighbours \u0026 friends. Discusses planting of crops. Will visit him and his family \"this day week,\"","A.L.S. Blakeley. Describes her trip back home from Mount Vernon. Everyone is harvesting but having difficulty obtaining sufficient hands for the task.","A.L.S. Blakeley. Tells of the sudden death of Mrs. Selden and the funeral. Mentions harvests and addition to his house Dr. A. is doing. Wants to see him and the family. Mr. Rutherford wishes to renew his lease on the farm.","A.L.S. Blakeley. Hopes Maria's arm heals well and that he received the two barrels of oats she sent. Gives news about family. Tells of \"our beloved Charlotte\" taking communion and becoming a member of the church.","A.L.S. Blakeley. She is so sorry that Richard is ill but glad that Augustine is with him. Tells of George's illness. Gives more family news and hopes to see the family soon.","A.L.S. Requests he send him the cantaloupe seeds he talked about. Wants to talk about a system of patrols \"to try \u0026 keep our slaves at home.\" Says the slaves are stealing so much from them and taking it to Alexandria. Says everyone in the neighborhood of slave holders could contribute to hire 6 good men to patrol.","A.L.S. New Charlestown to Richmond. Sends family news and gives advice as to her traveling home. Tells of someone about to die, and that Fanny Griggs' school is broken up.","A.L.S. Blakeley. Laments that it has been so long since she heard from him or his family and wonders when they will come to visit. Gives news about local people. Tells of the wonderful addition that Dr. A. put on his house.","A.L.S. \tBlakeley to Mount Vernon. Had a tooth extracted. News of friends and neighbors. Has had influenza for 10 days.","A.L.S. White House. Gives his legal opinion as to a dispute among them. First the fact that the seine was not received by Mr. Washington at the appointed time, necessitating many difficulties. Second, the Hoopers did not receive the required loom but are entitled to some compensation for work done. His judgment is for $275 for Mr. Washington.","A.L.S. Hampstead, Virginia to Mount Vernon. Discusses her love of gardening and the recent harvest. Says she likes the new teacher at a neighbor's house \"but she looks consumptive.\" Describes a monument to two boys.","A.D.S. Fairfax County. Indicates full payment of judgment from JAW to William Mason.","A.L.S. Spring Bank, Virginia to Mount Vernon. Discusses the route of the turnpike and that it should go through Mr. E's land. It would split it up, and so Mason wants to offer other alternatives. Much of the land is prone to flooding and marshy. It would be very expensive to put the road through that.","A.L.S. Spring Bank, Virginia to Mount Vernon. Discusses his written ordinance about how to deal with people coming onto unenclosed land and hunting or fishing. Talks of a particular problem with land along waterways. Wants JAW to write to lawmakers and make this happen.","A.L.S. Spring Bank, Virginia. Before the Legislature meets, he encloses a proposed measure to be enacted. Discusses counties to be included – all along the Potomac and Rappahanoc.","A.L.S. Rose Hill. Discusses the hiring of an African American boy to do odd jobs and will pay $15.","A.L.S. Discusses the sending of clover seed. Had a problem with old Henry who emptied some tailings for the hens near the clover, mixing some up. \"I think I never was more vexed with any human being in all my life.\"","A.L.S. Spring Bank, Virginia to Mount Vernon. Mason writes describing an incident he had with West Ford on his plantation. This remarkable letter highlights the way Ford, despite being a free man, was still treated like a slave by others: \"On the evening of the Monday after Whitsunday, I was about sunset standing at my stable, giving some orders for the morning's work, when there passed within three or four yards of me a Negro man, who I did not know, without touching his hat, or any other recognition of my presence. After he had passed, I called to him asking who he was, and who did he belong to? He walked on, taking no notice, until I repeated the question, when he said 'Washington.' I then said, I suppose you have a name, and can tell me what Mr. Washington you belong to? He replied, 'West Ford.' His manner was insolent and supposing he was drunk, I said to him, there is the road to the gate, go off my place at once… When he got to the corner of the house, he commenced whooping and continued doing so, till he got out of the gate, which I had to send and have closed after him. I said nothing further to him, as he was obviously drunk; but directed one of my servants to go and tell him never to put his foot on the place again… Had he been anyone's servant but yours, I shd. have immediately had him apprehended and flogged for his impertinence; but satisfied that it could only be necessary to report the facts to you, and that you would take measures to prevent his ever coming here again, or repeating it, I have taken no further steps in the matter.\"","A.L.S. Spring Bank, Virginia to Mount Vernon. Sorry to hear that JAW is no longer a magistrate of the county. Will do what he can to get Mr. Herbert elected magistrate, so he can form the patrol necessary.","A.L.S. Spring Bank, Virginia. Heard that all will be done to keep out a Yankee for the office of Justice. Hopes Mr. Herbert will consent to serve.","A.L.S. Writes about the issue of county taxes which have become exceedingly high, mainly to pay for road construction. Found out that one group was destroying his trees and running a new road through his land to take business away from the turnpike.","A.D.S. Acknowledges receipt of payment in full on her account for boots and shoes for various named men.","A.L.S. Tells him of the considerable debts ($2,169.80) of Cousin Hannah and wishes to know what is to be done about it.","A.L.S. Urges him to do well in school and to board with the principal and not to associate with his old school mate Charles J.","A.L.S. Describes her trip home and the friends and family she visited on the way. Had friends to dine but had difficulty with the dinner as meat is scarce.","A.L.S. Just sent George to the Charlestown P.O. with a letter and check to him. Sorry to hear that Nelly is again sick.","A.L.S. To Mount Vernon. Describes her feelings at the recent losses of children and Noblet. Tells of much sickness in the area. \"Old Jenny's was by far the severest case, one which Dr. C. intirely dispaired of. She is recovering which we are thankful for, tho' old and feeble, she is good and pious, and has considerable influence with her children and fellow servants.\"","A.L.S. Has attached a check for $200 to be paid to the Exchange Bank in Alexandria toward her debt of $700. Was sorry to hear of Nelly's illness. Gives other family news.","A.L.S. Discusses a recently recorded deed. Describes health concerns of her sister. Bad weather is affecting planting. At end of letter: \"Matilda, your woman at Harewood has had an infant and lost it. It died after suffering greatly from fits. Dr. Cordell attended it.\"","A.L.S. To Mount Vernon. Has enclosed a check to be paid on her account with Mr. Hooff. Prices are low for horses and stock. Planting goes slowly. Gives family and friends news. Gives a recipe for quince jelly and marmalade. \"Remember me most kindly to Jenny \u0026 West \u0026 … indeed all our household at M.V.\"","A.L.S. To Mount Vernon. A brief note requesting him to \"let George have money $2.50 to get a pair of boots.\"","A.L.S. To Mount Vernon. She is sending Jenny and Fanny and hopes they will be \"useful and conduct themselves well.\" His carpenter came by the day after he left wanting some money he was owed as he had a debt to pay. Wants to visit them but wants him to let her know \"whether or not it is desirable for me to go. I shall not be in the slightest degree either hurt or offended at my room being preferable to my company.\" \"Mr. Rutherford … declines keeping Sally another year. I have told Mr. Shepperd to look out for a good place for her but I really think you had better take her down and either keep her at M.V. under your own eye as milker and washer or hire her out there. I think she and Alfred or Gabriel had better make a match.\"","A.L.S. All have been enjoying the visit from Augustine but regrets she and the children did not also come. Hannah is about to leave for New York for medical treatment, accompanied by Fanny. Thanks Louisa for the chow chow she made. News about a visit to cousin Ann Washington. Much talk of friends and family.","A.L.S. \"Your kind mother always advances for me the money with which I travel to the upper country. I am making my arrangements to move rather earlier than usual this summer that I may have the advantage of Cousin Betsy Winter's company … I shall take Rosina with me who is a fine sensible, amiable girl of fourteen, rather handsome, but bashful and awkward. She looks badly now from a sort of bilious fever without chills, which hangs about her in despite of blue pile etc.\"","A.L.S. Anna writes of the death of an enslaved woman named Harry: \"she died on Monday last, after a short illness, inflammation of the brain and womb… Dr. Alexander and Straith examined her body and found the womb and other organs around it entirely diseased. Mother has lost a kind and faithful servant, a sincere tho humble friend. We shall all feel her loss, to mother it is irreparable, she has no servant who can take her place.\"","A.L.S. Letter being carried by Randall, a slave, and tells of various people's health problems.","A.L.S.\t Hollin Hall to Mount Vernon. Has heard there is little chance of the law they want passing in this session of the Legislature. Gives his thoughts about future elections of people who will assist them.","A.L.S. To Mount Vernon. Wonders whether he has recovered his slave. If so \"make a stern and proper example.\" Tells Augustine to come to him for trials and punishments of slaves.","A.D.S. Autograph copy. Describes an ordinance stating consequences if anyone shall \"root, hunt, range, fish or fowl\" on private land."],"names_ssim":["Special Collections at The George Washington Presidential Library at Mount Vernon","Washington, Jane Charlotte Blackburn, 1786-1855","Washington, John Augustine, III, 1821-1861","Mason, George, 1797-1870","Washington, Eleanor Love Selden, 1824-1860","Tabb, John Prosser","Alexander, Judith Ball Blackburn, 1796-1866","Alexander, William Fontaine, 1811-1862","Ford, West, approximately 1784-1863","Alexander, Anna Maria Washington, 1817-1850"],"corpname_ssim":["Special Collections at The George Washington Presidential Library at Mount Vernon"],"persname_ssim":["Washington, Jane Charlotte Blackburn, 1786-1855","Washington, John Augustine, III, 1821-1861","Mason, George, 1797-1870","Washington, Eleanor Love Selden, 1824-1860","Tabb, John Prosser","Alexander, Judith Ball Blackburn, 1796-1866","Alexander, William Fontaine, 1811-1862","Ford, West, approximately 1784-1863","Alexander, Anna Maria Washington, 1817-1850"],"language_ssim":["English \n. "],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":168,"online_item_count_is":1,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-21T05:53:35.669Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"vimtvl_repositories_3_resources_76","ead_ssi":"vimtvl_repositories_3_resources_76","_root_":"vimtvl_repositories_3_resources_76","_nest_parent_":"vimtvl_repositories_3_resources_76","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/MV/repositories_3_resources_76.xml","title_ssm":["Jane Charlotte Blackburn Washington and John Augustine Washington III correspondence"],"title_tesim":["Jane Charlotte Blackburn Washington and John Augustine Washington III correspondence"],"unitdate_ssm":["1837-1861"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1837-1861"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["2019.SC.035","/repositories/3/resources/76"],"text":["2019.SC.035","/repositories/3/resources/76","Jane Charlotte Blackburn Washington and John Augustine Washington III correspondence","This collection is open for research during scheduled appointments. Researchers must complete the Washington Library's Special Collections and Archives Registration Form before access is provided. The library reserves the right to restrict access to certain items for preservation purposes.","Arranged chronologically with undated material at the end of the collection.","Jane Charlotte Blackburn was born on August 23, 1786 at Rippon Lodge, Prince William, Virginia to Major Richard Scott Blackburn and Judith Blackburn. She married John Augustine Washington II and had five children, three of whom lived to adulthood – Anna Maria Thomasina Washington Alexander, John Augustine Washington III, and Richard Scott Blackburn Thomas. The couple lived at Blakely plantation near Charles Town, West Virginia, until the death of Bushrod Washington in 1829, who left the property of Mount Vernon to John Augustine Washington II in his will. When her husband died in 1832, Jane Charlotte Washington inherited Mount Vernon and vowed to maintain the estate to the best of her ability. She insisted her oldest son, John Augustine Washington III, attend college to better prepare him to someday manage the family's properties. He graduated from the University of Virginia in 1840 and a year later began overseeing all business at Mount Vernon for his mother. Jane Charlotte Washington died in 1855 and is buried at Mount Vernon with her husband.","John Augustine Washington was the great-grandnephew of George Washington and the last Washington to own Mount Vernon before its sale to the Mount Vernon Ladies Association (MVLA). He was born on May 3, 1821 to John Augustine Washington II and Jane Charlotte Blackburn Washington. He graduated from the University of Virginia in 1840, and returned to Mount Vernon to manage the declining estate with his widowed mother's permission. In 1843, he married Eleanor Love Selden with whom he had seven children. He sold 200 acres of Mount Vernon to the MVLA in 1858 for $200,000, and he and his family moved to Waveland plantation in Fauquier County, Virginia in 1860. He served as aide-de-camp to General Robert E. Lee, but was shot by a bushwhacker and died one week later on September 13, 1861.","John Augustine Washington III and Eleanor Love Selden Correspondence\nJohn Augustine Washington III and Descendants Papers\nJohn Augustine Washington III and MVLA Collection\nLawrence Washington Collection of Washington family papers\nHistoric Manuscripts Collection\nElswyth Thane Beebe Collection","The bulk of this collection is made up of letters from Jane Charlotte Washington to her son, John Augustine Washington III. Also included are letters to Eleanor Love Selden Washington, a few letters to or from John Augustine Washington III to various individuals, several letters from George Mason of Hollin Hall (1797-1870) to John Augustine Washington III, letters by Lackland and Alexander family members (relatives of the Washingtons) and three receipts. The subject matter of most letters is family or personal affairs and Mount Vernon business with some discussion of the enslaved people owned by the Washingtons. Inclusive dates are 1837 to 1861.","A.L.S. Mount Vernon. Tells him of four family members with consumption. Also \"have no servant to dispose of who would suit her sister, unless Milly would be willing for one of her three elder daughters to go. It would be a sure and good home I believe.\" Discusses sale of corn crop and other family news. Mentions repairs being made by Mr. Skidmore at Mt. Vernon. We have two other letters dated 1837 November 23 and 1838 November 1 mentioning repairs made by Jesse Skidmore. In 1839 July 27, Lawrence Lewis paid Skidmore for work done on the new tomb at Mount Vernon.","A.L.S. She is enclosing another $10 note requesting it get charged and sent to her by him.","A.L.S. Blakeley. She is unable to join him at Mount Vernon as her business would not fare well. Is sending a horse down as he is better fitted for the saddle than harness. Writes about sending him to Mount Vernon to \"relieve Maj. Lewis,\" who is working with Struthers and Strickland to build the new tomb. Writes of her \"deep veneration and gratitude to the memory of Genl Washington.\"","A.L.S. Blakeley. Upon her return home, she found things had not been taken care of on her farm. A fodder house for the cattle was not placed correctly at all. She encouraged her son to get a good education at Mr. Hallowell's school in Alexandria.","A.L.S. Blakeley. She wants him to inquire about an appointment for Lawrence Washington who needs employment. Inquires about his studies and the repairs on the \"old mansion.\" Gives some family news and wants him to call on Mary and Julia.","A.L.S. Blakeley. Reports on crop yields. Says there \"have been some difficulties between the overseer and the Negroes\" on the Mountain. Tells him of the impending purchase of a pair of draft horses. Talks of sending Willoughby and Gabriel to Mount Vernon, as well as Henry and Dolly. (This is likely Gabriel Johnson, about whom we have at least nine other letters in the collection.) Mentions letting his cousin have Jesse at \"whatever you think a reasonable price.\" Reports pork prices are down and is worried about the expenses of repairs to Mount Vernon. Was sorry to \"learn by a letter from West that our crop of corn at Mount Vernon has turned out so badly.\" Might need to employ West for another year. More family news and greetings.","A.L.S. Blakeley. She was sorry to hear of his illness and tells him to leave Mount Vernon in the hands of hirelings and not endanger his health further by riding there. Refers to reading about \"Mr. Calhoun's and Mr. Clay's conversations in the Senate on Mr. Calhoun's resolutions respecting abolition petitions.\" Much difficulty regarding Jessy – Cousin Jane has abandoned all idea of purchasing her.","A.L.S. with additional writing by Jane C. Washington. Blakeley. Tells of new animals being born, his schooling, and family news. Jane adds: glad to hear his schooling is going well. Asks if he participated in the February 22 celebration. Is sorry he gave up Greek. Wants him to send her a translation from Latin or French. Orders shoes to be made for Kitty.","A.L.S. Blakeley. She returned home safely and passes along some family news. Harvest had not been started, but since she returned they have begun on the wheat. Much gets lost by \"having inefficient hands as rakers,\" so she requests him to send Willoughby and Gabriel up immediately. \"Labourers cannot be procured, and wages are higher than ever before known to be.\"","A.L.S. Blakeley. Hopes he will get to enjoy his job at the Library of the House of Representatives. Thinks it will be good for his future. She is unwell at present. Reports on Dr. Gates who is also not doing well.","A.L.S. Blakeley. She is troubled about getting Richard to be an \"irregular Cadet\" or maybe to West Point. Reports on the death of Dr. Yates. Gives various instructions and requests.","A.L.S. Blakeley. She hopes the water at White Sulphur Spring will prove beneficial. Describes a sermon on Communion Sunday and hopes he's hearing as good as that. Had a disappointing wheat crop. Contracted with Ford and Snyder for the crop. Gabriel is still there, with JAW's permission. Additional page from Aunt Judy Alexander, hoping he meets some young ladies.","A.L.S. Blakeley. She wants him to rent the Prospect Hill fields for three years to Mr. Anderson. George carried wheat and oats to him, as well as other items. Poor Tansel wants a place with him. He'll make rakes and \"I know he makes excellent shoes.\" Sends greetings to family.","A.L.S. Blakeley. She wants Maria and Augustine to return to Blakeley as both are sick. Is disturbed that cousin Jane means to keep Betty for the next year, despite knowing of the intention to send her to Mount Vernon. \"Shall I send Hannah or Sally down, or contend for Betty?\"","A.L.S. Blakeley. She relates the difficult journey of his sister to Blakeley. Is glad he is feeling better. Writes about selling enslaved people: \"I am sorry to tell you Milly I understand is unfit for hire, and we shall be obliged to keep her at home. Mr. Rutherford… will take Sally. She is said to be a first rate manager, a strict tho kind mistress. She is to give $35. Hannah I have as yet had no offer for. Closely confined at home without a way of getting out, I have not had it in my power to look out places for our hirelings and do not like to offer them at public hire.\"","A.L.S. Blakeley. Glad he got rid of his chills. The horse cart is so much in use it cannot be sent down to Mount Vernon. Will send George, Edmund, and Betty to him. Still been unable to get a place for Hannah whose character does not stand well as to docility or usefulness. More instructions as to how to deal with various servants.","A.L.S. To Mount Vernon. \"Dr. A. has determined to keep the servants. I hope they will continue faithful and useful to him. Willoughby is a grumbler, but I am sure he has no just cause of complaint. Dr. A is a human and liberal master. I think you give a high price for your wagoner. Negroes have generally hired lower than usual this year. Hannah is at present laid up, sd. I not be able to get a good and safe place for her, I will send her down by the first safe opportunity.\" \"Remember me most kindly to all our Mount Vernon household – dear Old Jenny especially and West Ford.\"","A.L.S. Blakeley. She's so happy to hear from Dr. A that his health is much improved. Discusses financial difficulties. \"We must all practice strict economy.\" Sends family news.","A.L.S. Mount Vernon to Charlestown, Jefferson County, Virginia. Discusses the current low price for wood and Dr. Alexander and his travels. Regrets the failure of Ford and Snyder. Wants her to settle for Hannah's support as West thinks that she has not been given anything to eat. Also wants to remind Dick of a pair of boots for Mr. Morgan. Phil and Jesse have been sick for some time.","A.L.S. Blakeley. She hopes his health improves. Discusses disorder on banks, making business difficult. Is sorry this happened at the beginning of his life in business but hopes it will teach him. Tells of harvests and yields and gives some family news.","A.L.S. Blakeley. She's so glad he has recovered his health. Will be able to get clover seed shortly. Wants to plant the 90 acre field with oats. Sends greetings to Cary. Was able to hire Hannah out until Christmas.","A.L.S. Blakeley. George is off to Mount Vernon with a wagon full of goods. Requests various items to be brought back by him. Hopes his health remains good. His sister wishes to have Caroline whom she has hired brought down to Mount Vernon. She might come up with George. \"Remember me most kindly to Jenny – West's servant at Mount Vernon.\"","A.L.S. Blakeley. Sending this via Mr. Lamar requesting additional things for George to bring back. Describes a sermon given by Mr. Jones the previous Sunday. Hopes he will have \"our old establishment very clean white washed if not painted a little.\" Richard is not well but hopes he will join her when she goes down for a few days.","A.L.S. He is mortified that JAW might have been offended at not having received an invitation to dine with him, which was sent with a \"silly servant.\" He always values having his company and sends him some rhubarb with instructions as to its preparation.","A.L.S. Blakeley. George arrived safely yesterday afternoon. Disappointed various items from Mr. Hooff were not sent but instead sent via canal. Discusses prices of some items. Thanks him for fruit sent. Tells him to do what he thinks best with the greenhouse.","A.L.S. Blakeley. She is anxiously awaiting the arrival of his hands from Mount Vernon as George Saunders Ned and Lewis are all laid up. Marie and Mary Jane are incapable of working out. Harvest has commenced. Wants him to send a barrel of white sand for plastering the pillars in the brick portico. Hopes he will come soon. Sends family greetings.","A.L.S. Blakeley. She had a good journey home with pleasant visits with friends on the way. \"You have a partial friend in Mr. S. altho' I think he would be pleased if you did not speak quite so loud.\" Richard says a man wants to rent the P.H. Farm but is unwilling to pay the terms requested. Describes two sermons she heard. Wants him to look in the study for letters which Uncle Bushrod says must be there.","A.L.S. To Mount Vernon. Writes with suggestions for the furniture and carpet at Mount Vernon. She specifically mentions the \"little drawing room,\" \"parlor,\" \"front passage,\" \"little room,\" and \"old dining room.\" Fears she shall be left more largely in debt than ever yet been. A Dutch farmer wants to rent P. Hole farm.","A.L.S. To Mount Vernon. Gives some financial information. \"If the work is all finished at Mount Vernon both Harry and Fanny had better come but if there is still any thing for Fanny to do, she can remain.\" Requests items to be brought up, including lemons and oranges. Family news, including that Uncle Bushrod remains confined to his couch.","A.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. She has not heard from him. Ordered various building supplies. Financial times are very difficult and strict economy is necessary. Will send him some of her horses until his can be matched. Since Mary Jane is sick, Fanny should return to care for her. \"Remember me most kindly to my Old Jenny and West.\"","A.L.S. Walnut Farm to Mount Vernon. She returned home on Saturday and deplored the roads in Harpers Ferry. \"It seems Mr. John Selden is anxious to purchase Harriet. She was appraised at $400 with her child. She is said to be an excellent servant, and if you can get her in place of Hannah, Julia, or Sally, I think you had better do so. Julia is now at Blakely, having laid up and then come off without Lake's permission… Dr. Cordell has been called out to see her twice and from his prescription I rather suppose thinks very little except hysteria ails her.\" Discusses crops and a sermon and sends family greetings.","A.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. She has not been feeling well at all lately. Has heard from Cousin Lorenzo Lewis that Augustine looks very well. She would have liked to have heard that from him or his wife. \"The servants are becoming more and more worthless and disobedient. I really find it very difficult to govern them, or to have the most necessary domestic work attended to with any regularity.\" Family news. Wants him to send Harry up before harvest.","A.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. She's glad to hear that he and Nelly are doing so well. Much family news. \"Remember me very kindly to my good and faithful Jenny and Harry, also West and Eliza.\"","A.L.S. Bath to Blakeley. She is in Bath for the waters. It is very crowded, and all the houses are full. Heard two good sermons but then was ill again.","A.L.S. To Mount Vernon. She is concerned about poor Jenny and hopes the operation will give her a better chance of recovery. Many family members are ill. Another description of a sermon she heard.","A.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. She tells of travel difficulties. Relates some gossip. Made a deal for some provisions, but nothing has been delivered. She advanced the man $150. Family news.","A.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. Lots of news about family and friends. Also mentions Hannah and Rebecca being still invalids and that Thomas has again gone to Maryland. \"The boys have bought a wagon and two or three servants.\"","A.L.S. Mount Vernon. She wants to know if certain lawyers are in Alexandria or Washington. Also wishes to subscribe to the Audubon works and asks him to see to that.","A.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. She has been anxious at not hearing from him. Wants him to send the rent check for $500 as soon as possible. Wants him to send the fish via the Misses Moore's boats on the canal. Mentions the subject of Julia's purchase. Family and friend news. Additional page following receipt of his letter. Sorry the fishery has been unsuccessful. Due to drought the strawberries gave poor yield.","A.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. She received the check from him. His carpenter is unwilling to go to Mount Vernon before late next autumn due to the climate there. Has tried to find out why the fish and shingles he was to send have not been found on the wharves for the Misses Moore's boats to bring.","A.L.S. Mount Vernon. Deals with settling the estate of Mr. Selden. Discusses his purchase of Mary, an enslaved woman who seems to be quite ill and therefore not worth more than $50 or $60. His wife does not want her sold away. Also wants to sell the corn crop at Exeter.","A.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. She is glad he was able to go to Philadelphia. Mentions the death of the wife of Lewis Washington. His sister was with her at her death, and Jane was there through the funeral. Is anxious about Charles' daughter Catherine who was sent via stage to Mrs. Page who did not want her after all and seems unwilling to pay the stage driver for her passage. Discusses the hiring of a German gardener for Mount Vernon. Wants him to send a shoe she left at Mount Vernon and a quantity of cotton.","A.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. She is busy with pork business and will send two barrels of hams and one of lard. Complains about his brother and his wife coming without replying to her as to when they would arrive. Says her health is very infirm.","A.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. Thanks him for the articles send, including oysters and ducks. Discusses sale of corn and is keeping some back to get a better price in the spring. Gives family news and that Captain Symington \"is stationed at H.F. where the government intends having erected barracks for him.\" Discusses the benefits of religion. Wants him to give a \"piece of old bacon/shoulders to West, Jenny and Phill.\"","A.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. Lengthy discussion of the purchase of a house by Dr. Alexander and his sister. The finances of this are described.","A.L.S. To Mount Vernon. She is \"sorry to hear of the disturbances among the negroes, especially poor Alfred. I think you had better sell him. Perhaps you might do it advantageously to some one in Richmond, who wants a capable and trustworthy servant. I am told Jim is very much distressed at parting with his son. If the purchaser of Alfred is willing to take Jim and he wishes to go, I have no objection to it.\" Discusses various crop prices. Reports the death of one child from scarlet fever and how it sickens many in Charleston.","A.L.S. To Mount Vernon. Discusses a few financial matters. \"Hannah was sick \u0026 soon gave birth to a still born infant a boy. It was a mercy the event occurred for decomposition had commenced.\" People are still getting sick with scarlet fever.","A.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. Describes the symptoms and illness with scarlet fever of Julia. She will be unable to attend Jane Davis's wedding. \"I have been in a most unsettled state for a long time. It seems difficult to get my family matters and business settled into any regular method again.\"","A.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. Julia Alexander died from scarlet fever. Others are also ill. She will not come to Mount Vernon for fear of bringing the disease with her and wants him to collect rents due her and pay various bills from that and send the rest to her.","A.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. Discussion of finances and sale of stock. Gives medical advice to him for various people. Tells of recent election – not more than half of either party voted. Uncle Bushrod is going to Maryland to attend a meeting of the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal Company.","A.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. She has \"the severest attack of Influenza I have had for two years.\" Kitty has discarded Lt. Hooe due to his poor conduct. Describes drought conditions badly affecting crops.","A.L.S. Draft copy. Mount Vernon. Refuses permission to bring a party of military people to Mount Vernon by water. Does not want boats to dock there, but will allow them to enter if they arrive by land.","A.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. Have had much sickness. \"Thompson, Jerry and Mingo laid up; in consequence of which George is driving the wagon… Am now endeavoring to save what apples remain on the trees and prepare winter clothing for the servants.\" Wants him to come visit.","A.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. Have had an unusual degree of sickness. \"Poor old Mingo is thought to be dying!... Berkeley, Jerry, and Thompson are still on the sick list.\" Tells of death of a neighbor who shot himself by accident as he was mounting his horse. Is unable to bring the wheat to the mill as the mill was \"dangerously full.\" Describes a difficult journey by his aunt. At end \"Mingo is Dead.\"","A.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. She was still too ill at Christmas to visit others. \"We have still four or five cases of typhoid fever at the quarters. Charlotte among them she is still very sick. The Dr. hopes a favourable change has taken place in Selina, Saul and Jerry. Mary came out today. I have taken Sophy home and hope to be able to get on with her under Fanny's superintendance.\" Other descriptions of moving enslaved people around. Relates episode of Julia having escaped from Cousin H. and coming to her.","A.L.S. To Mount Vernon. Tells him Col. and Mrs. Davenport intend to visit him at Mount Vernon. Wants them to entertain them well. Discusses politics – \"the great question of Annexation.\" Mr. Rivers' speech was a great production. \"He feels as we do, the waning power of our once great \u0026 noble state.\"","A.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. She returned from a ride feeling quite well again. Describes a beautiful snowfall. \"I am sorry to hear you have still sickness among your servants. It is also the case here, new cases constantly occuring. The Dr. has been a daily visiter with the exception of two or three days. Milly's youngest child is now ill.\" Describes the death of his cousin. Other family news.","A.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. Describes her journey home from Mount Vernon, visiting friends on the way. \"Richard … is going Missouri and wishes to purchase Negroes to take with him. He has yet made no offer for Caroline, tho' we understand he wishes to get her. She I am told is averse to going.\" Describes a sermon and exhorts him to read the Bible. Family information. \"Excuse this blotted ill written scrawl. Read and burn it.\"","A.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. Discusses the naming of his new baby girl. Nelly wanted to name her after Jane, but she thought she should be named after Nelly's recently deceased grandmother. Tells of financial difficulties of Dr. A. and the prices of crops. After her signature – \"Destroy this letter.\"","A.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. Writes to discuss ways to assist Dr. A. \"out of his present difficulties.\" Wants him to come visit soon with the family.","A.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. Discusses a large christenings in church. Relates tale of two men who recently died from intemperance. Also tells plans for an upcoming wedding and where various guests will stay.","A.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. Has yet to hear back from him in answer to her letter about Dr. A. Tells him of what she wants to do for him. Gives instructions as to how he should travel to visit her with the family.","A.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. Wants to send George with the carriage to bring her and the children. Describes dancing by various people. Wants to receive some financial records.","A.L.S. To Mount Vernon. Tells him of money placed in bank \"for servants sold… (Humphrey, Shedrack, Thompson, Caroline, Little Daniel, Margaret, and John).\" \"I am not well and feel a good deal agitated at the sale tho' I believe it will be better for all concerned but it is distressing to break up families by sales.\"","A.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. Sending notes to him and hopes he will return as soon as he arranges this business. Nelly and the girls are well, though Lou has still a cough.","A.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. Misses the family and tells of items that were left during their last visit. Much rain has kept her from church. Maria sent jars of quince jelly for her. Gives family news and describes some roses. Sends message to Augustine \"to write to his old and now very unimportant mother.\"","A.L.S. To Mount Vernon. Describes family members' travels. Not a good wheat crop. Discusses the estate of Mr. Foote and how it treats his wife. Talks about the American B.S. and its efforts to bring the Bible to 10,000 families who have none. Asks him to pay some bills for her.","A.L.S. To Mount Vernon. Congratulates him on getting much ice stored in his ice house as \"it is a luxury, essential to health, and economy in domestic management.\" \"I believe slaves will become less and less valuable; and unless we keep them in the hope of being able to liberate and provide for them: for pecuniary interest, it is best to own, only as many as are necessary for the ordinary work of our farms.\" Many hams were spoilt, so they cannot offer any.","A.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. Much sickness in the early spring of cholera. Many people unable to work – Old Jenny, Maria and Dick, Lewis and George obliged to plough. Her cook Eliza has a crippled sore arm. Sophy, Joe, and Little Tom have been helping with many guests. Much discussion of weather.","A.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. Tells of various charges Richard made on his behalf. The weather has badly affected the crops. Wants to travel to Chicago in the summer. \"Richard has purchased West's little farm… West intends going West.\"","A.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. Sorry to hear about his return of chills. Their diet has been quite poor with a lack of vegetables and fresh meat. Thanks him for the check he sent, but he forgot to sign it. Describes another sermon. Requests him to send cypress shingles as soon as possible as the house leaks when it rains.","A.L.S. Mount Vernon to Charlestown, Jefferson County. Discusses failure to purchase mules at auction. He is unable to procure the peaches she wanted in Alexandria as many fruits have already fallen off the trees. West Ford said they needed some double shovel ploughs to put in the wheat.","A.L.S. Blakeley to Baltimore. She is sorry to hear of Lou's \"hooping cough.\" Other family news. Long description of Mr. Tacker and his vision of his impending death. Is sorry that Augustine is alone at Mount Vernon with the servants who have been \"a source of disquiet and distress to him.\"","Summerville, Gloucester County, Virginia to Alexandria. Tells him of a property coming for sale in the area. Also wants to make bricks and needs a \"responsible white man to superintend.\"","A.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. Congratulates him on the birth of another daughter. Gives news of Richard.","A.L.S. Blakeley. Nelly is recovering from childbirth, and the baby thrives. Nelly wishes him to remind Miss Entwisle about the dresses.","A.L.S. Blakeley. Gives prices of bushels of wheat from Mr. Burns and Mr. Snyder.","A.L.S. Blakeley. Describes a wedding and the young guests at the dinner. Discusses an Irishman who came to sell her tablecloths which she did not want. Letter was written over several days. She really misses the family.","A.L.S. To Mount Vernon. Won't give him the family news as she just passed that along to Nelly in a very recent letter. Thanks him for paying her bills. Discusses rental of the Ferry Landing fisheries and wants to rent to Mr. Whitall. Will let him decide whether to increase the fisheries.","A.L.S. To Mount Vernon. Entreats him to take it easy in the winter. They have had much snow. Uncle Bushrod has much ice stored away and offered some to her as her pond had a defect which caused it to drain. Discusses finances. He may rent out North Farm. \"I fear however you will have many difficulties and vexations if you let the servants go with the farm.\" Tells of his sister having a tumour under her arm. Also their church burned. Tells him of the death of her true friend Mrs. Adams.","A.L.S. Blakeley. Describes different people reading the will. Hopes his brother and family reached Mount Vernon safely. \"I think if the ladies attend the Inauguration of our brave honest chief, they had better join Mrs. Madison – who I am sure would be gratified at their so doing, and render their visit much more agreeable.\"","A.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. Has been anxiously awaiting a reply from him to her letter of a month ago. Wants to know when the monuments would be brought to Mount Vernon and the sum of money to be obtained. Is sending George with barrels containing hams and some apples. Wants him to return with the horses only, leaving the carriage. There was a fire at Hannah's house which was extinguished.","A.L.S. Gives much family news. Discusses lower prices for wheat and increasing the salary of the woman who must cook for Mr. Graham and all who are on the farm. Wants his help hiring a new overseer.","A.L.S. Blakeley. She is waiting to hear from him as to the overseer and waiting to see if Mr. Graham will accept the terms offered. \"Richard intends hiring out the hands he employed on the farm hoping to derive more clear profit from the Hires than he has received from the farm.\" Questions whether she should do anything about the deed for Mount Vernon drawn up. His sister Maria continues to look quite ill.","A.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. Snyder has delivered in mill his rent wheat. Writes that she is sending the deed to Mount Vernon, which has officially been signed over to him. Discusses an interesting trial in Charlestown. \"A Negro hired by Anderson … made an assault on Anderson for which he was committed and is today to be tried. The gentlemen all seemed to consider the issue of high importance. It certainly is to the miserable prisoner whose fate will be selling, transportation, or Death! I trust the decision will be merciful.\"","A.L.S. Blakeley. Writes about acquiring copies of the free papers for a formerly enslaved man named William Lyons. He is hoping to travel to Tennessee to visit his parents. Tells him his sister continues to do poorly.","A.L.S. Blakeley. Relates the sending of the deed conveying Mount Vernon to him. Is preparing to have Maria come stay for a while.","A.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. Maria has been there for a week and continues to be very ill. Tells him his tenants have not honoured his orders. More family news.","A.L.S. Blakeley. Discusses difficulties with the harvest and procuring labourers. Dr. Alexander hired a tutor for Charlotte who is very well thought of. More neighborhood and family news.","A.L.S. Blakeley. Hopes Nelly will soon be able to travel and recommends she drink a tea (\"it can no doubt be had at Stablers\") as the best remedy in her case. \"The servants … are very much alarmed in regard to cholera.\" Wants him to get some good port and M. Wine. She can get good whiskey in C-town.","A.L.S. Blakeley. She is very glad of the dividend declared by the Alexandria Bank. They have had severe colds but not cholera.","A.L.S. Caledon to Mount Vernon. Writing from Caledon and describes journey there. Their trunk did not arrive with them, so they have no change of clothes. Tells stories from the boat trip.","A.L.S. Blakeley. Much family news. Tells him a cousin died shortly after their visit. Richard \"seems to be a very happy man, he surely is blest in his wife \u0026 eight children.\" Dr. A has acquired an excellent housekeeper.","A.L.S. Blakeley. Tells of Annie ill with scarlet fever and how the doctor has her rubbed with a piece of raw fat bacon. Is now much improved. Was in care of Miss Gantt, the housekeeper, whom she praises highly. Wishes she could have heard Miss Lind sing at Mount Vernon. Describes a sermon. More news about friends and relatives.","A.L.S. Blakeley. Describes the symptoms of \"our dear little John\" and is sure something is wrong with his spine. Tells of the route of the turnpike and how it will cut off some of his woodland. Much news about family and acquaintances. Is very pleased with \"our young minister\" and hopes his teachings will help everyone.","A.L.S. Blakeley. Top portion of first page cut away, incomplete letter. Wants him to see the plans for the turnpike as it might cut through his land. Mrs. Briscoe's son would like to visit Mount Vernon and will bring any letter or package there.","A.L.S. Blakeley. More on the Turnpike passing through his farm. Entreats him to not bring forward tempting articles which are stimulating and exciting during his brother's visit. She is unable to visit due to pressing business.","A.L.S. Blakeley. Met Dr. Alexander and family before church and invited them to dinner. Encloses a letter from Mrs. Moran who would like to stay at Mount Vernon on her way to visit Jane. Is sending George with fish to be pickled. Sends remembrances to \"your maids Sarah, Eliza, Fanny and Amanda.\"","A.L.S. Thanks him for the fish and oysters sent by wagon. George did not properly stack items on the wagon, and much was damaged. The prayer book for Louisa has finally arrived and will be sent as soon as possible.","A.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. Discusses difficulties of Mr. Whitall and the fishery. Hopes to collect from Snyder and will send it to him. News about friends and family. Finished planting corn. Had snow recently.","A.L.S. Blakeley. Tells him she got $200 from Mr. Rutherford which will be deposited in a bank in Charlestown. He informed them that the roof of the barn is in need of repair. Gives family news.","A.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. Wants Nelly and the children to visit after harvest and will send George with the carriage to get them. Hopes Augustine will be friends with Mr. Moran. Has been sick and taken \"an unusual quantity of opium for me.\"","A.L.S. Blakeley. She is glad his servants have recovered and \"that you … have not suffered from your humane and close attendance on them.\" Was sorry to hear that Ephraim had fallen a victim. Tells him of a good friend who seems to be recovering. Gives a recipe for a remedy. Talks about the harvest and the various servants who are working on it. Is considering renting out her farm though she would retain part. Tells of Hannah's health.","A.L.S. Springland to Staunton, Virginia. Urges her not to think too much of home and to apply herself to her books and music. Gives family news.","A.L.S. Blakeley. She is happy to hear they are all healthy. Relates family news and gives him business advice. Describes hearing a musician. Discusses Mr. Rutherford and his acquiring bone dust to use as fertilizer.","A.L.S. Blakeley. She was so sorry to learn of the disaster that occurred to the vessel that was taking his wheat to market. Describes her journey home. At end, thanks him for the venison.","A.L.S. Blakeley. She is so sorry about his heavy loss and prays that God will help him through it. More family news about various people being ill.","A.L.S. Blakeley. Describes a sermon on intemperance. Discusses health problems of John and hopes he will improve when the weather gets better. Much family news.","A.L.S. Springland to Staunton, Virginia. Tells her that her last two letters appear to have been robbed. Gives news about her mother, grandmother, and sister.","A.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. Hopes Augustine is recovering. Much sickness in her house. Sent a new plough to Augustine. Hopes it arrives in time. Other family news.","A.L.S. Blakeley. Describes a visit from Mrs. Powel and various other family members. Wants part of the rent on the fishery to go toward the purchase of a piano for Louisa and the rest sent to her to pay off some debts. Sends love to all and reports on a few deaths.","A.L.S. Blakeley. Looks forward to the visit from him and his family in July. Describes harvesting of wheat and rye after much rain. Both had much desired Mr. Fillmore's election to the presidency. Wants Noblet to return from California.","A.L.S. Blakeley. She is enclosing some stock certificates to Mr. Eaches to be her attorney. Glad Nelly and the children are safely home. Tells of the loss of Richard and Christian's children.","A.L.S. Blakeley. Looks forward to Augustine's visit. Invited Kitty to spend the winter with her, but she will go elsewhere. News about various acquaintances. The disagreeable pork business is done, and she is sending three barrels of pippins via boat.","A.L.S. Blakeley. Thanks him for the $200 check which enabled her to pay her tax bill. Is again concerned about Noblet. Tells of Kitty Wright's trip to Winchester where her companion became ill with typhoid fever. Kitty \"is now with us, with three lovely children, and a good coloured girl (a slave) the one whom she hired.\" All her friends send their love.","A.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. \"Gabriel has sent in to say he wishes to set off tomorrow on his return home.\" Tells of much family with her at Christmas time.","A.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. She has been awaiting his visit and wonders about the cause of the delay. Still no news about Noblet. Tells of returning Annie Burnett home after she came into Richard's pew in church and wanted to come home with her. The next day she returned home.","A.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. Put $600 in bank to his credit. Kitty and her three children left with Sophy replacing the other nurse who has been ill for the children","A.L.S. Blakeley. There is much whooping cough going around with so far one death. The weather is very fine, and there are many flowers. Glad to hear the fisheries are doing well. Describes her visit to Walnut Farm and the people she saw while there. Asks if he has seen the Masonic oration on the \"centennial commemoration of the initiation of George Washington into the order of free Masons.","A.L.S. Blakeley. She was sorry to hear about the hail storm they had. Celebrated Hannah's birthday. Will send this letter with William Lyons who is leaving to see Augustine. Other family and friend news.","A.L.S. Blakeley. She is so glad Eliza is recovered. So sad about the death of Dr. Powel. More news about impending visits. General Duvall will be in Washington soon and would like to see Augustine so he could become \"acquainted with many of the influential members from the South \u0026 West, with whom he wishes you to become acquainted in case you still determine on disposing of M.V.\"","A.L.S. \tBlakeley. Wants either a visit from them or for her to visit them before winter sets in. She had quite a pleasant visit to New York and Philadelphia. Tells him of climbing 180 steps of the Washington Monument in Baltimore and having a beautiful view. Glad they have obtained a governess for the girls.","A.L.S. Blakeley. She is sorry Nelly is sick but will be unable to come down until after Christmas. Has several articles brought from N.Y. for \"my deal g.children at M.V.\"","A.L.S. Tells him of a deposit in bank for his use. Grieved to learn Eliza continues in feeble health. Visited Walnut Farm and heard from Dr. Alexander that \"the financial affairs of our church are in a very confused \u0026 entangled state.\" Looking forward to her trip to New York.","A.L.S. Blakeley. Paid $200 on stock note at bank. Is anxious about his brother determining to go to Housekeeping \u0026 renting Col. Devenport's House. He will still be at Blakeley every day. She has been suffering from dyspepsia. Glad to hear the governess gives satisfaction. Reference to Miss Nancy at Walnut Farm, who \"is not only a good house keeper but also understands gardening.\"","A.L.S. Blakeley. Tells him Mr. and Mrs. Depau intend visiting Mount Vernon, along with their son. Richard and family left for their new home and are much missed. She feels quite anxious to see her \"dear children at M.V. especially my grandson whose name I am as yet unacquainted with.\" Says two of our Cedar lawn cousins are to be married. \"The servants have been divided \u0026 the Cedar Lawn will be sold.\"","A.L.S. Blakeley. Sympathizes with the delayed visit due to the sickness of the family \"and death of your valuable and good young servant Dennis. It is a severe affliction to his poor mother. He was I think her youngest child.\" Is most anxious to see her grandson Lawrence. Had a visit from his brother and Christian and their son John. Went by invitation to Mr. Lovel's school where pupils delivered speeches and addresses. Wants the family to visit and will have rooms fixed up for them. Sends \"kind regards to your good \u0026 faithful servant Eliza, Danny \u0026 Sarah.\"","A.L.S. Blakeley. Looks forward to a shipment of \"Nellies Pickled Rockfish\" to share with neighbours \u0026 friends. Discusses planting of crops. Will visit him and his family \"this day week,\"","A.L.S. Blakeley. Describes her trip back home from Mount Vernon. Everyone is harvesting but having difficulty obtaining sufficient hands for the task.","A.L.S. Blakeley. Tells of the sudden death of Mrs. Selden and the funeral. Mentions harvests and addition to his house Dr. A. is doing. Wants to see him and the family. Mr. Rutherford wishes to renew his lease on the farm.","A.L.S. Blakeley. Hopes Maria's arm heals well and that he received the two barrels of oats she sent. Gives news about family. Tells of \"our beloved Charlotte\" taking communion and becoming a member of the church.","A.L.S. Blakeley. She is so sorry that Richard is ill but glad that Augustine is with him. Tells of George's illness. Gives more family news and hopes to see the family soon.","A.L.S. Requests he send him the cantaloupe seeds he talked about. Wants to talk about a system of patrols \"to try \u0026 keep our slaves at home.\" Says the slaves are stealing so much from them and taking it to Alexandria. Says everyone in the neighborhood of slave holders could contribute to hire 6 good men to patrol.","A.L.S. New Charlestown to Richmond. Sends family news and gives advice as to her traveling home. Tells of someone about to die, and that Fanny Griggs' school is broken up.","A.L.S. Blakeley. Laments that it has been so long since she heard from him or his family and wonders when they will come to visit. Gives news about local people. Tells of the wonderful addition that Dr. A. put on his house.","A.L.S. \tBlakeley to Mount Vernon. Had a tooth extracted. News of friends and neighbors. Has had influenza for 10 days.","A.L.S. White House. Gives his legal opinion as to a dispute among them. First the fact that the seine was not received by Mr. Washington at the appointed time, necessitating many difficulties. Second, the Hoopers did not receive the required loom but are entitled to some compensation for work done. His judgment is for $275 for Mr. Washington.","A.L.S. Hampstead, Virginia to Mount Vernon. Discusses her love of gardening and the recent harvest. Says she likes the new teacher at a neighbor's house \"but she looks consumptive.\" Describes a monument to two boys.","A.D.S. Fairfax County. Indicates full payment of judgment from JAW to William Mason.","A.L.S. Spring Bank, Virginia to Mount Vernon. Discusses the route of the turnpike and that it should go through Mr. E's land. It would split it up, and so Mason wants to offer other alternatives. Much of the land is prone to flooding and marshy. It would be very expensive to put the road through that.","A.L.S. Spring Bank, Virginia to Mount Vernon. Discusses his written ordinance about how to deal with people coming onto unenclosed land and hunting or fishing. Talks of a particular problem with land along waterways. Wants JAW to write to lawmakers and make this happen.","A.L.S. Spring Bank, Virginia. Before the Legislature meets, he encloses a proposed measure to be enacted. Discusses counties to be included – all along the Potomac and Rappahanoc.","A.L.S. Rose Hill. Discusses the hiring of an African American boy to do odd jobs and will pay $15.","A.L.S. Discusses the sending of clover seed. Had a problem with old Henry who emptied some tailings for the hens near the clover, mixing some up. \"I think I never was more vexed with any human being in all my life.\"","A.L.S. Spring Bank, Virginia to Mount Vernon. Mason writes describing an incident he had with West Ford on his plantation. This remarkable letter highlights the way Ford, despite being a free man, was still treated like a slave by others: \"On the evening of the Monday after Whitsunday, I was about sunset standing at my stable, giving some orders for the morning's work, when there passed within three or four yards of me a Negro man, who I did not know, without touching his hat, or any other recognition of my presence. After he had passed, I called to him asking who he was, and who did he belong to? He walked on, taking no notice, until I repeated the question, when he said 'Washington.' I then said, I suppose you have a name, and can tell me what Mr. Washington you belong to? He replied, 'West Ford.' His manner was insolent and supposing he was drunk, I said to him, there is the road to the gate, go off my place at once… When he got to the corner of the house, he commenced whooping and continued doing so, till he got out of the gate, which I had to send and have closed after him. I said nothing further to him, as he was obviously drunk; but directed one of my servants to go and tell him never to put his foot on the place again… Had he been anyone's servant but yours, I shd. have immediately had him apprehended and flogged for his impertinence; but satisfied that it could only be necessary to report the facts to you, and that you would take measures to prevent his ever coming here again, or repeating it, I have taken no further steps in the matter.\"","A.L.S. Spring Bank, Virginia to Mount Vernon. Sorry to hear that JAW is no longer a magistrate of the county. Will do what he can to get Mr. Herbert elected magistrate, so he can form the patrol necessary.","A.L.S. Spring Bank, Virginia. Heard that all will be done to keep out a Yankee for the office of Justice. Hopes Mr. Herbert will consent to serve.","A.L.S. Writes about the issue of county taxes which have become exceedingly high, mainly to pay for road construction. Found out that one group was destroying his trees and running a new road through his land to take business away from the turnpike.","A.D.S. Acknowledges receipt of payment in full on her account for boots and shoes for various named men.","A.L.S. Tells him of the considerable debts ($2,169.80) of Cousin Hannah and wishes to know what is to be done about it.","A.L.S. Urges him to do well in school and to board with the principal and not to associate with his old school mate Charles J.","A.L.S. Describes her trip home and the friends and family she visited on the way. Had friends to dine but had difficulty with the dinner as meat is scarce.","A.L.S. Just sent George to the Charlestown P.O. with a letter and check to him. Sorry to hear that Nelly is again sick.","A.L.S. To Mount Vernon. Describes her feelings at the recent losses of children and Noblet. Tells of much sickness in the area. \"Old Jenny's was by far the severest case, one which Dr. C. intirely dispaired of. She is recovering which we are thankful for, tho' old and feeble, she is good and pious, and has considerable influence with her children and fellow servants.\"","A.L.S. Has attached a check for $200 to be paid to the Exchange Bank in Alexandria toward her debt of $700. Was sorry to hear of Nelly's illness. Gives other family news.","A.L.S. Discusses a recently recorded deed. Describes health concerns of her sister. Bad weather is affecting planting. At end of letter: \"Matilda, your woman at Harewood has had an infant and lost it. It died after suffering greatly from fits. Dr. Cordell attended it.\"","A.L.S. To Mount Vernon. Has enclosed a check to be paid on her account with Mr. Hooff. Prices are low for horses and stock. Planting goes slowly. Gives family and friends news. Gives a recipe for quince jelly and marmalade. \"Remember me most kindly to Jenny \u0026 West \u0026 … indeed all our household at M.V.\"","A.L.S. To Mount Vernon. A brief note requesting him to \"let George have money $2.50 to get a pair of boots.\"","A.L.S. To Mount Vernon. She is sending Jenny and Fanny and hopes they will be \"useful and conduct themselves well.\" His carpenter came by the day after he left wanting some money he was owed as he had a debt to pay. Wants to visit them but wants him to let her know \"whether or not it is desirable for me to go. I shall not be in the slightest degree either hurt or offended at my room being preferable to my company.\" \"Mr. Rutherford … declines keeping Sally another year. I have told Mr. Shepperd to look out for a good place for her but I really think you had better take her down and either keep her at M.V. under your own eye as milker and washer or hire her out there. I think she and Alfred or Gabriel had better make a match.\"","A.L.S. All have been enjoying the visit from Augustine but regrets she and the children did not also come. Hannah is about to leave for New York for medical treatment, accompanied by Fanny. Thanks Louisa for the chow chow she made. News about a visit to cousin Ann Washington. Much talk of friends and family.","A.L.S. \"Your kind mother always advances for me the money with which I travel to the upper country. I am making my arrangements to move rather earlier than usual this summer that I may have the advantage of Cousin Betsy Winter's company … I shall take Rosina with me who is a fine sensible, amiable girl of fourteen, rather handsome, but bashful and awkward. She looks badly now from a sort of bilious fever without chills, which hangs about her in despite of blue pile etc.\"","A.L.S. Anna writes of the death of an enslaved woman named Harry: \"she died on Monday last, after a short illness, inflammation of the brain and womb… Dr. Alexander and Straith examined her body and found the womb and other organs around it entirely diseased. Mother has lost a kind and faithful servant, a sincere tho humble friend. We shall all feel her loss, to mother it is irreparable, she has no servant who can take her place.\"","A.L.S. Letter being carried by Randall, a slave, and tells of various people's health problems.","A.L.S.\t Hollin Hall to Mount Vernon. Has heard there is little chance of the law they want passing in this session of the Legislature. Gives his thoughts about future elections of people who will assist them.","A.L.S. To Mount Vernon. Wonders whether he has recovered his slave. If so \"make a stern and proper example.\" Tells Augustine to come to him for trials and punishments of slaves.","A.D.S. Autograph copy. Describes an ordinance stating consequences if anyone shall \"root, hunt, range, fish or fowl\" on private land.","Special Collections at The George Washington Presidential Library at Mount Vernon","Washington, Jane Charlotte Blackburn, 1786-1855","Washington, John Augustine, III, 1821-1861","Mason, George, 1797-1870","Washington, Eleanor Love Selden, 1824-1860","Tabb, John Prosser","Alexander, Judith Ball Blackburn, 1796-1866","Alexander, William Fontaine, 1811-1862","Ford, West, approximately 1784-1863","Alexander, Anna Maria Washington, 1817-1850","English \n. "],"unitid_tesim":["2019.SC.035","/repositories/3/resources/76"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Jane Charlotte Blackburn Washington and John Augustine Washington III correspondence"],"collection_title_tesim":["Jane Charlotte Blackburn Washington and John Augustine Washington III correspondence"],"collection_ssim":["Jane Charlotte Blackburn Washington and John Augustine Washington III correspondence"],"repository_ssm":["The George Washington Presidential Library at Mount Vernon"],"repository_ssim":["The George Washington Presidential Library at Mount Vernon"],"creator_ssm":["Washington, Jane Charlotte Blackburn, 1786-1855","Washington, John Augustine, III, 1821-1861"],"creator_ssim":["Washington, Jane Charlotte Blackburn, 1786-1855","Washington, John Augustine, III, 1821-1861"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Washington, Jane Charlotte Blackburn, 1786-1855","Washington, John Augustine, III, 1821-1861"],"creators_ssim":["Washington, Jane Charlotte Blackburn, 1786-1855","Washington, John Augustine, III, 1821-1861"],"has_online_content_ssim":["true"],"extent_ssm":["5.7 Linear Feet 4 manuscript boxes"],"extent_tesim":["5.7 Linear Feet 4 manuscript boxes"],"date_range_isim":[1837,1838,1839,1840,1841,1842,1843,1844,1845,1846,1847,1848,1849,1850,1851,1852,1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection is open for research during scheduled appointments. Researchers must complete the Washington Library's Special Collections and Archives Registration Form before access is provided. The library reserves the right to restrict access to certain items for preservation purposes.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["This collection is open for research during scheduled appointments. Researchers must complete the Washington Library's Special Collections and Archives Registration Form before access is provided. The library reserves the right to restrict access to certain items for preservation purposes."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eArranged chronologically with undated material at the end of the collection.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["Arranged chronologically with undated material at the end of the collection."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eJane Charlotte Blackburn was born on August 23, 1786 at Rippon Lodge, Prince William, Virginia to Major Richard Scott Blackburn and Judith Blackburn. She married John Augustine Washington II and had five children, three of whom lived to adulthood – Anna Maria Thomasina Washington Alexander, John Augustine Washington III, and Richard Scott Blackburn Thomas. The couple lived at Blakely plantation near Charles Town, West Virginia, until the death of Bushrod Washington in 1829, who left the property of Mount Vernon to John Augustine Washington II in his will. When her husband died in 1832, Jane Charlotte Washington inherited Mount Vernon and vowed to maintain the estate to the best of her ability. She insisted her oldest son, John Augustine Washington III, attend college to better prepare him to someday manage the family's properties. He graduated from the University of Virginia in 1840 and a year later began overseeing all business at Mount Vernon for his mother. Jane Charlotte Washington died in 1855 and is buried at Mount Vernon with her husband.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJohn Augustine Washington was the great-grandnephew of George Washington and the last Washington to own Mount Vernon before its sale to the Mount Vernon Ladies Association (MVLA). He was born on May 3, 1821 to John Augustine Washington II and Jane Charlotte Blackburn Washington. He graduated from the University of Virginia in 1840, and returned to Mount Vernon to manage the declining estate with his widowed mother's permission. In 1843, he married Eleanor Love Selden with whom he had seven children. He sold 200 acres of Mount Vernon to the MVLA in 1858 for $200,000, and he and his family moved to Waveland plantation in Fauquier County, Virginia in 1860. He served as aide-de-camp to General Robert E. Lee, but was shot by a bushwhacker and died one week later on September 13, 1861.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["Jane Charlotte Blackburn was born on August 23, 1786 at Rippon Lodge, Prince William, Virginia to Major Richard Scott Blackburn and Judith Blackburn. She married John Augustine Washington II and had five children, three of whom lived to adulthood – Anna Maria Thomasina Washington Alexander, John Augustine Washington III, and Richard Scott Blackburn Thomas. The couple lived at Blakely plantation near Charles Town, West Virginia, until the death of Bushrod Washington in 1829, who left the property of Mount Vernon to John Augustine Washington II in his will. When her husband died in 1832, Jane Charlotte Washington inherited Mount Vernon and vowed to maintain the estate to the best of her ability. She insisted her oldest son, John Augustine Washington III, attend college to better prepare him to someday manage the family's properties. He graduated from the University of Virginia in 1840 and a year later began overseeing all business at Mount Vernon for his mother. Jane Charlotte Washington died in 1855 and is buried at Mount Vernon with her husband.","John Augustine Washington was the great-grandnephew of George Washington and the last Washington to own Mount Vernon before its sale to the Mount Vernon Ladies Association (MVLA). He was born on May 3, 1821 to John Augustine Washington II and Jane Charlotte Blackburn Washington. He graduated from the University of Virginia in 1840, and returned to Mount Vernon to manage the declining estate with his widowed mother's permission. In 1843, he married Eleanor Love Selden with whom he had seven children. He sold 200 acres of Mount Vernon to the MVLA in 1858 for $200,000, and he and his family moved to Waveland plantation in Fauquier County, Virginia in 1860. He served as aide-de-camp to General Robert E. Lee, but was shot by a bushwhacker and died one week later on September 13, 1861."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[Name and date of item], Jane Charlotte Blackburn Washington and John Augustine Washington III correspondence, [Folder], Special Collections, The George Washington Presidential Library at Mount Vernon [hereafter Washington Library], Mount Vernon, Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["[Name and date of item], Jane Charlotte Blackburn Washington and John Augustine Washington III correspondence, [Folder], Special Collections, The George Washington Presidential Library at Mount Vernon [hereafter Washington Library], Mount Vernon, Virginia."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eJohn Augustine Washington III and Eleanor Love Selden Correspondence\nJohn Augustine Washington III and Descendants Papers\nJohn Augustine Washington III and MVLA Collection\nLawrence Washington Collection of Washington family papers\nHistoric Manuscripts Collection\nElswyth Thane Beebe Collection\u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Materials"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["John Augustine Washington III and Eleanor Love Selden Correspondence\nJohn Augustine Washington III and Descendants Papers\nJohn Augustine Washington III and MVLA Collection\nLawrence Washington Collection of Washington family papers\nHistoric Manuscripts Collection\nElswyth Thane Beebe Collection"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe bulk of this collection is made up of letters from Jane Charlotte Washington to her son, John Augustine Washington III. Also included are letters to Eleanor Love Selden Washington, a few letters to or from John Augustine Washington III to various individuals, several letters from George Mason of Hollin Hall (1797-1870) to John Augustine Washington III, letters by Lackland and Alexander family members (relatives of the Washingtons) and three receipts. The subject matter of most letters is family or personal affairs and Mount Vernon business with some discussion of the enslaved people owned by the Washingtons. Inclusive dates are 1837 to 1861.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Mount Vernon. Tells him of four family members with consumption. Also \"have no servant to dispose of who would suit her sister, unless Milly would be willing for one of her three elder daughters to go. It would be a sure and good home I believe.\" Discusses sale of corn crop and other family news. Mentions repairs being made by Mr. Skidmore at Mt. Vernon. We have two other letters dated 1837 November 23 and 1838 November 1 mentioning repairs made by Jesse Skidmore. In 1839 July 27, Lawrence Lewis paid Skidmore for work done on the new tomb at Mount Vernon.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. She is enclosing another $10 note requesting it get charged and sent to her by him.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Blakeley. She is unable to join him at Mount Vernon as her business would not fare well. Is sending a horse down as he is better fitted for the saddle than harness. Writes about sending him to Mount Vernon to \"relieve Maj. Lewis,\" who is working with Struthers and Strickland to build the new tomb. Writes of her \"deep veneration and gratitude to the memory of Genl Washington.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Blakeley. Upon her return home, she found things had not been taken care of on her farm. A fodder house for the cattle was not placed correctly at all. She encouraged her son to get a good education at Mr. Hallowell's school in Alexandria.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Blakeley. She wants him to inquire about an appointment for Lawrence Washington who needs employment. Inquires about his studies and the repairs on the \"old mansion.\" Gives some family news and wants him to call on Mary and Julia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Blakeley. Reports on crop yields. Says there \"have been some difficulties between the overseer and the Negroes\" on the Mountain. Tells him of the impending purchase of a pair of draft horses. Talks of sending Willoughby and Gabriel to Mount Vernon, as well as Henry and Dolly. (This is likely Gabriel Johnson, about whom we have at least nine other letters in the collection.) Mentions letting his cousin have Jesse at \"whatever you think a reasonable price.\" Reports pork prices are down and is worried about the expenses of repairs to Mount Vernon. Was sorry to \"learn by a letter from West that our crop of corn at Mount Vernon has turned out so badly.\" Might need to employ West for another year. More family news and greetings.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Blakeley. She was sorry to hear of his illness and tells him to leave Mount Vernon in the hands of hirelings and not endanger his health further by riding there. Refers to reading about \"Mr. Calhoun's and Mr. Clay's conversations in the Senate on Mr. Calhoun's resolutions respecting abolition petitions.\" Much difficulty regarding Jessy – Cousin Jane has abandoned all idea of purchasing her.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. with additional writing by Jane C. Washington. Blakeley. Tells of new animals being born, his schooling, and family news. Jane adds: glad to hear his schooling is going well. Asks if he participated in the February 22 celebration. Is sorry he gave up Greek. Wants him to send her a translation from Latin or French. Orders shoes to be made for Kitty.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Blakeley. She returned home safely and passes along some family news. Harvest had not been started, but since she returned they have begun on the wheat. Much gets lost by \"having inefficient hands as rakers,\" so she requests him to send Willoughby and Gabriel up immediately. \"Labourers cannot be procured, and wages are higher than ever before known to be.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Blakeley. Hopes he will get to enjoy his job at the Library of the House of Representatives. Thinks it will be good for his future. She is unwell at present. Reports on Dr. Gates who is also not doing well.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Blakeley. She is troubled about getting Richard to be an \"irregular Cadet\" or maybe to West Point. Reports on the death of Dr. Yates. Gives various instructions and requests.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Blakeley. She hopes the water at White Sulphur Spring will prove beneficial. Describes a sermon on Communion Sunday and hopes he's hearing as good as that. Had a disappointing wheat crop. Contracted with Ford and Snyder for the crop. Gabriel is still there, with JAW's permission. Additional page from Aunt Judy Alexander, hoping he meets some young ladies.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Blakeley. She wants him to rent the Prospect Hill fields for three years to Mr. Anderson. George carried wheat and oats to him, as well as other items. Poor Tansel wants a place with him. He'll make rakes and \"I know he makes excellent shoes.\" Sends greetings to family.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Blakeley. She wants Maria and Augustine to return to Blakeley as both are sick. Is disturbed that cousin Jane means to keep Betty for the next year, despite knowing of the intention to send her to Mount Vernon. \"Shall I send Hannah or Sally down, or contend for Betty?\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Blakeley. She relates the difficult journey of his sister to Blakeley. Is glad he is feeling better. Writes about selling enslaved people: \"I am sorry to tell you Milly I understand is unfit for hire, and we shall be obliged to keep her at home. Mr. Rutherford… will take Sally. She is said to be a first rate manager, a strict tho kind mistress. She is to give $35. Hannah I have as yet had no offer for. Closely confined at home without a way of getting out, I have not had it in my power to look out places for our hirelings and do not like to offer them at public hire.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Blakeley. Glad he got rid of his chills. The horse cart is so much in use it cannot be sent down to Mount Vernon. Will send George, Edmund, and Betty to him. Still been unable to get a place for Hannah whose character does not stand well as to docility or usefulness. More instructions as to how to deal with various servants.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. To Mount Vernon. \"Dr. A. has determined to keep the servants. I hope they will continue faithful and useful to him. Willoughby is a grumbler, but I am sure he has no just cause of complaint. Dr. A is a human and liberal master. I think you give a high price for your wagoner. Negroes have generally hired lower than usual this year. Hannah is at present laid up, sd. I not be able to get a good and safe place for her, I will send her down by the first safe opportunity.\" \"Remember me most kindly to all our Mount Vernon household – dear Old Jenny especially and West Ford.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Blakeley. She's so happy to hear from Dr. A that his health is much improved. Discusses financial difficulties. \"We must all practice strict economy.\" Sends family news.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Mount Vernon to Charlestown, Jefferson County, Virginia. Discusses the current low price for wood and Dr. Alexander and his travels. Regrets the failure of Ford and Snyder. Wants her to settle for Hannah's support as West thinks that she has not been given anything to eat. Also wants to remind Dick of a pair of boots for Mr. Morgan. Phil and Jesse have been sick for some time.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Blakeley. She hopes his health improves. Discusses disorder on banks, making business difficult. Is sorry this happened at the beginning of his life in business but hopes it will teach him. Tells of harvests and yields and gives some family news.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Blakeley. She's so glad he has recovered his health. Will be able to get clover seed shortly. Wants to plant the 90 acre field with oats. Sends greetings to Cary. Was able to hire Hannah out until Christmas.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Blakeley. George is off to Mount Vernon with a wagon full of goods. Requests various items to be brought back by him. Hopes his health remains good. His sister wishes to have Caroline whom she has hired brought down to Mount Vernon. She might come up with George. \"Remember me most kindly to Jenny – West's servant at Mount Vernon.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Blakeley. Sending this via Mr. Lamar requesting additional things for George to bring back. Describes a sermon given by Mr. Jones the previous Sunday. Hopes he will have \"our old establishment very clean white washed if not painted a little.\" Richard is not well but hopes he will join her when she goes down for a few days.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. He is mortified that JAW might have been offended at not having received an invitation to dine with him, which was sent with a \"silly servant.\" He always values having his company and sends him some rhubarb with instructions as to its preparation.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Blakeley. George arrived safely yesterday afternoon. Disappointed various items from Mr. Hooff were not sent but instead sent via canal. Discusses prices of some items. Thanks him for fruit sent. Tells him to do what he thinks best with the greenhouse.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Blakeley. She is anxiously awaiting the arrival of his hands from Mount Vernon as George Saunders Ned and Lewis are all laid up. Marie and Mary Jane are incapable of working out. Harvest has commenced. Wants him to send a barrel of white sand for plastering the pillars in the brick portico. Hopes he will come soon. Sends family greetings.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Blakeley. She had a good journey home with pleasant visits with friends on the way. \"You have a partial friend in Mr. S. altho' I think he would be pleased if you did not speak quite so loud.\" Richard says a man wants to rent the P.H. Farm but is unwilling to pay the terms requested. Describes two sermons she heard. Wants him to look in the study for letters which Uncle Bushrod says must be there.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. To Mount Vernon. Writes with suggestions for the furniture and carpet at Mount Vernon. She specifically mentions the \"little drawing room,\" \"parlor,\" \"front passage,\" \"little room,\" and \"old dining room.\" Fears she shall be left more largely in debt than ever yet been. A Dutch farmer wants to rent P. Hole farm.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. To Mount Vernon. Gives some financial information. \"If the work is all finished at Mount Vernon both Harry and Fanny had better come but if there is still any thing for Fanny to do, she can remain.\" Requests items to be brought up, including lemons and oranges. Family news, including that Uncle Bushrod remains confined to his couch.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. She has not heard from him. Ordered various building supplies. Financial times are very difficult and strict economy is necessary. Will send him some of her horses until his can be matched. Since Mary Jane is sick, Fanny should return to care for her. \"Remember me most kindly to my Old Jenny and West.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Walnut Farm to Mount Vernon. She returned home on Saturday and deplored the roads in Harpers Ferry. \"It seems Mr. John Selden is anxious to purchase Harriet. She was appraised at $400 with her child. She is said to be an excellent servant, and if you can get her in place of Hannah, Julia, or Sally, I think you had better do so. Julia is now at Blakely, having laid up and then come off without Lake's permission… Dr. Cordell has been called out to see her twice and from his prescription I rather suppose thinks very little except hysteria ails her.\" Discusses crops and a sermon and sends family greetings.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. She has not been feeling well at all lately. Has heard from Cousin Lorenzo Lewis that Augustine looks very well. She would have liked to have heard that from him or his wife. \"The servants are becoming more and more worthless and disobedient. I really find it very difficult to govern them, or to have the most necessary domestic work attended to with any regularity.\" Family news. Wants him to send Harry up before harvest.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. She's glad to hear that he and Nelly are doing so well. Much family news. \"Remember me very kindly to my good and faithful Jenny and Harry, also West and Eliza.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Bath to Blakeley. She is in Bath for the waters. It is very crowded, and all the houses are full. Heard two good sermons but then was ill again.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. To Mount Vernon. She is concerned about poor Jenny and hopes the operation will give her a better chance of recovery. Many family members are ill. Another description of a sermon she heard.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. She tells of travel difficulties. Relates some gossip. Made a deal for some provisions, but nothing has been delivered. She advanced the man $150. Family news.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. Lots of news about family and friends. Also mentions Hannah and Rebecca being still invalids and that Thomas has again gone to Maryland. \"The boys have bought a wagon and two or three servants.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Mount Vernon. She wants to know if certain lawyers are in Alexandria or Washington. Also wishes to subscribe to the Audubon works and asks him to see to that.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. She has been anxious at not hearing from him. Wants him to send the rent check for $500 as soon as possible. Wants him to send the fish via the Misses Moore's boats on the canal. Mentions the subject of Julia's purchase. Family and friend news. Additional page following receipt of his letter. Sorry the fishery has been unsuccessful. Due to drought the strawberries gave poor yield.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. She received the check from him. His carpenter is unwilling to go to Mount Vernon before late next autumn due to the climate there. Has tried to find out why the fish and shingles he was to send have not been found on the wharves for the Misses Moore's boats to bring.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Mount Vernon. Deals with settling the estate of Mr. Selden. Discusses his purchase of Mary, an enslaved woman who seems to be quite ill and therefore not worth more than $50 or $60. His wife does not want her sold away. Also wants to sell the corn crop at Exeter.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. She is glad he was able to go to Philadelphia. Mentions the death of the wife of Lewis Washington. His sister was with her at her death, and Jane was there through the funeral. Is anxious about Charles' daughter Catherine who was sent via stage to Mrs. Page who did not want her after all and seems unwilling to pay the stage driver for her passage. Discusses the hiring of a German gardener for Mount Vernon. Wants him to send a shoe she left at Mount Vernon and a quantity of cotton.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. She is busy with pork business and will send two barrels of hams and one of lard. Complains about his brother and his wife coming without replying to her as to when they would arrive. Says her health is very infirm.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. Thanks him for the articles send, including oysters and ducks. Discusses sale of corn and is keeping some back to get a better price in the spring. Gives family news and that Captain Symington \"is stationed at H.F. where the government intends having erected barracks for him.\" Discusses the benefits of religion. Wants him to give a \"piece of old bacon/shoulders to West, Jenny and Phill.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. Lengthy discussion of the purchase of a house by Dr. Alexander and his sister. The finances of this are described.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. To Mount Vernon. She is \"sorry to hear of the disturbances among the negroes, especially poor Alfred. I think you had better sell him. Perhaps you might do it advantageously to some one in Richmond, who wants a capable and trustworthy servant. I am told Jim is very much distressed at parting with his son. If the purchaser of Alfred is willing to take Jim and he wishes to go, I have no objection to it.\" Discusses various crop prices. Reports the death of one child from scarlet fever and how it sickens many in Charleston.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. To Mount Vernon. Discusses a few financial matters. \"Hannah was sick \u0026amp; soon gave birth to a still born infant a boy. It was a mercy the event occurred for decomposition had commenced.\" People are still getting sick with scarlet fever.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. Describes the symptoms and illness with scarlet fever of Julia. She will be unable to attend Jane Davis's wedding. \"I have been in a most unsettled state for a long time. It seems difficult to get my family matters and business settled into any regular method again.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. Julia Alexander died from scarlet fever. Others are also ill. She will not come to Mount Vernon for fear of bringing the disease with her and wants him to collect rents due her and pay various bills from that and send the rest to her.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. Discussion of finances and sale of stock. Gives medical advice to him for various people. Tells of recent election – not more than half of either party voted. Uncle Bushrod is going to Maryland to attend a meeting of the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal Company.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. She has \"the severest attack of Influenza I have had for two years.\" Kitty has discarded Lt. Hooe due to his poor conduct. Describes drought conditions badly affecting crops.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Draft copy. Mount Vernon. Refuses permission to bring a party of military people to Mount Vernon by water. Does not want boats to dock there, but will allow them to enter if they arrive by land.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. Have had much sickness. \"Thompson, Jerry and Mingo laid up; in consequence of which George is driving the wagon… Am now endeavoring to save what apples remain on the trees and prepare winter clothing for the servants.\" Wants him to come visit.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. Have had an unusual degree of sickness. \"Poor old Mingo is thought to be dying!... Berkeley, Jerry, and Thompson are still on the sick list.\" Tells of death of a neighbor who shot himself by accident as he was mounting his horse. Is unable to bring the wheat to the mill as the mill was \"dangerously full.\" Describes a difficult journey by his aunt. At end \"Mingo is Dead.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. She was still too ill at Christmas to visit others. \"We have still four or five cases of typhoid fever at the quarters. Charlotte among them she is still very sick. The Dr. hopes a favourable change has taken place in Selina, Saul and Jerry. Mary came out today. I have taken Sophy home and hope to be able to get on with her under Fanny's superintendance.\" Other descriptions of moving enslaved people around. Relates episode of Julia having escaped from Cousin H. and coming to her.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. To Mount Vernon. Tells him Col. and Mrs. Davenport intend to visit him at Mount Vernon. Wants them to entertain them well. Discusses politics – \"the great question of Annexation.\" Mr. Rivers' speech was a great production. \"He feels as we do, the waning power of our once great \u0026amp; noble state.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. She returned from a ride feeling quite well again. Describes a beautiful snowfall. \"I am sorry to hear you have still sickness among your servants. It is also the case here, new cases constantly occuring. The Dr. has been a daily visiter with the exception of two or three days. Milly's youngest child is now ill.\" Describes the death of his cousin. Other family news.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. Describes her journey home from Mount Vernon, visiting friends on the way. \"Richard … is going Missouri and wishes to purchase Negroes to take with him. He has yet made no offer for Caroline, tho' we understand he wishes to get her. She I am told is averse to going.\" Describes a sermon and exhorts him to read the Bible. Family information. \"Excuse this blotted ill written scrawl. Read and burn it.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. Discusses the naming of his new baby girl. Nelly wanted to name her after Jane, but she thought she should be named after Nelly's recently deceased grandmother. Tells of financial difficulties of Dr. A. and the prices of crops. After her signature – \"Destroy this letter.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. Writes to discuss ways to assist Dr. A. \"out of his present difficulties.\" Wants him to come visit soon with the family.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. Discusses a large christenings in church. Relates tale of two men who recently died from intemperance. Also tells plans for an upcoming wedding and where various guests will stay.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. Has yet to hear back from him in answer to her letter about Dr. A. Tells him of what she wants to do for him. Gives instructions as to how he should travel to visit her with the family.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. Wants to send George with the carriage to bring her and the children. Describes dancing by various people. Wants to receive some financial records.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. To Mount Vernon. Tells him of money placed in bank \"for servants sold… (Humphrey, Shedrack, Thompson, Caroline, Little Daniel, Margaret, and John).\" \"I am not well and feel a good deal agitated at the sale tho' I believe it will be better for all concerned but it is distressing to break up families by sales.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. Sending notes to him and hopes he will return as soon as he arranges this business. Nelly and the girls are well, though Lou has still a cough.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. Misses the family and tells of items that were left during their last visit. Much rain has kept her from church. Maria sent jars of quince jelly for her. Gives family news and describes some roses. Sends message to Augustine \"to write to his old and now very unimportant mother.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. To Mount Vernon. Describes family members' travels. Not a good wheat crop. Discusses the estate of Mr. Foote and how it treats his wife. Talks about the American B.S. and its efforts to bring the Bible to 10,000 families who have none. Asks him to pay some bills for her.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. To Mount Vernon. Congratulates him on getting much ice stored in his ice house as \"it is a luxury, essential to health, and economy in domestic management.\" \"I believe slaves will become less and less valuable; and unless we keep them in the hope of being able to liberate and provide for them: for pecuniary interest, it is best to own, only as many as are necessary for the ordinary work of our farms.\" Many hams were spoilt, so they cannot offer any.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. Much sickness in the early spring of cholera. Many people unable to work – Old Jenny, Maria and Dick, Lewis and George obliged to plough. Her cook Eliza has a crippled sore arm. Sophy, Joe, and Little Tom have been helping with many guests. Much discussion of weather.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. Tells of various charges Richard made on his behalf. The weather has badly affected the crops. Wants to travel to Chicago in the summer. \"Richard has purchased West's little farm… West intends going West.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. Sorry to hear about his return of chills. Their diet has been quite poor with a lack of vegetables and fresh meat. Thanks him for the check he sent, but he forgot to sign it. Describes another sermon. Requests him to send cypress shingles as soon as possible as the house leaks when it rains.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Mount Vernon to Charlestown, Jefferson County. Discusses failure to purchase mules at auction. He is unable to procure the peaches she wanted in Alexandria as many fruits have already fallen off the trees. West Ford said they needed some double shovel ploughs to put in the wheat.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Blakeley to Baltimore. She is sorry to hear of Lou's \"hooping cough.\" Other family news. Long description of Mr. Tacker and his vision of his impending death. Is sorry that Augustine is alone at Mount Vernon with the servants who have been \"a source of disquiet and distress to him.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSummerville, Gloucester County, Virginia to Alexandria. Tells him of a property coming for sale in the area. Also wants to make bricks and needs a \"responsible white man to superintend.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. Congratulates him on the birth of another daughter. Gives news of Richard.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Blakeley. Nelly is recovering from childbirth, and the baby thrives. Nelly wishes him to remind Miss Entwisle about the dresses.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Blakeley. Gives prices of bushels of wheat from Mr. Burns and Mr. Snyder.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Blakeley. Describes a wedding and the young guests at the dinner. Discusses an Irishman who came to sell her tablecloths which she did not want. Letter was written over several days. She really misses the family.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. To Mount Vernon. Won't give him the family news as she just passed that along to Nelly in a very recent letter. Thanks him for paying her bills. Discusses rental of the Ferry Landing fisheries and wants to rent to Mr. Whitall. Will let him decide whether to increase the fisheries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. To Mount Vernon. Entreats him to take it easy in the winter. They have had much snow. Uncle Bushrod has much ice stored away and offered some to her as her pond had a defect which caused it to drain. Discusses finances. He may rent out North Farm. \"I fear however you will have many difficulties and vexations if you let the servants go with the farm.\" Tells of his sister having a tumour under her arm. Also their church burned. Tells him of the death of her true friend Mrs. Adams.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Blakeley. Describes different people reading the will. Hopes his brother and family reached Mount Vernon safely. \"I think if the ladies attend the Inauguration of our brave honest chief, they had better join Mrs. Madison – who I am sure would be gratified at their so doing, and render their visit much more agreeable.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. Has been anxiously awaiting a reply from him to her letter of a month ago. Wants to know when the monuments would be brought to Mount Vernon and the sum of money to be obtained. Is sending George with barrels containing hams and some apples. Wants him to return with the horses only, leaving the carriage. There was a fire at Hannah's house which was extinguished.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Gives much family news. Discusses lower prices for wheat and increasing the salary of the woman who must cook for Mr. Graham and all who are on the farm. Wants his help hiring a new overseer.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Blakeley. She is waiting to hear from him as to the overseer and waiting to see if Mr. Graham will accept the terms offered. \"Richard intends hiring out the hands he employed on the farm hoping to derive more clear profit from the Hires than he has received from the farm.\" Questions whether she should do anything about the deed for Mount Vernon drawn up. His sister Maria continues to look quite ill.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. Snyder has delivered in mill his rent wheat. Writes that she is sending the deed to Mount Vernon, which has officially been signed over to him. Discusses an interesting trial in Charlestown. \"A Negro hired by Anderson … made an assault on Anderson for which he was committed and is today to be tried. The gentlemen all seemed to consider the issue of high importance. It certainly is to the miserable prisoner whose fate will be selling, transportation, or Death! I trust the decision will be merciful.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Blakeley. Writes about acquiring copies of the free papers for a formerly enslaved man named William Lyons. He is hoping to travel to Tennessee to visit his parents. Tells him his sister continues to do poorly.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Blakeley. Relates the sending of the deed conveying Mount Vernon to him. Is preparing to have Maria come stay for a while.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. Maria has been there for a week and continues to be very ill. Tells him his tenants have not honoured his orders. More family news.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Blakeley. Discusses difficulties with the harvest and procuring labourers. Dr. Alexander hired a tutor for Charlotte who is very well thought of. More neighborhood and family news.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Blakeley. Hopes Nelly will soon be able to travel and recommends she drink a tea (\"it can no doubt be had at Stablers\") as the best remedy in her case. \"The servants … are very much alarmed in regard to cholera.\" Wants him to get some good port and M. Wine. She can get good whiskey in C-town.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Blakeley. She is very glad of the dividend declared by the Alexandria Bank. They have had severe colds but not cholera.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Caledon to Mount Vernon. Writing from Caledon and describes journey there. Their trunk did not arrive with them, so they have no change of clothes. Tells stories from the boat trip.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Blakeley. Much family news. Tells him a cousin died shortly after their visit. Richard \"seems to be a very happy man, he surely is blest in his wife \u0026amp; eight children.\" Dr. A has acquired an excellent housekeeper.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Blakeley. Tells of Annie ill with scarlet fever and how the doctor has her rubbed with a piece of raw fat bacon. Is now much improved. Was in care of Miss Gantt, the housekeeper, whom she praises highly. Wishes she could have heard Miss Lind sing at Mount Vernon. Describes a sermon. More news about friends and relatives.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Blakeley. Describes the symptoms of \"our dear little John\" and is sure something is wrong with his spine. Tells of the route of the turnpike and how it will cut off some of his woodland. Much news about family and acquaintances. Is very pleased with \"our young minister\" and hopes his teachings will help everyone.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Blakeley. Top portion of first page cut away, incomplete letter. Wants him to see the plans for the turnpike as it might cut through his land. Mrs. Briscoe's son would like to visit Mount Vernon and will bring any letter or package there.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Blakeley. More on the Turnpike passing through his farm. Entreats him to not bring forward tempting articles which are stimulating and exciting during his brother's visit. She is unable to visit due to pressing business.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Blakeley. Met Dr. Alexander and family before church and invited them to dinner. Encloses a letter from Mrs. Moran who would like to stay at Mount Vernon on her way to visit Jane. Is sending George with fish to be pickled. Sends remembrances to \"your maids Sarah, Eliza, Fanny and Amanda.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Thanks him for the fish and oysters sent by wagon. George did not properly stack items on the wagon, and much was damaged. The prayer book for Louisa has finally arrived and will be sent as soon as possible.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. Discusses difficulties of Mr. Whitall and the fishery. Hopes to collect from Snyder and will send it to him. News about friends and family. Finished planting corn. Had snow recently.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Blakeley. Tells him she got $200 from Mr. Rutherford which will be deposited in a bank in Charlestown. He informed them that the roof of the barn is in need of repair. Gives family news.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. Wants Nelly and the children to visit after harvest and will send George with the carriage to get them. Hopes Augustine will be friends with Mr. Moran. Has been sick and taken \"an unusual quantity of opium for me.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Blakeley. She is glad his servants have recovered and \"that you … have not suffered from your humane and close attendance on them.\" Was sorry to hear that Ephraim had fallen a victim. Tells him of a good friend who seems to be recovering. Gives a recipe for a remedy. Talks about the harvest and the various servants who are working on it. Is considering renting out her farm though she would retain part. Tells of Hannah's health.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Springland to Staunton, Virginia. Urges her not to think too much of home and to apply herself to her books and music. Gives family news.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Blakeley. She is happy to hear they are all healthy. Relates family news and gives him business advice. Describes hearing a musician. Discusses Mr. Rutherford and his acquiring bone dust to use as fertilizer.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Blakeley. She was so sorry to learn of the disaster that occurred to the vessel that was taking his wheat to market. Describes her journey home. At end, thanks him for the venison.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Blakeley. She is so sorry about his heavy loss and prays that God will help him through it. More family news about various people being ill.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Blakeley. Describes a sermon on intemperance. Discusses health problems of John and hopes he will improve when the weather gets better. Much family news.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Springland to Staunton, Virginia. Tells her that her last two letters appear to have been robbed. Gives news about her mother, grandmother, and sister.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. Hopes Augustine is recovering. Much sickness in her house. Sent a new plough to Augustine. Hopes it arrives in time. Other family news.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Blakeley. Describes a visit from Mrs. Powel and various other family members. Wants part of the rent on the fishery to go toward the purchase of a piano for Louisa and the rest sent to her to pay off some debts. Sends love to all and reports on a few deaths.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Blakeley. Looks forward to the visit from him and his family in July. Describes harvesting of wheat and rye after much rain. Both had much desired Mr. Fillmore's election to the presidency. Wants Noblet to return from California.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Blakeley. She is enclosing some stock certificates to Mr. Eaches to be her attorney. Glad Nelly and the children are safely home. Tells of the loss of Richard and Christian's children.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Blakeley. Looks forward to Augustine's visit. Invited Kitty to spend the winter with her, but she will go elsewhere. News about various acquaintances. The disagreeable pork business is done, and she is sending three barrels of pippins via boat.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Blakeley. Thanks him for the $200 check which enabled her to pay her tax bill. Is again concerned about Noblet. Tells of Kitty Wright's trip to Winchester where her companion became ill with typhoid fever. Kitty \"is now with us, with three lovely children, and a good coloured girl (a slave) the one whom she hired.\" All her friends send their love.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. \"Gabriel has sent in to say he wishes to set off tomorrow on his return home.\" Tells of much family with her at Christmas time.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. She has been awaiting his visit and wonders about the cause of the delay. Still no news about Noblet. Tells of returning Annie Burnett home after she came into Richard's pew in church and wanted to come home with her. The next day she returned home.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. Put $600 in bank to his credit. Kitty and her three children left with Sophy replacing the other nurse who has been ill for the children\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Blakeley. There is much whooping cough going around with so far one death. The weather is very fine, and there are many flowers. Glad to hear the fisheries are doing well. Describes her visit to Walnut Farm and the people she saw while there. Asks if he has seen the Masonic oration on the \"centennial commemoration of the initiation of George Washington into the order of free Masons.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Blakeley. She was sorry to hear about the hail storm they had. Celebrated Hannah's birthday. Will send this letter with William Lyons who is leaving to see Augustine. Other family and friend news.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Blakeley. She is so glad Eliza is recovered. So sad about the death of Dr. Powel. More news about impending visits. General Duvall will be in Washington soon and would like to see Augustine so he could become \"acquainted with many of the influential members from the South \u0026amp; West, with whom he wishes you to become acquainted in case you still determine on disposing of M.V.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. \tBlakeley. Wants either a visit from them or for her to visit them before winter sets in. She had quite a pleasant visit to New York and Philadelphia. Tells him of climbing 180 steps of the Washington Monument in Baltimore and having a beautiful view. Glad they have obtained a governess for the girls.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Blakeley. She is sorry Nelly is sick but will be unable to come down until after Christmas. Has several articles brought from N.Y. for \"my deal g.children at M.V.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Tells him of a deposit in bank for his use. Grieved to learn Eliza continues in feeble health. Visited Walnut Farm and heard from Dr. Alexander that \"the financial affairs of our church are in a very confused \u0026amp; entangled state.\" Looking forward to her trip to New York.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Blakeley. Paid $200 on stock note at bank. Is anxious about his brother determining to go to Housekeeping \u0026amp; renting Col. Devenport's House. He will still be at Blakeley every day. She has been suffering from dyspepsia. Glad to hear the governess gives satisfaction. Reference to Miss Nancy at Walnut Farm, who \"is not only a good house keeper but also understands gardening.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Blakeley. Tells him Mr. and Mrs. Depau intend visiting Mount Vernon, along with their son. Richard and family left for their new home and are much missed. She feels quite anxious to see her \"dear children at M.V. especially my grandson whose name I am as yet unacquainted with.\" Says two of our Cedar lawn cousins are to be married. \"The servants have been divided \u0026amp; the Cedar Lawn will be sold.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Blakeley. Sympathizes with the delayed visit due to the sickness of the family \"and death of your valuable and good young servant Dennis. It is a severe affliction to his poor mother. He was I think her youngest child.\" Is most anxious to see her grandson Lawrence. Had a visit from his brother and Christian and their son John. Went by invitation to Mr. Lovel's school where pupils delivered speeches and addresses. Wants the family to visit and will have rooms fixed up for them. Sends \"kind regards to your good \u0026amp; faithful servant Eliza, Danny \u0026amp; Sarah.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Blakeley. Looks forward to a shipment of \"Nellies Pickled Rockfish\" to share with neighbours \u0026amp; friends. Discusses planting of crops. Will visit him and his family \"this day week,\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Blakeley. Describes her trip back home from Mount Vernon. Everyone is harvesting but having difficulty obtaining sufficient hands for the task.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Blakeley. Tells of the sudden death of Mrs. Selden and the funeral. Mentions harvests and addition to his house Dr. A. is doing. Wants to see him and the family. Mr. Rutherford wishes to renew his lease on the farm.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Blakeley. Hopes Maria's arm heals well and that he received the two barrels of oats she sent. Gives news about family. Tells of \"our beloved Charlotte\" taking communion and becoming a member of the church.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Blakeley. She is so sorry that Richard is ill but glad that Augustine is with him. Tells of George's illness. Gives more family news and hopes to see the family soon.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Requests he send him the cantaloupe seeds he talked about. Wants to talk about a system of patrols \"to try \u0026amp; keep our slaves at home.\" Says the slaves are stealing so much from them and taking it to Alexandria. Says everyone in the neighborhood of slave holders could contribute to hire 6 good men to patrol.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. New Charlestown to Richmond. Sends family news and gives advice as to her traveling home. Tells of someone about to die, and that Fanny Griggs' school is broken up.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Blakeley. Laments that it has been so long since she heard from him or his family and wonders when they will come to visit. Gives news about local people. Tells of the wonderful addition that Dr. A. put on his house.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. \tBlakeley to Mount Vernon. Had a tooth extracted. News of friends and neighbors. Has had influenza for 10 days.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. White House. Gives his legal opinion as to a dispute among them. First the fact that the seine was not received by Mr. Washington at the appointed time, necessitating many difficulties. Second, the Hoopers did not receive the required loom but are entitled to some compensation for work done. His judgment is for $275 for Mr. Washington.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Hampstead, Virginia to Mount Vernon. Discusses her love of gardening and the recent harvest. Says she likes the new teacher at a neighbor's house \"but she looks consumptive.\" Describes a monument to two boys.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.D.S. Fairfax County. Indicates full payment of judgment from JAW to William Mason.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Spring Bank, Virginia to Mount Vernon. Discusses the route of the turnpike and that it should go through Mr. E's land. It would split it up, and so Mason wants to offer other alternatives. Much of the land is prone to flooding and marshy. It would be very expensive to put the road through that.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Spring Bank, Virginia to Mount Vernon. Discusses his written ordinance about how to deal with people coming onto unenclosed land and hunting or fishing. Talks of a particular problem with land along waterways. Wants JAW to write to lawmakers and make this happen.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Spring Bank, Virginia. Before the Legislature meets, he encloses a proposed measure to be enacted. Discusses counties to be included – all along the Potomac and Rappahanoc.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Rose Hill. Discusses the hiring of an African American boy to do odd jobs and will pay $15.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Discusses the sending of clover seed. Had a problem with old Henry who emptied some tailings for the hens near the clover, mixing some up. \"I think I never was more vexed with any human being in all my life.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Spring Bank, Virginia to Mount Vernon. Mason writes describing an incident he had with West Ford on his plantation. This remarkable letter highlights the way Ford, despite being a free man, was still treated like a slave by others: \"On the evening of the Monday after Whitsunday, I was about sunset standing at my stable, giving some orders for the morning's work, when there passed within three or four yards of me a Negro man, who I did not know, without touching his hat, or any other recognition of my presence. After he had passed, I called to him asking who he was, and who did he belong to? He walked on, taking no notice, until I repeated the question, when he said 'Washington.' I then said, I suppose you have a name, and can tell me what Mr. Washington you belong to? He replied, 'West Ford.' His manner was insolent and supposing he was drunk, I said to him, there is the road to the gate, go off my place at once… When he got to the corner of the house, he commenced whooping and continued doing so, till he got out of the gate, which I had to send and have closed after him. I said nothing further to him, as he was obviously drunk; but directed one of my servants to go and tell him never to put his foot on the place again… Had he been anyone's servant but yours, I shd. have immediately had him apprehended and flogged for his impertinence; but satisfied that it could only be necessary to report the facts to you, and that you would take measures to prevent his ever coming here again, or repeating it, I have taken no further steps in the matter.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Spring Bank, Virginia to Mount Vernon. Sorry to hear that JAW is no longer a magistrate of the county. Will do what he can to get Mr. Herbert elected magistrate, so he can form the patrol necessary.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Spring Bank, Virginia. Heard that all will be done to keep out a Yankee for the office of Justice. Hopes Mr. Herbert will consent to serve.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Writes about the issue of county taxes which have become exceedingly high, mainly to pay for road construction. Found out that one group was destroying his trees and running a new road through his land to take business away from the turnpike.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.D.S. Acknowledges receipt of payment in full on her account for boots and shoes for various named men.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Tells him of the considerable debts ($2,169.80) of Cousin Hannah and wishes to know what is to be done about it.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Urges him to do well in school and to board with the principal and not to associate with his old school mate Charles J.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Describes her trip home and the friends and family she visited on the way. Had friends to dine but had difficulty with the dinner as meat is scarce.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Just sent George to the Charlestown P.O. with a letter and check to him. Sorry to hear that Nelly is again sick.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. To Mount Vernon. Describes her feelings at the recent losses of children and Noblet. Tells of much sickness in the area. \"Old Jenny's was by far the severest case, one which Dr. C. intirely dispaired of. She is recovering which we are thankful for, tho' old and feeble, she is good and pious, and has considerable influence with her children and fellow servants.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Has attached a check for $200 to be paid to the Exchange Bank in Alexandria toward her debt of $700. Was sorry to hear of Nelly's illness. Gives other family news.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Discusses a recently recorded deed. Describes health concerns of her sister. Bad weather is affecting planting. At end of letter: \"Matilda, your woman at Harewood has had an infant and lost it. It died after suffering greatly from fits. Dr. Cordell attended it.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. To Mount Vernon. Has enclosed a check to be paid on her account with Mr. Hooff. Prices are low for horses and stock. Planting goes slowly. Gives family and friends news. Gives a recipe for quince jelly and marmalade. \"Remember me most kindly to Jenny \u0026amp; West \u0026amp; … indeed all our household at M.V.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. To Mount Vernon. A brief note requesting him to \"let George have money $2.50 to get a pair of boots.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. To Mount Vernon. She is sending Jenny and Fanny and hopes they will be \"useful and conduct themselves well.\" His carpenter came by the day after he left wanting some money he was owed as he had a debt to pay. Wants to visit them but wants him to let her know \"whether or not it is desirable for me to go. I shall not be in the slightest degree either hurt or offended at my room being preferable to my company.\" \"Mr. Rutherford … declines keeping Sally another year. I have told Mr. Shepperd to look out for a good place for her but I really think you had better take her down and either keep her at M.V. under your own eye as milker and washer or hire her out there. I think she and Alfred or Gabriel had better make a match.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. All have been enjoying the visit from Augustine but regrets she and the children did not also come. Hannah is about to leave for New York for medical treatment, accompanied by Fanny. Thanks Louisa for the chow chow she made. News about a visit to cousin Ann Washington. Much talk of friends and family.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. \"Your kind mother always advances for me the money with which I travel to the upper country. I am making my arrangements to move rather earlier than usual this summer that I may have the advantage of Cousin Betsy Winter's company … I shall take Rosina with me who is a fine sensible, amiable girl of fourteen, rather handsome, but bashful and awkward. She looks badly now from a sort of bilious fever without chills, which hangs about her in despite of blue pile etc.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Anna writes of the death of an enslaved woman named Harry: \"she died on Monday last, after a short illness, inflammation of the brain and womb… Dr. Alexander and Straith examined her body and found the womb and other organs around it entirely diseased. Mother has lost a kind and faithful servant, a sincere tho humble friend. We shall all feel her loss, to mother it is irreparable, she has no servant who can take her place.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. Letter being carried by Randall, a slave, and tells of various people's health problems.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S.\t Hollin Hall to Mount Vernon. Has heard there is little chance of the law they want passing in this session of the Legislature. Gives his thoughts about future elections of people who will assist them.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.L.S. To Mount Vernon. Wonders whether he has recovered his slave. If so \"make a stern and proper example.\" Tells Augustine to come to him for trials and punishments of slaves.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA.D.S. Autograph copy. Describes an ordinance stating consequences if anyone shall \"root, hunt, range, fish or fowl\" on private land.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The bulk of this collection is made up of letters from Jane Charlotte Washington to her son, John Augustine Washington III. Also included are letters to Eleanor Love Selden Washington, a few letters to or from John Augustine Washington III to various individuals, several letters from George Mason of Hollin Hall (1797-1870) to John Augustine Washington III, letters by Lackland and Alexander family members (relatives of the Washingtons) and three receipts. The subject matter of most letters is family or personal affairs and Mount Vernon business with some discussion of the enslaved people owned by the Washingtons. Inclusive dates are 1837 to 1861.","A.L.S. Mount Vernon. Tells him of four family members with consumption. Also \"have no servant to dispose of who would suit her sister, unless Milly would be willing for one of her three elder daughters to go. It would be a sure and good home I believe.\" Discusses sale of corn crop and other family news. Mentions repairs being made by Mr. Skidmore at Mt. Vernon. We have two other letters dated 1837 November 23 and 1838 November 1 mentioning repairs made by Jesse Skidmore. In 1839 July 27, Lawrence Lewis paid Skidmore for work done on the new tomb at Mount Vernon.","A.L.S. She is enclosing another $10 note requesting it get charged and sent to her by him.","A.L.S. Blakeley. She is unable to join him at Mount Vernon as her business would not fare well. Is sending a horse down as he is better fitted for the saddle than harness. Writes about sending him to Mount Vernon to \"relieve Maj. Lewis,\" who is working with Struthers and Strickland to build the new tomb. Writes of her \"deep veneration and gratitude to the memory of Genl Washington.\"","A.L.S. Blakeley. Upon her return home, she found things had not been taken care of on her farm. A fodder house for the cattle was not placed correctly at all. She encouraged her son to get a good education at Mr. Hallowell's school in Alexandria.","A.L.S. Blakeley. She wants him to inquire about an appointment for Lawrence Washington who needs employment. Inquires about his studies and the repairs on the \"old mansion.\" Gives some family news and wants him to call on Mary and Julia.","A.L.S. Blakeley. Reports on crop yields. Says there \"have been some difficulties between the overseer and the Negroes\" on the Mountain. Tells him of the impending purchase of a pair of draft horses. Talks of sending Willoughby and Gabriel to Mount Vernon, as well as Henry and Dolly. (This is likely Gabriel Johnson, about whom we have at least nine other letters in the collection.) Mentions letting his cousin have Jesse at \"whatever you think a reasonable price.\" Reports pork prices are down and is worried about the expenses of repairs to Mount Vernon. Was sorry to \"learn by a letter from West that our crop of corn at Mount Vernon has turned out so badly.\" Might need to employ West for another year. More family news and greetings.","A.L.S. Blakeley. She was sorry to hear of his illness and tells him to leave Mount Vernon in the hands of hirelings and not endanger his health further by riding there. Refers to reading about \"Mr. Calhoun's and Mr. Clay's conversations in the Senate on Mr. Calhoun's resolutions respecting abolition petitions.\" Much difficulty regarding Jessy – Cousin Jane has abandoned all idea of purchasing her.","A.L.S. with additional writing by Jane C. Washington. Blakeley. Tells of new animals being born, his schooling, and family news. Jane adds: glad to hear his schooling is going well. Asks if he participated in the February 22 celebration. Is sorry he gave up Greek. Wants him to send her a translation from Latin or French. Orders shoes to be made for Kitty.","A.L.S. Blakeley. She returned home safely and passes along some family news. Harvest had not been started, but since she returned they have begun on the wheat. Much gets lost by \"having inefficient hands as rakers,\" so she requests him to send Willoughby and Gabriel up immediately. \"Labourers cannot be procured, and wages are higher than ever before known to be.\"","A.L.S. Blakeley. Hopes he will get to enjoy his job at the Library of the House of Representatives. Thinks it will be good for his future. She is unwell at present. Reports on Dr. Gates who is also not doing well.","A.L.S. Blakeley. She is troubled about getting Richard to be an \"irregular Cadet\" or maybe to West Point. Reports on the death of Dr. Yates. Gives various instructions and requests.","A.L.S. Blakeley. She hopes the water at White Sulphur Spring will prove beneficial. Describes a sermon on Communion Sunday and hopes he's hearing as good as that. Had a disappointing wheat crop. Contracted with Ford and Snyder for the crop. Gabriel is still there, with JAW's permission. Additional page from Aunt Judy Alexander, hoping he meets some young ladies.","A.L.S. Blakeley. She wants him to rent the Prospect Hill fields for three years to Mr. Anderson. George carried wheat and oats to him, as well as other items. Poor Tansel wants a place with him. He'll make rakes and \"I know he makes excellent shoes.\" Sends greetings to family.","A.L.S. Blakeley. She wants Maria and Augustine to return to Blakeley as both are sick. Is disturbed that cousin Jane means to keep Betty for the next year, despite knowing of the intention to send her to Mount Vernon. \"Shall I send Hannah or Sally down, or contend for Betty?\"","A.L.S. Blakeley. She relates the difficult journey of his sister to Blakeley. Is glad he is feeling better. Writes about selling enslaved people: \"I am sorry to tell you Milly I understand is unfit for hire, and we shall be obliged to keep her at home. Mr. Rutherford… will take Sally. She is said to be a first rate manager, a strict tho kind mistress. She is to give $35. Hannah I have as yet had no offer for. Closely confined at home without a way of getting out, I have not had it in my power to look out places for our hirelings and do not like to offer them at public hire.\"","A.L.S. Blakeley. Glad he got rid of his chills. The horse cart is so much in use it cannot be sent down to Mount Vernon. Will send George, Edmund, and Betty to him. Still been unable to get a place for Hannah whose character does not stand well as to docility or usefulness. More instructions as to how to deal with various servants.","A.L.S. To Mount Vernon. \"Dr. A. has determined to keep the servants. I hope they will continue faithful and useful to him. Willoughby is a grumbler, but I am sure he has no just cause of complaint. Dr. A is a human and liberal master. I think you give a high price for your wagoner. Negroes have generally hired lower than usual this year. Hannah is at present laid up, sd. I not be able to get a good and safe place for her, I will send her down by the first safe opportunity.\" \"Remember me most kindly to all our Mount Vernon household – dear Old Jenny especially and West Ford.\"","A.L.S. Blakeley. She's so happy to hear from Dr. A that his health is much improved. Discusses financial difficulties. \"We must all practice strict economy.\" Sends family news.","A.L.S. Mount Vernon to Charlestown, Jefferson County, Virginia. Discusses the current low price for wood and Dr. Alexander and his travels. Regrets the failure of Ford and Snyder. Wants her to settle for Hannah's support as West thinks that she has not been given anything to eat. Also wants to remind Dick of a pair of boots for Mr. Morgan. Phil and Jesse have been sick for some time.","A.L.S. Blakeley. She hopes his health improves. Discusses disorder on banks, making business difficult. Is sorry this happened at the beginning of his life in business but hopes it will teach him. Tells of harvests and yields and gives some family news.","A.L.S. Blakeley. She's so glad he has recovered his health. Will be able to get clover seed shortly. Wants to plant the 90 acre field with oats. Sends greetings to Cary. Was able to hire Hannah out until Christmas.","A.L.S. Blakeley. George is off to Mount Vernon with a wagon full of goods. Requests various items to be brought back by him. Hopes his health remains good. His sister wishes to have Caroline whom she has hired brought down to Mount Vernon. She might come up with George. \"Remember me most kindly to Jenny – West's servant at Mount Vernon.\"","A.L.S. Blakeley. Sending this via Mr. Lamar requesting additional things for George to bring back. Describes a sermon given by Mr. Jones the previous Sunday. Hopes he will have \"our old establishment very clean white washed if not painted a little.\" Richard is not well but hopes he will join her when she goes down for a few days.","A.L.S. He is mortified that JAW might have been offended at not having received an invitation to dine with him, which was sent with a \"silly servant.\" He always values having his company and sends him some rhubarb with instructions as to its preparation.","A.L.S. Blakeley. George arrived safely yesterday afternoon. Disappointed various items from Mr. Hooff were not sent but instead sent via canal. Discusses prices of some items. Thanks him for fruit sent. Tells him to do what he thinks best with the greenhouse.","A.L.S. Blakeley. She is anxiously awaiting the arrival of his hands from Mount Vernon as George Saunders Ned and Lewis are all laid up. Marie and Mary Jane are incapable of working out. Harvest has commenced. Wants him to send a barrel of white sand for plastering the pillars in the brick portico. Hopes he will come soon. Sends family greetings.","A.L.S. Blakeley. She had a good journey home with pleasant visits with friends on the way. \"You have a partial friend in Mr. S. altho' I think he would be pleased if you did not speak quite so loud.\" Richard says a man wants to rent the P.H. Farm but is unwilling to pay the terms requested. Describes two sermons she heard. Wants him to look in the study for letters which Uncle Bushrod says must be there.","A.L.S. To Mount Vernon. Writes with suggestions for the furniture and carpet at Mount Vernon. She specifically mentions the \"little drawing room,\" \"parlor,\" \"front passage,\" \"little room,\" and \"old dining room.\" Fears she shall be left more largely in debt than ever yet been. A Dutch farmer wants to rent P. Hole farm.","A.L.S. To Mount Vernon. Gives some financial information. \"If the work is all finished at Mount Vernon both Harry and Fanny had better come but if there is still any thing for Fanny to do, she can remain.\" Requests items to be brought up, including lemons and oranges. Family news, including that Uncle Bushrod remains confined to his couch.","A.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. She has not heard from him. Ordered various building supplies. Financial times are very difficult and strict economy is necessary. Will send him some of her horses until his can be matched. Since Mary Jane is sick, Fanny should return to care for her. \"Remember me most kindly to my Old Jenny and West.\"","A.L.S. Walnut Farm to Mount Vernon. She returned home on Saturday and deplored the roads in Harpers Ferry. \"It seems Mr. John Selden is anxious to purchase Harriet. She was appraised at $400 with her child. She is said to be an excellent servant, and if you can get her in place of Hannah, Julia, or Sally, I think you had better do so. Julia is now at Blakely, having laid up and then come off without Lake's permission… Dr. Cordell has been called out to see her twice and from his prescription I rather suppose thinks very little except hysteria ails her.\" Discusses crops and a sermon and sends family greetings.","A.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. She has not been feeling well at all lately. Has heard from Cousin Lorenzo Lewis that Augustine looks very well. She would have liked to have heard that from him or his wife. \"The servants are becoming more and more worthless and disobedient. I really find it very difficult to govern them, or to have the most necessary domestic work attended to with any regularity.\" Family news. Wants him to send Harry up before harvest.","A.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. She's glad to hear that he and Nelly are doing so well. Much family news. \"Remember me very kindly to my good and faithful Jenny and Harry, also West and Eliza.\"","A.L.S. Bath to Blakeley. She is in Bath for the waters. It is very crowded, and all the houses are full. Heard two good sermons but then was ill again.","A.L.S. To Mount Vernon. She is concerned about poor Jenny and hopes the operation will give her a better chance of recovery. Many family members are ill. Another description of a sermon she heard.","A.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. She tells of travel difficulties. Relates some gossip. Made a deal for some provisions, but nothing has been delivered. She advanced the man $150. Family news.","A.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. Lots of news about family and friends. Also mentions Hannah and Rebecca being still invalids and that Thomas has again gone to Maryland. \"The boys have bought a wagon and two or three servants.\"","A.L.S. Mount Vernon. She wants to know if certain lawyers are in Alexandria or Washington. Also wishes to subscribe to the Audubon works and asks him to see to that.","A.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. She has been anxious at not hearing from him. Wants him to send the rent check for $500 as soon as possible. Wants him to send the fish via the Misses Moore's boats on the canal. Mentions the subject of Julia's purchase. Family and friend news. Additional page following receipt of his letter. Sorry the fishery has been unsuccessful. Due to drought the strawberries gave poor yield.","A.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. She received the check from him. His carpenter is unwilling to go to Mount Vernon before late next autumn due to the climate there. Has tried to find out why the fish and shingles he was to send have not been found on the wharves for the Misses Moore's boats to bring.","A.L.S. Mount Vernon. Deals with settling the estate of Mr. Selden. Discusses his purchase of Mary, an enslaved woman who seems to be quite ill and therefore not worth more than $50 or $60. His wife does not want her sold away. Also wants to sell the corn crop at Exeter.","A.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. She is glad he was able to go to Philadelphia. Mentions the death of the wife of Lewis Washington. His sister was with her at her death, and Jane was there through the funeral. Is anxious about Charles' daughter Catherine who was sent via stage to Mrs. Page who did not want her after all and seems unwilling to pay the stage driver for her passage. Discusses the hiring of a German gardener for Mount Vernon. Wants him to send a shoe she left at Mount Vernon and a quantity of cotton.","A.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. She is busy with pork business and will send two barrels of hams and one of lard. Complains about his brother and his wife coming without replying to her as to when they would arrive. Says her health is very infirm.","A.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. Thanks him for the articles send, including oysters and ducks. Discusses sale of corn and is keeping some back to get a better price in the spring. Gives family news and that Captain Symington \"is stationed at H.F. where the government intends having erected barracks for him.\" Discusses the benefits of religion. Wants him to give a \"piece of old bacon/shoulders to West, Jenny and Phill.\"","A.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. Lengthy discussion of the purchase of a house by Dr. Alexander and his sister. The finances of this are described.","A.L.S. To Mount Vernon. She is \"sorry to hear of the disturbances among the negroes, especially poor Alfred. I think you had better sell him. Perhaps you might do it advantageously to some one in Richmond, who wants a capable and trustworthy servant. I am told Jim is very much distressed at parting with his son. If the purchaser of Alfred is willing to take Jim and he wishes to go, I have no objection to it.\" Discusses various crop prices. Reports the death of one child from scarlet fever and how it sickens many in Charleston.","A.L.S. To Mount Vernon. Discusses a few financial matters. \"Hannah was sick \u0026 soon gave birth to a still born infant a boy. It was a mercy the event occurred for decomposition had commenced.\" People are still getting sick with scarlet fever.","A.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. Describes the symptoms and illness with scarlet fever of Julia. She will be unable to attend Jane Davis's wedding. \"I have been in a most unsettled state for a long time. It seems difficult to get my family matters and business settled into any regular method again.\"","A.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. Julia Alexander died from scarlet fever. Others are also ill. She will not come to Mount Vernon for fear of bringing the disease with her and wants him to collect rents due her and pay various bills from that and send the rest to her.","A.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. Discussion of finances and sale of stock. Gives medical advice to him for various people. Tells of recent election – not more than half of either party voted. Uncle Bushrod is going to Maryland to attend a meeting of the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal Company.","A.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. She has \"the severest attack of Influenza I have had for two years.\" Kitty has discarded Lt. Hooe due to his poor conduct. Describes drought conditions badly affecting crops.","A.L.S. Draft copy. Mount Vernon. Refuses permission to bring a party of military people to Mount Vernon by water. Does not want boats to dock there, but will allow them to enter if they arrive by land.","A.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. Have had much sickness. \"Thompson, Jerry and Mingo laid up; in consequence of which George is driving the wagon… Am now endeavoring to save what apples remain on the trees and prepare winter clothing for the servants.\" Wants him to come visit.","A.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. Have had an unusual degree of sickness. \"Poor old Mingo is thought to be dying!... Berkeley, Jerry, and Thompson are still on the sick list.\" Tells of death of a neighbor who shot himself by accident as he was mounting his horse. Is unable to bring the wheat to the mill as the mill was \"dangerously full.\" Describes a difficult journey by his aunt. At end \"Mingo is Dead.\"","A.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. She was still too ill at Christmas to visit others. \"We have still four or five cases of typhoid fever at the quarters. Charlotte among them she is still very sick. The Dr. hopes a favourable change has taken place in Selina, Saul and Jerry. Mary came out today. I have taken Sophy home and hope to be able to get on with her under Fanny's superintendance.\" Other descriptions of moving enslaved people around. Relates episode of Julia having escaped from Cousin H. and coming to her.","A.L.S. To Mount Vernon. Tells him Col. and Mrs. Davenport intend to visit him at Mount Vernon. Wants them to entertain them well. Discusses politics – \"the great question of Annexation.\" Mr. Rivers' speech was a great production. \"He feels as we do, the waning power of our once great \u0026 noble state.\"","A.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. She returned from a ride feeling quite well again. Describes a beautiful snowfall. \"I am sorry to hear you have still sickness among your servants. It is also the case here, new cases constantly occuring. The Dr. has been a daily visiter with the exception of two or three days. Milly's youngest child is now ill.\" Describes the death of his cousin. Other family news.","A.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. Describes her journey home from Mount Vernon, visiting friends on the way. \"Richard … is going Missouri and wishes to purchase Negroes to take with him. He has yet made no offer for Caroline, tho' we understand he wishes to get her. She I am told is averse to going.\" Describes a sermon and exhorts him to read the Bible. Family information. \"Excuse this blotted ill written scrawl. Read and burn it.\"","A.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. Discusses the naming of his new baby girl. Nelly wanted to name her after Jane, but she thought she should be named after Nelly's recently deceased grandmother. Tells of financial difficulties of Dr. A. and the prices of crops. After her signature – \"Destroy this letter.\"","A.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. Writes to discuss ways to assist Dr. A. \"out of his present difficulties.\" Wants him to come visit soon with the family.","A.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. Discusses a large christenings in church. Relates tale of two men who recently died from intemperance. Also tells plans for an upcoming wedding and where various guests will stay.","A.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. Has yet to hear back from him in answer to her letter about Dr. A. Tells him of what she wants to do for him. Gives instructions as to how he should travel to visit her with the family.","A.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. Wants to send George with the carriage to bring her and the children. Describes dancing by various people. Wants to receive some financial records.","A.L.S. To Mount Vernon. Tells him of money placed in bank \"for servants sold… (Humphrey, Shedrack, Thompson, Caroline, Little Daniel, Margaret, and John).\" \"I am not well and feel a good deal agitated at the sale tho' I believe it will be better for all concerned but it is distressing to break up families by sales.\"","A.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. Sending notes to him and hopes he will return as soon as he arranges this business. Nelly and the girls are well, though Lou has still a cough.","A.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. Misses the family and tells of items that were left during their last visit. Much rain has kept her from church. Maria sent jars of quince jelly for her. Gives family news and describes some roses. Sends message to Augustine \"to write to his old and now very unimportant mother.\"","A.L.S. To Mount Vernon. Describes family members' travels. Not a good wheat crop. Discusses the estate of Mr. Foote and how it treats his wife. Talks about the American B.S. and its efforts to bring the Bible to 10,000 families who have none. Asks him to pay some bills for her.","A.L.S. To Mount Vernon. Congratulates him on getting much ice stored in his ice house as \"it is a luxury, essential to health, and economy in domestic management.\" \"I believe slaves will become less and less valuable; and unless we keep them in the hope of being able to liberate and provide for them: for pecuniary interest, it is best to own, only as many as are necessary for the ordinary work of our farms.\" Many hams were spoilt, so they cannot offer any.","A.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. Much sickness in the early spring of cholera. Many people unable to work – Old Jenny, Maria and Dick, Lewis and George obliged to plough. Her cook Eliza has a crippled sore arm. Sophy, Joe, and Little Tom have been helping with many guests. Much discussion of weather.","A.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. Tells of various charges Richard made on his behalf. The weather has badly affected the crops. Wants to travel to Chicago in the summer. \"Richard has purchased West's little farm… West intends going West.\"","A.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. Sorry to hear about his return of chills. Their diet has been quite poor with a lack of vegetables and fresh meat. Thanks him for the check he sent, but he forgot to sign it. Describes another sermon. Requests him to send cypress shingles as soon as possible as the house leaks when it rains.","A.L.S. Mount Vernon to Charlestown, Jefferson County. Discusses failure to purchase mules at auction. He is unable to procure the peaches she wanted in Alexandria as many fruits have already fallen off the trees. West Ford said they needed some double shovel ploughs to put in the wheat.","A.L.S. Blakeley to Baltimore. She is sorry to hear of Lou's \"hooping cough.\" Other family news. Long description of Mr. Tacker and his vision of his impending death. Is sorry that Augustine is alone at Mount Vernon with the servants who have been \"a source of disquiet and distress to him.\"","Summerville, Gloucester County, Virginia to Alexandria. Tells him of a property coming for sale in the area. Also wants to make bricks and needs a \"responsible white man to superintend.\"","A.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. Congratulates him on the birth of another daughter. Gives news of Richard.","A.L.S. Blakeley. Nelly is recovering from childbirth, and the baby thrives. Nelly wishes him to remind Miss Entwisle about the dresses.","A.L.S. Blakeley. Gives prices of bushels of wheat from Mr. Burns and Mr. Snyder.","A.L.S. Blakeley. Describes a wedding and the young guests at the dinner. Discusses an Irishman who came to sell her tablecloths which she did not want. Letter was written over several days. She really misses the family.","A.L.S. To Mount Vernon. Won't give him the family news as she just passed that along to Nelly in a very recent letter. Thanks him for paying her bills. Discusses rental of the Ferry Landing fisheries and wants to rent to Mr. Whitall. Will let him decide whether to increase the fisheries.","A.L.S. To Mount Vernon. Entreats him to take it easy in the winter. They have had much snow. Uncle Bushrod has much ice stored away and offered some to her as her pond had a defect which caused it to drain. Discusses finances. He may rent out North Farm. \"I fear however you will have many difficulties and vexations if you let the servants go with the farm.\" Tells of his sister having a tumour under her arm. Also their church burned. Tells him of the death of her true friend Mrs. Adams.","A.L.S. Blakeley. Describes different people reading the will. Hopes his brother and family reached Mount Vernon safely. \"I think if the ladies attend the Inauguration of our brave honest chief, they had better join Mrs. Madison – who I am sure would be gratified at their so doing, and render their visit much more agreeable.\"","A.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. Has been anxiously awaiting a reply from him to her letter of a month ago. Wants to know when the monuments would be brought to Mount Vernon and the sum of money to be obtained. Is sending George with barrels containing hams and some apples. Wants him to return with the horses only, leaving the carriage. There was a fire at Hannah's house which was extinguished.","A.L.S. Gives much family news. Discusses lower prices for wheat and increasing the salary of the woman who must cook for Mr. Graham and all who are on the farm. Wants his help hiring a new overseer.","A.L.S. Blakeley. She is waiting to hear from him as to the overseer and waiting to see if Mr. Graham will accept the terms offered. \"Richard intends hiring out the hands he employed on the farm hoping to derive more clear profit from the Hires than he has received from the farm.\" Questions whether she should do anything about the deed for Mount Vernon drawn up. His sister Maria continues to look quite ill.","A.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. Snyder has delivered in mill his rent wheat. Writes that she is sending the deed to Mount Vernon, which has officially been signed over to him. Discusses an interesting trial in Charlestown. \"A Negro hired by Anderson … made an assault on Anderson for which he was committed and is today to be tried. The gentlemen all seemed to consider the issue of high importance. It certainly is to the miserable prisoner whose fate will be selling, transportation, or Death! I trust the decision will be merciful.\"","A.L.S. Blakeley. Writes about acquiring copies of the free papers for a formerly enslaved man named William Lyons. He is hoping to travel to Tennessee to visit his parents. Tells him his sister continues to do poorly.","A.L.S. Blakeley. Relates the sending of the deed conveying Mount Vernon to him. Is preparing to have Maria come stay for a while.","A.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. Maria has been there for a week and continues to be very ill. Tells him his tenants have not honoured his orders. More family news.","A.L.S. Blakeley. Discusses difficulties with the harvest and procuring labourers. Dr. Alexander hired a tutor for Charlotte who is very well thought of. More neighborhood and family news.","A.L.S. Blakeley. Hopes Nelly will soon be able to travel and recommends she drink a tea (\"it can no doubt be had at Stablers\") as the best remedy in her case. \"The servants … are very much alarmed in regard to cholera.\" Wants him to get some good port and M. Wine. She can get good whiskey in C-town.","A.L.S. Blakeley. She is very glad of the dividend declared by the Alexandria Bank. They have had severe colds but not cholera.","A.L.S. Caledon to Mount Vernon. Writing from Caledon and describes journey there. Their trunk did not arrive with them, so they have no change of clothes. Tells stories from the boat trip.","A.L.S. Blakeley. Much family news. Tells him a cousin died shortly after their visit. Richard \"seems to be a very happy man, he surely is blest in his wife \u0026 eight children.\" Dr. A has acquired an excellent housekeeper.","A.L.S. Blakeley. Tells of Annie ill with scarlet fever and how the doctor has her rubbed with a piece of raw fat bacon. Is now much improved. Was in care of Miss Gantt, the housekeeper, whom she praises highly. Wishes she could have heard Miss Lind sing at Mount Vernon. Describes a sermon. More news about friends and relatives.","A.L.S. Blakeley. Describes the symptoms of \"our dear little John\" and is sure something is wrong with his spine. Tells of the route of the turnpike and how it will cut off some of his woodland. Much news about family and acquaintances. Is very pleased with \"our young minister\" and hopes his teachings will help everyone.","A.L.S. Blakeley. Top portion of first page cut away, incomplete letter. Wants him to see the plans for the turnpike as it might cut through his land. Mrs. Briscoe's son would like to visit Mount Vernon and will bring any letter or package there.","A.L.S. Blakeley. More on the Turnpike passing through his farm. Entreats him to not bring forward tempting articles which are stimulating and exciting during his brother's visit. She is unable to visit due to pressing business.","A.L.S. Blakeley. Met Dr. Alexander and family before church and invited them to dinner. Encloses a letter from Mrs. Moran who would like to stay at Mount Vernon on her way to visit Jane. Is sending George with fish to be pickled. Sends remembrances to \"your maids Sarah, Eliza, Fanny and Amanda.\"","A.L.S. Thanks him for the fish and oysters sent by wagon. George did not properly stack items on the wagon, and much was damaged. The prayer book for Louisa has finally arrived and will be sent as soon as possible.","A.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. Discusses difficulties of Mr. Whitall and the fishery. Hopes to collect from Snyder and will send it to him. News about friends and family. Finished planting corn. Had snow recently.","A.L.S. Blakeley. Tells him she got $200 from Mr. Rutherford which will be deposited in a bank in Charlestown. He informed them that the roof of the barn is in need of repair. Gives family news.","A.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. Wants Nelly and the children to visit after harvest and will send George with the carriage to get them. Hopes Augustine will be friends with Mr. Moran. Has been sick and taken \"an unusual quantity of opium for me.\"","A.L.S. Blakeley. She is glad his servants have recovered and \"that you … have not suffered from your humane and close attendance on them.\" Was sorry to hear that Ephraim had fallen a victim. Tells him of a good friend who seems to be recovering. Gives a recipe for a remedy. Talks about the harvest and the various servants who are working on it. Is considering renting out her farm though she would retain part. Tells of Hannah's health.","A.L.S. Springland to Staunton, Virginia. Urges her not to think too much of home and to apply herself to her books and music. Gives family news.","A.L.S. Blakeley. She is happy to hear they are all healthy. Relates family news and gives him business advice. Describes hearing a musician. Discusses Mr. Rutherford and his acquiring bone dust to use as fertilizer.","A.L.S. Blakeley. She was so sorry to learn of the disaster that occurred to the vessel that was taking his wheat to market. Describes her journey home. At end, thanks him for the venison.","A.L.S. Blakeley. She is so sorry about his heavy loss and prays that God will help him through it. More family news about various people being ill.","A.L.S. Blakeley. Describes a sermon on intemperance. Discusses health problems of John and hopes he will improve when the weather gets better. Much family news.","A.L.S. Springland to Staunton, Virginia. Tells her that her last two letters appear to have been robbed. Gives news about her mother, grandmother, and sister.","A.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. Hopes Augustine is recovering. Much sickness in her house. Sent a new plough to Augustine. Hopes it arrives in time. Other family news.","A.L.S. Blakeley. Describes a visit from Mrs. Powel and various other family members. Wants part of the rent on the fishery to go toward the purchase of a piano for Louisa and the rest sent to her to pay off some debts. Sends love to all and reports on a few deaths.","A.L.S. Blakeley. Looks forward to the visit from him and his family in July. Describes harvesting of wheat and rye after much rain. Both had much desired Mr. Fillmore's election to the presidency. Wants Noblet to return from California.","A.L.S. Blakeley. She is enclosing some stock certificates to Mr. Eaches to be her attorney. Glad Nelly and the children are safely home. Tells of the loss of Richard and Christian's children.","A.L.S. Blakeley. Looks forward to Augustine's visit. Invited Kitty to spend the winter with her, but she will go elsewhere. News about various acquaintances. The disagreeable pork business is done, and she is sending three barrels of pippins via boat.","A.L.S. Blakeley. Thanks him for the $200 check which enabled her to pay her tax bill. Is again concerned about Noblet. Tells of Kitty Wright's trip to Winchester where her companion became ill with typhoid fever. Kitty \"is now with us, with three lovely children, and a good coloured girl (a slave) the one whom she hired.\" All her friends send their love.","A.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. \"Gabriel has sent in to say he wishes to set off tomorrow on his return home.\" Tells of much family with her at Christmas time.","A.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. She has been awaiting his visit and wonders about the cause of the delay. Still no news about Noblet. Tells of returning Annie Burnett home after she came into Richard's pew in church and wanted to come home with her. The next day she returned home.","A.L.S. Blakeley to Mount Vernon. Put $600 in bank to his credit. Kitty and her three children left with Sophy replacing the other nurse who has been ill for the children","A.L.S. Blakeley. There is much whooping cough going around with so far one death. The weather is very fine, and there are many flowers. Glad to hear the fisheries are doing well. Describes her visit to Walnut Farm and the people she saw while there. Asks if he has seen the Masonic oration on the \"centennial commemoration of the initiation of George Washington into the order of free Masons.","A.L.S. Blakeley. She was sorry to hear about the hail storm they had. Celebrated Hannah's birthday. Will send this letter with William Lyons who is leaving to see Augustine. Other family and friend news.","A.L.S. Blakeley. She is so glad Eliza is recovered. So sad about the death of Dr. Powel. More news about impending visits. General Duvall will be in Washington soon and would like to see Augustine so he could become \"acquainted with many of the influential members from the South \u0026 West, with whom he wishes you to become acquainted in case you still determine on disposing of M.V.\"","A.L.S. \tBlakeley. Wants either a visit from them or for her to visit them before winter sets in. She had quite a pleasant visit to New York and Philadelphia. Tells him of climbing 180 steps of the Washington Monument in Baltimore and having a beautiful view. Glad they have obtained a governess for the girls.","A.L.S. Blakeley. She is sorry Nelly is sick but will be unable to come down until after Christmas. Has several articles brought from N.Y. for \"my deal g.children at M.V.\"","A.L.S. Tells him of a deposit in bank for his use. Grieved to learn Eliza continues in feeble health. Visited Walnut Farm and heard from Dr. Alexander that \"the financial affairs of our church are in a very confused \u0026 entangled state.\" Looking forward to her trip to New York.","A.L.S. Blakeley. Paid $200 on stock note at bank. Is anxious about his brother determining to go to Housekeeping \u0026 renting Col. Devenport's House. He will still be at Blakeley every day. She has been suffering from dyspepsia. Glad to hear the governess gives satisfaction. Reference to Miss Nancy at Walnut Farm, who \"is not only a good house keeper but also understands gardening.\"","A.L.S. Blakeley. Tells him Mr. and Mrs. Depau intend visiting Mount Vernon, along with their son. Richard and family left for their new home and are much missed. She feels quite anxious to see her \"dear children at M.V. especially my grandson whose name I am as yet unacquainted with.\" Says two of our Cedar lawn cousins are to be married. \"The servants have been divided \u0026 the Cedar Lawn will be sold.\"","A.L.S. Blakeley. Sympathizes with the delayed visit due to the sickness of the family \"and death of your valuable and good young servant Dennis. It is a severe affliction to his poor mother. He was I think her youngest child.\" Is most anxious to see her grandson Lawrence. Had a visit from his brother and Christian and their son John. Went by invitation to Mr. Lovel's school where pupils delivered speeches and addresses. Wants the family to visit and will have rooms fixed up for them. Sends \"kind regards to your good \u0026 faithful servant Eliza, Danny \u0026 Sarah.\"","A.L.S. Blakeley. Looks forward to a shipment of \"Nellies Pickled Rockfish\" to share with neighbours \u0026 friends. Discusses planting of crops. Will visit him and his family \"this day week,\"","A.L.S. Blakeley. Describes her trip back home from Mount Vernon. Everyone is harvesting but having difficulty obtaining sufficient hands for the task.","A.L.S. Blakeley. Tells of the sudden death of Mrs. Selden and the funeral. Mentions harvests and addition to his house Dr. A. is doing. Wants to see him and the family. Mr. Rutherford wishes to renew his lease on the farm.","A.L.S. Blakeley. Hopes Maria's arm heals well and that he received the two barrels of oats she sent. Gives news about family. Tells of \"our beloved Charlotte\" taking communion and becoming a member of the church.","A.L.S. Blakeley. She is so sorry that Richard is ill but glad that Augustine is with him. Tells of George's illness. Gives more family news and hopes to see the family soon.","A.L.S. Requests he send him the cantaloupe seeds he talked about. Wants to talk about a system of patrols \"to try \u0026 keep our slaves at home.\" Says the slaves are stealing so much from them and taking it to Alexandria. Says everyone in the neighborhood of slave holders could contribute to hire 6 good men to patrol.","A.L.S. New Charlestown to Richmond. Sends family news and gives advice as to her traveling home. Tells of someone about to die, and that Fanny Griggs' school is broken up.","A.L.S. Blakeley. Laments that it has been so long since she heard from him or his family and wonders when they will come to visit. Gives news about local people. Tells of the wonderful addition that Dr. A. put on his house.","A.L.S. \tBlakeley to Mount Vernon. Had a tooth extracted. News of friends and neighbors. Has had influenza for 10 days.","A.L.S. White House. Gives his legal opinion as to a dispute among them. First the fact that the seine was not received by Mr. Washington at the appointed time, necessitating many difficulties. Second, the Hoopers did not receive the required loom but are entitled to some compensation for work done. His judgment is for $275 for Mr. Washington.","A.L.S. Hampstead, Virginia to Mount Vernon. Discusses her love of gardening and the recent harvest. Says she likes the new teacher at a neighbor's house \"but she looks consumptive.\" Describes a monument to two boys.","A.D.S. Fairfax County. Indicates full payment of judgment from JAW to William Mason.","A.L.S. Spring Bank, Virginia to Mount Vernon. Discusses the route of the turnpike and that it should go through Mr. E's land. It would split it up, and so Mason wants to offer other alternatives. Much of the land is prone to flooding and marshy. It would be very expensive to put the road through that.","A.L.S. Spring Bank, Virginia to Mount Vernon. Discusses his written ordinance about how to deal with people coming onto unenclosed land and hunting or fishing. Talks of a particular problem with land along waterways. Wants JAW to write to lawmakers and make this happen.","A.L.S. Spring Bank, Virginia. Before the Legislature meets, he encloses a proposed measure to be enacted. Discusses counties to be included – all along the Potomac and Rappahanoc.","A.L.S. Rose Hill. Discusses the hiring of an African American boy to do odd jobs and will pay $15.","A.L.S. Discusses the sending of clover seed. Had a problem with old Henry who emptied some tailings for the hens near the clover, mixing some up. \"I think I never was more vexed with any human being in all my life.\"","A.L.S. Spring Bank, Virginia to Mount Vernon. Mason writes describing an incident he had with West Ford on his plantation. This remarkable letter highlights the way Ford, despite being a free man, was still treated like a slave by others: \"On the evening of the Monday after Whitsunday, I was about sunset standing at my stable, giving some orders for the morning's work, when there passed within three or four yards of me a Negro man, who I did not know, without touching his hat, or any other recognition of my presence. After he had passed, I called to him asking who he was, and who did he belong to? He walked on, taking no notice, until I repeated the question, when he said 'Washington.' I then said, I suppose you have a name, and can tell me what Mr. Washington you belong to? He replied, 'West Ford.' His manner was insolent and supposing he was drunk, I said to him, there is the road to the gate, go off my place at once… When he got to the corner of the house, he commenced whooping and continued doing so, till he got out of the gate, which I had to send and have closed after him. I said nothing further to him, as he was obviously drunk; but directed one of my servants to go and tell him never to put his foot on the place again… Had he been anyone's servant but yours, I shd. have immediately had him apprehended and flogged for his impertinence; but satisfied that it could only be necessary to report the facts to you, and that you would take measures to prevent his ever coming here again, or repeating it, I have taken no further steps in the matter.\"","A.L.S. Spring Bank, Virginia to Mount Vernon. Sorry to hear that JAW is no longer a magistrate of the county. Will do what he can to get Mr. Herbert elected magistrate, so he can form the patrol necessary.","A.L.S. Spring Bank, Virginia. Heard that all will be done to keep out a Yankee for the office of Justice. Hopes Mr. Herbert will consent to serve.","A.L.S. Writes about the issue of county taxes which have become exceedingly high, mainly to pay for road construction. Found out that one group was destroying his trees and running a new road through his land to take business away from the turnpike.","A.D.S. Acknowledges receipt of payment in full on her account for boots and shoes for various named men.","A.L.S. Tells him of the considerable debts ($2,169.80) of Cousin Hannah and wishes to know what is to be done about it.","A.L.S. Urges him to do well in school and to board with the principal and not to associate with his old school mate Charles J.","A.L.S. Describes her trip home and the friends and family she visited on the way. Had friends to dine but had difficulty with the dinner as meat is scarce.","A.L.S. Just sent George to the Charlestown P.O. with a letter and check to him. Sorry to hear that Nelly is again sick.","A.L.S. To Mount Vernon. Describes her feelings at the recent losses of children and Noblet. Tells of much sickness in the area. \"Old Jenny's was by far the severest case, one which Dr. C. intirely dispaired of. She is recovering which we are thankful for, tho' old and feeble, she is good and pious, and has considerable influence with her children and fellow servants.\"","A.L.S. Has attached a check for $200 to be paid to the Exchange Bank in Alexandria toward her debt of $700. Was sorry to hear of Nelly's illness. Gives other family news.","A.L.S. Discusses a recently recorded deed. Describes health concerns of her sister. Bad weather is affecting planting. At end of letter: \"Matilda, your woman at Harewood has had an infant and lost it. It died after suffering greatly from fits. Dr. Cordell attended it.\"","A.L.S. To Mount Vernon. Has enclosed a check to be paid on her account with Mr. Hooff. Prices are low for horses and stock. Planting goes slowly. Gives family and friends news. Gives a recipe for quince jelly and marmalade. \"Remember me most kindly to Jenny \u0026 West \u0026 … indeed all our household at M.V.\"","A.L.S. To Mount Vernon. A brief note requesting him to \"let George have money $2.50 to get a pair of boots.\"","A.L.S. To Mount Vernon. She is sending Jenny and Fanny and hopes they will be \"useful and conduct themselves well.\" His carpenter came by the day after he left wanting some money he was owed as he had a debt to pay. Wants to visit them but wants him to let her know \"whether or not it is desirable for me to go. I shall not be in the slightest degree either hurt or offended at my room being preferable to my company.\" \"Mr. Rutherford … declines keeping Sally another year. I have told Mr. Shepperd to look out for a good place for her but I really think you had better take her down and either keep her at M.V. under your own eye as milker and washer or hire her out there. I think she and Alfred or Gabriel had better make a match.\"","A.L.S. All have been enjoying the visit from Augustine but regrets she and the children did not also come. Hannah is about to leave for New York for medical treatment, accompanied by Fanny. Thanks Louisa for the chow chow she made. News about a visit to cousin Ann Washington. Much talk of friends and family.","A.L.S. \"Your kind mother always advances for me the money with which I travel to the upper country. I am making my arrangements to move rather earlier than usual this summer that I may have the advantage of Cousin Betsy Winter's company … I shall take Rosina with me who is a fine sensible, amiable girl of fourteen, rather handsome, but bashful and awkward. She looks badly now from a sort of bilious fever without chills, which hangs about her in despite of blue pile etc.\"","A.L.S. Anna writes of the death of an enslaved woman named Harry: \"she died on Monday last, after a short illness, inflammation of the brain and womb… Dr. Alexander and Straith examined her body and found the womb and other organs around it entirely diseased. Mother has lost a kind and faithful servant, a sincere tho humble friend. We shall all feel her loss, to mother it is irreparable, she has no servant who can take her place.\"","A.L.S. Letter being carried by Randall, a slave, and tells of various people's health problems.","A.L.S.\t Hollin Hall to Mount Vernon. Has heard there is little chance of the law they want passing in this session of the Legislature. Gives his thoughts about future elections of people who will assist them.","A.L.S. To Mount Vernon. Wonders whether he has recovered his slave. If so \"make a stern and proper example.\" Tells Augustine to come to him for trials and punishments of slaves.","A.D.S. Autograph copy. Describes an ordinance stating consequences if anyone shall \"root, hunt, range, fish or fowl\" on private land."],"names_ssim":["Special Collections at The George Washington Presidential Library at Mount Vernon","Washington, Jane Charlotte Blackburn, 1786-1855","Washington, John Augustine, III, 1821-1861","Mason, George, 1797-1870","Washington, Eleanor Love Selden, 1824-1860","Tabb, John Prosser","Alexander, Judith Ball Blackburn, 1796-1866","Alexander, William Fontaine, 1811-1862","Ford, West, approximately 1784-1863","Alexander, Anna Maria Washington, 1817-1850"],"corpname_ssim":["Special Collections at The George Washington Presidential Library at Mount Vernon"],"persname_ssim":["Washington, Jane Charlotte Blackburn, 1786-1855","Washington, John Augustine, III, 1821-1861","Mason, George, 1797-1870","Washington, Eleanor Love Selden, 1824-1860","Tabb, John Prosser","Alexander, Judith Ball Blackburn, 1796-1866","Alexander, William Fontaine, 1811-1862","Ford, West, approximately 1784-1863","Alexander, Anna Maria Washington, 1817-1850"],"language_ssim":["English \n. "],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":168,"online_item_count_is":1,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-21T05:53:35.669Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vimtvl_repositories_3_resources_76"}},{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1426_c971","type":"Item","attributes":{"title":"Jane Hollins Randolph to her granddaughter Eliza McDonald Ruffin; Reference to Cary is her brother Cary Randolph Ruffin","breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_1426_c971#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1426_c971","ref_ssm":["viu_repositories_3_resources_1426_c971"],"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1426_c971","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1426","_root_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1426","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1426","parent_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1426","parent_ssim":["viu_repositories_3_resources_1426"],"parent_ids_ssim":["viu_repositories_3_resources_1426"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Papers of the Randolph Family of Edgehill"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Papers of the Randolph Family of Edgehill"],"text":["Papers of the Randolph Family of Edgehill","Jane Hollins Randolph to her granddaughter Eliza McDonald Ruffin; Reference to Cary is her brother Cary Randolph Ruffin","box 11","folder 60"],"title_filing_ssi":"Jane Hollins Randolph to her granddaughter Eliza McDonald Ruffin; Reference to Cary is her brother Cary Randolph Ruffin","title_ssm":["Jane Hollins Randolph to her granddaughter Eliza McDonald Ruffin; Reference to Cary is her brother Cary Randolph Ruffin"],"title_tesim":["Jane Hollins Randolph to her granddaughter Eliza McDonald Ruffin; Reference to Cary is her brother Cary Randolph Ruffin"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["circa 1860s-1871"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1860/1871"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Jane Hollins Randolph to her granddaughter Eliza McDonald Ruffin; Reference to Cary is her brother Cary Randolph Ruffin"],"component_level_isim":[1],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"collection_ssim":["Papers of the Randolph Family of Edgehill"],"has_online_content_ssim":["true"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"level_ssm":["Item"],"level_ssim":["Item"],"sort_isi":971,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["The collection is open for research use."],"parent_access_terms_tesm":["Materials in this collection, which were created in 1732-1860, are in the public domain. Permission to publish or reproduce is not required."],"digital_objects_ssm":["{\"label\":\"Jane Hollins Randolph to her granddaughter Eliza McDonald Ruffin; Reference to Cary is her brother Cary Randolph Ruffin, circa 1860s-1871\",\"href\":\"https://iiifman.lib.virginia.edu/pid/tsb:107069\"}"],"date_range_isim":[1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871],"containers_ssim":["box 11","folder 60"],"_nest_path_":"/components#970","timestamp":"2026-06-09T07:08:45.006Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1426","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1426","_root_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1426","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1426","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/UVA/repositories_3_resources_1426.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.virginia.edu/ark:/59853/147344","title_ssm":["Papers of the Randolph Family of Edgehill"],"title_tesim":["Papers of the Randolph Family of Edgehill"],"unitdate_ssm":["1732-1860"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1732-1860"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MSS 1397","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1426"],"text":["MSS 1397","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1426","Papers of the Randolph Family of Edgehill","Slavery--United States -- Virginia","African Americans -- Virginia","The collection is open for research use.","The materials are arranged chronologically. Oversized items are listed at the end of the inventory.","The Randolph familiy of Virginia began with William Randolph, who emigrated from Warwickshire, England between 1669 and 1673. He was the great-grandfather of Thomas Jefferson. ","Martha Jefferson Randolph (eldest daughter of Thomas Jefferson) married her third cousin, Thomas Mann Randolph in 1790. Together they had eleven children, whom Martha educated at home. Martha was known for her keen intellect and would often assist her father with his affairs. Thomas became a botanist and served as a Virginia delegate, senator, governor, and congressman.","Edgehill was Martha and Thomas' Virginia plantation, and later the chief residence of their eldest son, Thomas Jefferson Randolph. Martha and Thomas inherited the land from Thomas' father and built their first home there in 1799. A second, larger house was built in 1828. The family also operated a girls' school on the plantation, called \"Edgehill School\" from 1836 to 1896.","Source: Thomas Jefferson Encyclopedia. monticello.org. Accessed 13 January 2023.","This collection contains material which discusses enslavement and may contain racist language. The purpose of this note is to give users the opportunity to decide whether they need or want to view these materials, or at least, to mentally or emotionally prepare themselves to view the materials.","Funding for enhanced description and digitization of this collection was graciously provided by John C.R. Taylor, III.","The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library also holds the Papers of the Randolph Family of Edgehill and Wilson Cary Nicholas (MS 5533).","The collection primarily contains correspondence of the Randolph family and Nicholas family. Several land title records are also present.","Materials in this collection, which were created in 1732-1860, are in the public domain. Permission to publish or reproduce is not required.","Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Edgehill (Albemarle County, Va. : Estate)","Randolph family","English"],"unitid_tesim":["MSS 1397","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1426"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Papers of the Randolph Family of Edgehill"],"collection_title_tesim":["Papers of the Randolph Family of Edgehill"],"collection_ssim":["Papers of the Randolph Family of Edgehill"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"creator_ssm":["Randolph family"],"creator_ssim":["Randolph family"],"creator_famname_ssim":["Randolph family"],"creators_ssim":["Randolph family"],"access_terms_ssm":["Materials in this collection, which were created in 1732-1860, are in the public domain. Permission to publish or reproduce is not required."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Slavery--United States -- Virginia","African Americans -- Virginia"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Slavery--United States -- Virginia","African Americans -- Virginia"],"has_online_content_ssim":["true"],"extent_ssm":["5.4 Cubic Feet 11 Hollinger document boxes and one oversize box"],"extent_tesim":["5.4 Cubic Feet 11 Hollinger document boxes and one oversize box"],"date_range_isim":[1732,1733,1734,1735,1736,1737,1738,1739,1740,1741,1742,1743,1744,1745,1746,1747,1748,1749,1750,1751,1752,1753,1754,1755,1756,1757,1758,1759,1760,1761,1762,1763,1764,1765,1766,1767,1768,1769,1770,1771,1772,1773,1774,1775,1776,1777,1778,1779,1780,1781,1782,1783,1784,1785,1786,1787,1788,1789,1790,1791,1792,1793,1794,1795,1796,1797,1798,1799,1800,1801,1802,1803,1804,1805,1806,1807,1808,1809,1810,1811,1812,1813,1814,1815,1816,1817,1818,1819,1820,1821,1822,1823,1824,1825,1826,1827,1828,1829,1830,1831,1832,1833,1834,1835,1836,1837,1838,1839,1840,1841,1842,1843,1844,1845,1846,1847,1848,1849,1850,1851,1852,1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is open for research use.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access Restrictions"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["The collection is open for research use."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe materials are arranged chronologically. Oversized items are listed at the end of the inventory.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["The materials are arranged chronologically. Oversized items are listed at the end of the inventory."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Randolph familiy of Virginia began with William Randolph, who emigrated from Warwickshire, England between 1669 and 1673. He was the great-grandfather of Thomas Jefferson. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMartha Jefferson Randolph (eldest daughter of Thomas Jefferson) married her third cousin, Thomas Mann Randolph in 1790. Together they had eleven children, whom Martha educated at home. Martha was known for her keen intellect and would often assist her father with his affairs. Thomas became a botanist and served as a Virginia delegate, senator, governor, and congressman.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eEdgehill was Martha and Thomas' Virginia plantation, and later the chief residence of their eldest son, Thomas Jefferson Randolph. Martha and Thomas inherited the land from Thomas' father and built their first home there in 1799. A second, larger house was built in 1828. The family also operated a girls' school on the plantation, called \"Edgehill School\" from 1836 to 1896.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSource: Thomas Jefferson Encyclopedia. monticello.org. Accessed 13 January 2023.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Historical Note"],"bioghist_tesim":["The Randolph familiy of Virginia began with William Randolph, who emigrated from Warwickshire, England between 1669 and 1673. He was the great-grandfather of Thomas Jefferson. ","Martha Jefferson Randolph (eldest daughter of Thomas Jefferson) married her third cousin, Thomas Mann Randolph in 1790. Together they had eleven children, whom Martha educated at home. Martha was known for her keen intellect and would often assist her father with his affairs. Thomas became a botanist and served as a Virginia delegate, senator, governor, and congressman.","Edgehill was Martha and Thomas' Virginia plantation, and later the chief residence of their eldest son, Thomas Jefferson Randolph. Martha and Thomas inherited the land from Thomas' father and built their first home there in 1799. A second, larger house was built in 1828. The family also operated a girls' school on the plantation, called \"Edgehill School\" from 1836 to 1896.","Source: Thomas Jefferson Encyclopedia. monticello.org. Accessed 13 January 2023."],"odd_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection contains material which discusses enslavement and may contain racist language. The purpose of this note is to give users the opportunity to decide whether they need or want to view these materials, or at least, to mentally or emotionally prepare themselves to view the materials.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFunding for enhanced description and digitization of this collection was graciously provided by John C.R. Taylor, III.\u003c/p\u003e"],"odd_heading_ssm":["Content Warning","Funding"],"odd_tesim":["This collection contains material which discusses enslavement and may contain racist language. The purpose of this note is to give users the opportunity to decide whether they need or want to view these materials, or at least, to mentally or emotionally prepare themselves to view the materials.","Funding for enhanced description and digitization of this collection was graciously provided by John C.R. Taylor, III."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003ePapers of the Randolph Family of Edgehill, MSS 1397, Special Collections, University of Virginia Library, Charlottesville, VA.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["Papers of the Randolph Family of Edgehill, MSS 1397, Special Collections, University of Virginia Library, Charlottesville, VA."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library also holds the Papers of the Randolph Family of Edgehill and Wilson Cary Nicholas (MS 5533).\u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Materials"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library also holds the Papers of the Randolph Family of Edgehill and Wilson Cary Nicholas (MS 5533)."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection primarily contains correspondence of the Randolph family and Nicholas family. Several land title records are also present.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The collection primarily contains correspondence of the Randolph family and Nicholas family. Several land title records are also present."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMaterials in this collection, which were created in 1732-1860, are in the public domain. Permission to publish or reproduce is not required.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions"],"userestrict_tesim":["Materials in this collection, which were created in 1732-1860, are in the public domain. Permission to publish or reproduce is not required."],"names_coll_ssim":["Edgehill (Albemarle County, Va. : Estate)"],"names_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Edgehill (Albemarle County, Va. : Estate)","Randolph family"],"corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Edgehill (Albemarle County, Va. : Estate)"],"famname_ssim":["Randolph family"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":1011,"online_item_count_is":1004,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-06-09T07:08:45.006Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_1426_c971"}},{"id":"vimtvl_repositories_3_resources_65","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"John Augustine Washington III and Mount Vernon Ladies' Association (MVLA) collection","creator":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vimtvl_repositories_3_resources_65#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Washington, John Augustine, III, 1821-1861","label":"Creator"}},"abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vimtvl_repositories_3_resources_65#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eThis collection concerns the inheritance, maintenance, and sale of the Mount Vernon estate by its last private owner, John Augustine Washington III. A large majority of the collection is correspondence to or from John Augustine Washington III with a significant portion relating to the purchase of the estate by the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association. Three diaries kept by John Augustine are also included and contain important information about his slaves, agricultural practices, and finances. Other types of material in the collection include legal documents, receipts, photographs, and ephemera. Photocopies were made for most of the manuscripts and can be viewed as surrogates to the originals. \u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vimtvl_repositories_3_resources_65#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"vimtvl_repositories_3_resources_65","ead_ssi":"vimtvl_repositories_3_resources_65","_root_":"vimtvl_repositories_3_resources_65","_nest_parent_":"vimtvl_repositories_3_resources_65","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/MV/repositories_3_resources_65.xml","title_ssm":["John Augustine Washington III and Mount Vernon Ladies' Association (MVLA) collection"],"title_tesim":["John Augustine Washington III and Mount Vernon Ladies' Association (MVLA) collection"],"unitdate_ssm":["1834-1957"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1834-1957"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["RM.848","/repositories/3/resources/65"],"text":["RM.848","/repositories/3/resources/65","John Augustine Washington III and Mount Vernon Ladies' Association (MVLA) collection","This collection is open for research during scheduled appointments. Researchers must complete the Washington Library's Special Collections and Archives Registration Form before access is provided. The library reserves the right to restrict access to certain items for preservation purposes.","The collection is arranged chronologically with undated material listed at the beginning in alphabetical order by folder title. Addenda, photocopies, and bound volumes are described at the end of the collection.","(Taken from the Digital Encyclopedia entry by Matthew Costello, George Washington's Mount Vernon website)","John Augustine Washington III was the great-grand nephew of George Washington and the last private owner of Mount Vernon. The fourth of five children, he was born on May 3, 1821 to John Augustine Washington II and Jane Charlotte Blackburn Washington. John Augustine spent his young childhood at his parents' Blakeley plantation near present day Charles Town, West Virginia, but after the deaths of Bushrod Washington and his wife Julia in 1829, the Mount Vernon estate became the possession of Bushrod's nephew, John Augustine Washington II. As the son of a wealthy Virginia planter, John Augustine enjoyed a comfortable lifestyle at Mount Vernon, developing interests in politics, hunting, and agriculture. After John Augustine Washington II passed away in June 1832, the estate was left to his widow Jane Charlotte, who vowed to maintain the estate to the best of her ability without involving her children's inheritances. While John Augustine Washington III preferred his more aristocratic pastimes, Jane insisted that he attend college after his father's death. He graduated from the University of Virginia in 1840, returning to Mount Vernon in September 1841 with a proposition to manage the estate for his mother. She agreed, loaning him twenty-two slaves and contracting his employment for five hundred dollars per year for seven years.","As the oldest living male heir, John Augustine Washington III positioned himself to take possession of Mount Vernon from his mother. While she did not pass away until 1855, she gave John Augustine the proverbial keys to the kingdom, granting him full autonomy to run the plantation as he saw fit. However, John Augustine quickly realized that the deteriorating Mount Vernon estate was a far cry from the profitable plantation that his great-great uncle George Washington once presided over. His primary means of income came from wheat and potato production, woodcutting, selling slaves and outsourcing slave labor, collecting land rents, and his herring operation on the Potomac River. However, soil degradation, poor harvests, temperamental weather, and the devastation of crops by insects and pests limited his agricultural returns. While he managed to slow Mount Vernon's financial decline, these endeavors were not enough to stop the downward spiral. In addition to facing these hardships, John Augustine also experienced constant interruptions by sightseers, many of whom wanted the meet the living descendent of General George Washington, see the Mansion, and ask questions about Washington's life. ","These visitors were considered a nuisance to John Augustine's family, and their presence slowed plantation work for slaves, overseers, and hired farm laborers. Initially John Augustine followed the precedential policies of his mother, father, and uncle Bushrod, publishing trespassing notices around the property, requesting letters of introduction to enter the Mansion, and denying the landing of steamboats on the Potomac River. But with his lands yielding such little profit, John Augustine decided to embrace this historical tourism, implementing business strategies to extract money from the thousands of visitors who journeyed to the home of George Washington. In order to bring more people to the estate, he entered into a contract with the proprietors of the Thomas Collyer to permit their steamboat to dock directly at Mount Vernon. He also promoted and invested in the construction of the Alexandria, Mount Vernon, and Accotink Turnpike Road, which was designed to make travel easier to Mount Vernon over land. As more visitors descended upon the grounds, he instructed slaves and laborers to sell bouquets of flowers, fruit, milk, and hand-carved canes to tourists. Beyond the property boundaries, he went into business with James Crutchett, who purchased timber from the estate and manufactured wooden Washington trinkets near the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad depot in the nation's capital. While John Augustine Washington capitalized on the American fascination with George Washington, these sales were not substantial enough to convince him to retain Mount Vernon. He attempted to sell the property to both the federal government and the state of Virginia, but both bodies were deeply mired in sectional and political partisanship. Convinced that neither would meet his terms, he agreed to sell 200 acres of the Mount Vernon estate, which included the Mansion, outlying buildings, and the family tomb to the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association (MVLA) in 1858 for $200,000. ","John Augustine and his family vacated Mount Vernon for their new home Waveland plantation in February 1860. About a year later the state of Virginia called for a convention to debate the issue of secession, and in April 1861, Virginia delegates responded to the firing on Fort Sumter by voting in favor of leaving the Union. John Augustine joined the Confederate Army as a lieutenant colonel, and he served as aide-de-camp to his relative by marriage, General Robert E. Lee. In September 1861, John Augustine was killed during a reconnaissance mission at the Battle of Cheat Mountain by a Union bushwhacker. In a letter to John's teenage daughter Louisa, Lee painfully informed her that her father \"fell in the cause to which he had devoted all his energies, and which his noble heart was earnestly enlisted.\" The two men had shared many conversations and moments together as tent mates, and Lee admired his unflinching \"devotion to Almighty God,\" assuring Louisa that \"He is now safely in Heaven.\" John Augustine was buried in the Zion Episcopal Churchyard in Charles Town, West Virginia, one of several Washington family members who fought and died for Southern independence. ","This diary may not actually be part of accession RM-848 as it is not mentioned in the initial inventory/correspondence. However, it was in the same box as the other diaries and the almanac when found on the shelf, therefore it was described with the collection.","Early Records of the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association ;\nPapers of the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association ;\nJohn Augustine Washington III and Eleanor Love Selden Correspondence ;\nJohn Augustine Washington III and Descendants Papers ;\nHistoric Manuscripts Collection","This collection concerns the inheritance, maintenance, and sale of the Mount Vernon estate by its last private owner, John Augustine Washington III. A large majority of the collection is correspondence to or from John Augustine Washington III with a significant portion relating to the purchase of the estate by the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association. Three diaries kept by John Augustine are also included and contain important information about his slaves, agricultural practices, and finances. Other types of material in the collection include legal documents, receipts, photographs, and ephemera. Photocopies were made for most of the manuscripts and can be viewed as surrogates to the originals. ","Descendants of John Augustine Washington III maintained ownership of these records until 1990 when they were sold to Gary Hendershott, a manuscripts dealer from Little Rock, Arkansas. The Mount Vernon Ladies' Association purchased the collection in October 1990.","Lists signatures and states that all members of Congress would sign if requested.","States they are now the \"best of friends.\" She is angry at people who denigrate his motives. Wants to make known his true nature.","Mrs. Ritchie requests he arrive at the theatre a little after 12:00 so all guests may be seated prior to the rise of the curtain.","She had sent her present of flowers to Mrs. Madison, and they were \"greatfully\" received.","His mother wants help valuing her sheep. Describes one offer for Mount Vernon with great disdain. They want to have entertainments there. He has great respect for \"your manly pride.\"","Apologizes for having intruded too much on his privacy during a recent visit when Mrs. Ritchie and others of the ladies \"took forcible possession of me\" and requested cuttings of flowers. Hopes he will establish a Botanic Garden and suggests a location for a Mausoleum.","Describes her return from Mount Vernon in much rain. Discusses crops. Gives instructions for sending things to her. Asks report of conversation that was \"highly derogatory to me.\" Feels items should be sold to visitors so they will not pilfer mementos.","Urges sale of Mount Vernon to Virginia rather than to a private sale.","Resolution wants to change the site of the Military Asylum to Mount Vernon if a part of the estate can be purchased at a reasonable price.","Introduces some friends who wish to visit Mount Vernon.","Gives family news and an account of a visit by a gentleman who spent the night at Mount Vernon and gave $5 to West Ford. Discusses sale of a slave to his cousin. Has heard of a bill by the federal government to purchase Mount Vernon and wishes it would be accepted. Mentions prices and terms.","Is sending oats and other items to Mount Vernon. Urges him to pursue his studies. Wishes him to send some oysters and sugar.","Sends funds for completing the vault at Mount Vernon and authorizes him to take more money from his bank if necessary.","Thanks him for the many civilities experienced by them during their visit to Mount Vernon. Sends a piece of a branch of a fig tree cut from the birth spot of \"your immortal ancestor.\"","Is against his plans for Mount Vernon and opening it to \"every low idler.\" Discusses payments and what form they would take.","Brief note of regards, translated by J. Perkins.","Heard about people being charged to enter the garden. Wishes he would stop this.","Wants to know price and terms of sale of Mount Vernon. If not for sale, could it be leased. (Contains typed transcript.)","Was glad to hear that Mount Vernon was not for sale as it should remain in the hands of the Washington family. Wishes to \"establish a house of entertainment in the vicinity of Mount Vernon.\" Asks questions as to materials and location of such. (Contains typed transcript.)","Is in the market to purchase negroes as one of his men, Alfred, has run off. Wants to know whether she still wishes to dispose of her negroes and what her price would be. He could pay $500 cash and then pay off the principal in a year or two.","Lists names of executors and legatees and their shares and values.","Tells him of an upcoming visit to Washington and Mount Vernon by a \"highly respectable volunteer corps.\" They wish to arrive by boat and see the tomb of Washington. He understands permission to do so is necessary.","Is worried his health is suffering by his labors at Mount Vernon. Hopes he will accept any reasonable offer by the U.S. Government for it. Went into town to have magistrates witness her acknowledgment of the deed of release. Discusses a suit brought by Judge Douglass and the health of various family members.","Doubts whether an offer will be made by the U.S. Government. Hopes it would as she feels his health is suffering from attending to business at Mount Vernon. Recommends someone to help him acquire an overseer. Was paid money for him. Discusses the failing health of Dr. Alexander's mother and others.","Is horrified to learn of auction of Wood Lawn. Proposes to run a steamboat between Washington to Wood Lawn, Fort Washington, Mount Vernon, and the White House. Gives references. Pledges to bring members of Congress there and feels it would enhance the chances of the purchase of Mount Vernon by the government. Suggests it could be used as a summer home for the President. Discusses various items left by Washington and the soon to be completed Chesapeake \u0026 Ohio Canal. (contains typed transcript)","Tells him of a letter he received from an unknown man who wants to obtain a tree from Mount Vernon to transplant in France to shade the bench of Christopher Columbus which he possesses.","Recommends leaving it to Congress to propose a price for the purchase of Mount Vernon. She feels he wants too much for it, and that it really should not be sold. Gives family news. Gives advice on his search for an overseer.","First letter discusses the Supreme Court taking on the suit of Mr. Hammond against General Washington. Bassett says he discharged all debts owed by Captain Lewis. There is another copy of the names of executors and legatees and their shares and values. Discussions of various debts owed to different people.","Discusses various suits, mostly Hammonds, against the estate and their current status. Many people have died since 1827 when they were last listed. Will take a long time to find people.","Discussion of the Hammond suit and payments still owed to various creditors, to be paid by all the legatees of General Washington's estate. Most dollar figures are left blank to be filled in later. Prompt payment by all legatees is required.","Discusses his father's will and his lack of knowledge of the whereabouts of various other people mentioned in JAW's letter.","Answering his inquiries as to various relatives. Suggests he write to the clerk of Kanawha County for the information he requires. Suggests he contact Andrew Parks who probably has all the facts.","Discusses sale of swamp land. He paid the taxes on it for the Washington heirs. The land is not worth much since the timber had been taken from it by many people over the years. Would like to be reimbursed for the money he paid.","He wishes to meet with him in the middle of November, at which time they can conclude their business.","Discusses the bill in Congress to purchase Mount Vernon. Wants assets divided up between her children so all are taken care of. Tells of Charles' upcoming marriage before he leaves for California.","Discusses the codicil of his father's will. Mrs. Washington is not compelled to sell. Upon her death, the heirs may sell despite the codicil. Suggests Mrs. Washington partition the land before her death in order that JAW may do \"what you please with the land.\"","Invites him to the wedding of his oldest daughter the next week.","Has been in Charlestown attending services for the week. Is amazed at the prospect of $200,000 being paid for Mount Vernon by the government. Wants him to send fish and to pickle some \"Rock.\"","(Typed transcription included) George Page and a surveyor from Maryland wanted to survey land in the Potomac River adjacent to Mount Vernon with the object of bringing steamboats there. Was notified he would be charged with some offense by Maryland. Makes him aware that the compact between the states means they have no claim on him.","First letter – wants to know if Mount Vernon Estate will be sold. Second letter – understands the government might become the owner of the estate and wants to meet.","Wants him to petition the Court to finally settle the estate of General Washington.","First letter – wants to examine Mount Vernon with a view to the establishment of a military asylum for the relief of soldiers. Second letter – tells him the price for Mount Vernon is too high, and purchase of a location nearer Washington will be undertaken.","An account by a boat company of receipts over the past year.","Discusses the landing of boats at Mount Vernon without JAW's previous knowledge. Wants them to be allowed to dock if they pay the usual fare to him.","Acknowledges payment for the pianoforte. Wants four walking sticks cut from near General Washington's tomb to be sent to monks in Italy.","Agreement to sell 200 acres of Mount Vernon for $200,000. Includes all buildings and the tomb, as well as furnishings currently there. Also will allow heirs to be buried there. He may not sell the estate without first offering it to the U.S. Government and the State of Virginia for no more than $350,000.","Has been unable to contact other parties to the contract. Hopes to be able to do so soon.","A committee of the House of Delegates has been appointed to consider the purchase of Mount Vernon. Wants to meet him in Alexandria to discuss this.","Encloses a newspaper clipping about the acquisition of Mount Vernon by the State of Virginia. Tells him the committee of five will look into the will of the people as to this acquisition.","Addressed only to \"Mrs. Washington.\" Unclear whether it is addressed to Mrs. Jane C.B. Washington or Mrs. Eleanor L.S. Washington. (Typed transcription included) Has heard that Mount Vernon is for sale, possibly to northern people. Feels the Ladies of the South might instead procure it and wants to know the price.","Does not wish to part with Mount Vernon but wishes to keep it from the changeable fortunes of a family and to ally it to the State. Would sell 200 acres with stipulations for $200,000. If the State wants to establish a model farm there, he would sell an additional 1,000 acres for $300,000. Invites them to visit.","Discusses his offer to sell Mount Vernon to the state. Says $200,000 is less than the property could sell for on the market. Talks about having a model farm as nothing meant more to Washington than farming. Would welcome them to visit. Reminds them that his terms cannot be materially modified.","(Typed transcription included) Says he is asking less money of the state than he had been offered by others. Tells them of his desire for a model farm as the pursuit of an improved system of agriculture was of great importance to General Washington. Would welcome a visit from them.","Wants to clear up suggestions that he is falsely referring to higher offers for Mount Vernon.","The Committee feels the price for Mount Vernon \"is enormous.\" Would prefer the money to be used for a rail road.","Draft in writing of John Augustine Washington III. Addressed to \"Miss Cunningham\" but could also be a response to Louisa Cunningham's letter instead of Ann Pamela Cunningham. Praises the women of the south for their affection for Washington. Does not wish to dispose of the property except to the government of the United States or Virginia and so declines the proposition from the \"Ladies of the South.\"","Draft thought to be in the writing of Jane C.B. Washington. Identical text to previous letter (draft in the hand of John Augustine Washington III).","Encloses a power of attorney and some other letters. Has agreed to reduction of $50,000 on 1000 acres. Will accept nothing less than $200,000 for the 200 acres. Agrees to pay him 5% of what he gets from either government agency, provided it occurs in the current session.","The state might be willing to pay $50,000 per year for four years for Mount Vernon but not the total of $200,000 at once. Wonders what is happening with the federal government. \"Things are coming to a head rapidly.\"","As long as negotiations with Virginia remain open, it would not be proper for him to entertain any proposals from other parties for the purchase of Mount Vernon. Might be interested in the future in making an offer.","Feels priority should be given to Congress to purchase Mount Vernon, and therefore Virginia is holding off on more committee meetings. Wants him to be there for future committee meetings.","Urges him to meet with Arthur Taylor as his representative in the proposed sale of Mount Vernon. Requests that he not send papers to Col. Bissell before meeting with him.","Has the papers from Mr. Washington and wants to meet with him to discuss the sale of Mount Vernon to the U.S. Government.","Assures him that he has not given the letters from him to Mr. Bissell and has requested Mr. Taylor to come see him.","Encloses the previous letter and hopes they will be able to meet soon. Feels it best to not commit to any course with the U.S. until a definite answer comes from the Virginia Legislature.","Invites him to come to his lodgings at any time at 9 a.m.","Is unable to return to his \"hospitable roof\" at this time. Values the time she was there and having been \"entrusted with the training of such bright intelligences.\"","Reports on his share of earnings from \"Washington's Writings.\" Many copies of the book were destroyed in a fire, but the stereotype and engraved plates were in a fire proof vault.","Feels it is very important for him to communicate with the federal government and is willing to help in any way.","Mr. Taylor shared his letter proposing to bring the subject of the purchase of Mount Vernon again before Congress. His terms are already known to him – the same as those agreed to for the State of Virginia.","Wants to bring up the purchase of Mount Vernon in Congress but wants to know just what terms he agreed to with Virginia. Wants the Northern States to purchase it.","Gives terms of sale, including that family members still living may also be buried there. Additional property to total 1000 acres may be purchased for $300,000, for a model farm as suggested by Gen. Washington. Tells him the state of Virginia had proposed the sale for less than he wanted which he refused.","Encloses a copy of the bill reported to the House of Delegates Committee for the purchase of Mount Vernon. He told them it would not meet with JAW's approval. Urges him to move quickly on the Turnpike matter for this session.","Is very desirous of having the State of Virginia take possession of Mount Vernon and \"have the sole control and ownership forever.\" Wants to know what terms he proposes.","Gives him the terms of sale. The Washington family shall be permitted to be buried on the site, and no remains shall ever be disturbed. The price shall be $200,000, with an additional 800 acres available for $100,000 more","Will not accede to propositions of the steamboat company. Will be busy for a few weeks but wants to see a copy of the agreement currently in effect.","Tells him of Mrs. Mason presenting \"a remonstrance against your turnpike.\" Wants access to $250 at Farmers Bank in Alexandria.","Discusses payments based on sales of \"Washington's Writings.\" Tells percentages paid to various legatees.","Discusses quarrelling and squabbling among the ladies purchasing Mount Vernon. Is concerned about security around the remains of George Washington.","Wants him to send a letter to him so he may correct disparaging remarks made about his impending sale of Mount Vernon.","Is writing to her as requested by JAW. Describes a woman mourning her deceased eight-year-old son. Includes a poem about grief and moving on after death of a child.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Mr. Mason very much wants to meet him and getting a letter from JAW that would announce the news of their \"progress.\"","(Typed transcription enclosed) Thanks him for the kindness of him and Mrs. Washington on her recent visit to Mount Vernon. Urges him to send a letter to be published about the sale of Mount Vernon before the news is released by someone else.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Assures her he does not care what others say about him and remains hopeful of selling Mount Vernon to the State of Virginia.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Explains the absence of Mr. Toombs when JAW came to see him. Tells him why she is now dealing with Mr. Toombs rather than Mr. Mason.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Hopes to meet him in Washington City as she will be there for a few days during her travel south. Wants a thorough understanding of his wishes and intentions before meeting with the governor of Virginia.","Wants him to reconsider his determination as expressed in his letter in the National Intelligencer and put the estate under the care of the State of Virginia. (This is a copy of a letter written by Anna's husband.) Second letter, dated March 5, 1857 on same paper: Refers to letter copied out by her. Is certain a sufficient sum will have been raised by February 22 to enable Virginia to purchase Mount Vernon.","Urges him to reconsider his determination as expressed in his letter to the National Intelligencer and consent to place the estate once more at the disposal of Virginia which has an arrangement with the \"Ladies' Mount Vernon Association of the Union.\"","His musical association played a concert on behalf of the \"Ladies Mt. Vernon Association\" at which $100 was raised. The musical group would benefit greatly from receiving this money back if Mr. Washington has no plans to sell to the Ladies Association.","Would love to spend time at Mount Vernon, but his schedule will not allow at this time. His book will be published during the winter and spring, but he doesn't feel a visit would add anything.","He remains willing to place Mount Vernon in the hands of the State of Virginia, under his terms which the state has not seemed to want to meet. The proposal to have Mount Vernon by under the Mount Vernon Ladies Association of the Union is unacceptable to him. Doubts they could maintain the estate in perpetuity. It would then be taken over by the state.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Identical to previous letter.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Responding to his letter to Mr. Ritchie. Urges him to put out that the Ladies are to raise $200,000 on behalf of the State of Virginia for the purchase of Mount Vernon.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Does not wish to publish parts of letters. Feels \"nothing but silent contempt can put them at rest.\"","(W.L. Underwood – most likely Warner Lewis Underwood, Kentucky Senator) Tells JAW that if his current negotiations for Mount Vernon should fall through that his organization would be pleased to enter into further discussions.","Again says he wishes Mount Vernon to go to the State of Virginia, to be decided upon by the current session of the General Assembly.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Wants to know who told her that he was \"willing… for a pecuniary consideration to break engagements and promises.\"","The Masonic Brotherhood is interested in purchasing Mount Vernon. Thanks him for the tour the previous day. Apologizes for the bad behavior of one member and hopes that will not prejudice him against the Fraternity.","(Typed transcription enclosed) She met with the governor who told her the \"Extra Session\" of the Legislature was for the \"presidential contest,\" so the Legislature will not be meeting again until the next winter. Realizes this delay is not pleasing to him.","Inquires whether any action has been taken by the Legislature or is likely to be.","Tells him no action has yet been taken by the Legislature but feels sure it will be taken up after the Christmas recess, after which the ladies will be enabled to purchase Mount Vernon and have its title transferred to Virginia.","Discusses various prices for Mount Vernon and quotes JAW as vehemently denying that he wanted the remains of General Washington moved. He wishes the estate to be the property of the United States and all the people.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Tells him she has been very ill but is sure that the Legislature will act.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Labeled as Private. Tells him Gov. Wise is \"inimical to our 'cause'\" which is the reason the Legislature has not taken up the subject of the purchase of Mount Vernon.\" Talks of the financial crisis which is being felt by \"we victimized cotton planters.\" Tells him of the impending sale of copies of a portrait of Washington.","(Typed transcription enclosed) She writes of her illness and lack of strength. The Constitution of the Association was signed by the governor. Tells him various Masonic orders have decided to become allies of the Association. Hopes to have the contract signed between Virginia and him on the 22nd of February.","Invites recipient to the elevation of the Statue of Washington on February 22 in Richmond.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Labeled as Private. Is looking forward to the inauguration of the Washington statue. Wants him to vow that the Ladies of the Association are the \"very best friends you have in the world.\" Tells him that Gov. Wise is no friend to him or to her and this cause.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Has a document that states Virginia will purchase Mount Vernon from him and encloses a copy of the bill. Is sure the governor will act strongly to defeat this. Wants him to attend the address by Mr. Everett a few days before the 22nd of February. Tells him how lucky he is to get $200,000 in \"these awful times.\"","Gives price of sale of $200,000 for 200 acres of the Mount Vernon estate and pledges the MVLA to guarantee to not disturb any remains currently there and to allow descendants of JAW to also be interred there.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Praises him for agreeing that Mount Vernon is to be a public shrine and to limit interments there. Gen. Chapman included that in the third reading of the bill. Discusses the building of a new mausoleum for Washington which would not go against his will. Talks of her illness.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Tells her the disposition of family remains, as well as those of General Washington, are his biggest concerns in the sale.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Hopes he is happy about the bill as read in the Legislature. Tells him it is she and not the Committee who wants to arrange for a magnificent mausoleum. Closes by saying she is too exhausted to \"even give a hint of the nature of woman's revenge should you not be in a state of delight over our bill!!!\"","(Typed transcription enclosed) Remains adamant as to a future mausoleum as Washington stated where he wished his remains to be. Cannot travel to Richmond at present due to the illness of Mrs. Washington.","(Agreement ends with reference to the 10th of February) Deals with payment of $6,000 to heirs of W.F. Alexander and Anna Alexander as a share of Mount Vernon. Expressly says none of these heirs have any claim to the proceeds arising from a sale of Mount Vernon, other than the $6,000.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Tells him that though Gov. Wise is no friend to the Mount Vernon cause, he did not intend to put his remarks under the head of Lunatic Asylum. It was a complete accident.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Encloses another article by Mr. Pryor who is \"using his art to arouse the fear, \u0026 cupidity of the timid \u0026 narrow minded of this Legislature.\" Asks him about his previous offer from a company to purchase the estate, and that he wanted to wait for Congress to act.","(Typed transcription enclosed) States that his price for Mount Vernon has always been $200,000, since he gained control of it in 1849. Asks whether he ever made an offer for Mount Vernon for $100,000. If so, under whose authority was it made?","(Typed transcription enclosed) Wants to confirm with him that his offer to sell Mount Vernon as a site for the Military Asylum in 1851 was for $200,000 and not $100,000.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Tells her of a contract with a gentleman to sell him 200 acres of Mount Vernon for $200,000 with the condition that the property should be offered to the U.S. and to Virginia. If neither purchased it, he should take the property. He then offered $50,000 to release him from that obligation, but JAW refused. Says he never has offered it for sale in public or private.","Says he was authorized by JAW to offer Mount Vernon for a Military Asylum for $100,000. Will search for papers to confirm this.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Advises that on March 25, 1851, he made an offer to sell about 150 acres of the Mount Vernon estate for $200,000 for an Army Asylum or some other government purpose.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Labeled as Private. Thanks him for sending a copy of the correspondence of Gen. Scott. Miss C. is intensely engaged in getting past Mr. Pryor's malicious misrepresentation of the Bill. If he can defeat us, he will.","Reiterates that Alexander and his heirs have no claim to any proceeds arising from a sale of Mount Vernon beyond the agreed upon $6,000 and requests him to add a paragraph to that effect to the agreement they will both sign.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Wants him to come see her in Richmond, despite his recent fall. Refers to the animosity of Mr. Pryor toward the bill. Wishes there could be an Extra Session for it to pass.","Again states his disagreement with Mr. McKenzie's assertion of his having offered $100,000 for Mount Vernon. No one else knew of such an offer. Gen. Scott agrees with JAW in his recollections. Tells her of a recent fall from a horse which will prevent his visit to Richmond on the 22nd.","Urges him and his family to attend the inauguration of the equestrian statue of Washington on the Capital Square in Richmond. Says he would be pleased to host them at their home near the city.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Is uncertain whether he will be able to travel to Richmond and wants her to update him on matters related to the Bill as \"I have not in any manner approached\" any of his friends or acquaintances on the subject. It is important for her to convince members that the association only needs the name of the State which will not be called upon to pay any of the money for the purchase.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Miss Cunningham begs him to attend Mr. Everett's oration and hopes to speak to him on the Square tomorrow.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Continues to be unwell. Introduces him to Mr. A.H.H. Dawson of Georgia, \"an eccentric genius.\" He is devoted to the purposes of the Association and has delivered an address about it in 30 towns in Georgia. Urges him to come to Richmond to meet with members of the Legislature.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Is sorry he was unable to call on her before leaving Richmond. Wants clarification about alterations Mr. Yancy thought necessary in the paper he left with her. He wants a decision by the Legislature, yes or no, soon.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Tells him that the Legislature is \"in a row\" and will not pass any bills before an Extra Session. Wants him to bring a contract to her so they are prepared for any contingencies. Tells him of her illness of the lungs and her treatment.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Reiterates the importance of the sanctity of the family burying ground. Wants to have some alterations and additions of a substantial permanent character made to the present vault, with a durable enclosure around it. He is open to payment in stocks or cash for the estate. Says they should have an act of incorporation before signing a contract.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Gen. Chapman was drawing up an act of incorporation before the bill comes up. He said Virginia must not hold the tomb; the Association must hold it. She remains very ill. \"yrs in much suffering\"","Is preparing a pamphlet to defend JAW against detractors and wants copies of correspondence he had with Gen. Scott and others about possible purchase of Mount Vernon.","(Typed transcription enclosed) The bill in Virginia for the purchase of Mount Vernon, to be refunded by the MVLA, was defeated in the House of Delegates. In addition Congress cannot purchase land in a sovereign state without its consent. Tells him it should be the property of the Nation and should be sold to the MVLA. \"With grateful women pledged to guard the sacred ashes of Washington and to adorn his home for a national shrine.\"","(Typed transcription enclosed) Says it has become obvious that neither Virginia nor the U.S. wish to purchase Mount Vernon. Therefore \"the women of the land will probably be the safest as they will certainly be the purest guardians of a national shrine.\" He waits for her to make a proposal to him.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Miss Cunningham requests that he answer the letter she gave him relating to the purchase of Mount Vernon and to return it to her. She will give him a copy.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Is returning her letter to him as it seemed to be improperly dated and lacked her signature. When she remedies those defects, he will send an answer.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Wants to meet with him on Saturday morning in Alexandria to sign the contract.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Is very unhappy about delays put forth by Messrs. Macfarland \u0026 Myers. They felt there had to be an acceptance of the contract by all or a majority of the Vice Regents before it could be signed. They can do this by telegraph, permitting Mrs. Ritchie to act for them.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Urges him to come without delay. It was thought things would be delayed as Mrs. Walton's husband had died, but now Mr. McFarland advised them to send for him at once. Miss Cunningham is not good and needs to bring matters to a close \"ere it be too late.\"","(Typed transcription enclosed) Wants him to come see her that afternoon or evening as Dr. Beale \"considers it necessary to apply a severe blister without delay.\"","(Typed transcription enclosed – labeled Private) Upon reflection she feels the letter she sent him for publication is not to be published. She does not wish to \"make enemies even in a State which has given me so little cause to respect it.\" Mrs. Ritchie will work on a better worded one which she will send to him.","He deposited money to his credit for the contract and wants to know if this was correct. Tells him the pony he was inquiring about is not for sale. Also felt much concern about the accounts of the fisheries. Looks forward to a visit with him.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Encloses the plat of the 200 acres of land he agreed to sell to the MVLA. Wants him to sign it and return it.","(Typed transcription enclosed) About the plat, he is having the land resurveyed and \"have the necessary corners stones set.\" He will send it back with a signature after that. Also encloses her letter of March 12 and wants a copy of her letter as published with her signature.","Wants to know if George Thorburn may visit Mount Vernon in the 28th of May to inspect the grounds in regards to the improvements to be made. He is \"no doubt the first horticulturist in America\" and a plain, unpolished person. It would be good for JAW's surveyor to meet with Mr. Thorburn to go over the grounds.","He is \"exceedingly provoked\" at the newspaper coverage in connection with the sale of Mount Vernon. As a college friend he felt he had to contact an editor and correct the information. He hopes he did not make the situation worse.","Again requests he host the \"celebrated florist\" at Mount Vernon to look over the grounds before they come to Mount Vernon on the 29th for a few hours.","Agrees to have Mr. Thorburn come and meet with surveyors. Asks if Mr. Thorburn could be appointed the Agent of the Association in drawing up with the surveyors the lines of the 200 acres. He will \"grant any reasonable request of the Association.\" Hopes to see Mr. Ritchie and her while he yet resides at Mount Vernon.","The first attests to receipt of interest on the $6,000 owed to Mrs. Jane Washington. \tThe second is for $2,000 as part of the $6,000 owed.","Urges him to reduce the price of Mount Vernon to $150,000 so as to better fund all the expenses associated with its ownership by the MVLA. Tells him to buy land in \"some of the new states\" with that money.","Wants to know what stocks or bonds would be acceptable as part of the purchase price. Gives the current rate of Virginia stock.","Acknowledges his decline to the proposition.","Replying to a previous letter. Cannot answer the questions of Miss Lewis as he does not remember where Col. Fielding Lewis died. Her wishes are an illusion. Wonders if some land in Kentucky is what she is dreaming of. Hopes the Ladies will be able to preserve Mount Vernon after they complete the purchase.","As a new Mason, wants to know if he will amend the contract to state that the property will revert to the United States or the Masonic Fraternity in the event of a dissolution of the MVLA and not to the state of Virginia.","Writes to her cousin about an article in the paper that morning that was a \"vile abolition libel on you.\" Wants to assure her lady friends that it is untrue.","Is involved in illustrating an article about Mount Vernon as it is of interest to the American people. Wants to visit to sketch objects that have not been drawn. The MVLA is in favor of such an article to assist with their fund raising.","Is amazed at the scurrilous attacks made on him by Northern Papers which are calculated to embarrass the Mount Vernon Association.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Thanks him for his letter about the calumnies in some Northern newspapers but has no desire to enter into a controversy with the papers.","(Typed transcription enclosed – labeled Private) Wants him to tell her of his agreement with Mr. Crutchett of Mount Vernon Cane Factory who was given permission to come and cut trees on the estate. Asks what value he puts on the remainder of the estate contiguous to the 200 acres.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Gives details of his contract with Mr. Crutchett which expired in February 1856. He was permitted to take more trees before January 1857. He has no right to \"come upon the property I have sold the Association to cut timber.\" Has not put a price on the remainder of Mount Vernon.","Thanks him for the hospitality given to him and his sister on their visit to Mount Vernon.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Miss Cunningham was happy to hear his account of the transactions with Mr. Crutchett. Wants him to come to Philadelphia to confer upon private matters of great importance to the Association and himself. She is equally interested in the final settlement of the boundary lines.","First letter (incomplete) congratulates him on the sale of Mount Vernon. Requests return of portrait of his mother. Second letter thanks him for agreeing to return the portrait. He and his family would very much like to visit Mount Vernon again before it becomes public.","Hopes he can come to Washington to meet with him. Wants Mr. Washington to stay with him to \"pay off the debt of visiting you at Mt. Vernon.\" Miss Cunningham is making arrangements to pay the first bond with interest in December.","(Typed transcription enclosed – labeled Private) Looks forward to making payment of the first installment. Mr. Riggs will pay sums of $5,000 as soon as it is raised. Hopes to be able to pay the remainder of 2d installment on 1st of January 1859. Begs him to keep these matters as a \"profound secret.\"","Miss Cunningham wants to make the first payment on December 14, the anniversary of Washington's death.","Tells him of payment to Burke \u0026 Herbert of $10,000 on that day.","Tells him the box containing the chairs has not yet arrived. He wants to be allowed to pay for the repairs necessary to the chairs. Invites him and his family to visit him in Richmond before they go farther away from it.","(Typed transcription enclosed – labeled Private) Wants to make the first payment on the 1st, but this is a holiday. Urges him not to risk sending the plat executed by Washington himself but to have it be lithographed. Wants to clear up the boundaries. Tells him to keep the discussion of the sale of additional land private.","Wants to gather branches from the estate in order to make canes to sell to aid in the purchase of Mount Vernon.","Their project would require the consent of the Regent of the MVLA.","(Typed transcription enclosed – labeled Confidential) Miss Cunningham is too ill to reply to his last letter. Lets him know his presence might be required on the 22nd but all arrangements must be kept private. The upcoming payment will be about $14,000.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Urges him to accept the money already paid to him (for the \"selling your relations bones.\") He already received more money than the estate was worth. Note on the letter states he ensured his control over the remains in \"such a way that they can never be sold by any one.\"","(Typed transcription enclosed) Does not want to go to Philadelphia unless it is absolutely necessary. He recently heard that Mrs. Esther M. Lewis (widow of Lorenzo Lewis) wants to present the harpsichord that was given to Nelly to the MVLA.","Thanks him for copy of the inscription on a bust. He realized he had not copied the pencil sketch of the Destruction of the Bastille. Would JAW please have a photograph of it sent to him for an upcoming book on the history of Mount Vernon. Will send a copy of the book to him in September when it is published.","Acknowledges receipt of $1,000 which completes the payment of $6,000 owed to Mrs. Jane Washington.","The Regent wants JAW to not allow any more sketches to be made of Mount Vernon or the grounds without her consent. Attached is a copy of an advertisement for sale of a portrait of Washington. The Mount Vernon Record gives an account of fund raising to date. Mr. Everett thanks Devereux for sending him a copy of the Farewell Address.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Requests her to send him definite instructions to enable him to prohibit people from making sketches of Mount Vernon.","Tells them he has written to the Regent requesting her instructions about the matter they raised with him.","(Typed transcription enclosed) The Regent now feels that it would \"not be practicable for you to refuse privileges hitherto granted\" in the matter of sketches. There is also a newspaper clipping with letters from JAW and the Regent about the sale of Mount Vernon.","They wrote to him on the 14th as the Regent was prostrated. Requests any material he might have about the area in England where Washington's ancestor came from.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Tells her of terms under which they ran their steamboat to Mount Vernon. They paid him money with the understanding that he would make repairs to the wharf and footway, under the agreement, but he did not. He ordered his captain to have it done and will retain that money.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Encloses a copy of the previous letter and asks him to advise her as to her response to Mr. Bryan.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Miss Cunningham much enjoyed his previous letter and its humor. Hopes he will waive the requisition of 10 days notice before receiving payments. Can give him at least 30 days notice before requiring possession, and hopefully 60 days. She has \"been very much of an invalid for many weeks.\"","(Typed transcription enclosed) Wants him to come to Philadelphia around the 10th or 12th so they may consult in regard to the future. They can have the boundary line settled and put many business affairs in order. Miss Cunningham intends to make a payment on the last installment as soon \"as you will receive it.\"","(Typed transcription enclosed) He will travel to Philadelphia and meet with her on Wednesday. Will give directions to Messrs. Burke \u0026 Herbert for the last installment.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Miss Cunningham wants him to arrive on Thursday and then accompany her to hear Mr. Everett in the evening. She and Mr. Everett would then meet with him on Friday.","(Typed transcription enclosed) He agrees to come to Philadelphia on Thursday and meet as she suggests.","(Typed transcription enclosed) The Regent wants him to \"have the kindness not to speak of the particulars of your interview with her.\" She also requests him to confer with Mr. Herbert, after which Mr. Herbert should meet with Mr. Riggs and let her know the arrangements he would be willing to make. \"This matter she particularly desires should be confidential.\"","Wants him to send him the photographs of the Picture of the Bastille and let him know what he owes for this service. Thanks him for his kindness in all this matter.","Again asks for the photograph of the Bastille picture as his book is finished, and he is only waiting for that.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Miss Cunningham regrets that he and Mr. Riggs were unable to meet at Mount Vernon to discuss all it is possible to do without annoyance to the family. Would like to commence work on the outbuildings near the garden and to rebuild the roof and pillars of the piazza. Also wants to do work around the Tomb.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Apologizes for delay in responding to his recent letter, but the news of Captain Cunningham's decease has made it impossible for Miss Cunningham to \"think of even the most pressing business.\"","Thanks him for sending the photograph and encloses $5. Apologizes for keeping three documents for so long. Wants to return the documents and send him a copy of the book in September. Asks whether he may keep the Pohick elevation as it is in Washington's hand.","Details work done on various dresses.","Is sorry to hear that JAW will be leaving Mount Vernon before Hubard can get there to visit. Wants to know whether Mr. Mills does possess the moulds made by Houdon. Wants to see a cast made from the mould as he is convinced it is a fraud.","Cannot say whether the Richmond statue is accurate but to him the head looks identical to the Mount Vernon bust. Has never heard of the moulds being left at Mount Vernon and does not believe Mr. Mills would have removed anything without his permission.","Wants to clarify his original assertion that he feels Houdon did not use the moulds made from Washington's face as he asserts they are very different from the head of Houdon. Also wants to know whether the table on which Washington lay when the moulds were made is still at Mount Vernon.","Thanks him for sending money from the steamboat company for the MVLA.","Will be writing an article for Encyclopedia Britannica and is \"desirous of stating the facts relative to the emancipation of the Genl's slaves.\" Also wants to know whether Mrs. Washington left a will and whether she freed her slaves in it.","Wishes to obtain a copy of the inventory of General Washington's estate.","Makes assertion that General Washington was sued and judgment rendered against him. Also some northern papers are speculating that he lost his money and had mortgaged the Mount Vernon estate for $400,000. Encloses a copy of the certificate of the appraiser as entered in 1810.","Is returning the papers lent to him and sending a copy of his book on Mount Vernon. Thanks him for the use of the papers.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Reminds her that his request for her lawyer to sift through an abstract of his title to Mount Vernon has not been complied with. This would answer questions raised by anonymous persons which have \"caused you some uneasiness.\"","Miss Cunningham wants to conclusively prove the falsehood of assertions of the invalidity of his title to the estate. The Clerk of Fairfax County will attest to the truth but wants to see his father's will and evidence of the payment of $6,000 charged to the estate. Looks forward to putting to rest this falsehood.","Is still waiting for the certificate from the Clerk of Fairfax County. That will give the \"lie to any slander of title.\" Is unable to visit due to his duties in the Legislature.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Miss Cunningham thanks him for sending the package of papers and hopes to be able to write herself in a few days about other matters.","Thanks him for sending the papers. Does not appear from them that \"Mrs. Washington emancipated the dower negroes.\" Requests more information on that point.","Sees that Miss Cunningham has published an abstract of title furnished her by the Clerk of Fairfax Court, so imagines she will not require further information. Will soon return the other papers.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Has forwarded to her a package of papers which he recovered, apparently detailing the kinds and locations of trees planted at Mount Vernon.","Tells her his lack of response to her letter is due to being away most of the month and having visits from friends, possibly for the last time at Mount Vernon. Pointed out the lines of the old vistas marked by ancient trees. The insurance policies he had were on the house only, not the outbuildings. Recommends she make a new road. Also recommends repairing the wharf.","Sends a newspaper copy of an advertisement she placed wishing to obtain a copy of the photograph taken the previous August at the tomb of Washington which included her daughter, now deceased. She would like to know if she could obtain a list of the attendees of that day so she might write and request this as it is the only photograph of her daughter.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Tells her the Association still must raise $140,000 to support the Estate which will require extraordinary effort on the part of the Association. Asks her to address visitors at Mount Vernon on the imperative nature of this.","(Typed transcription enclosed – labeled Private) Wants to arrange a \"Grand Ceremonial in connection with the taking of the title\" in order to let people know fund raising is not complete after the purchase. Refers to political turmoil and the impending dissolution of the Union and all the difficulties this will cause. Plans to be at Mount Vernon for 10 days and wants to meet with him to finalize things.","He is fine with executing a deed for the sale of Mount Vernon to the Association and feels there would be no difficulty in the event of his death. He worries about Virginia's seceding from the Union that she might object to selling part of her soil to a corporation composed \"in part of unfriendly foreigners.\"","(Typed transcription enclosed) Miss Cunningham is gratified that he concurs in her proposition and feels her decease would be the most serious difficulty to be apprehended. Wants to meet him at Mount Vernon to place the deed in escrow. Does not feel the possibilities for Virginia he suggested would form a significant barrier.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Encloses an order to Mr. Riggs for steamboat receipts through December 31st. Would be happy to meet her at Mount Vernon.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Encloses the order on Mr. Bryan for the steamboat receipts. Has been paying insurance which continues until June next and has deducted that from the receipts.","Acknowledges his letter but does not need receipts for premiums of insurance.","Reports that Mr. Herbert only wants to clear the lot of land offered him. Also Mr. Norris has rented out his farm. Turner is not sure where he moved to in Kentucky. Discusses acquisition of material to make shirts for servants.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Had not replied to his earlier letter due to excessive fatigue from her journey from Columbia. Hopes to use patriotic influence to get the \"Agent\" to remit or reduce his fee.","Tells him of a minister who will be in Alexandria and is looking for a vacant church where he could officiate.","Funeral was conducted at Waveland. There is a description of the body and the family. Invoked the Gospel. JAW began family prayers following the death of his wife. Description of his activities over the following days.","Asks Mrs. Howard for a biographical sketch of her father (John Augustine Washington III) for the National Cyclopedia of American Biography.","Two leaflets advertising the writings of Dr. Lyon G. Tyler.","Full title \"A Confederate catechism: The war of 1861-1865.\" Third edition, November 21, 1929. Series of 20 questions and answers about the war.","Wants to know whether the Ladies will discuss the purchase of the pictures and maps he has been offering. He will offer them elsewhere.","Photographic print, cabinet card of a drawing of the east view of the Mansion by unknown artist. Reverse side of card reads \"D.H. Naramore, Photographer, No. 321 King Street, Alexandria, VA.\"","Small engraving probably clipped from a publication. Unknown location or residence shown in image.","Hair clippings in envelope with note \"Hair of the late Lawrence Washington - 1856 - Found among articles bequested to MVLA by Miss Cunningham. Miss Comegys, Regent (1923) directs Supt. to send this to the widow of Mr. Lawrence W.\"","Small black and white photographic print showing the gravestone for Lt. Col. John Augustine Washington.","Black and white photographic print mounted on gray board. Shows Waveland residence with man, two women, and several children visible (unidentified).","Boston: Published by Charles Bowen. Front page signed \"Jane C. Washington, Mount Vernon, 1834.\"","Diary inscribed \"Account of all my recpts. \u0026 expenditures beginning with Sept. 16th, 1841, that being the date at which I came to Mount Vernon to reside.\" There are intermittent entries through November 1859. This is not as full a diary but includes lists of food, clothing, and china, table, and cookware.","Includes \"List of Negroes\" and Mount Vernon farming and maintenance details. Loose note at the front reads \"Extracts from the diary of my father\" with notes on this diary and previous ones.","Includes \"List of Negroes\" and Mount Vernon farming and maintenance details.","Photocopies of undated manuscripts from the collection.","Photocopies of manuscripts dated 1834-1838 from the collection.","Photocopies of manuscripts dated 1841-1845 from the collection.","Photocopies of manuscripts dated 1846-1849 from the collection.","Photocopies of manuscripts dated 1851-1853 from the collection.","Photocopies of manuscripts dated 1854-1855 from the collection.","Photocopies of manuscripts dated 1856-1857 from the collection.","Photocopies of manuscripts dated 1858 from the collection. (1 of 2)","Photocopies of manuscripts dated 1858 from the collection. (2 of 2)","Photocopies of manuscripts dated 1859 from the collection.","Photocopies of manuscripts dated 1860-1861 from the collection.","Handwritten notes probably by a librarian or other Mount Vernon staff member including summaries of the letters within the collection.","Special Collections at The George Washington Presidential Library at Mount Vernon","Washington, John Augustine, III, 1821-1861","Cunningham, Ann Pamela, 1816-1875","Ritchie, Anna Cora Mowatt, 1819-1870","Washington, Jane Charlotte Blackburn, 1786-1855","Lossing, Benson John, 1813-1891","Everett, Edward, 1794-1865","Washington, George Corbin, 1789-1854","Lewis, Lawrence, 1767-1839","Lewis, Eleanor Parke Custis, 1779-1852","Davis, Henry Winter, 1817-1865","Bassett, George Washington, 1800-1878","Johnson, Joseph, 1785-1877","Corcoran, W.W. (William Wilson), 1798-1888","Custis, George Washington Parke, 1781-1857","McKenzie, Lewis, 1810-1895","Cunningham, Louisa Bird, 1794-1873","Washington, Eleanor Love Selden, 1824-1860","Taylor, John L. (John Lampkin), 1805-1870","Sparks, Jared, 1789-1866","Washington, Bushrod C. (Bushrod Corbin), 1839-1919","Tyler, Nathaniel, 1828-1917","English \n. "],"unitid_tesim":["RM.848","/repositories/3/resources/65"],"normalized_title_ssm":["John Augustine Washington III and Mount Vernon Ladies' Association (MVLA) collection"],"collection_title_tesim":["John Augustine Washington III and Mount Vernon Ladies' Association (MVLA) collection"],"collection_ssim":["John Augustine Washington III and Mount Vernon Ladies' Association (MVLA) collection"],"repository_ssm":["The George Washington Presidential Library at Mount Vernon"],"repository_ssim":["The George Washington Presidential Library at Mount Vernon"],"creator_ssm":["Washington, John Augustine, III, 1821-1861","Cunningham, Ann Pamela, 1816-1875","Ritchie, Anna Cora Mowatt, 1819-1870","Washington, Jane Charlotte Blackburn, 1786-1855","Lossing, Benson John, 1813-1891","Everett, Edward, 1794-1865"],"creator_ssim":["Washington, John Augustine, III, 1821-1861","Cunningham, Ann Pamela, 1816-1875","Ritchie, Anna Cora Mowatt, 1819-1870","Washington, Jane Charlotte Blackburn, 1786-1855","Lossing, Benson John, 1813-1891","Everett, Edward, 1794-1865"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Washington, John Augustine, III, 1821-1861","Cunningham, Ann Pamela, 1816-1875","Ritchie, Anna Cora Mowatt, 1819-1870","Washington, Jane Charlotte Blackburn, 1786-1855","Lossing, Benson John, 1813-1891","Everett, Edward, 1794-1865"],"creators_ssim":["Washington, John Augustine, III, 1821-1861","Cunningham, Ann Pamela, 1816-1875","Ritchie, Anna Cora Mowatt, 1819-1870","Washington, Jane Charlotte Blackburn, 1786-1855","Lossing, Benson John, 1813-1891","Everett, Edward, 1794-1865"],"has_online_content_ssim":["true"],"extent_ssm":["3 Linear Feet 7 boxes"],"extent_tesim":["3 Linear Feet 7 boxes"],"date_range_isim":[1834,1835,1836,1837,1838,1839,1840,1841,1842,1843,1844,1845,1846,1847,1848,1849,1850,1851,1852,1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection is open for research during scheduled appointments. Researchers must complete the Washington Library's Special Collections and Archives Registration Form before access is provided. The library reserves the right to restrict access to certain items for preservation purposes.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["This collection is open for research during scheduled appointments. Researchers must complete the Washington Library's Special Collections and Archives Registration Form before access is provided. The library reserves the right to restrict access to certain items for preservation purposes."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is arranged chronologically with undated material listed at the beginning in alphabetical order by folder title. Addenda, photocopies, and bound volumes are described at the end of the collection.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["The collection is arranged chronologically with undated material listed at the beginning in alphabetical order by folder title. Addenda, photocopies, and bound volumes are described at the end of the collection."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e(Taken from the Digital Encyclopedia entry by Matthew Costello, George Washington's Mount Vernon website)\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJohn Augustine Washington III was the great-grand nephew of George Washington and the last private owner of Mount Vernon. The fourth of five children, he was born on May 3, 1821 to John Augustine Washington II and Jane Charlotte Blackburn Washington. John Augustine spent his young childhood at his parents' Blakeley plantation near present day Charles Town, West Virginia, but after the deaths of Bushrod Washington and his wife Julia in 1829, the Mount Vernon estate became the possession of Bushrod's nephew, John Augustine Washington II. As the son of a wealthy Virginia planter, John Augustine enjoyed a comfortable lifestyle at Mount Vernon, developing interests in politics, hunting, and agriculture. After John Augustine Washington II passed away in June 1832, the estate was left to his widow Jane Charlotte, who vowed to maintain the estate to the best of her ability without involving her children's inheritances. While John Augustine Washington III preferred his more aristocratic pastimes, Jane insisted that he attend college after his father's death. He graduated from the University of Virginia in 1840, returning to Mount Vernon in September 1841 with a proposition to manage the estate for his mother. She agreed, loaning him twenty-two slaves and contracting his employment for five hundred dollars per year for seven years.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAs the oldest living male heir, John Augustine Washington III positioned himself to take possession of Mount Vernon from his mother. While she did not pass away until 1855, she gave John Augustine the proverbial keys to the kingdom, granting him full autonomy to run the plantation as he saw fit. However, John Augustine quickly realized that the deteriorating Mount Vernon estate was a far cry from the profitable plantation that his great-great uncle George Washington once presided over. His primary means of income came from wheat and potato production, woodcutting, selling slaves and outsourcing slave labor, collecting land rents, and his herring operation on the Potomac River. However, soil degradation, poor harvests, temperamental weather, and the devastation of crops by insects and pests limited his agricultural returns. While he managed to slow Mount Vernon's financial decline, these endeavors were not enough to stop the downward spiral. In addition to facing these hardships, John Augustine also experienced constant interruptions by sightseers, many of whom wanted the meet the living descendent of General George Washington, see the Mansion, and ask questions about Washington's life. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThese visitors were considered a nuisance to John Augustine's family, and their presence slowed plantation work for slaves, overseers, and hired farm laborers. Initially John Augustine followed the precedential policies of his mother, father, and uncle Bushrod, publishing trespassing notices around the property, requesting letters of introduction to enter the Mansion, and denying the landing of steamboats on the Potomac River. But with his lands yielding such little profit, John Augustine decided to embrace this historical tourism, implementing business strategies to extract money from the thousands of visitors who journeyed to the home of George Washington. In order to bring more people to the estate, he entered into a contract with the proprietors of the Thomas Collyer to permit their steamboat to dock directly at Mount Vernon. He also promoted and invested in the construction of the Alexandria, Mount Vernon, and Accotink Turnpike Road, which was designed to make travel easier to Mount Vernon over land. As more visitors descended upon the grounds, he instructed slaves and laborers to sell bouquets of flowers, fruit, milk, and hand-carved canes to tourists. Beyond the property boundaries, he went into business with James Crutchett, who purchased timber from the estate and manufactured wooden Washington trinkets near the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad depot in the nation's capital. While John Augustine Washington capitalized on the American fascination with George Washington, these sales were not substantial enough to convince him to retain Mount Vernon. He attempted to sell the property to both the federal government and the state of Virginia, but both bodies were deeply mired in sectional and political partisanship. Convinced that neither would meet his terms, he agreed to sell 200 acres of the Mount Vernon estate, which included the Mansion, outlying buildings, and the family tomb to the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association (MVLA) in 1858 for $200,000. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJohn Augustine and his family vacated Mount Vernon for their new home Waveland plantation in February 1860. About a year later the state of Virginia called for a convention to debate the issue of secession, and in April 1861, Virginia delegates responded to the firing on Fort Sumter by voting in favor of leaving the Union. John Augustine joined the Confederate Army as a lieutenant colonel, and he served as aide-de-camp to his relative by marriage, General Robert E. Lee. In September 1861, John Augustine was killed during a reconnaissance mission at the Battle of Cheat Mountain by a Union bushwhacker. In a letter to John's teenage daughter Louisa, Lee painfully informed her that her father \"fell in the cause to which he had devoted all his energies, and which his noble heart was earnestly enlisted.\" The two men had shared many conversations and moments together as tent mates, and Lee admired his unflinching \"devotion to Almighty God,\" assuring Louisa that \"He is now safely in Heaven.\" John Augustine was buried in the Zion Episcopal Churchyard in Charles Town, West Virginia, one of several Washington family members who fought and died for Southern independence. \u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["(Taken from the Digital Encyclopedia entry by Matthew Costello, George Washington's Mount Vernon website)","John Augustine Washington III was the great-grand nephew of George Washington and the last private owner of Mount Vernon. The fourth of five children, he was born on May 3, 1821 to John Augustine Washington II and Jane Charlotte Blackburn Washington. John Augustine spent his young childhood at his parents' Blakeley plantation near present day Charles Town, West Virginia, but after the deaths of Bushrod Washington and his wife Julia in 1829, the Mount Vernon estate became the possession of Bushrod's nephew, John Augustine Washington II. As the son of a wealthy Virginia planter, John Augustine enjoyed a comfortable lifestyle at Mount Vernon, developing interests in politics, hunting, and agriculture. After John Augustine Washington II passed away in June 1832, the estate was left to his widow Jane Charlotte, who vowed to maintain the estate to the best of her ability without involving her children's inheritances. While John Augustine Washington III preferred his more aristocratic pastimes, Jane insisted that he attend college after his father's death. He graduated from the University of Virginia in 1840, returning to Mount Vernon in September 1841 with a proposition to manage the estate for his mother. She agreed, loaning him twenty-two slaves and contracting his employment for five hundred dollars per year for seven years.","As the oldest living male heir, John Augustine Washington III positioned himself to take possession of Mount Vernon from his mother. While she did not pass away until 1855, she gave John Augustine the proverbial keys to the kingdom, granting him full autonomy to run the plantation as he saw fit. However, John Augustine quickly realized that the deteriorating Mount Vernon estate was a far cry from the profitable plantation that his great-great uncle George Washington once presided over. His primary means of income came from wheat and potato production, woodcutting, selling slaves and outsourcing slave labor, collecting land rents, and his herring operation on the Potomac River. However, soil degradation, poor harvests, temperamental weather, and the devastation of crops by insects and pests limited his agricultural returns. While he managed to slow Mount Vernon's financial decline, these endeavors were not enough to stop the downward spiral. In addition to facing these hardships, John Augustine also experienced constant interruptions by sightseers, many of whom wanted the meet the living descendent of General George Washington, see the Mansion, and ask questions about Washington's life. ","These visitors were considered a nuisance to John Augustine's family, and their presence slowed plantation work for slaves, overseers, and hired farm laborers. Initially John Augustine followed the precedential policies of his mother, father, and uncle Bushrod, publishing trespassing notices around the property, requesting letters of introduction to enter the Mansion, and denying the landing of steamboats on the Potomac River. But with his lands yielding such little profit, John Augustine decided to embrace this historical tourism, implementing business strategies to extract money from the thousands of visitors who journeyed to the home of George Washington. In order to bring more people to the estate, he entered into a contract with the proprietors of the Thomas Collyer to permit their steamboat to dock directly at Mount Vernon. He also promoted and invested in the construction of the Alexandria, Mount Vernon, and Accotink Turnpike Road, which was designed to make travel easier to Mount Vernon over land. As more visitors descended upon the grounds, he instructed slaves and laborers to sell bouquets of flowers, fruit, milk, and hand-carved canes to tourists. Beyond the property boundaries, he went into business with James Crutchett, who purchased timber from the estate and manufactured wooden Washington trinkets near the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad depot in the nation's capital. While John Augustine Washington capitalized on the American fascination with George Washington, these sales were not substantial enough to convince him to retain Mount Vernon. He attempted to sell the property to both the federal government and the state of Virginia, but both bodies were deeply mired in sectional and political partisanship. Convinced that neither would meet his terms, he agreed to sell 200 acres of the Mount Vernon estate, which included the Mansion, outlying buildings, and the family tomb to the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association (MVLA) in 1858 for $200,000. ","John Augustine and his family vacated Mount Vernon for their new home Waveland plantation in February 1860. About a year later the state of Virginia called for a convention to debate the issue of secession, and in April 1861, Virginia delegates responded to the firing on Fort Sumter by voting in favor of leaving the Union. John Augustine joined the Confederate Army as a lieutenant colonel, and he served as aide-de-camp to his relative by marriage, General Robert E. Lee. In September 1861, John Augustine was killed during a reconnaissance mission at the Battle of Cheat Mountain by a Union bushwhacker. In a letter to John's teenage daughter Louisa, Lee painfully informed her that her father \"fell in the cause to which he had devoted all his energies, and which his noble heart was earnestly enlisted.\" The two men had shared many conversations and moments together as tent mates, and Lee admired his unflinching \"devotion to Almighty God,\" assuring Louisa that \"He is now safely in Heaven.\" John Augustine was buried in the Zion Episcopal Churchyard in Charles Town, West Virginia, one of several Washington family members who fought and died for Southern independence. "],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[Name and date of item], John Augustine Washington III and Mount Vernon Ladies' Association (MVLA) Collection, [Folder], Special Collections, The George Washington Presidential Library at Mount Vernon [hereafter Washington Library], Mount Vernon, Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["[Name and date of item], John Augustine Washington III and Mount Vernon Ladies' Association (MVLA) Collection, [Folder], Special Collections, The George Washington Presidential Library at Mount Vernon [hereafter Washington Library], Mount Vernon, Virginia."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis diary may not actually be part of accession RM-848 as it is not mentioned in the initial inventory/correspondence. However, it was in the same box as the other diaries and the almanac when found on the shelf, therefore it was described with the collection.\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["This diary may not actually be part of accession RM-848 as it is not mentioned in the initial inventory/correspondence. However, it was in the same box as the other diaries and the almanac when found on the shelf, therefore it was described with the collection."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eEarly Records of the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association ;\nPapers of the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association ;\nJohn Augustine Washington III and Eleanor Love Selden Correspondence ;\nJohn Augustine Washington III and Descendants Papers ;\nHistoric Manuscripts Collection\u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Materials"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["Early Records of the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association ;\nPapers of the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association ;\nJohn Augustine Washington III and Eleanor Love Selden Correspondence ;\nJohn Augustine Washington III and Descendants Papers ;\nHistoric Manuscripts Collection"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection concerns the inheritance, maintenance, and sale of the Mount Vernon estate by its last private owner, John Augustine Washington III. A large majority of the collection is correspondence to or from John Augustine Washington III with a significant portion relating to the purchase of the estate by the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association. Three diaries kept by John Augustine are also included and contain important information about his slaves, agricultural practices, and finances. Other types of material in the collection include legal documents, receipts, photographs, and ephemera. Photocopies were made for most of the manuscripts and can be viewed as surrogates to the originals. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eDescendants of John Augustine Washington III maintained ownership of these records until 1990 when they were sold to Gary Hendershott, a manuscripts dealer from Little Rock, Arkansas. The Mount Vernon Ladies' Association purchased the collection in October 1990.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eLists signatures and states that all members of Congress would sign if requested.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eStates they are now the \"best of friends.\" She is angry at people who denigrate his motives. Wants to make known his true nature.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Ritchie requests he arrive at the theatre a little after 12:00 so all guests may be seated prior to the rise of the curtain.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eShe had sent her present of flowers to Mrs. Madison, and they were \"greatfully\" received.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHis mother wants help valuing her sheep. Describes one offer for Mount Vernon with great disdain. They want to have entertainments there. He has great respect for \"your manly pride.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eApologizes for having intruded too much on his privacy during a recent visit when Mrs. Ritchie and others of the ladies \"took forcible possession of me\" and requested cuttings of flowers. Hopes he will establish a Botanic Garden and suggests a location for a Mausoleum.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDescribes her return from Mount Vernon in much rain. Discusses crops. Gives instructions for sending things to her. Asks report of conversation that was \"highly derogatory to me.\" Feels items should be sold to visitors so they will not pilfer mementos.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eUrges sale of Mount Vernon to Virginia rather than to a private sale.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eResolution wants to change the site of the Military Asylum to Mount Vernon if a part of the estate can be purchased at a reasonable price.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIntroduces some friends who wish to visit Mount Vernon.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eGives family news and an account of a visit by a gentleman who spent the night at Mount Vernon and gave $5 to West Ford. Discusses sale of a slave to his cousin. Has heard of a bill by the federal government to purchase Mount Vernon and wishes it would be accepted. Mentions prices and terms.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIs sending oats and other items to Mount Vernon. Urges him to pursue his studies. Wishes him to send some oysters and sugar.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSends funds for completing the vault at Mount Vernon and authorizes him to take more money from his bank if necessary.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThanks him for the many civilities experienced by them during their visit to Mount Vernon. Sends a piece of a branch of a fig tree cut from the birth spot of \"your immortal ancestor.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIs against his plans for Mount Vernon and opening it to \"every low idler.\" Discusses payments and what form they would take.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBrief note of regards, translated by J. Perkins.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHeard about people being charged to enter the garden. Wishes he would stop this.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWants to know price and terms of sale of Mount Vernon. If not for sale, could it be leased. (Contains typed transcript.)\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWas glad to hear that Mount Vernon was not for sale as it should remain in the hands of the Washington family. Wishes to \"establish a house of entertainment in the vicinity of Mount Vernon.\" Asks questions as to materials and location of such. (Contains typed transcript.)\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIs in the market to purchase negroes as one of his men, Alfred, has run off. Wants to know whether she still wishes to dispose of her negroes and what her price would be. He could pay $500 cash and then pay off the principal in a year or two.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eLists names of executors and legatees and their shares and values.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTells him of an upcoming visit to Washington and Mount Vernon by a \"highly respectable volunteer corps.\" They wish to arrive by boat and see the tomb of Washington. He understands permission to do so is necessary.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIs worried his health is suffering by his labors at Mount Vernon. Hopes he will accept any reasonable offer by the U.S. Government for it. Went into town to have magistrates witness her acknowledgment of the deed of release. Discusses a suit brought by Judge Douglass and the health of various family members.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDoubts whether an offer will be made by the U.S. Government. Hopes it would as she feels his health is suffering from attending to business at Mount Vernon. Recommends someone to help him acquire an overseer. Was paid money for him. Discusses the failing health of Dr. Alexander's mother and others.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIs horrified to learn of auction of Wood Lawn. Proposes to run a steamboat between Washington to Wood Lawn, Fort Washington, Mount Vernon, and the White House. Gives references. Pledges to bring members of Congress there and feels it would enhance the chances of the purchase of Mount Vernon by the government. Suggests it could be used as a summer home for the President. Discusses various items left by Washington and the soon to be completed Chesapeake \u0026amp; Ohio Canal. (contains typed transcript)\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTells him of a letter he received from an unknown man who wants to obtain a tree from Mount Vernon to transplant in France to shade the bench of Christopher Columbus which he possesses.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eRecommends leaving it to Congress to propose a price for the purchase of Mount Vernon. She feels he wants too much for it, and that it really should not be sold. Gives family news. Gives advice on his search for an overseer.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFirst letter discusses the Supreme Court taking on the suit of Mr. Hammond against General Washington. Bassett says he discharged all debts owed by Captain Lewis. There is another copy of the names of executors and legatees and their shares and values. Discussions of various debts owed to different people.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDiscusses various suits, mostly Hammonds, against the estate and their current status. Many people have died since 1827 when they were last listed. Will take a long time to find people.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDiscussion of the Hammond suit and payments still owed to various creditors, to be paid by all the legatees of General Washington's estate. Most dollar figures are left blank to be filled in later. Prompt payment by all legatees is required.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDiscusses his father's will and his lack of knowledge of the whereabouts of various other people mentioned in JAW's letter.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAnswering his inquiries as to various relatives. Suggests he write to the clerk of Kanawha County for the information he requires. Suggests he contact Andrew Parks who probably has all the facts.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDiscusses sale of swamp land. He paid the taxes on it for the Washington heirs. The land is not worth much since the timber had been taken from it by many people over the years. Would like to be reimbursed for the money he paid.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHe wishes to meet with him in the middle of November, at which time they can conclude their business.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDiscusses the bill in Congress to purchase Mount Vernon. Wants assets divided up between her children so all are taken care of. Tells of Charles' upcoming marriage before he leaves for California.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDiscusses the codicil of his father's will. Mrs. Washington is not compelled to sell. Upon her death, the heirs may sell despite the codicil. Suggests Mrs. Washington partition the land before her death in order that JAW may do \"what you please with the land.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eInvites him to the wedding of his oldest daughter the next week.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHas been in Charlestown attending services for the week. Is amazed at the prospect of $200,000 being paid for Mount Vernon by the government. Wants him to send fish and to pickle some \"Rock.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription included) George Page and a surveyor from Maryland wanted to survey land in the Potomac River adjacent to Mount Vernon with the object of bringing steamboats there. Was notified he would be charged with some offense by Maryland. Makes him aware that the compact between the states means they have no claim on him.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFirst letter – wants to know if Mount Vernon Estate will be sold. Second letter – understands the government might become the owner of the estate and wants to meet.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWants him to petition the Court to finally settle the estate of General Washington.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFirst letter – wants to examine Mount Vernon with a view to the establishment of a military asylum for the relief of soldiers. Second letter – tells him the price for Mount Vernon is too high, and purchase of a location nearer Washington will be undertaken.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAn account by a boat company of receipts over the past year.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDiscusses the landing of boats at Mount Vernon without JAW's previous knowledge. Wants them to be allowed to dock if they pay the usual fare to him.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAcknowledges payment for the pianoforte. Wants four walking sticks cut from near General Washington's tomb to be sent to monks in Italy.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAgreement to sell 200 acres of Mount Vernon for $200,000. Includes all buildings and the tomb, as well as furnishings currently there. Also will allow heirs to be buried there. He may not sell the estate without first offering it to the U.S. Government and the State of Virginia for no more than $350,000.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHas been unable to contact other parties to the contract. Hopes to be able to do so soon.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA committee of the House of Delegates has been appointed to consider the purchase of Mount Vernon. Wants to meet him in Alexandria to discuss this.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eEncloses a newspaper clipping about the acquisition of Mount Vernon by the State of Virginia. Tells him the committee of five will look into the will of the people as to this acquisition.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAddressed only to \"Mrs. Washington.\" Unclear whether it is addressed to Mrs. Jane C.B. Washington or Mrs. Eleanor L.S. Washington. (Typed transcription included) Has heard that Mount Vernon is for sale, possibly to northern people. Feels the Ladies of the South might instead procure it and wants to know the price.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDoes not wish to part with Mount Vernon but wishes to keep it from the changeable fortunes of a family and to ally it to the State. Would sell 200 acres with stipulations for $200,000. If the State wants to establish a model farm there, he would sell an additional 1,000 acres for $300,000. Invites them to visit.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDiscusses his offer to sell Mount Vernon to the state. Says $200,000 is less than the property could sell for on the market. Talks about having a model farm as nothing meant more to Washington than farming. Would welcome them to visit. Reminds them that his terms cannot be materially modified.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription included) Says he is asking less money of the state than he had been offered by others. Tells them of his desire for a model farm as the pursuit of an improved system of agriculture was of great importance to General Washington. Would welcome a visit from them.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWants to clear up suggestions that he is falsely referring to higher offers for Mount Vernon.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe Committee feels the price for Mount Vernon \"is enormous.\" Would prefer the money to be used for a rail road.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDraft in writing of John Augustine Washington III. Addressed to \"Miss Cunningham\" but could also be a response to Louisa Cunningham's letter instead of Ann Pamela Cunningham. Praises the women of the south for their affection for Washington. Does not wish to dispose of the property except to the government of the United States or Virginia and so declines the proposition from the \"Ladies of the South.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDraft thought to be in the writing of Jane C.B. Washington. Identical text to previous letter (draft in the hand of John Augustine Washington III).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eEncloses a power of attorney and some other letters. Has agreed to reduction of $50,000 on 1000 acres. Will accept nothing less than $200,000 for the 200 acres. Agrees to pay him 5% of what he gets from either government agency, provided it occurs in the current session.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe state might be willing to pay $50,000 per year for four years for Mount Vernon but not the total of $200,000 at once. Wonders what is happening with the federal government. \"Things are coming to a head rapidly.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAs long as negotiations with Virginia remain open, it would not be proper for him to entertain any proposals from other parties for the purchase of Mount Vernon. Might be interested in the future in making an offer.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFeels priority should be given to Congress to purchase Mount Vernon, and therefore Virginia is holding off on more committee meetings. Wants him to be there for future committee meetings.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eUrges him to meet with Arthur Taylor as his representative in the proposed sale of Mount Vernon. Requests that he not send papers to Col. Bissell before meeting with him.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHas the papers from Mr. Washington and wants to meet with him to discuss the sale of Mount Vernon to the U.S. Government.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAssures him that he has not given the letters from him to Mr. Bissell and has requested Mr. Taylor to come see him.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eEncloses the previous letter and hopes they will be able to meet soon. Feels it best to not commit to any course with the U.S. until a definite answer comes from the Virginia Legislature.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eInvites him to come to his lodgings at any time at 9 a.m.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIs unable to return to his \"hospitable roof\" at this time. Values the time she was there and having been \"entrusted with the training of such bright intelligences.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eReports on his share of earnings from \"Washington's Writings.\" Many copies of the book were destroyed in a fire, but the stereotype and engraved plates were in a fire proof vault.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFeels it is very important for him to communicate with the federal government and is willing to help in any way.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMr. Taylor shared his letter proposing to bring the subject of the purchase of Mount Vernon again before Congress. His terms are already known to him – the same as those agreed to for the State of Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWants to bring up the purchase of Mount Vernon in Congress but wants to know just what terms he agreed to with Virginia. Wants the Northern States to purchase it.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eGives terms of sale, including that family members still living may also be buried there. Additional property to total 1000 acres may be purchased for $300,000, for a model farm as suggested by Gen. Washington. Tells him the state of Virginia had proposed the sale for less than he wanted which he refused.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eEncloses a copy of the bill reported to the House of Delegates Committee for the purchase of Mount Vernon. He told them it would not meet with JAW's approval. Urges him to move quickly on the Turnpike matter for this session.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIs very desirous of having the State of Virginia take possession of Mount Vernon and \"have the sole control and ownership forever.\" Wants to know what terms he proposes.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eGives him the terms of sale. The Washington family shall be permitted to be buried on the site, and no remains shall ever be disturbed. The price shall be $200,000, with an additional 800 acres available for $100,000 more\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWill not accede to propositions of the steamboat company. Will be busy for a few weeks but wants to see a copy of the agreement currently in effect.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTells him of Mrs. Mason presenting \"a remonstrance against your turnpike.\" Wants access to $250 at Farmers Bank in Alexandria.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDiscusses payments based on sales of \"Washington's Writings.\" Tells percentages paid to various legatees.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDiscusses quarrelling and squabbling among the ladies purchasing Mount Vernon. Is concerned about security around the remains of George Washington.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWants him to send a letter to him so he may correct disparaging remarks made about his impending sale of Mount Vernon.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIs writing to her as requested by JAW. Describes a woman mourning her deceased eight-year-old son. Includes a poem about grief and moving on after death of a child.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Mr. Mason very much wants to meet him and getting a letter from JAW that would announce the news of their \"progress.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Thanks him for the kindness of him and Mrs. Washington on her recent visit to Mount Vernon. Urges him to send a letter to be published about the sale of Mount Vernon before the news is released by someone else.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Assures her he does not care what others say about him and remains hopeful of selling Mount Vernon to the State of Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Explains the absence of Mr. Toombs when JAW came to see him. Tells him why she is now dealing with Mr. Toombs rather than Mr. Mason.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Hopes to meet him in Washington City as she will be there for a few days during her travel south. Wants a thorough understanding of his wishes and intentions before meeting with the governor of Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWants him to reconsider his determination as expressed in his letter in the National Intelligencer and put the estate under the care of the State of Virginia. (This is a copy of a letter written by Anna's husband.) Second letter, dated March 5, 1857 on same paper: Refers to letter copied out by her. Is certain a sufficient sum will have been raised by February 22 to enable Virginia to purchase Mount Vernon.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eUrges him to reconsider his determination as expressed in his letter to the National Intelligencer and consent to place the estate once more at the disposal of Virginia which has an arrangement with the \"Ladies' Mount Vernon Association of the Union.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHis musical association played a concert on behalf of the \"Ladies Mt. Vernon Association\" at which $100 was raised. The musical group would benefit greatly from receiving this money back if Mr. Washington has no plans to sell to the Ladies Association.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWould love to spend time at Mount Vernon, but his schedule will not allow at this time. His book will be published during the winter and spring, but he doesn't feel a visit would add anything.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHe remains willing to place Mount Vernon in the hands of the State of Virginia, under his terms which the state has not seemed to want to meet. The proposal to have Mount Vernon by under the Mount Vernon Ladies Association of the Union is unacceptable to him. Doubts they could maintain the estate in perpetuity. It would then be taken over by the state.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Identical to previous letter.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Responding to his letter to Mr. Ritchie. Urges him to put out that the Ladies are to raise $200,000 on behalf of the State of Virginia for the purchase of Mount Vernon.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Does not wish to publish parts of letters. Feels \"nothing but silent contempt can put them at rest.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(W.L. Underwood – most likely Warner Lewis Underwood, Kentucky Senator) Tells JAW that if his current negotiations for Mount Vernon should fall through that his organization would be pleased to enter into further discussions.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAgain says he wishes Mount Vernon to go to the State of Virginia, to be decided upon by the current session of the General Assembly.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Wants to know who told her that he was \"willing… for a pecuniary consideration to break engagements and promises.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe Masonic Brotherhood is interested in purchasing Mount Vernon. Thanks him for the tour the previous day. Apologizes for the bad behavior of one member and hopes that will not prejudice him against the Fraternity.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) She met with the governor who told her the \"Extra Session\" of the Legislature was for the \"presidential contest,\" so the Legislature will not be meeting again until the next winter. Realizes this delay is not pleasing to him.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eInquires whether any action has been taken by the Legislature or is likely to be.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTells him no action has yet been taken by the Legislature but feels sure it will be taken up after the Christmas recess, after which the ladies will be enabled to purchase Mount Vernon and have its title transferred to Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDiscusses various prices for Mount Vernon and quotes JAW as vehemently denying that he wanted the remains of General Washington moved. He wishes the estate to be the property of the United States and all the people.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Tells him she has been very ill but is sure that the Legislature will act.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Labeled as Private. Tells him Gov. Wise is \"inimical to our 'cause'\" which is the reason the Legislature has not taken up the subject of the purchase of Mount Vernon.\" Talks of the financial crisis which is being felt by \"we victimized cotton planters.\" Tells him of the impending sale of copies of a portrait of Washington.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) She writes of her illness and lack of strength. The Constitution of the Association was signed by the governor. Tells him various Masonic orders have decided to become allies of the Association. Hopes to have the contract signed between Virginia and him on the 22nd of February.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eInvites recipient to the elevation of the Statue of Washington on February 22 in Richmond.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Labeled as Private. Is looking forward to the inauguration of the Washington statue. Wants him to vow that the Ladies of the Association are the \"very best friends you have in the world.\" Tells him that Gov. Wise is no friend to him or to her and this cause.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Has a document that states Virginia will purchase Mount Vernon from him and encloses a copy of the bill. Is sure the governor will act strongly to defeat this. Wants him to attend the address by Mr. Everett a few days before the 22nd of February. Tells him how lucky he is to get $200,000 in \"these awful times.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eGives price of sale of $200,000 for 200 acres of the Mount Vernon estate and pledges the MVLA to guarantee to not disturb any remains currently there and to allow descendants of JAW to also be interred there.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Praises him for agreeing that Mount Vernon is to be a public shrine and to limit interments there. Gen. Chapman included that in the third reading of the bill. Discusses the building of a new mausoleum for Washington which would not go against his will. Talks of her illness.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Tells her the disposition of family remains, as well as those of General Washington, are his biggest concerns in the sale.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Hopes he is happy about the bill as read in the Legislature. Tells him it is she and not the Committee who wants to arrange for a magnificent mausoleum. Closes by saying she is too exhausted to \"even give a hint of the nature of woman's revenge should you not be in a state of delight over our bill!!!\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Remains adamant as to a future mausoleum as Washington stated where he wished his remains to be. Cannot travel to Richmond at present due to the illness of Mrs. Washington.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Agreement ends with reference to the 10th of February) Deals with payment of $6,000 to heirs of W.F. Alexander and Anna Alexander as a share of Mount Vernon. Expressly says none of these heirs have any claim to the proceeds arising from a sale of Mount Vernon, other than the $6,000.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Tells him that though Gov. Wise is no friend to the Mount Vernon cause, he did not intend to put his remarks under the head of Lunatic Asylum. It was a complete accident.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Encloses another article by Mr. Pryor who is \"using his art to arouse the fear, \u0026amp; cupidity of the timid \u0026amp; narrow minded of this Legislature.\" Asks him about his previous offer from a company to purchase the estate, and that he wanted to wait for Congress to act.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) States that his price for Mount Vernon has always been $200,000, since he gained control of it in 1849. Asks whether he ever made an offer for Mount Vernon for $100,000. If so, under whose authority was it made?\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Wants to confirm with him that his offer to sell Mount Vernon as a site for the Military Asylum in 1851 was for $200,000 and not $100,000.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Tells her of a contract with a gentleman to sell him 200 acres of Mount Vernon for $200,000 with the condition that the property should be offered to the U.S. and to Virginia. If neither purchased it, he should take the property. He then offered $50,000 to release him from that obligation, but JAW refused. Says he never has offered it for sale in public or private.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSays he was authorized by JAW to offer Mount Vernon for a Military Asylum for $100,000. Will search for papers to confirm this.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Advises that on March 25, 1851, he made an offer to sell about 150 acres of the Mount Vernon estate for $200,000 for an Army Asylum or some other government purpose.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Labeled as Private. Thanks him for sending a copy of the correspondence of Gen. Scott. Miss C. is intensely engaged in getting past Mr. Pryor's malicious misrepresentation of the Bill. If he can defeat us, he will.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eReiterates that Alexander and his heirs have no claim to any proceeds arising from a sale of Mount Vernon beyond the agreed upon $6,000 and requests him to add a paragraph to that effect to the agreement they will both sign.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Wants him to come see her in Richmond, despite his recent fall. Refers to the animosity of Mr. Pryor toward the bill. Wishes there could be an Extra Session for it to pass.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAgain states his disagreement with Mr. McKenzie's assertion of his having offered $100,000 for Mount Vernon. No one else knew of such an offer. Gen. Scott agrees with JAW in his recollections. Tells her of a recent fall from a horse which will prevent his visit to Richmond on the 22nd.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eUrges him and his family to attend the inauguration of the equestrian statue of Washington on the Capital Square in Richmond. Says he would be pleased to host them at their home near the city.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Is uncertain whether he will be able to travel to Richmond and wants her to update him on matters related to the Bill as \"I have not in any manner approached\" any of his friends or acquaintances on the subject. It is important for her to convince members that the association only needs the name of the State which will not be called upon to pay any of the money for the purchase.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Miss Cunningham begs him to attend Mr. Everett's oration and hopes to speak to him on the Square tomorrow.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Continues to be unwell. Introduces him to Mr. A.H.H. Dawson of Georgia, \"an eccentric genius.\" He is devoted to the purposes of the Association and has delivered an address about it in 30 towns in Georgia. Urges him to come to Richmond to meet with members of the Legislature.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Is sorry he was unable to call on her before leaving Richmond. Wants clarification about alterations Mr. Yancy thought necessary in the paper he left with her. He wants a decision by the Legislature, yes or no, soon.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Tells him that the Legislature is \"in a row\" and will not pass any bills before an Extra Session. Wants him to bring a contract to her so they are prepared for any contingencies. Tells him of her illness of the lungs and her treatment.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Reiterates the importance of the sanctity of the family burying ground. Wants to have some alterations and additions of a substantial permanent character made to the present vault, with a durable enclosure around it. He is open to payment in stocks or cash for the estate. Says they should have an act of incorporation before signing a contract.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Gen. Chapman was drawing up an act of incorporation before the bill comes up. He said Virginia must not hold the tomb; the Association must hold it. She remains very ill. \"yrs in much suffering\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIs preparing a pamphlet to defend JAW against detractors and wants copies of correspondence he had with Gen. Scott and others about possible purchase of Mount Vernon.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) The bill in Virginia for the purchase of Mount Vernon, to be refunded by the MVLA, was defeated in the House of Delegates. In addition Congress cannot purchase land in a sovereign state without its consent. Tells him it should be the property of the Nation and should be sold to the MVLA. \"With grateful women pledged to guard the sacred ashes of Washington and to adorn his home for a national shrine.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Says it has become obvious that neither Virginia nor the U.S. wish to purchase Mount Vernon. Therefore \"the women of the land will probably be the safest as they will certainly be the purest guardians of a national shrine.\" He waits for her to make a proposal to him.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Miss Cunningham requests that he answer the letter she gave him relating to the purchase of Mount Vernon and to return it to her. She will give him a copy.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Is returning her letter to him as it seemed to be improperly dated and lacked her signature. When she remedies those defects, he will send an answer.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Wants to meet with him on Saturday morning in Alexandria to sign the contract.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Is very unhappy about delays put forth by Messrs. Macfarland \u0026amp; Myers. They felt there had to be an acceptance of the contract by all or a majority of the Vice Regents before it could be signed. They can do this by telegraph, permitting Mrs. Ritchie to act for them.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Urges him to come without delay. It was thought things would be delayed as Mrs. Walton's husband had died, but now Mr. McFarland advised them to send for him at once. Miss Cunningham is not good and needs to bring matters to a close \"ere it be too late.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Wants him to come see her that afternoon or evening as Dr. Beale \"considers it necessary to apply a severe blister without delay.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed – labeled Private) Upon reflection she feels the letter she sent him for publication is not to be published. She does not wish to \"make enemies even in a State which has given me so little cause to respect it.\" Mrs. Ritchie will work on a better worded one which she will send to him.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHe deposited money to his credit for the contract and wants to know if this was correct. Tells him the pony he was inquiring about is not for sale. Also felt much concern about the accounts of the fisheries. Looks forward to a visit with him.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Encloses the plat of the 200 acres of land he agreed to sell to the MVLA. Wants him to sign it and return it.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) About the plat, he is having the land resurveyed and \"have the necessary corners stones set.\" He will send it back with a signature after that. Also encloses her letter of March 12 and wants a copy of her letter as published with her signature.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWants to know if George Thorburn may visit Mount Vernon in the 28th of May to inspect the grounds in regards to the improvements to be made. He is \"no doubt the first horticulturist in America\" and a plain, unpolished person. It would be good for JAW's surveyor to meet with Mr. Thorburn to go over the grounds.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHe is \"exceedingly provoked\" at the newspaper coverage in connection with the sale of Mount Vernon. As a college friend he felt he had to contact an editor and correct the information. He hopes he did not make the situation worse.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAgain requests he host the \"celebrated florist\" at Mount Vernon to look over the grounds before they come to Mount Vernon on the 29th for a few hours.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAgrees to have Mr. Thorburn come and meet with surveyors. Asks if Mr. Thorburn could be appointed the Agent of the Association in drawing up with the surveyors the lines of the 200 acres. He will \"grant any reasonable request of the Association.\" Hopes to see Mr. Ritchie and her while he yet resides at Mount Vernon.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe first attests to receipt of interest on the $6,000 owed to Mrs. Jane Washington. \tThe second is for $2,000 as part of the $6,000 owed.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eUrges him to reduce the price of Mount Vernon to $150,000 so as to better fund all the expenses associated with its ownership by the MVLA. Tells him to buy land in \"some of the new states\" with that money.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWants to know what stocks or bonds would be acceptable as part of the purchase price. Gives the current rate of Virginia stock.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAcknowledges his decline to the proposition.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eReplying to a previous letter. Cannot answer the questions of Miss Lewis as he does not remember where Col. Fielding Lewis died. Her wishes are an illusion. Wonders if some land in Kentucky is what she is dreaming of. Hopes the Ladies will be able to preserve Mount Vernon after they complete the purchase.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAs a new Mason, wants to know if he will amend the contract to state that the property will revert to the United States or the Masonic Fraternity in the event of a dissolution of the MVLA and not to the state of Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWrites to her cousin about an article in the paper that morning that was a \"vile abolition libel on you.\" Wants to assure her lady friends that it is untrue.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIs involved in illustrating an article about Mount Vernon as it is of interest to the American people. Wants to visit to sketch objects that have not been drawn. The MVLA is in favor of such an article to assist with their fund raising.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIs amazed at the scurrilous attacks made on him by Northern Papers which are calculated to embarrass the Mount Vernon Association.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Thanks him for his letter about the calumnies in some Northern newspapers but has no desire to enter into a controversy with the papers.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed – labeled Private) Wants him to tell her of his agreement with Mr. Crutchett of Mount Vernon Cane Factory who was given permission to come and cut trees on the estate. Asks what value he puts on the remainder of the estate contiguous to the 200 acres.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Gives details of his contract with Mr. Crutchett which expired in February 1856. He was permitted to take more trees before January 1857. He has no right to \"come upon the property I have sold the Association to cut timber.\" Has not put a price on the remainder of Mount Vernon.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThanks him for the hospitality given to him and his sister on their visit to Mount Vernon.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Miss Cunningham was happy to hear his account of the transactions with Mr. Crutchett. Wants him to come to Philadelphia to confer upon private matters of great importance to the Association and himself. She is equally interested in the final settlement of the boundary lines.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFirst letter (incomplete) congratulates him on the sale of Mount Vernon. Requests return of portrait of his mother. Second letter thanks him for agreeing to return the portrait. He and his family would very much like to visit Mount Vernon again before it becomes public.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHopes he can come to Washington to meet with him. Wants Mr. Washington to stay with him to \"pay off the debt of visiting you at Mt. Vernon.\" Miss Cunningham is making arrangements to pay the first bond with interest in December.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed – labeled Private) Looks forward to making payment of the first installment. Mr. Riggs will pay sums of $5,000 as soon as it is raised. Hopes to be able to pay the remainder of 2d installment on 1st of January 1859. Begs him to keep these matters as a \"profound secret.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMiss Cunningham wants to make the first payment on December 14, the anniversary of Washington's death.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTells him of payment to Burke \u0026amp; Herbert of $10,000 on that day.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTells him the box containing the chairs has not yet arrived. He wants to be allowed to pay for the repairs necessary to the chairs. Invites him and his family to visit him in Richmond before they go farther away from it.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed – labeled Private) Wants to make the first payment on the 1st, but this is a holiday. Urges him not to risk sending the plat executed by Washington himself but to have it be lithographed. Wants to clear up the boundaries. Tells him to keep the discussion of the sale of additional land private.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWants to gather branches from the estate in order to make canes to sell to aid in the purchase of Mount Vernon.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTheir project would require the consent of the Regent of the MVLA.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed – labeled Confidential) Miss Cunningham is too ill to reply to his last letter. Lets him know his presence might be required on the 22nd but all arrangements must be kept private. The upcoming payment will be about $14,000.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Urges him to accept the money already paid to him (for the \"selling your relations bones.\") He already received more money than the estate was worth. Note on the letter states he ensured his control over the remains in \"such a way that they can never be sold by any one.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Does not want to go to Philadelphia unless it is absolutely necessary. He recently heard that Mrs. Esther M. Lewis (widow of Lorenzo Lewis) wants to present the harpsichord that was given to Nelly to the MVLA.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThanks him for copy of the inscription on a bust. He realized he had not copied the pencil sketch of the Destruction of the Bastille. Would JAW please have a photograph of it sent to him for an upcoming book on the history of Mount Vernon. Will send a copy of the book to him in September when it is published.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAcknowledges receipt of $1,000 which completes the payment of $6,000 owed to Mrs. Jane Washington.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe Regent wants JAW to not allow any more sketches to be made of Mount Vernon or the grounds without her consent. Attached is a copy of an advertisement for sale of a portrait of Washington. The Mount Vernon Record gives an account of fund raising to date. Mr. Everett thanks Devereux for sending him a copy of the Farewell Address.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Requests her to send him definite instructions to enable him to prohibit people from making sketches of Mount Vernon.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTells them he has written to the Regent requesting her instructions about the matter they raised with him.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) The Regent now feels that it would \"not be practicable for you to refuse privileges hitherto granted\" in the matter of sketches. There is also a newspaper clipping with letters from JAW and the Regent about the sale of Mount Vernon.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThey wrote to him on the 14th as the Regent was prostrated. Requests any material he might have about the area in England where Washington's ancestor came from.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Tells her of terms under which they ran their steamboat to Mount Vernon. They paid him money with the understanding that he would make repairs to the wharf and footway, under the agreement, but he did not. He ordered his captain to have it done and will retain that money.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Encloses a copy of the previous letter and asks him to advise her as to her response to Mr. Bryan.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Miss Cunningham much enjoyed his previous letter and its humor. Hopes he will waive the requisition of 10 days notice before receiving payments. Can give him at least 30 days notice before requiring possession, and hopefully 60 days. She has \"been very much of an invalid for many weeks.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Wants him to come to Philadelphia around the 10th or 12th so they may consult in regard to the future. They can have the boundary line settled and put many business affairs in order. Miss Cunningham intends to make a payment on the last installment as soon \"as you will receive it.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) He will travel to Philadelphia and meet with her on Wednesday. Will give directions to Messrs. Burke \u0026amp; Herbert for the last installment.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Miss Cunningham wants him to arrive on Thursday and then accompany her to hear Mr. Everett in the evening. She and Mr. Everett would then meet with him on Friday.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) He agrees to come to Philadelphia on Thursday and meet as she suggests.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) The Regent wants him to \"have the kindness not to speak of the particulars of your interview with her.\" She also requests him to confer with Mr. Herbert, after which Mr. Herbert should meet with Mr. Riggs and let her know the arrangements he would be willing to make. \"This matter she particularly desires should be confidential.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWants him to send him the photographs of the Picture of the Bastille and let him know what he owes for this service. Thanks him for his kindness in all this matter.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAgain asks for the photograph of the Bastille picture as his book is finished, and he is only waiting for that.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Miss Cunningham regrets that he and Mr. Riggs were unable to meet at Mount Vernon to discuss all it is possible to do without annoyance to the family. Would like to commence work on the outbuildings near the garden and to rebuild the roof and pillars of the piazza. Also wants to do work around the Tomb.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Apologizes for delay in responding to his recent letter, but the news of Captain Cunningham's decease has made it impossible for Miss Cunningham to \"think of even the most pressing business.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThanks him for sending the photograph and encloses $5. Apologizes for keeping three documents for so long. Wants to return the documents and send him a copy of the book in September. Asks whether he may keep the Pohick elevation as it is in Washington's hand.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDetails work done on various dresses.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIs sorry to hear that JAW will be leaving Mount Vernon before Hubard can get there to visit. Wants to know whether Mr. Mills does possess the moulds made by Houdon. Wants to see a cast made from the mould as he is convinced it is a fraud.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCannot say whether the Richmond statue is accurate but to him the head looks identical to the Mount Vernon bust. Has never heard of the moulds being left at Mount Vernon and does not believe Mr. Mills would have removed anything without his permission.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWants to clarify his original assertion that he feels Houdon did not use the moulds made from Washington's face as he asserts they are very different from the head of Houdon. Also wants to know whether the table on which Washington lay when the moulds were made is still at Mount Vernon.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThanks him for sending money from the steamboat company for the MVLA.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWill be writing an article for Encyclopedia Britannica and is \"desirous of stating the facts relative to the emancipation of the Genl's slaves.\" Also wants to know whether Mrs. Washington left a will and whether she freed her slaves in it.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWishes to obtain a copy of the inventory of General Washington's estate.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMakes assertion that General Washington was sued and judgment rendered against him. Also some northern papers are speculating that he lost his money and had mortgaged the Mount Vernon estate for $400,000. Encloses a copy of the certificate of the appraiser as entered in 1810.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIs returning the papers lent to him and sending a copy of his book on Mount Vernon. Thanks him for the use of the papers.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Reminds her that his request for her lawyer to sift through an abstract of his title to Mount Vernon has not been complied with. This would answer questions raised by anonymous persons which have \"caused you some uneasiness.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMiss Cunningham wants to conclusively prove the falsehood of assertions of the invalidity of his title to the estate. The Clerk of Fairfax County will attest to the truth but wants to see his father's will and evidence of the payment of $6,000 charged to the estate. Looks forward to putting to rest this falsehood.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIs still waiting for the certificate from the Clerk of Fairfax County. That will give the \"lie to any slander of title.\" Is unable to visit due to his duties in the Legislature.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Miss Cunningham thanks him for sending the package of papers and hopes to be able to write herself in a few days about other matters.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThanks him for sending the papers. Does not appear from them that \"Mrs. Washington emancipated the dower negroes.\" Requests more information on that point.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSees that Miss Cunningham has published an abstract of title furnished her by the Clerk of Fairfax Court, so imagines she will not require further information. Will soon return the other papers.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Has forwarded to her a package of papers which he recovered, apparently detailing the kinds and locations of trees planted at Mount Vernon.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTells her his lack of response to her letter is due to being away most of the month and having visits from friends, possibly for the last time at Mount Vernon. Pointed out the lines of the old vistas marked by ancient trees. The insurance policies he had were on the house only, not the outbuildings. Recommends she make a new road. Also recommends repairing the wharf.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSends a newspaper copy of an advertisement she placed wishing to obtain a copy of the photograph taken the previous August at the tomb of Washington which included her daughter, now deceased. She would like to know if she could obtain a list of the attendees of that day so she might write and request this as it is the only photograph of her daughter.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Tells her the Association still must raise $140,000 to support the Estate which will require extraordinary effort on the part of the Association. Asks her to address visitors at Mount Vernon on the imperative nature of this.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed – labeled Private) Wants to arrange a \"Grand Ceremonial in connection with the taking of the title\" in order to let people know fund raising is not complete after the purchase. Refers to political turmoil and the impending dissolution of the Union and all the difficulties this will cause. Plans to be at Mount Vernon for 10 days and wants to meet with him to finalize things.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHe is fine with executing a deed for the sale of Mount Vernon to the Association and feels there would be no difficulty in the event of his death. He worries about Virginia's seceding from the Union that she might object to selling part of her soil to a corporation composed \"in part of unfriendly foreigners.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Miss Cunningham is gratified that he concurs in her proposition and feels her decease would be the most serious difficulty to be apprehended. Wants to meet him at Mount Vernon to place the deed in escrow. Does not feel the possibilities for Virginia he suggested would form a significant barrier.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Encloses an order to Mr. Riggs for steamboat receipts through December 31st. Would be happy to meet her at Mount Vernon.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Encloses the order on Mr. Bryan for the steamboat receipts. Has been paying insurance which continues until June next and has deducted that from the receipts.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAcknowledges his letter but does not need receipts for premiums of insurance.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eReports that Mr. Herbert only wants to clear the lot of land offered him. Also Mr. Norris has rented out his farm. Turner is not sure where he moved to in Kentucky. Discusses acquisition of material to make shirts for servants.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Had not replied to his earlier letter due to excessive fatigue from her journey from Columbia. Hopes to use patriotic influence to get the \"Agent\" to remit or reduce his fee.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTells him of a minister who will be in Alexandria and is looking for a vacant church where he could officiate.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFuneral was conducted at Waveland. There is a description of the body and the family. Invoked the Gospel. JAW began family prayers following the death of his wife. Description of his activities over the following days.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAsks Mrs. Howard for a biographical sketch of her father (John Augustine Washington III) for the National Cyclopedia of American Biography.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTwo leaflets advertising the writings of Dr. Lyon G. Tyler.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFull title \"A Confederate catechism: The war of 1861-1865.\" Third edition, November 21, 1929. Series of 20 questions and answers about the war.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWants to know whether the Ladies will discuss the purchase of the pictures and maps he has been offering. He will offer them elsewhere.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographic print, cabinet card of a drawing of the east view of the Mansion by unknown artist. Reverse side of card reads \"D.H. Naramore, Photographer, No. 321 King Street, Alexandria, VA.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSmall engraving probably clipped from a publication. Unknown location or residence shown in image.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHair clippings in envelope with note \"Hair of the late Lawrence Washington - 1856 - Found among articles bequested to MVLA by Miss Cunningham. Miss Comegys, Regent (1923) directs Supt. to send this to the widow of Mr. Lawrence W.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSmall black and white photographic print showing the gravestone for Lt. Col. John Augustine Washington.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBlack and white photographic print mounted on gray board. Shows Waveland residence with man, two women, and several children visible (unidentified).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBoston: Published by Charles Bowen. Front page signed \"Jane C. Washington, Mount Vernon, 1834.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDiary inscribed \"Account of all my recpts. \u0026amp; expenditures beginning with Sept. 16th, 1841, that being the date at which I came to Mount Vernon to reside.\" There are intermittent entries through November 1859. This is not as full a diary but includes lists of food, clothing, and china, table, and cookware.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIncludes \"List of Negroes\" and Mount Vernon farming and maintenance details. Loose note at the front reads \"Extracts from the diary of my father\" with notes on this diary and previous ones.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIncludes \"List of Negroes\" and Mount Vernon farming and maintenance details.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotocopies of undated manuscripts from the collection.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotocopies of manuscripts dated 1834-1838 from the collection.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotocopies of manuscripts dated 1841-1845 from the collection.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotocopies of manuscripts dated 1846-1849 from the collection.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotocopies of manuscripts dated 1851-1853 from the collection.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotocopies of manuscripts dated 1854-1855 from the collection.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotocopies of manuscripts dated 1856-1857 from the collection.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotocopies of manuscripts dated 1858 from the collection. (1 of 2)\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotocopies of manuscripts dated 1858 from the collection. (2 of 2)\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotocopies of manuscripts dated 1859 from the collection.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotocopies of manuscripts dated 1860-1861 from the collection.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHandwritten notes probably by a librarian or other Mount Vernon staff member including summaries of the letters within the collection.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and 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Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection concerns the inheritance, maintenance, and sale of the Mount Vernon estate by its last private owner, John Augustine Washington III. A large majority of the collection is correspondence to or from John Augustine Washington III with a significant portion relating to the purchase of the estate by the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association. Three diaries kept by John Augustine are also included and contain important information about his slaves, agricultural practices, and finances. Other types of material in the collection include legal documents, receipts, photographs, and ephemera. Photocopies were made for most of the manuscripts and can be viewed as surrogates to the originals. ","Descendants of John Augustine Washington III maintained ownership of these records until 1990 when they were sold to Gary Hendershott, a manuscripts dealer from Little Rock, Arkansas. The Mount Vernon Ladies' Association purchased the collection in October 1990.","Lists signatures and states that all members of Congress would sign if requested.","States they are now the \"best of friends.\" She is angry at people who denigrate his motives. Wants to make known his true nature.","Mrs. Ritchie requests he arrive at the theatre a little after 12:00 so all guests may be seated prior to the rise of the curtain.","She had sent her present of flowers to Mrs. Madison, and they were \"greatfully\" received.","His mother wants help valuing her sheep. Describes one offer for Mount Vernon with great disdain. They want to have entertainments there. He has great respect for \"your manly pride.\"","Apologizes for having intruded too much on his privacy during a recent visit when Mrs. Ritchie and others of the ladies \"took forcible possession of me\" and requested cuttings of flowers. Hopes he will establish a Botanic Garden and suggests a location for a Mausoleum.","Describes her return from Mount Vernon in much rain. Discusses crops. Gives instructions for sending things to her. Asks report of conversation that was \"highly derogatory to me.\" Feels items should be sold to visitors so they will not pilfer mementos.","Urges sale of Mount Vernon to Virginia rather than to a private sale.","Resolution wants to change the site of the Military Asylum to Mount Vernon if a part of the estate can be purchased at a reasonable price.","Introduces some friends who wish to visit Mount Vernon.","Gives family news and an account of a visit by a gentleman who spent the night at Mount Vernon and gave $5 to West Ford. Discusses sale of a slave to his cousin. Has heard of a bill by the federal government to purchase Mount Vernon and wishes it would be accepted. Mentions prices and terms.","Is sending oats and other items to Mount Vernon. Urges him to pursue his studies. Wishes him to send some oysters and sugar.","Sends funds for completing the vault at Mount Vernon and authorizes him to take more money from his bank if necessary.","Thanks him for the many civilities experienced by them during their visit to Mount Vernon. Sends a piece of a branch of a fig tree cut from the birth spot of \"your immortal ancestor.\"","Is against his plans for Mount Vernon and opening it to \"every low idler.\" Discusses payments and what form they would take.","Brief note of regards, translated by J. Perkins.","Heard about people being charged to enter the garden. Wishes he would stop this.","Wants to know price and terms of sale of Mount Vernon. If not for sale, could it be leased. (Contains typed transcript.)","Was glad to hear that Mount Vernon was not for sale as it should remain in the hands of the Washington family. Wishes to \"establish a house of entertainment in the vicinity of Mount Vernon.\" Asks questions as to materials and location of such. (Contains typed transcript.)","Is in the market to purchase negroes as one of his men, Alfred, has run off. Wants to know whether she still wishes to dispose of her negroes and what her price would be. He could pay $500 cash and then pay off the principal in a year or two.","Lists names of executors and legatees and their shares and values.","Tells him of an upcoming visit to Washington and Mount Vernon by a \"highly respectable volunteer corps.\" They wish to arrive by boat and see the tomb of Washington. He understands permission to do so is necessary.","Is worried his health is suffering by his labors at Mount Vernon. Hopes he will accept any reasonable offer by the U.S. Government for it. Went into town to have magistrates witness her acknowledgment of the deed of release. Discusses a suit brought by Judge Douglass and the health of various family members.","Doubts whether an offer will be made by the U.S. Government. Hopes it would as she feels his health is suffering from attending to business at Mount Vernon. Recommends someone to help him acquire an overseer. Was paid money for him. Discusses the failing health of Dr. Alexander's mother and others.","Is horrified to learn of auction of Wood Lawn. Proposes to run a steamboat between Washington to Wood Lawn, Fort Washington, Mount Vernon, and the White House. Gives references. Pledges to bring members of Congress there and feels it would enhance the chances of the purchase of Mount Vernon by the government. Suggests it could be used as a summer home for the President. Discusses various items left by Washington and the soon to be completed Chesapeake \u0026 Ohio Canal. (contains typed transcript)","Tells him of a letter he received from an unknown man who wants to obtain a tree from Mount Vernon to transplant in France to shade the bench of Christopher Columbus which he possesses.","Recommends leaving it to Congress to propose a price for the purchase of Mount Vernon. She feels he wants too much for it, and that it really should not be sold. Gives family news. Gives advice on his search for an overseer.","First letter discusses the Supreme Court taking on the suit of Mr. Hammond against General Washington. Bassett says he discharged all debts owed by Captain Lewis. There is another copy of the names of executors and legatees and their shares and values. Discussions of various debts owed to different people.","Discusses various suits, mostly Hammonds, against the estate and their current status. Many people have died since 1827 when they were last listed. Will take a long time to find people.","Discussion of the Hammond suit and payments still owed to various creditors, to be paid by all the legatees of General Washington's estate. Most dollar figures are left blank to be filled in later. Prompt payment by all legatees is required.","Discusses his father's will and his lack of knowledge of the whereabouts of various other people mentioned in JAW's letter.","Answering his inquiries as to various relatives. Suggests he write to the clerk of Kanawha County for the information he requires. Suggests he contact Andrew Parks who probably has all the facts.","Discusses sale of swamp land. He paid the taxes on it for the Washington heirs. The land is not worth much since the timber had been taken from it by many people over the years. Would like to be reimbursed for the money he paid.","He wishes to meet with him in the middle of November, at which time they can conclude their business.","Discusses the bill in Congress to purchase Mount Vernon. Wants assets divided up between her children so all are taken care of. Tells of Charles' upcoming marriage before he leaves for California.","Discusses the codicil of his father's will. Mrs. Washington is not compelled to sell. Upon her death, the heirs may sell despite the codicil. Suggests Mrs. Washington partition the land before her death in order that JAW may do \"what you please with the land.\"","Invites him to the wedding of his oldest daughter the next week.","Has been in Charlestown attending services for the week. Is amazed at the prospect of $200,000 being paid for Mount Vernon by the government. Wants him to send fish and to pickle some \"Rock.\"","(Typed transcription included) George Page and a surveyor from Maryland wanted to survey land in the Potomac River adjacent to Mount Vernon with the object of bringing steamboats there. Was notified he would be charged with some offense by Maryland. Makes him aware that the compact between the states means they have no claim on him.","First letter – wants to know if Mount Vernon Estate will be sold. Second letter – understands the government might become the owner of the estate and wants to meet.","Wants him to petition the Court to finally settle the estate of General Washington.","First letter – wants to examine Mount Vernon with a view to the establishment of a military asylum for the relief of soldiers. Second letter – tells him the price for Mount Vernon is too high, and purchase of a location nearer Washington will be undertaken.","An account by a boat company of receipts over the past year.","Discusses the landing of boats at Mount Vernon without JAW's previous knowledge. Wants them to be allowed to dock if they pay the usual fare to him.","Acknowledges payment for the pianoforte. Wants four walking sticks cut from near General Washington's tomb to be sent to monks in Italy.","Agreement to sell 200 acres of Mount Vernon for $200,000. Includes all buildings and the tomb, as well as furnishings currently there. Also will allow heirs to be buried there. He may not sell the estate without first offering it to the U.S. Government and the State of Virginia for no more than $350,000.","Has been unable to contact other parties to the contract. Hopes to be able to do so soon.","A committee of the House of Delegates has been appointed to consider the purchase of Mount Vernon. Wants to meet him in Alexandria to discuss this.","Encloses a newspaper clipping about the acquisition of Mount Vernon by the State of Virginia. Tells him the committee of five will look into the will of the people as to this acquisition.","Addressed only to \"Mrs. Washington.\" Unclear whether it is addressed to Mrs. Jane C.B. Washington or Mrs. Eleanor L.S. Washington. (Typed transcription included) Has heard that Mount Vernon is for sale, possibly to northern people. Feels the Ladies of the South might instead procure it and wants to know the price.","Does not wish to part with Mount Vernon but wishes to keep it from the changeable fortunes of a family and to ally it to the State. Would sell 200 acres with stipulations for $200,000. If the State wants to establish a model farm there, he would sell an additional 1,000 acres for $300,000. Invites them to visit.","Discusses his offer to sell Mount Vernon to the state. Says $200,000 is less than the property could sell for on the market. Talks about having a model farm as nothing meant more to Washington than farming. Would welcome them to visit. Reminds them that his terms cannot be materially modified.","(Typed transcription included) Says he is asking less money of the state than he had been offered by others. Tells them of his desire for a model farm as the pursuit of an improved system of agriculture was of great importance to General Washington. Would welcome a visit from them.","Wants to clear up suggestions that he is falsely referring to higher offers for Mount Vernon.","The Committee feels the price for Mount Vernon \"is enormous.\" Would prefer the money to be used for a rail road.","Draft in writing of John Augustine Washington III. Addressed to \"Miss Cunningham\" but could also be a response to Louisa Cunningham's letter instead of Ann Pamela Cunningham. Praises the women of the south for their affection for Washington. Does not wish to dispose of the property except to the government of the United States or Virginia and so declines the proposition from the \"Ladies of the South.\"","Draft thought to be in the writing of Jane C.B. Washington. Identical text to previous letter (draft in the hand of John Augustine Washington III).","Encloses a power of attorney and some other letters. Has agreed to reduction of $50,000 on 1000 acres. Will accept nothing less than $200,000 for the 200 acres. Agrees to pay him 5% of what he gets from either government agency, provided it occurs in the current session.","The state might be willing to pay $50,000 per year for four years for Mount Vernon but not the total of $200,000 at once. Wonders what is happening with the federal government. \"Things are coming to a head rapidly.\"","As long as negotiations with Virginia remain open, it would not be proper for him to entertain any proposals from other parties for the purchase of Mount Vernon. Might be interested in the future in making an offer.","Feels priority should be given to Congress to purchase Mount Vernon, and therefore Virginia is holding off on more committee meetings. Wants him to be there for future committee meetings.","Urges him to meet with Arthur Taylor as his representative in the proposed sale of Mount Vernon. Requests that he not send papers to Col. Bissell before meeting with him.","Has the papers from Mr. Washington and wants to meet with him to discuss the sale of Mount Vernon to the U.S. Government.","Assures him that he has not given the letters from him to Mr. Bissell and has requested Mr. Taylor to come see him.","Encloses the previous letter and hopes they will be able to meet soon. Feels it best to not commit to any course with the U.S. until a definite answer comes from the Virginia Legislature.","Invites him to come to his lodgings at any time at 9 a.m.","Is unable to return to his \"hospitable roof\" at this time. Values the time she was there and having been \"entrusted with the training of such bright intelligences.\"","Reports on his share of earnings from \"Washington's Writings.\" Many copies of the book were destroyed in a fire, but the stereotype and engraved plates were in a fire proof vault.","Feels it is very important for him to communicate with the federal government and is willing to help in any way.","Mr. Taylor shared his letter proposing to bring the subject of the purchase of Mount Vernon again before Congress. His terms are already known to him – the same as those agreed to for the State of Virginia.","Wants to bring up the purchase of Mount Vernon in Congress but wants to know just what terms he agreed to with Virginia. Wants the Northern States to purchase it.","Gives terms of sale, including that family members still living may also be buried there. Additional property to total 1000 acres may be purchased for $300,000, for a model farm as suggested by Gen. Washington. Tells him the state of Virginia had proposed the sale for less than he wanted which he refused.","Encloses a copy of the bill reported to the House of Delegates Committee for the purchase of Mount Vernon. He told them it would not meet with JAW's approval. Urges him to move quickly on the Turnpike matter for this session.","Is very desirous of having the State of Virginia take possession of Mount Vernon and \"have the sole control and ownership forever.\" Wants to know what terms he proposes.","Gives him the terms of sale. The Washington family shall be permitted to be buried on the site, and no remains shall ever be disturbed. The price shall be $200,000, with an additional 800 acres available for $100,000 more","Will not accede to propositions of the steamboat company. Will be busy for a few weeks but wants to see a copy of the agreement currently in effect.","Tells him of Mrs. Mason presenting \"a remonstrance against your turnpike.\" Wants access to $250 at Farmers Bank in Alexandria.","Discusses payments based on sales of \"Washington's Writings.\" Tells percentages paid to various legatees.","Discusses quarrelling and squabbling among the ladies purchasing Mount Vernon. Is concerned about security around the remains of George Washington.","Wants him to send a letter to him so he may correct disparaging remarks made about his impending sale of Mount Vernon.","Is writing to her as requested by JAW. Describes a woman mourning her deceased eight-year-old son. Includes a poem about grief and moving on after death of a child.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Mr. Mason very much wants to meet him and getting a letter from JAW that would announce the news of their \"progress.\"","(Typed transcription enclosed) Thanks him for the kindness of him and Mrs. Washington on her recent visit to Mount Vernon. Urges him to send a letter to be published about the sale of Mount Vernon before the news is released by someone else.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Assures her he does not care what others say about him and remains hopeful of selling Mount Vernon to the State of Virginia.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Explains the absence of Mr. Toombs when JAW came to see him. Tells him why she is now dealing with Mr. Toombs rather than Mr. Mason.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Hopes to meet him in Washington City as she will be there for a few days during her travel south. Wants a thorough understanding of his wishes and intentions before meeting with the governor of Virginia.","Wants him to reconsider his determination as expressed in his letter in the National Intelligencer and put the estate under the care of the State of Virginia. (This is a copy of a letter written by Anna's husband.) Second letter, dated March 5, 1857 on same paper: Refers to letter copied out by her. Is certain a sufficient sum will have been raised by February 22 to enable Virginia to purchase Mount Vernon.","Urges him to reconsider his determination as expressed in his letter to the National Intelligencer and consent to place the estate once more at the disposal of Virginia which has an arrangement with the \"Ladies' Mount Vernon Association of the Union.\"","His musical association played a concert on behalf of the \"Ladies Mt. Vernon Association\" at which $100 was raised. The musical group would benefit greatly from receiving this money back if Mr. Washington has no plans to sell to the Ladies Association.","Would love to spend time at Mount Vernon, but his schedule will not allow at this time. His book will be published during the winter and spring, but he doesn't feel a visit would add anything.","He remains willing to place Mount Vernon in the hands of the State of Virginia, under his terms which the state has not seemed to want to meet. The proposal to have Mount Vernon by under the Mount Vernon Ladies Association of the Union is unacceptable to him. Doubts they could maintain the estate in perpetuity. It would then be taken over by the state.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Identical to previous letter.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Responding to his letter to Mr. Ritchie. Urges him to put out that the Ladies are to raise $200,000 on behalf of the State of Virginia for the purchase of Mount Vernon.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Does not wish to publish parts of letters. Feels \"nothing but silent contempt can put them at rest.\"","(W.L. Underwood – most likely Warner Lewis Underwood, Kentucky Senator) Tells JAW that if his current negotiations for Mount Vernon should fall through that his organization would be pleased to enter into further discussions.","Again says he wishes Mount Vernon to go to the State of Virginia, to be decided upon by the current session of the General Assembly.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Wants to know who told her that he was \"willing… for a pecuniary consideration to break engagements and promises.\"","The Masonic Brotherhood is interested in purchasing Mount Vernon. Thanks him for the tour the previous day. Apologizes for the bad behavior of one member and hopes that will not prejudice him against the Fraternity.","(Typed transcription enclosed) She met with the governor who told her the \"Extra Session\" of the Legislature was for the \"presidential contest,\" so the Legislature will not be meeting again until the next winter. Realizes this delay is not pleasing to him.","Inquires whether any action has been taken by the Legislature or is likely to be.","Tells him no action has yet been taken by the Legislature but feels sure it will be taken up after the Christmas recess, after which the ladies will be enabled to purchase Mount Vernon and have its title transferred to Virginia.","Discusses various prices for Mount Vernon and quotes JAW as vehemently denying that he wanted the remains of General Washington moved. He wishes the estate to be the property of the United States and all the people.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Tells him she has been very ill but is sure that the Legislature will act.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Labeled as Private. Tells him Gov. Wise is \"inimical to our 'cause'\" which is the reason the Legislature has not taken up the subject of the purchase of Mount Vernon.\" Talks of the financial crisis which is being felt by \"we victimized cotton planters.\" Tells him of the impending sale of copies of a portrait of Washington.","(Typed transcription enclosed) She writes of her illness and lack of strength. The Constitution of the Association was signed by the governor. Tells him various Masonic orders have decided to become allies of the Association. Hopes to have the contract signed between Virginia and him on the 22nd of February.","Invites recipient to the elevation of the Statue of Washington on February 22 in Richmond.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Labeled as Private. Is looking forward to the inauguration of the Washington statue. Wants him to vow that the Ladies of the Association are the \"very best friends you have in the world.\" Tells him that Gov. Wise is no friend to him or to her and this cause.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Has a document that states Virginia will purchase Mount Vernon from him and encloses a copy of the bill. Is sure the governor will act strongly to defeat this. Wants him to attend the address by Mr. Everett a few days before the 22nd of February. Tells him how lucky he is to get $200,000 in \"these awful times.\"","Gives price of sale of $200,000 for 200 acres of the Mount Vernon estate and pledges the MVLA to guarantee to not disturb any remains currently there and to allow descendants of JAW to also be interred there.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Praises him for agreeing that Mount Vernon is to be a public shrine and to limit interments there. Gen. Chapman included that in the third reading of the bill. Discusses the building of a new mausoleum for Washington which would not go against his will. Talks of her illness.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Tells her the disposition of family remains, as well as those of General Washington, are his biggest concerns in the sale.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Hopes he is happy about the bill as read in the Legislature. Tells him it is she and not the Committee who wants to arrange for a magnificent mausoleum. Closes by saying she is too exhausted to \"even give a hint of the nature of woman's revenge should you not be in a state of delight over our bill!!!\"","(Typed transcription enclosed) Remains adamant as to a future mausoleum as Washington stated where he wished his remains to be. Cannot travel to Richmond at present due to the illness of Mrs. Washington.","(Agreement ends with reference to the 10th of February) Deals with payment of $6,000 to heirs of W.F. Alexander and Anna Alexander as a share of Mount Vernon. Expressly says none of these heirs have any claim to the proceeds arising from a sale of Mount Vernon, other than the $6,000.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Tells him that though Gov. Wise is no friend to the Mount Vernon cause, he did not intend to put his remarks under the head of Lunatic Asylum. It was a complete accident.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Encloses another article by Mr. Pryor who is \"using his art to arouse the fear, \u0026 cupidity of the timid \u0026 narrow minded of this Legislature.\" Asks him about his previous offer from a company to purchase the estate, and that he wanted to wait for Congress to act.","(Typed transcription enclosed) States that his price for Mount Vernon has always been $200,000, since he gained control of it in 1849. Asks whether he ever made an offer for Mount Vernon for $100,000. If so, under whose authority was it made?","(Typed transcription enclosed) Wants to confirm with him that his offer to sell Mount Vernon as a site for the Military Asylum in 1851 was for $200,000 and not $100,000.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Tells her of a contract with a gentleman to sell him 200 acres of Mount Vernon for $200,000 with the condition that the property should be offered to the U.S. and to Virginia. If neither purchased it, he should take the property. He then offered $50,000 to release him from that obligation, but JAW refused. Says he never has offered it for sale in public or private.","Says he was authorized by JAW to offer Mount Vernon for a Military Asylum for $100,000. Will search for papers to confirm this.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Advises that on March 25, 1851, he made an offer to sell about 150 acres of the Mount Vernon estate for $200,000 for an Army Asylum or some other government purpose.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Labeled as Private. Thanks him for sending a copy of the correspondence of Gen. Scott. Miss C. is intensely engaged in getting past Mr. Pryor's malicious misrepresentation of the Bill. If he can defeat us, he will.","Reiterates that Alexander and his heirs have no claim to any proceeds arising from a sale of Mount Vernon beyond the agreed upon $6,000 and requests him to add a paragraph to that effect to the agreement they will both sign.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Wants him to come see her in Richmond, despite his recent fall. Refers to the animosity of Mr. Pryor toward the bill. Wishes there could be an Extra Session for it to pass.","Again states his disagreement with Mr. McKenzie's assertion of his having offered $100,000 for Mount Vernon. No one else knew of such an offer. Gen. Scott agrees with JAW in his recollections. Tells her of a recent fall from a horse which will prevent his visit to Richmond on the 22nd.","Urges him and his family to attend the inauguration of the equestrian statue of Washington on the Capital Square in Richmond. Says he would be pleased to host them at their home near the city.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Is uncertain whether he will be able to travel to Richmond and wants her to update him on matters related to the Bill as \"I have not in any manner approached\" any of his friends or acquaintances on the subject. It is important for her to convince members that the association only needs the name of the State which will not be called upon to pay any of the money for the purchase.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Miss Cunningham begs him to attend Mr. Everett's oration and hopes to speak to him on the Square tomorrow.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Continues to be unwell. Introduces him to Mr. A.H.H. Dawson of Georgia, \"an eccentric genius.\" He is devoted to the purposes of the Association and has delivered an address about it in 30 towns in Georgia. Urges him to come to Richmond to meet with members of the Legislature.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Is sorry he was unable to call on her before leaving Richmond. Wants clarification about alterations Mr. Yancy thought necessary in the paper he left with her. He wants a decision by the Legislature, yes or no, soon.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Tells him that the Legislature is \"in a row\" and will not pass any bills before an Extra Session. Wants him to bring a contract to her so they are prepared for any contingencies. Tells him of her illness of the lungs and her treatment.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Reiterates the importance of the sanctity of the family burying ground. Wants to have some alterations and additions of a substantial permanent character made to the present vault, with a durable enclosure around it. He is open to payment in stocks or cash for the estate. Says they should have an act of incorporation before signing a contract.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Gen. Chapman was drawing up an act of incorporation before the bill comes up. He said Virginia must not hold the tomb; the Association must hold it. She remains very ill. \"yrs in much suffering\"","Is preparing a pamphlet to defend JAW against detractors and wants copies of correspondence he had with Gen. Scott and others about possible purchase of Mount Vernon.","(Typed transcription enclosed) The bill in Virginia for the purchase of Mount Vernon, to be refunded by the MVLA, was defeated in the House of Delegates. In addition Congress cannot purchase land in a sovereign state without its consent. Tells him it should be the property of the Nation and should be sold to the MVLA. \"With grateful women pledged to guard the sacred ashes of Washington and to adorn his home for a national shrine.\"","(Typed transcription enclosed) Says it has become obvious that neither Virginia nor the U.S. wish to purchase Mount Vernon. Therefore \"the women of the land will probably be the safest as they will certainly be the purest guardians of a national shrine.\" He waits for her to make a proposal to him.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Miss Cunningham requests that he answer the letter she gave him relating to the purchase of Mount Vernon and to return it to her. She will give him a copy.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Is returning her letter to him as it seemed to be improperly dated and lacked her signature. When she remedies those defects, he will send an answer.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Wants to meet with him on Saturday morning in Alexandria to sign the contract.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Is very unhappy about delays put forth by Messrs. Macfarland \u0026 Myers. They felt there had to be an acceptance of the contract by all or a majority of the Vice Regents before it could be signed. They can do this by telegraph, permitting Mrs. Ritchie to act for them.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Urges him to come without delay. It was thought things would be delayed as Mrs. Walton's husband had died, but now Mr. McFarland advised them to send for him at once. Miss Cunningham is not good and needs to bring matters to a close \"ere it be too late.\"","(Typed transcription enclosed) Wants him to come see her that afternoon or evening as Dr. Beale \"considers it necessary to apply a severe blister without delay.\"","(Typed transcription enclosed – labeled Private) Upon reflection she feels the letter she sent him for publication is not to be published. She does not wish to \"make enemies even in a State which has given me so little cause to respect it.\" Mrs. Ritchie will work on a better worded one which she will send to him.","He deposited money to his credit for the contract and wants to know if this was correct. Tells him the pony he was inquiring about is not for sale. Also felt much concern about the accounts of the fisheries. Looks forward to a visit with him.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Encloses the plat of the 200 acres of land he agreed to sell to the MVLA. Wants him to sign it and return it.","(Typed transcription enclosed) About the plat, he is having the land resurveyed and \"have the necessary corners stones set.\" He will send it back with a signature after that. Also encloses her letter of March 12 and wants a copy of her letter as published with her signature.","Wants to know if George Thorburn may visit Mount Vernon in the 28th of May to inspect the grounds in regards to the improvements to be made. He is \"no doubt the first horticulturist in America\" and a plain, unpolished person. It would be good for JAW's surveyor to meet with Mr. Thorburn to go over the grounds.","He is \"exceedingly provoked\" at the newspaper coverage in connection with the sale of Mount Vernon. As a college friend he felt he had to contact an editor and correct the information. He hopes he did not make the situation worse.","Again requests he host the \"celebrated florist\" at Mount Vernon to look over the grounds before they come to Mount Vernon on the 29th for a few hours.","Agrees to have Mr. Thorburn come and meet with surveyors. Asks if Mr. Thorburn could be appointed the Agent of the Association in drawing up with the surveyors the lines of the 200 acres. He will \"grant any reasonable request of the Association.\" Hopes to see Mr. Ritchie and her while he yet resides at Mount Vernon.","The first attests to receipt of interest on the $6,000 owed to Mrs. Jane Washington. \tThe second is for $2,000 as part of the $6,000 owed.","Urges him to reduce the price of Mount Vernon to $150,000 so as to better fund all the expenses associated with its ownership by the MVLA. Tells him to buy land in \"some of the new states\" with that money.","Wants to know what stocks or bonds would be acceptable as part of the purchase price. Gives the current rate of Virginia stock.","Acknowledges his decline to the proposition.","Replying to a previous letter. Cannot answer the questions of Miss Lewis as he does not remember where Col. Fielding Lewis died. Her wishes are an illusion. Wonders if some land in Kentucky is what she is dreaming of. Hopes the Ladies will be able to preserve Mount Vernon after they complete the purchase.","As a new Mason, wants to know if he will amend the contract to state that the property will revert to the United States or the Masonic Fraternity in the event of a dissolution of the MVLA and not to the state of Virginia.","Writes to her cousin about an article in the paper that morning that was a \"vile abolition libel on you.\" Wants to assure her lady friends that it is untrue.","Is involved in illustrating an article about Mount Vernon as it is of interest to the American people. Wants to visit to sketch objects that have not been drawn. The MVLA is in favor of such an article to assist with their fund raising.","Is amazed at the scurrilous attacks made on him by Northern Papers which are calculated to embarrass the Mount Vernon Association.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Thanks him for his letter about the calumnies in some Northern newspapers but has no desire to enter into a controversy with the papers.","(Typed transcription enclosed – labeled Private) Wants him to tell her of his agreement with Mr. Crutchett of Mount Vernon Cane Factory who was given permission to come and cut trees on the estate. Asks what value he puts on the remainder of the estate contiguous to the 200 acres.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Gives details of his contract with Mr. Crutchett which expired in February 1856. He was permitted to take more trees before January 1857. He has no right to \"come upon the property I have sold the Association to cut timber.\" Has not put a price on the remainder of Mount Vernon.","Thanks him for the hospitality given to him and his sister on their visit to Mount Vernon.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Miss Cunningham was happy to hear his account of the transactions with Mr. Crutchett. Wants him to come to Philadelphia to confer upon private matters of great importance to the Association and himself. She is equally interested in the final settlement of the boundary lines.","First letter (incomplete) congratulates him on the sale of Mount Vernon. Requests return of portrait of his mother. Second letter thanks him for agreeing to return the portrait. He and his family would very much like to visit Mount Vernon again before it becomes public.","Hopes he can come to Washington to meet with him. Wants Mr. Washington to stay with him to \"pay off the debt of visiting you at Mt. Vernon.\" Miss Cunningham is making arrangements to pay the first bond with interest in December.","(Typed transcription enclosed – labeled Private) Looks forward to making payment of the first installment. Mr. Riggs will pay sums of $5,000 as soon as it is raised. Hopes to be able to pay the remainder of 2d installment on 1st of January 1859. Begs him to keep these matters as a \"profound secret.\"","Miss Cunningham wants to make the first payment on December 14, the anniversary of Washington's death.","Tells him of payment to Burke \u0026 Herbert of $10,000 on that day.","Tells him the box containing the chairs has not yet arrived. He wants to be allowed to pay for the repairs necessary to the chairs. Invites him and his family to visit him in Richmond before they go farther away from it.","(Typed transcription enclosed – labeled Private) Wants to make the first payment on the 1st, but this is a holiday. Urges him not to risk sending the plat executed by Washington himself but to have it be lithographed. Wants to clear up the boundaries. Tells him to keep the discussion of the sale of additional land private.","Wants to gather branches from the estate in order to make canes to sell to aid in the purchase of Mount Vernon.","Their project would require the consent of the Regent of the MVLA.","(Typed transcription enclosed – labeled Confidential) Miss Cunningham is too ill to reply to his last letter. Lets him know his presence might be required on the 22nd but all arrangements must be kept private. The upcoming payment will be about $14,000.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Urges him to accept the money already paid to him (for the \"selling your relations bones.\") He already received more money than the estate was worth. Note on the letter states he ensured his control over the remains in \"such a way that they can never be sold by any one.\"","(Typed transcription enclosed) Does not want to go to Philadelphia unless it is absolutely necessary. He recently heard that Mrs. Esther M. Lewis (widow of Lorenzo Lewis) wants to present the harpsichord that was given to Nelly to the MVLA.","Thanks him for copy of the inscription on a bust. He realized he had not copied the pencil sketch of the Destruction of the Bastille. Would JAW please have a photograph of it sent to him for an upcoming book on the history of Mount Vernon. Will send a copy of the book to him in September when it is published.","Acknowledges receipt of $1,000 which completes the payment of $6,000 owed to Mrs. Jane Washington.","The Regent wants JAW to not allow any more sketches to be made of Mount Vernon or the grounds without her consent. Attached is a copy of an advertisement for sale of a portrait of Washington. The Mount Vernon Record gives an account of fund raising to date. Mr. Everett thanks Devereux for sending him a copy of the Farewell Address.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Requests her to send him definite instructions to enable him to prohibit people from making sketches of Mount Vernon.","Tells them he has written to the Regent requesting her instructions about the matter they raised with him.","(Typed transcription enclosed) The Regent now feels that it would \"not be practicable for you to refuse privileges hitherto granted\" in the matter of sketches. There is also a newspaper clipping with letters from JAW and the Regent about the sale of Mount Vernon.","They wrote to him on the 14th as the Regent was prostrated. Requests any material he might have about the area in England where Washington's ancestor came from.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Tells her of terms under which they ran their steamboat to Mount Vernon. They paid him money with the understanding that he would make repairs to the wharf and footway, under the agreement, but he did not. He ordered his captain to have it done and will retain that money.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Encloses a copy of the previous letter and asks him to advise her as to her response to Mr. Bryan.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Miss Cunningham much enjoyed his previous letter and its humor. Hopes he will waive the requisition of 10 days notice before receiving payments. Can give him at least 30 days notice before requiring possession, and hopefully 60 days. She has \"been very much of an invalid for many weeks.\"","(Typed transcription enclosed) Wants him to come to Philadelphia around the 10th or 12th so they may consult in regard to the future. They can have the boundary line settled and put many business affairs in order. Miss Cunningham intends to make a payment on the last installment as soon \"as you will receive it.\"","(Typed transcription enclosed) He will travel to Philadelphia and meet with her on Wednesday. Will give directions to Messrs. Burke \u0026 Herbert for the last installment.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Miss Cunningham wants him to arrive on Thursday and then accompany her to hear Mr. Everett in the evening. She and Mr. Everett would then meet with him on Friday.","(Typed transcription enclosed) He agrees to come to Philadelphia on Thursday and meet as she suggests.","(Typed transcription enclosed) The Regent wants him to \"have the kindness not to speak of the particulars of your interview with her.\" She also requests him to confer with Mr. Herbert, after which Mr. Herbert should meet with Mr. Riggs and let her know the arrangements he would be willing to make. \"This matter she particularly desires should be confidential.\"","Wants him to send him the photographs of the Picture of the Bastille and let him know what he owes for this service. Thanks him for his kindness in all this matter.","Again asks for the photograph of the Bastille picture as his book is finished, and he is only waiting for that.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Miss Cunningham regrets that he and Mr. Riggs were unable to meet at Mount Vernon to discuss all it is possible to do without annoyance to the family. Would like to commence work on the outbuildings near the garden and to rebuild the roof and pillars of the piazza. Also wants to do work around the Tomb.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Apologizes for delay in responding to his recent letter, but the news of Captain Cunningham's decease has made it impossible for Miss Cunningham to \"think of even the most pressing business.\"","Thanks him for sending the photograph and encloses $5. Apologizes for keeping three documents for so long. Wants to return the documents and send him a copy of the book in September. Asks whether he may keep the Pohick elevation as it is in Washington's hand.","Details work done on various dresses.","Is sorry to hear that JAW will be leaving Mount Vernon before Hubard can get there to visit. Wants to know whether Mr. Mills does possess the moulds made by Houdon. Wants to see a cast made from the mould as he is convinced it is a fraud.","Cannot say whether the Richmond statue is accurate but to him the head looks identical to the Mount Vernon bust. Has never heard of the moulds being left at Mount Vernon and does not believe Mr. Mills would have removed anything without his permission.","Wants to clarify his original assertion that he feels Houdon did not use the moulds made from Washington's face as he asserts they are very different from the head of Houdon. Also wants to know whether the table on which Washington lay when the moulds were made is still at Mount Vernon.","Thanks him for sending money from the steamboat company for the MVLA.","Will be writing an article for Encyclopedia Britannica and is \"desirous of stating the facts relative to the emancipation of the Genl's slaves.\" Also wants to know whether Mrs. Washington left a will and whether she freed her slaves in it.","Wishes to obtain a copy of the inventory of General Washington's estate.","Makes assertion that General Washington was sued and judgment rendered against him. Also some northern papers are speculating that he lost his money and had mortgaged the Mount Vernon estate for $400,000. Encloses a copy of the certificate of the appraiser as entered in 1810.","Is returning the papers lent to him and sending a copy of his book on Mount Vernon. Thanks him for the use of the papers.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Reminds her that his request for her lawyer to sift through an abstract of his title to Mount Vernon has not been complied with. This would answer questions raised by anonymous persons which have \"caused you some uneasiness.\"","Miss Cunningham wants to conclusively prove the falsehood of assertions of the invalidity of his title to the estate. The Clerk of Fairfax County will attest to the truth but wants to see his father's will and evidence of the payment of $6,000 charged to the estate. Looks forward to putting to rest this falsehood.","Is still waiting for the certificate from the Clerk of Fairfax County. That will give the \"lie to any slander of title.\" Is unable to visit due to his duties in the Legislature.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Miss Cunningham thanks him for sending the package of papers and hopes to be able to write herself in a few days about other matters.","Thanks him for sending the papers. Does not appear from them that \"Mrs. Washington emancipated the dower negroes.\" Requests more information on that point.","Sees that Miss Cunningham has published an abstract of title furnished her by the Clerk of Fairfax Court, so imagines she will not require further information. Will soon return the other papers.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Has forwarded to her a package of papers which he recovered, apparently detailing the kinds and locations of trees planted at Mount Vernon.","Tells her his lack of response to her letter is due to being away most of the month and having visits from friends, possibly for the last time at Mount Vernon. Pointed out the lines of the old vistas marked by ancient trees. The insurance policies he had were on the house only, not the outbuildings. Recommends she make a new road. Also recommends repairing the wharf.","Sends a newspaper copy of an advertisement she placed wishing to obtain a copy of the photograph taken the previous August at the tomb of Washington which included her daughter, now deceased. She would like to know if she could obtain a list of the attendees of that day so she might write and request this as it is the only photograph of her daughter.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Tells her the Association still must raise $140,000 to support the Estate which will require extraordinary effort on the part of the Association. Asks her to address visitors at Mount Vernon on the imperative nature of this.","(Typed transcription enclosed – labeled Private) Wants to arrange a \"Grand Ceremonial in connection with the taking of the title\" in order to let people know fund raising is not complete after the purchase. Refers to political turmoil and the impending dissolution of the Union and all the difficulties this will cause. Plans to be at Mount Vernon for 10 days and wants to meet with him to finalize things.","He is fine with executing a deed for the sale of Mount Vernon to the Association and feels there would be no difficulty in the event of his death. He worries about Virginia's seceding from the Union that she might object to selling part of her soil to a corporation composed \"in part of unfriendly foreigners.\"","(Typed transcription enclosed) Miss Cunningham is gratified that he concurs in her proposition and feels her decease would be the most serious difficulty to be apprehended. Wants to meet him at Mount Vernon to place the deed in escrow. Does not feel the possibilities for Virginia he suggested would form a significant barrier.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Encloses an order to Mr. Riggs for steamboat receipts through December 31st. Would be happy to meet her at Mount Vernon.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Encloses the order on Mr. Bryan for the steamboat receipts. Has been paying insurance which continues until June next and has deducted that from the receipts.","Acknowledges his letter but does not need receipts for premiums of insurance.","Reports that Mr. Herbert only wants to clear the lot of land offered him. Also Mr. Norris has rented out his farm. Turner is not sure where he moved to in Kentucky. Discusses acquisition of material to make shirts for servants.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Had not replied to his earlier letter due to excessive fatigue from her journey from Columbia. Hopes to use patriotic influence to get the \"Agent\" to remit or reduce his fee.","Tells him of a minister who will be in Alexandria and is looking for a vacant church where he could officiate.","Funeral was conducted at Waveland. There is a description of the body and the family. Invoked the Gospel. JAW began family prayers following the death of his wife. Description of his activities over the following days.","Asks Mrs. Howard for a biographical sketch of her father (John Augustine Washington III) for the National Cyclopedia of American Biography.","Two leaflets advertising the writings of Dr. Lyon G. Tyler.","Full title \"A Confederate catechism: The war of 1861-1865.\" Third edition, November 21, 1929. Series of 20 questions and answers about the war.","Wants to know whether the Ladies will discuss the purchase of the pictures and maps he has been offering. He will offer them elsewhere.","Photographic print, cabinet card of a drawing of the east view of the Mansion by unknown artist. Reverse side of card reads \"D.H. Naramore, Photographer, No. 321 King Street, Alexandria, VA.\"","Small engraving probably clipped from a publication. Unknown location or residence shown in image.","Hair clippings in envelope with note \"Hair of the late Lawrence Washington - 1856 - Found among articles bequested to MVLA by Miss Cunningham. Miss Comegys, Regent (1923) directs Supt. to send this to the widow of Mr. Lawrence W.\"","Small black and white photographic print showing the gravestone for Lt. Col. John Augustine Washington.","Black and white photographic print mounted on gray board. Shows Waveland residence with man, two women, and several children visible (unidentified).","Boston: Published by Charles Bowen. Front page signed \"Jane C. Washington, Mount Vernon, 1834.\"","Diary inscribed \"Account of all my recpts. \u0026 expenditures beginning with Sept. 16th, 1841, that being the date at which I came to Mount Vernon to reside.\" There are intermittent entries through November 1859. This is not as full a diary but includes lists of food, clothing, and china, table, and cookware.","Includes \"List of Negroes\" and Mount Vernon farming and maintenance details. Loose note at the front reads \"Extracts from the diary of my father\" with notes on this diary and previous ones.","Includes \"List of Negroes\" and Mount Vernon farming and maintenance details.","Photocopies of undated manuscripts from the collection.","Photocopies of manuscripts dated 1834-1838 from the collection.","Photocopies of manuscripts dated 1841-1845 from the collection.","Photocopies of manuscripts dated 1846-1849 from the collection.","Photocopies of manuscripts dated 1851-1853 from the collection.","Photocopies of manuscripts dated 1854-1855 from the collection.","Photocopies of manuscripts dated 1856-1857 from the collection.","Photocopies of manuscripts dated 1858 from the collection. (1 of 2)","Photocopies of manuscripts dated 1858 from the collection. (2 of 2)","Photocopies of manuscripts dated 1859 from the collection.","Photocopies of manuscripts dated 1860-1861 from the collection.","Handwritten notes probably by a librarian or other Mount Vernon staff member including summaries of the letters within the collection."],"names_ssim":["Special Collections at The George Washington Presidential Library at Mount Vernon","Washington, John Augustine, III, 1821-1861","Cunningham, Ann Pamela, 1816-1875","Ritchie, Anna Cora Mowatt, 1819-1870","Washington, Jane Charlotte Blackburn, 1786-1855","Lossing, Benson John, 1813-1891","Everett, Edward, 1794-1865","Washington, George Corbin, 1789-1854","Lewis, Lawrence, 1767-1839","Lewis, Eleanor Parke Custis, 1779-1852","Davis, Henry Winter, 1817-1865","Bassett, George Washington, 1800-1878","Johnson, Joseph, 1785-1877","Corcoran, W.W. (William Wilson), 1798-1888","Custis, George Washington Parke, 1781-1857","McKenzie, Lewis, 1810-1895","Cunningham, Louisa Bird, 1794-1873","Washington, Eleanor Love Selden, 1824-1860","Taylor, John L. (John Lampkin), 1805-1870","Sparks, Jared, 1789-1866","Washington, Bushrod C. (Bushrod Corbin), 1839-1919","Tyler, Nathaniel, 1828-1917"],"corpname_ssim":["Special Collections at The George Washington Presidential Library at Mount Vernon"],"persname_ssim":["Washington, John Augustine, III, 1821-1861","Cunningham, Ann Pamela, 1816-1875","Ritchie, Anna Cora Mowatt, 1819-1870","Washington, Jane Charlotte Blackburn, 1786-1855","Lossing, Benson John, 1813-1891","Everett, Edward, 1794-1865","Washington, George Corbin, 1789-1854","Lewis, Lawrence, 1767-1839","Lewis, Eleanor Parke Custis, 1779-1852","Davis, Henry Winter, 1817-1865","Bassett, George Washington, 1800-1878","Johnson, Joseph, 1785-1877","Corcoran, W.W. (William Wilson), 1798-1888","Custis, George Washington Parke, 1781-1857","McKenzie, Lewis, 1810-1895","Cunningham, Louisa Bird, 1794-1873","Washington, Eleanor Love Selden, 1824-1860","Taylor, John L. (John Lampkin), 1805-1870","Sparks, Jared, 1789-1866","Washington, Bushrod C. (Bushrod Corbin), 1839-1919","Tyler, Nathaniel, 1828-1917"],"language_ssim":["English \n. "],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":251,"online_item_count_is":12,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-21T05:55:09.076Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"vimtvl_repositories_3_resources_65","ead_ssi":"vimtvl_repositories_3_resources_65","_root_":"vimtvl_repositories_3_resources_65","_nest_parent_":"vimtvl_repositories_3_resources_65","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/MV/repositories_3_resources_65.xml","title_ssm":["John Augustine Washington III and Mount Vernon Ladies' Association (MVLA) collection"],"title_tesim":["John Augustine Washington III and Mount Vernon Ladies' Association (MVLA) collection"],"unitdate_ssm":["1834-1957"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1834-1957"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["RM.848","/repositories/3/resources/65"],"text":["RM.848","/repositories/3/resources/65","John Augustine Washington III and Mount Vernon Ladies' Association (MVLA) collection","This collection is open for research during scheduled appointments. Researchers must complete the Washington Library's Special Collections and Archives Registration Form before access is provided. The library reserves the right to restrict access to certain items for preservation purposes.","The collection is arranged chronologically with undated material listed at the beginning in alphabetical order by folder title. Addenda, photocopies, and bound volumes are described at the end of the collection.","(Taken from the Digital Encyclopedia entry by Matthew Costello, George Washington's Mount Vernon website)","John Augustine Washington III was the great-grand nephew of George Washington and the last private owner of Mount Vernon. The fourth of five children, he was born on May 3, 1821 to John Augustine Washington II and Jane Charlotte Blackburn Washington. John Augustine spent his young childhood at his parents' Blakeley plantation near present day Charles Town, West Virginia, but after the deaths of Bushrod Washington and his wife Julia in 1829, the Mount Vernon estate became the possession of Bushrod's nephew, John Augustine Washington II. As the son of a wealthy Virginia planter, John Augustine enjoyed a comfortable lifestyle at Mount Vernon, developing interests in politics, hunting, and agriculture. After John Augustine Washington II passed away in June 1832, the estate was left to his widow Jane Charlotte, who vowed to maintain the estate to the best of her ability without involving her children's inheritances. While John Augustine Washington III preferred his more aristocratic pastimes, Jane insisted that he attend college after his father's death. He graduated from the University of Virginia in 1840, returning to Mount Vernon in September 1841 with a proposition to manage the estate for his mother. She agreed, loaning him twenty-two slaves and contracting his employment for five hundred dollars per year for seven years.","As the oldest living male heir, John Augustine Washington III positioned himself to take possession of Mount Vernon from his mother. While she did not pass away until 1855, she gave John Augustine the proverbial keys to the kingdom, granting him full autonomy to run the plantation as he saw fit. However, John Augustine quickly realized that the deteriorating Mount Vernon estate was a far cry from the profitable plantation that his great-great uncle George Washington once presided over. His primary means of income came from wheat and potato production, woodcutting, selling slaves and outsourcing slave labor, collecting land rents, and his herring operation on the Potomac River. However, soil degradation, poor harvests, temperamental weather, and the devastation of crops by insects and pests limited his agricultural returns. While he managed to slow Mount Vernon's financial decline, these endeavors were not enough to stop the downward spiral. In addition to facing these hardships, John Augustine also experienced constant interruptions by sightseers, many of whom wanted the meet the living descendent of General George Washington, see the Mansion, and ask questions about Washington's life. ","These visitors were considered a nuisance to John Augustine's family, and their presence slowed plantation work for slaves, overseers, and hired farm laborers. Initially John Augustine followed the precedential policies of his mother, father, and uncle Bushrod, publishing trespassing notices around the property, requesting letters of introduction to enter the Mansion, and denying the landing of steamboats on the Potomac River. But with his lands yielding such little profit, John Augustine decided to embrace this historical tourism, implementing business strategies to extract money from the thousands of visitors who journeyed to the home of George Washington. In order to bring more people to the estate, he entered into a contract with the proprietors of the Thomas Collyer to permit their steamboat to dock directly at Mount Vernon. He also promoted and invested in the construction of the Alexandria, Mount Vernon, and Accotink Turnpike Road, which was designed to make travel easier to Mount Vernon over land. As more visitors descended upon the grounds, he instructed slaves and laborers to sell bouquets of flowers, fruit, milk, and hand-carved canes to tourists. Beyond the property boundaries, he went into business with James Crutchett, who purchased timber from the estate and manufactured wooden Washington trinkets near the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad depot in the nation's capital. While John Augustine Washington capitalized on the American fascination with George Washington, these sales were not substantial enough to convince him to retain Mount Vernon. He attempted to sell the property to both the federal government and the state of Virginia, but both bodies were deeply mired in sectional and political partisanship. Convinced that neither would meet his terms, he agreed to sell 200 acres of the Mount Vernon estate, which included the Mansion, outlying buildings, and the family tomb to the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association (MVLA) in 1858 for $200,000. ","John Augustine and his family vacated Mount Vernon for their new home Waveland plantation in February 1860. About a year later the state of Virginia called for a convention to debate the issue of secession, and in April 1861, Virginia delegates responded to the firing on Fort Sumter by voting in favor of leaving the Union. John Augustine joined the Confederate Army as a lieutenant colonel, and he served as aide-de-camp to his relative by marriage, General Robert E. Lee. In September 1861, John Augustine was killed during a reconnaissance mission at the Battle of Cheat Mountain by a Union bushwhacker. In a letter to John's teenage daughter Louisa, Lee painfully informed her that her father \"fell in the cause to which he had devoted all his energies, and which his noble heart was earnestly enlisted.\" The two men had shared many conversations and moments together as tent mates, and Lee admired his unflinching \"devotion to Almighty God,\" assuring Louisa that \"He is now safely in Heaven.\" John Augustine was buried in the Zion Episcopal Churchyard in Charles Town, West Virginia, one of several Washington family members who fought and died for Southern independence. ","This diary may not actually be part of accession RM-848 as it is not mentioned in the initial inventory/correspondence. However, it was in the same box as the other diaries and the almanac when found on the shelf, therefore it was described with the collection.","Early Records of the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association ;\nPapers of the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association ;\nJohn Augustine Washington III and Eleanor Love Selden Correspondence ;\nJohn Augustine Washington III and Descendants Papers ;\nHistoric Manuscripts Collection","This collection concerns the inheritance, maintenance, and sale of the Mount Vernon estate by its last private owner, John Augustine Washington III. A large majority of the collection is correspondence to or from John Augustine Washington III with a significant portion relating to the purchase of the estate by the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association. Three diaries kept by John Augustine are also included and contain important information about his slaves, agricultural practices, and finances. Other types of material in the collection include legal documents, receipts, photographs, and ephemera. Photocopies were made for most of the manuscripts and can be viewed as surrogates to the originals. ","Descendants of John Augustine Washington III maintained ownership of these records until 1990 when they were sold to Gary Hendershott, a manuscripts dealer from Little Rock, Arkansas. The Mount Vernon Ladies' Association purchased the collection in October 1990.","Lists signatures and states that all members of Congress would sign if requested.","States they are now the \"best of friends.\" She is angry at people who denigrate his motives. Wants to make known his true nature.","Mrs. Ritchie requests he arrive at the theatre a little after 12:00 so all guests may be seated prior to the rise of the curtain.","She had sent her present of flowers to Mrs. Madison, and they were \"greatfully\" received.","His mother wants help valuing her sheep. Describes one offer for Mount Vernon with great disdain. They want to have entertainments there. He has great respect for \"your manly pride.\"","Apologizes for having intruded too much on his privacy during a recent visit when Mrs. Ritchie and others of the ladies \"took forcible possession of me\" and requested cuttings of flowers. Hopes he will establish a Botanic Garden and suggests a location for a Mausoleum.","Describes her return from Mount Vernon in much rain. Discusses crops. Gives instructions for sending things to her. Asks report of conversation that was \"highly derogatory to me.\" Feels items should be sold to visitors so they will not pilfer mementos.","Urges sale of Mount Vernon to Virginia rather than to a private sale.","Resolution wants to change the site of the Military Asylum to Mount Vernon if a part of the estate can be purchased at a reasonable price.","Introduces some friends who wish to visit Mount Vernon.","Gives family news and an account of a visit by a gentleman who spent the night at Mount Vernon and gave $5 to West Ford. Discusses sale of a slave to his cousin. Has heard of a bill by the federal government to purchase Mount Vernon and wishes it would be accepted. Mentions prices and terms.","Is sending oats and other items to Mount Vernon. Urges him to pursue his studies. Wishes him to send some oysters and sugar.","Sends funds for completing the vault at Mount Vernon and authorizes him to take more money from his bank if necessary.","Thanks him for the many civilities experienced by them during their visit to Mount Vernon. Sends a piece of a branch of a fig tree cut from the birth spot of \"your immortal ancestor.\"","Is against his plans for Mount Vernon and opening it to \"every low idler.\" Discusses payments and what form they would take.","Brief note of regards, translated by J. Perkins.","Heard about people being charged to enter the garden. Wishes he would stop this.","Wants to know price and terms of sale of Mount Vernon. If not for sale, could it be leased. (Contains typed transcript.)","Was glad to hear that Mount Vernon was not for sale as it should remain in the hands of the Washington family. Wishes to \"establish a house of entertainment in the vicinity of Mount Vernon.\" Asks questions as to materials and location of such. (Contains typed transcript.)","Is in the market to purchase negroes as one of his men, Alfred, has run off. Wants to know whether she still wishes to dispose of her negroes and what her price would be. He could pay $500 cash and then pay off the principal in a year or two.","Lists names of executors and legatees and their shares and values.","Tells him of an upcoming visit to Washington and Mount Vernon by a \"highly respectable volunteer corps.\" They wish to arrive by boat and see the tomb of Washington. He understands permission to do so is necessary.","Is worried his health is suffering by his labors at Mount Vernon. Hopes he will accept any reasonable offer by the U.S. Government for it. Went into town to have magistrates witness her acknowledgment of the deed of release. Discusses a suit brought by Judge Douglass and the health of various family members.","Doubts whether an offer will be made by the U.S. Government. Hopes it would as she feels his health is suffering from attending to business at Mount Vernon. Recommends someone to help him acquire an overseer. Was paid money for him. Discusses the failing health of Dr. Alexander's mother and others.","Is horrified to learn of auction of Wood Lawn. Proposes to run a steamboat between Washington to Wood Lawn, Fort Washington, Mount Vernon, and the White House. Gives references. Pledges to bring members of Congress there and feels it would enhance the chances of the purchase of Mount Vernon by the government. Suggests it could be used as a summer home for the President. Discusses various items left by Washington and the soon to be completed Chesapeake \u0026 Ohio Canal. (contains typed transcript)","Tells him of a letter he received from an unknown man who wants to obtain a tree from Mount Vernon to transplant in France to shade the bench of Christopher Columbus which he possesses.","Recommends leaving it to Congress to propose a price for the purchase of Mount Vernon. She feels he wants too much for it, and that it really should not be sold. Gives family news. Gives advice on his search for an overseer.","First letter discusses the Supreme Court taking on the suit of Mr. Hammond against General Washington. Bassett says he discharged all debts owed by Captain Lewis. There is another copy of the names of executors and legatees and their shares and values. Discussions of various debts owed to different people.","Discusses various suits, mostly Hammonds, against the estate and their current status. Many people have died since 1827 when they were last listed. Will take a long time to find people.","Discussion of the Hammond suit and payments still owed to various creditors, to be paid by all the legatees of General Washington's estate. Most dollar figures are left blank to be filled in later. Prompt payment by all legatees is required.","Discusses his father's will and his lack of knowledge of the whereabouts of various other people mentioned in JAW's letter.","Answering his inquiries as to various relatives. Suggests he write to the clerk of Kanawha County for the information he requires. Suggests he contact Andrew Parks who probably has all the facts.","Discusses sale of swamp land. He paid the taxes on it for the Washington heirs. The land is not worth much since the timber had been taken from it by many people over the years. Would like to be reimbursed for the money he paid.","He wishes to meet with him in the middle of November, at which time they can conclude their business.","Discusses the bill in Congress to purchase Mount Vernon. Wants assets divided up between her children so all are taken care of. Tells of Charles' upcoming marriage before he leaves for California.","Discusses the codicil of his father's will. Mrs. Washington is not compelled to sell. Upon her death, the heirs may sell despite the codicil. Suggests Mrs. Washington partition the land before her death in order that JAW may do \"what you please with the land.\"","Invites him to the wedding of his oldest daughter the next week.","Has been in Charlestown attending services for the week. Is amazed at the prospect of $200,000 being paid for Mount Vernon by the government. Wants him to send fish and to pickle some \"Rock.\"","(Typed transcription included) George Page and a surveyor from Maryland wanted to survey land in the Potomac River adjacent to Mount Vernon with the object of bringing steamboats there. Was notified he would be charged with some offense by Maryland. Makes him aware that the compact between the states means they have no claim on him.","First letter – wants to know if Mount Vernon Estate will be sold. Second letter – understands the government might become the owner of the estate and wants to meet.","Wants him to petition the Court to finally settle the estate of General Washington.","First letter – wants to examine Mount Vernon with a view to the establishment of a military asylum for the relief of soldiers. Second letter – tells him the price for Mount Vernon is too high, and purchase of a location nearer Washington will be undertaken.","An account by a boat company of receipts over the past year.","Discusses the landing of boats at Mount Vernon without JAW's previous knowledge. Wants them to be allowed to dock if they pay the usual fare to him.","Acknowledges payment for the pianoforte. Wants four walking sticks cut from near General Washington's tomb to be sent to monks in Italy.","Agreement to sell 200 acres of Mount Vernon for $200,000. Includes all buildings and the tomb, as well as furnishings currently there. Also will allow heirs to be buried there. He may not sell the estate without first offering it to the U.S. Government and the State of Virginia for no more than $350,000.","Has been unable to contact other parties to the contract. Hopes to be able to do so soon.","A committee of the House of Delegates has been appointed to consider the purchase of Mount Vernon. Wants to meet him in Alexandria to discuss this.","Encloses a newspaper clipping about the acquisition of Mount Vernon by the State of Virginia. Tells him the committee of five will look into the will of the people as to this acquisition.","Addressed only to \"Mrs. Washington.\" Unclear whether it is addressed to Mrs. Jane C.B. Washington or Mrs. Eleanor L.S. Washington. (Typed transcription included) Has heard that Mount Vernon is for sale, possibly to northern people. Feels the Ladies of the South might instead procure it and wants to know the price.","Does not wish to part with Mount Vernon but wishes to keep it from the changeable fortunes of a family and to ally it to the State. Would sell 200 acres with stipulations for $200,000. If the State wants to establish a model farm there, he would sell an additional 1,000 acres for $300,000. Invites them to visit.","Discusses his offer to sell Mount Vernon to the state. Says $200,000 is less than the property could sell for on the market. Talks about having a model farm as nothing meant more to Washington than farming. Would welcome them to visit. Reminds them that his terms cannot be materially modified.","(Typed transcription included) Says he is asking less money of the state than he had been offered by others. Tells them of his desire for a model farm as the pursuit of an improved system of agriculture was of great importance to General Washington. Would welcome a visit from them.","Wants to clear up suggestions that he is falsely referring to higher offers for Mount Vernon.","The Committee feels the price for Mount Vernon \"is enormous.\" Would prefer the money to be used for a rail road.","Draft in writing of John Augustine Washington III. Addressed to \"Miss Cunningham\" but could also be a response to Louisa Cunningham's letter instead of Ann Pamela Cunningham. Praises the women of the south for their affection for Washington. Does not wish to dispose of the property except to the government of the United States or Virginia and so declines the proposition from the \"Ladies of the South.\"","Draft thought to be in the writing of Jane C.B. Washington. Identical text to previous letter (draft in the hand of John Augustine Washington III).","Encloses a power of attorney and some other letters. Has agreed to reduction of $50,000 on 1000 acres. Will accept nothing less than $200,000 for the 200 acres. Agrees to pay him 5% of what he gets from either government agency, provided it occurs in the current session.","The state might be willing to pay $50,000 per year for four years for Mount Vernon but not the total of $200,000 at once. Wonders what is happening with the federal government. \"Things are coming to a head rapidly.\"","As long as negotiations with Virginia remain open, it would not be proper for him to entertain any proposals from other parties for the purchase of Mount Vernon. Might be interested in the future in making an offer.","Feels priority should be given to Congress to purchase Mount Vernon, and therefore Virginia is holding off on more committee meetings. Wants him to be there for future committee meetings.","Urges him to meet with Arthur Taylor as his representative in the proposed sale of Mount Vernon. Requests that he not send papers to Col. Bissell before meeting with him.","Has the papers from Mr. Washington and wants to meet with him to discuss the sale of Mount Vernon to the U.S. Government.","Assures him that he has not given the letters from him to Mr. Bissell and has requested Mr. Taylor to come see him.","Encloses the previous letter and hopes they will be able to meet soon. Feels it best to not commit to any course with the U.S. until a definite answer comes from the Virginia Legislature.","Invites him to come to his lodgings at any time at 9 a.m.","Is unable to return to his \"hospitable roof\" at this time. Values the time she was there and having been \"entrusted with the training of such bright intelligences.\"","Reports on his share of earnings from \"Washington's Writings.\" Many copies of the book were destroyed in a fire, but the stereotype and engraved plates were in a fire proof vault.","Feels it is very important for him to communicate with the federal government and is willing to help in any way.","Mr. Taylor shared his letter proposing to bring the subject of the purchase of Mount Vernon again before Congress. His terms are already known to him – the same as those agreed to for the State of Virginia.","Wants to bring up the purchase of Mount Vernon in Congress but wants to know just what terms he agreed to with Virginia. Wants the Northern States to purchase it.","Gives terms of sale, including that family members still living may also be buried there. Additional property to total 1000 acres may be purchased for $300,000, for a model farm as suggested by Gen. Washington. Tells him the state of Virginia had proposed the sale for less than he wanted which he refused.","Encloses a copy of the bill reported to the House of Delegates Committee for the purchase of Mount Vernon. He told them it would not meet with JAW's approval. Urges him to move quickly on the Turnpike matter for this session.","Is very desirous of having the State of Virginia take possession of Mount Vernon and \"have the sole control and ownership forever.\" Wants to know what terms he proposes.","Gives him the terms of sale. The Washington family shall be permitted to be buried on the site, and no remains shall ever be disturbed. The price shall be $200,000, with an additional 800 acres available for $100,000 more","Will not accede to propositions of the steamboat company. Will be busy for a few weeks but wants to see a copy of the agreement currently in effect.","Tells him of Mrs. Mason presenting \"a remonstrance against your turnpike.\" Wants access to $250 at Farmers Bank in Alexandria.","Discusses payments based on sales of \"Washington's Writings.\" Tells percentages paid to various legatees.","Discusses quarrelling and squabbling among the ladies purchasing Mount Vernon. Is concerned about security around the remains of George Washington.","Wants him to send a letter to him so he may correct disparaging remarks made about his impending sale of Mount Vernon.","Is writing to her as requested by JAW. Describes a woman mourning her deceased eight-year-old son. Includes a poem about grief and moving on after death of a child.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Mr. Mason very much wants to meet him and getting a letter from JAW that would announce the news of their \"progress.\"","(Typed transcription enclosed) Thanks him for the kindness of him and Mrs. Washington on her recent visit to Mount Vernon. Urges him to send a letter to be published about the sale of Mount Vernon before the news is released by someone else.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Assures her he does not care what others say about him and remains hopeful of selling Mount Vernon to the State of Virginia.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Explains the absence of Mr. Toombs when JAW came to see him. Tells him why she is now dealing with Mr. Toombs rather than Mr. Mason.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Hopes to meet him in Washington City as she will be there for a few days during her travel south. Wants a thorough understanding of his wishes and intentions before meeting with the governor of Virginia.","Wants him to reconsider his determination as expressed in his letter in the National Intelligencer and put the estate under the care of the State of Virginia. (This is a copy of a letter written by Anna's husband.) Second letter, dated March 5, 1857 on same paper: Refers to letter copied out by her. Is certain a sufficient sum will have been raised by February 22 to enable Virginia to purchase Mount Vernon.","Urges him to reconsider his determination as expressed in his letter to the National Intelligencer and consent to place the estate once more at the disposal of Virginia which has an arrangement with the \"Ladies' Mount Vernon Association of the Union.\"","His musical association played a concert on behalf of the \"Ladies Mt. Vernon Association\" at which $100 was raised. The musical group would benefit greatly from receiving this money back if Mr. Washington has no plans to sell to the Ladies Association.","Would love to spend time at Mount Vernon, but his schedule will not allow at this time. His book will be published during the winter and spring, but he doesn't feel a visit would add anything.","He remains willing to place Mount Vernon in the hands of the State of Virginia, under his terms which the state has not seemed to want to meet. The proposal to have Mount Vernon by under the Mount Vernon Ladies Association of the Union is unacceptable to him. Doubts they could maintain the estate in perpetuity. It would then be taken over by the state.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Identical to previous letter.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Responding to his letter to Mr. Ritchie. Urges him to put out that the Ladies are to raise $200,000 on behalf of the State of Virginia for the purchase of Mount Vernon.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Does not wish to publish parts of letters. Feels \"nothing but silent contempt can put them at rest.\"","(W.L. Underwood – most likely Warner Lewis Underwood, Kentucky Senator) Tells JAW that if his current negotiations for Mount Vernon should fall through that his organization would be pleased to enter into further discussions.","Again says he wishes Mount Vernon to go to the State of Virginia, to be decided upon by the current session of the General Assembly.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Wants to know who told her that he was \"willing… for a pecuniary consideration to break engagements and promises.\"","The Masonic Brotherhood is interested in purchasing Mount Vernon. Thanks him for the tour the previous day. Apologizes for the bad behavior of one member and hopes that will not prejudice him against the Fraternity.","(Typed transcription enclosed) She met with the governor who told her the \"Extra Session\" of the Legislature was for the \"presidential contest,\" so the Legislature will not be meeting again until the next winter. Realizes this delay is not pleasing to him.","Inquires whether any action has been taken by the Legislature or is likely to be.","Tells him no action has yet been taken by the Legislature but feels sure it will be taken up after the Christmas recess, after which the ladies will be enabled to purchase Mount Vernon and have its title transferred to Virginia.","Discusses various prices for Mount Vernon and quotes JAW as vehemently denying that he wanted the remains of General Washington moved. He wishes the estate to be the property of the United States and all the people.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Tells him she has been very ill but is sure that the Legislature will act.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Labeled as Private. Tells him Gov. Wise is \"inimical to our 'cause'\" which is the reason the Legislature has not taken up the subject of the purchase of Mount Vernon.\" Talks of the financial crisis which is being felt by \"we victimized cotton planters.\" Tells him of the impending sale of copies of a portrait of Washington.","(Typed transcription enclosed) She writes of her illness and lack of strength. The Constitution of the Association was signed by the governor. Tells him various Masonic orders have decided to become allies of the Association. Hopes to have the contract signed between Virginia and him on the 22nd of February.","Invites recipient to the elevation of the Statue of Washington on February 22 in Richmond.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Labeled as Private. Is looking forward to the inauguration of the Washington statue. Wants him to vow that the Ladies of the Association are the \"very best friends you have in the world.\" Tells him that Gov. Wise is no friend to him or to her and this cause.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Has a document that states Virginia will purchase Mount Vernon from him and encloses a copy of the bill. Is sure the governor will act strongly to defeat this. Wants him to attend the address by Mr. Everett a few days before the 22nd of February. Tells him how lucky he is to get $200,000 in \"these awful times.\"","Gives price of sale of $200,000 for 200 acres of the Mount Vernon estate and pledges the MVLA to guarantee to not disturb any remains currently there and to allow descendants of JAW to also be interred there.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Praises him for agreeing that Mount Vernon is to be a public shrine and to limit interments there. Gen. Chapman included that in the third reading of the bill. Discusses the building of a new mausoleum for Washington which would not go against his will. Talks of her illness.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Tells her the disposition of family remains, as well as those of General Washington, are his biggest concerns in the sale.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Hopes he is happy about the bill as read in the Legislature. Tells him it is she and not the Committee who wants to arrange for a magnificent mausoleum. Closes by saying she is too exhausted to \"even give a hint of the nature of woman's revenge should you not be in a state of delight over our bill!!!\"","(Typed transcription enclosed) Remains adamant as to a future mausoleum as Washington stated where he wished his remains to be. Cannot travel to Richmond at present due to the illness of Mrs. Washington.","(Agreement ends with reference to the 10th of February) Deals with payment of $6,000 to heirs of W.F. Alexander and Anna Alexander as a share of Mount Vernon. Expressly says none of these heirs have any claim to the proceeds arising from a sale of Mount Vernon, other than the $6,000.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Tells him that though Gov. Wise is no friend to the Mount Vernon cause, he did not intend to put his remarks under the head of Lunatic Asylum. It was a complete accident.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Encloses another article by Mr. Pryor who is \"using his art to arouse the fear, \u0026 cupidity of the timid \u0026 narrow minded of this Legislature.\" Asks him about his previous offer from a company to purchase the estate, and that he wanted to wait for Congress to act.","(Typed transcription enclosed) States that his price for Mount Vernon has always been $200,000, since he gained control of it in 1849. Asks whether he ever made an offer for Mount Vernon for $100,000. If so, under whose authority was it made?","(Typed transcription enclosed) Wants to confirm with him that his offer to sell Mount Vernon as a site for the Military Asylum in 1851 was for $200,000 and not $100,000.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Tells her of a contract with a gentleman to sell him 200 acres of Mount Vernon for $200,000 with the condition that the property should be offered to the U.S. and to Virginia. If neither purchased it, he should take the property. He then offered $50,000 to release him from that obligation, but JAW refused. Says he never has offered it for sale in public or private.","Says he was authorized by JAW to offer Mount Vernon for a Military Asylum for $100,000. Will search for papers to confirm this.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Advises that on March 25, 1851, he made an offer to sell about 150 acres of the Mount Vernon estate for $200,000 for an Army Asylum or some other government purpose.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Labeled as Private. Thanks him for sending a copy of the correspondence of Gen. Scott. Miss C. is intensely engaged in getting past Mr. Pryor's malicious misrepresentation of the Bill. If he can defeat us, he will.","Reiterates that Alexander and his heirs have no claim to any proceeds arising from a sale of Mount Vernon beyond the agreed upon $6,000 and requests him to add a paragraph to that effect to the agreement they will both sign.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Wants him to come see her in Richmond, despite his recent fall. Refers to the animosity of Mr. Pryor toward the bill. Wishes there could be an Extra Session for it to pass.","Again states his disagreement with Mr. McKenzie's assertion of his having offered $100,000 for Mount Vernon. No one else knew of such an offer. Gen. Scott agrees with JAW in his recollections. Tells her of a recent fall from a horse which will prevent his visit to Richmond on the 22nd.","Urges him and his family to attend the inauguration of the equestrian statue of Washington on the Capital Square in Richmond. Says he would be pleased to host them at their home near the city.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Is uncertain whether he will be able to travel to Richmond and wants her to update him on matters related to the Bill as \"I have not in any manner approached\" any of his friends or acquaintances on the subject. It is important for her to convince members that the association only needs the name of the State which will not be called upon to pay any of the money for the purchase.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Miss Cunningham begs him to attend Mr. Everett's oration and hopes to speak to him on the Square tomorrow.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Continues to be unwell. Introduces him to Mr. A.H.H. Dawson of Georgia, \"an eccentric genius.\" He is devoted to the purposes of the Association and has delivered an address about it in 30 towns in Georgia. Urges him to come to Richmond to meet with members of the Legislature.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Is sorry he was unable to call on her before leaving Richmond. Wants clarification about alterations Mr. Yancy thought necessary in the paper he left with her. He wants a decision by the Legislature, yes or no, soon.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Tells him that the Legislature is \"in a row\" and will not pass any bills before an Extra Session. Wants him to bring a contract to her so they are prepared for any contingencies. Tells him of her illness of the lungs and her treatment.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Reiterates the importance of the sanctity of the family burying ground. Wants to have some alterations and additions of a substantial permanent character made to the present vault, with a durable enclosure around it. He is open to payment in stocks or cash for the estate. Says they should have an act of incorporation before signing a contract.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Gen. Chapman was drawing up an act of incorporation before the bill comes up. He said Virginia must not hold the tomb; the Association must hold it. She remains very ill. \"yrs in much suffering\"","Is preparing a pamphlet to defend JAW against detractors and wants copies of correspondence he had with Gen. Scott and others about possible purchase of Mount Vernon.","(Typed transcription enclosed) The bill in Virginia for the purchase of Mount Vernon, to be refunded by the MVLA, was defeated in the House of Delegates. In addition Congress cannot purchase land in a sovereign state without its consent. Tells him it should be the property of the Nation and should be sold to the MVLA. \"With grateful women pledged to guard the sacred ashes of Washington and to adorn his home for a national shrine.\"","(Typed transcription enclosed) Says it has become obvious that neither Virginia nor the U.S. wish to purchase Mount Vernon. Therefore \"the women of the land will probably be the safest as they will certainly be the purest guardians of a national shrine.\" He waits for her to make a proposal to him.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Miss Cunningham requests that he answer the letter she gave him relating to the purchase of Mount Vernon and to return it to her. She will give him a copy.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Is returning her letter to him as it seemed to be improperly dated and lacked her signature. When she remedies those defects, he will send an answer.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Wants to meet with him on Saturday morning in Alexandria to sign the contract.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Is very unhappy about delays put forth by Messrs. Macfarland \u0026 Myers. They felt there had to be an acceptance of the contract by all or a majority of the Vice Regents before it could be signed. They can do this by telegraph, permitting Mrs. Ritchie to act for them.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Urges him to come without delay. It was thought things would be delayed as Mrs. Walton's husband had died, but now Mr. McFarland advised them to send for him at once. Miss Cunningham is not good and needs to bring matters to a close \"ere it be too late.\"","(Typed transcription enclosed) Wants him to come see her that afternoon or evening as Dr. Beale \"considers it necessary to apply a severe blister without delay.\"","(Typed transcription enclosed – labeled Private) Upon reflection she feels the letter she sent him for publication is not to be published. She does not wish to \"make enemies even in a State which has given me so little cause to respect it.\" Mrs. Ritchie will work on a better worded one which she will send to him.","He deposited money to his credit for the contract and wants to know if this was correct. Tells him the pony he was inquiring about is not for sale. Also felt much concern about the accounts of the fisheries. Looks forward to a visit with him.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Encloses the plat of the 200 acres of land he agreed to sell to the MVLA. Wants him to sign it and return it.","(Typed transcription enclosed) About the plat, he is having the land resurveyed and \"have the necessary corners stones set.\" He will send it back with a signature after that. Also encloses her letter of March 12 and wants a copy of her letter as published with her signature.","Wants to know if George Thorburn may visit Mount Vernon in the 28th of May to inspect the grounds in regards to the improvements to be made. He is \"no doubt the first horticulturist in America\" and a plain, unpolished person. It would be good for JAW's surveyor to meet with Mr. Thorburn to go over the grounds.","He is \"exceedingly provoked\" at the newspaper coverage in connection with the sale of Mount Vernon. As a college friend he felt he had to contact an editor and correct the information. He hopes he did not make the situation worse.","Again requests he host the \"celebrated florist\" at Mount Vernon to look over the grounds before they come to Mount Vernon on the 29th for a few hours.","Agrees to have Mr. Thorburn come and meet with surveyors. Asks if Mr. Thorburn could be appointed the Agent of the Association in drawing up with the surveyors the lines of the 200 acres. He will \"grant any reasonable request of the Association.\" Hopes to see Mr. Ritchie and her while he yet resides at Mount Vernon.","The first attests to receipt of interest on the $6,000 owed to Mrs. Jane Washington. \tThe second is for $2,000 as part of the $6,000 owed.","Urges him to reduce the price of Mount Vernon to $150,000 so as to better fund all the expenses associated with its ownership by the MVLA. Tells him to buy land in \"some of the new states\" with that money.","Wants to know what stocks or bonds would be acceptable as part of the purchase price. Gives the current rate of Virginia stock.","Acknowledges his decline to the proposition.","Replying to a previous letter. Cannot answer the questions of Miss Lewis as he does not remember where Col. Fielding Lewis died. Her wishes are an illusion. Wonders if some land in Kentucky is what she is dreaming of. Hopes the Ladies will be able to preserve Mount Vernon after they complete the purchase.","As a new Mason, wants to know if he will amend the contract to state that the property will revert to the United States or the Masonic Fraternity in the event of a dissolution of the MVLA and not to the state of Virginia.","Writes to her cousin about an article in the paper that morning that was a \"vile abolition libel on you.\" Wants to assure her lady friends that it is untrue.","Is involved in illustrating an article about Mount Vernon as it is of interest to the American people. Wants to visit to sketch objects that have not been drawn. The MVLA is in favor of such an article to assist with their fund raising.","Is amazed at the scurrilous attacks made on him by Northern Papers which are calculated to embarrass the Mount Vernon Association.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Thanks him for his letter about the calumnies in some Northern newspapers but has no desire to enter into a controversy with the papers.","(Typed transcription enclosed – labeled Private) Wants him to tell her of his agreement with Mr. Crutchett of Mount Vernon Cane Factory who was given permission to come and cut trees on the estate. Asks what value he puts on the remainder of the estate contiguous to the 200 acres.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Gives details of his contract with Mr. Crutchett which expired in February 1856. He was permitted to take more trees before January 1857. He has no right to \"come upon the property I have sold the Association to cut timber.\" Has not put a price on the remainder of Mount Vernon.","Thanks him for the hospitality given to him and his sister on their visit to Mount Vernon.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Miss Cunningham was happy to hear his account of the transactions with Mr. Crutchett. Wants him to come to Philadelphia to confer upon private matters of great importance to the Association and himself. She is equally interested in the final settlement of the boundary lines.","First letter (incomplete) congratulates him on the sale of Mount Vernon. Requests return of portrait of his mother. Second letter thanks him for agreeing to return the portrait. He and his family would very much like to visit Mount Vernon again before it becomes public.","Hopes he can come to Washington to meet with him. Wants Mr. Washington to stay with him to \"pay off the debt of visiting you at Mt. Vernon.\" Miss Cunningham is making arrangements to pay the first bond with interest in December.","(Typed transcription enclosed – labeled Private) Looks forward to making payment of the first installment. Mr. Riggs will pay sums of $5,000 as soon as it is raised. Hopes to be able to pay the remainder of 2d installment on 1st of January 1859. Begs him to keep these matters as a \"profound secret.\"","Miss Cunningham wants to make the first payment on December 14, the anniversary of Washington's death.","Tells him of payment to Burke \u0026 Herbert of $10,000 on that day.","Tells him the box containing the chairs has not yet arrived. He wants to be allowed to pay for the repairs necessary to the chairs. Invites him and his family to visit him in Richmond before they go farther away from it.","(Typed transcription enclosed – labeled Private) Wants to make the first payment on the 1st, but this is a holiday. Urges him not to risk sending the plat executed by Washington himself but to have it be lithographed. Wants to clear up the boundaries. Tells him to keep the discussion of the sale of additional land private.","Wants to gather branches from the estate in order to make canes to sell to aid in the purchase of Mount Vernon.","Their project would require the consent of the Regent of the MVLA.","(Typed transcription enclosed – labeled Confidential) Miss Cunningham is too ill to reply to his last letter. Lets him know his presence might be required on the 22nd but all arrangements must be kept private. The upcoming payment will be about $14,000.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Urges him to accept the money already paid to him (for the \"selling your relations bones.\") He already received more money than the estate was worth. Note on the letter states he ensured his control over the remains in \"such a way that they can never be sold by any one.\"","(Typed transcription enclosed) Does not want to go to Philadelphia unless it is absolutely necessary. He recently heard that Mrs. Esther M. Lewis (widow of Lorenzo Lewis) wants to present the harpsichord that was given to Nelly to the MVLA.","Thanks him for copy of the inscription on a bust. He realized he had not copied the pencil sketch of the Destruction of the Bastille. Would JAW please have a photograph of it sent to him for an upcoming book on the history of Mount Vernon. Will send a copy of the book to him in September when it is published.","Acknowledges receipt of $1,000 which completes the payment of $6,000 owed to Mrs. Jane Washington.","The Regent wants JAW to not allow any more sketches to be made of Mount Vernon or the grounds without her consent. Attached is a copy of an advertisement for sale of a portrait of Washington. The Mount Vernon Record gives an account of fund raising to date. Mr. Everett thanks Devereux for sending him a copy of the Farewell Address.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Requests her to send him definite instructions to enable him to prohibit people from making sketches of Mount Vernon.","Tells them he has written to the Regent requesting her instructions about the matter they raised with him.","(Typed transcription enclosed) The Regent now feels that it would \"not be practicable for you to refuse privileges hitherto granted\" in the matter of sketches. There is also a newspaper clipping with letters from JAW and the Regent about the sale of Mount Vernon.","They wrote to him on the 14th as the Regent was prostrated. Requests any material he might have about the area in England where Washington's ancestor came from.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Tells her of terms under which they ran their steamboat to Mount Vernon. They paid him money with the understanding that he would make repairs to the wharf and footway, under the agreement, but he did not. He ordered his captain to have it done and will retain that money.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Encloses a copy of the previous letter and asks him to advise her as to her response to Mr. Bryan.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Miss Cunningham much enjoyed his previous letter and its humor. Hopes he will waive the requisition of 10 days notice before receiving payments. Can give him at least 30 days notice before requiring possession, and hopefully 60 days. She has \"been very much of an invalid for many weeks.\"","(Typed transcription enclosed) Wants him to come to Philadelphia around the 10th or 12th so they may consult in regard to the future. They can have the boundary line settled and put many business affairs in order. Miss Cunningham intends to make a payment on the last installment as soon \"as you will receive it.\"","(Typed transcription enclosed) He will travel to Philadelphia and meet with her on Wednesday. Will give directions to Messrs. Burke \u0026 Herbert for the last installment.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Miss Cunningham wants him to arrive on Thursday and then accompany her to hear Mr. Everett in the evening. She and Mr. Everett would then meet with him on Friday.","(Typed transcription enclosed) He agrees to come to Philadelphia on Thursday and meet as she suggests.","(Typed transcription enclosed) The Regent wants him to \"have the kindness not to speak of the particulars of your interview with her.\" She also requests him to confer with Mr. Herbert, after which Mr. Herbert should meet with Mr. Riggs and let her know the arrangements he would be willing to make. \"This matter she particularly desires should be confidential.\"","Wants him to send him the photographs of the Picture of the Bastille and let him know what he owes for this service. Thanks him for his kindness in all this matter.","Again asks for the photograph of the Bastille picture as his book is finished, and he is only waiting for that.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Miss Cunningham regrets that he and Mr. Riggs were unable to meet at Mount Vernon to discuss all it is possible to do without annoyance to the family. Would like to commence work on the outbuildings near the garden and to rebuild the roof and pillars of the piazza. Also wants to do work around the Tomb.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Apologizes for delay in responding to his recent letter, but the news of Captain Cunningham's decease has made it impossible for Miss Cunningham to \"think of even the most pressing business.\"","Thanks him for sending the photograph and encloses $5. Apologizes for keeping three documents for so long. Wants to return the documents and send him a copy of the book in September. Asks whether he may keep the Pohick elevation as it is in Washington's hand.","Details work done on various dresses.","Is sorry to hear that JAW will be leaving Mount Vernon before Hubard can get there to visit. Wants to know whether Mr. Mills does possess the moulds made by Houdon. Wants to see a cast made from the mould as he is convinced it is a fraud.","Cannot say whether the Richmond statue is accurate but to him the head looks identical to the Mount Vernon bust. Has never heard of the moulds being left at Mount Vernon and does not believe Mr. Mills would have removed anything without his permission.","Wants to clarify his original assertion that he feels Houdon did not use the moulds made from Washington's face as he asserts they are very different from the head of Houdon. Also wants to know whether the table on which Washington lay when the moulds were made is still at Mount Vernon.","Thanks him for sending money from the steamboat company for the MVLA.","Will be writing an article for Encyclopedia Britannica and is \"desirous of stating the facts relative to the emancipation of the Genl's slaves.\" Also wants to know whether Mrs. Washington left a will and whether she freed her slaves in it.","Wishes to obtain a copy of the inventory of General Washington's estate.","Makes assertion that General Washington was sued and judgment rendered against him. Also some northern papers are speculating that he lost his money and had mortgaged the Mount Vernon estate for $400,000. Encloses a copy of the certificate of the appraiser as entered in 1810.","Is returning the papers lent to him and sending a copy of his book on Mount Vernon. Thanks him for the use of the papers.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Reminds her that his request for her lawyer to sift through an abstract of his title to Mount Vernon has not been complied with. This would answer questions raised by anonymous persons which have \"caused you some uneasiness.\"","Miss Cunningham wants to conclusively prove the falsehood of assertions of the invalidity of his title to the estate. The Clerk of Fairfax County will attest to the truth but wants to see his father's will and evidence of the payment of $6,000 charged to the estate. Looks forward to putting to rest this falsehood.","Is still waiting for the certificate from the Clerk of Fairfax County. That will give the \"lie to any slander of title.\" Is unable to visit due to his duties in the Legislature.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Miss Cunningham thanks him for sending the package of papers and hopes to be able to write herself in a few days about other matters.","Thanks him for sending the papers. Does not appear from them that \"Mrs. Washington emancipated the dower negroes.\" Requests more information on that point.","Sees that Miss Cunningham has published an abstract of title furnished her by the Clerk of Fairfax Court, so imagines she will not require further information. Will soon return the other papers.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Has forwarded to her a package of papers which he recovered, apparently detailing the kinds and locations of trees planted at Mount Vernon.","Tells her his lack of response to her letter is due to being away most of the month and having visits from friends, possibly for the last time at Mount Vernon. Pointed out the lines of the old vistas marked by ancient trees. The insurance policies he had were on the house only, not the outbuildings. Recommends she make a new road. Also recommends repairing the wharf.","Sends a newspaper copy of an advertisement she placed wishing to obtain a copy of the photograph taken the previous August at the tomb of Washington which included her daughter, now deceased. She would like to know if she could obtain a list of the attendees of that day so she might write and request this as it is the only photograph of her daughter.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Tells her the Association still must raise $140,000 to support the Estate which will require extraordinary effort on the part of the Association. Asks her to address visitors at Mount Vernon on the imperative nature of this.","(Typed transcription enclosed – labeled Private) Wants to arrange a \"Grand Ceremonial in connection with the taking of the title\" in order to let people know fund raising is not complete after the purchase. Refers to political turmoil and the impending dissolution of the Union and all the difficulties this will cause. Plans to be at Mount Vernon for 10 days and wants to meet with him to finalize things.","He is fine with executing a deed for the sale of Mount Vernon to the Association and feels there would be no difficulty in the event of his death. He worries about Virginia's seceding from the Union that she might object to selling part of her soil to a corporation composed \"in part of unfriendly foreigners.\"","(Typed transcription enclosed) Miss Cunningham is gratified that he concurs in her proposition and feels her decease would be the most serious difficulty to be apprehended. Wants to meet him at Mount Vernon to place the deed in escrow. Does not feel the possibilities for Virginia he suggested would form a significant barrier.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Encloses an order to Mr. Riggs for steamboat receipts through December 31st. Would be happy to meet her at Mount Vernon.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Encloses the order on Mr. Bryan for the steamboat receipts. Has been paying insurance which continues until June next and has deducted that from the receipts.","Acknowledges his letter but does not need receipts for premiums of insurance.","Reports that Mr. Herbert only wants to clear the lot of land offered him. Also Mr. Norris has rented out his farm. Turner is not sure where he moved to in Kentucky. Discusses acquisition of material to make shirts for servants.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Had not replied to his earlier letter due to excessive fatigue from her journey from Columbia. Hopes to use patriotic influence to get the \"Agent\" to remit or reduce his fee.","Tells him of a minister who will be in Alexandria and is looking for a vacant church where he could officiate.","Funeral was conducted at Waveland. There is a description of the body and the family. Invoked the Gospel. JAW began family prayers following the death of his wife. Description of his activities over the following days.","Asks Mrs. Howard for a biographical sketch of her father (John Augustine Washington III) for the National Cyclopedia of American Biography.","Two leaflets advertising the writings of Dr. Lyon G. Tyler.","Full title \"A Confederate catechism: The war of 1861-1865.\" Third edition, November 21, 1929. Series of 20 questions and answers about the war.","Wants to know whether the Ladies will discuss the purchase of the pictures and maps he has been offering. He will offer them elsewhere.","Photographic print, cabinet card of a drawing of the east view of the Mansion by unknown artist. Reverse side of card reads \"D.H. Naramore, Photographer, No. 321 King Street, Alexandria, VA.\"","Small engraving probably clipped from a publication. Unknown location or residence shown in image.","Hair clippings in envelope with note \"Hair of the late Lawrence Washington - 1856 - Found among articles bequested to MVLA by Miss Cunningham. Miss Comegys, Regent (1923) directs Supt. to send this to the widow of Mr. Lawrence W.\"","Small black and white photographic print showing the gravestone for Lt. Col. John Augustine Washington.","Black and white photographic print mounted on gray board. Shows Waveland residence with man, two women, and several children visible (unidentified).","Boston: Published by Charles Bowen. Front page signed \"Jane C. Washington, Mount Vernon, 1834.\"","Diary inscribed \"Account of all my recpts. \u0026 expenditures beginning with Sept. 16th, 1841, that being the date at which I came to Mount Vernon to reside.\" There are intermittent entries through November 1859. This is not as full a diary but includes lists of food, clothing, and china, table, and cookware.","Includes \"List of Negroes\" and Mount Vernon farming and maintenance details. Loose note at the front reads \"Extracts from the diary of my father\" with notes on this diary and previous ones.","Includes \"List of Negroes\" and Mount Vernon farming and maintenance details.","Photocopies of undated manuscripts from the collection.","Photocopies of manuscripts dated 1834-1838 from the collection.","Photocopies of manuscripts dated 1841-1845 from the collection.","Photocopies of manuscripts dated 1846-1849 from the collection.","Photocopies of manuscripts dated 1851-1853 from the collection.","Photocopies of manuscripts dated 1854-1855 from the collection.","Photocopies of manuscripts dated 1856-1857 from the collection.","Photocopies of manuscripts dated 1858 from the collection. (1 of 2)","Photocopies of manuscripts dated 1858 from the collection. (2 of 2)","Photocopies of manuscripts dated 1859 from the collection.","Photocopies of manuscripts dated 1860-1861 from the collection.","Handwritten notes probably by a librarian or other Mount Vernon staff member including summaries of the letters within the collection.","Special Collections at The George Washington Presidential Library at Mount Vernon","Washington, John Augustine, III, 1821-1861","Cunningham, Ann Pamela, 1816-1875","Ritchie, Anna Cora Mowatt, 1819-1870","Washington, Jane Charlotte Blackburn, 1786-1855","Lossing, Benson John, 1813-1891","Everett, Edward, 1794-1865","Washington, George Corbin, 1789-1854","Lewis, Lawrence, 1767-1839","Lewis, Eleanor Parke Custis, 1779-1852","Davis, Henry Winter, 1817-1865","Bassett, George Washington, 1800-1878","Johnson, Joseph, 1785-1877","Corcoran, W.W. (William Wilson), 1798-1888","Custis, George Washington Parke, 1781-1857","McKenzie, Lewis, 1810-1895","Cunningham, Louisa Bird, 1794-1873","Washington, Eleanor Love Selden, 1824-1860","Taylor, John L. (John Lampkin), 1805-1870","Sparks, Jared, 1789-1866","Washington, Bushrod C. (Bushrod Corbin), 1839-1919","Tyler, Nathaniel, 1828-1917","English \n. "],"unitid_tesim":["RM.848","/repositories/3/resources/65"],"normalized_title_ssm":["John Augustine Washington III and Mount Vernon Ladies' Association (MVLA) collection"],"collection_title_tesim":["John Augustine Washington III and Mount Vernon Ladies' Association (MVLA) collection"],"collection_ssim":["John Augustine Washington III and Mount Vernon Ladies' Association (MVLA) collection"],"repository_ssm":["The George Washington Presidential Library at Mount Vernon"],"repository_ssim":["The George Washington Presidential Library at Mount Vernon"],"creator_ssm":["Washington, John Augustine, III, 1821-1861","Cunningham, Ann Pamela, 1816-1875","Ritchie, Anna Cora Mowatt, 1819-1870","Washington, Jane Charlotte Blackburn, 1786-1855","Lossing, Benson John, 1813-1891","Everett, Edward, 1794-1865"],"creator_ssim":["Washington, John Augustine, III, 1821-1861","Cunningham, Ann Pamela, 1816-1875","Ritchie, Anna Cora Mowatt, 1819-1870","Washington, Jane Charlotte Blackburn, 1786-1855","Lossing, Benson John, 1813-1891","Everett, Edward, 1794-1865"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Washington, John Augustine, III, 1821-1861","Cunningham, Ann Pamela, 1816-1875","Ritchie, Anna Cora Mowatt, 1819-1870","Washington, Jane Charlotte Blackburn, 1786-1855","Lossing, Benson John, 1813-1891","Everett, Edward, 1794-1865"],"creators_ssim":["Washington, John Augustine, III, 1821-1861","Cunningham, Ann Pamela, 1816-1875","Ritchie, Anna Cora Mowatt, 1819-1870","Washington, Jane Charlotte Blackburn, 1786-1855","Lossing, Benson John, 1813-1891","Everett, Edward, 1794-1865"],"has_online_content_ssim":["true"],"extent_ssm":["3 Linear Feet 7 boxes"],"extent_tesim":["3 Linear Feet 7 boxes"],"date_range_isim":[1834,1835,1836,1837,1838,1839,1840,1841,1842,1843,1844,1845,1846,1847,1848,1849,1850,1851,1852,1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection is open for research during scheduled appointments. Researchers must complete the Washington Library's Special Collections and Archives Registration Form before access is provided. The library reserves the right to restrict access to certain items for preservation purposes.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["This collection is open for research during scheduled appointments. Researchers must complete the Washington Library's Special Collections and Archives Registration Form before access is provided. The library reserves the right to restrict access to certain items for preservation purposes."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is arranged chronologically with undated material listed at the beginning in alphabetical order by folder title. Addenda, photocopies, and bound volumes are described at the end of the collection.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["The collection is arranged chronologically with undated material listed at the beginning in alphabetical order by folder title. Addenda, photocopies, and bound volumes are described at the end of the collection."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e(Taken from the Digital Encyclopedia entry by Matthew Costello, George Washington's Mount Vernon website)\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJohn Augustine Washington III was the great-grand nephew of George Washington and the last private owner of Mount Vernon. The fourth of five children, he was born on May 3, 1821 to John Augustine Washington II and Jane Charlotte Blackburn Washington. John Augustine spent his young childhood at his parents' Blakeley plantation near present day Charles Town, West Virginia, but after the deaths of Bushrod Washington and his wife Julia in 1829, the Mount Vernon estate became the possession of Bushrod's nephew, John Augustine Washington II. As the son of a wealthy Virginia planter, John Augustine enjoyed a comfortable lifestyle at Mount Vernon, developing interests in politics, hunting, and agriculture. After John Augustine Washington II passed away in June 1832, the estate was left to his widow Jane Charlotte, who vowed to maintain the estate to the best of her ability without involving her children's inheritances. While John Augustine Washington III preferred his more aristocratic pastimes, Jane insisted that he attend college after his father's death. He graduated from the University of Virginia in 1840, returning to Mount Vernon in September 1841 with a proposition to manage the estate for his mother. She agreed, loaning him twenty-two slaves and contracting his employment for five hundred dollars per year for seven years.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAs the oldest living male heir, John Augustine Washington III positioned himself to take possession of Mount Vernon from his mother. While she did not pass away until 1855, she gave John Augustine the proverbial keys to the kingdom, granting him full autonomy to run the plantation as he saw fit. However, John Augustine quickly realized that the deteriorating Mount Vernon estate was a far cry from the profitable plantation that his great-great uncle George Washington once presided over. His primary means of income came from wheat and potato production, woodcutting, selling slaves and outsourcing slave labor, collecting land rents, and his herring operation on the Potomac River. However, soil degradation, poor harvests, temperamental weather, and the devastation of crops by insects and pests limited his agricultural returns. While he managed to slow Mount Vernon's financial decline, these endeavors were not enough to stop the downward spiral. In addition to facing these hardships, John Augustine also experienced constant interruptions by sightseers, many of whom wanted the meet the living descendent of General George Washington, see the Mansion, and ask questions about Washington's life. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThese visitors were considered a nuisance to John Augustine's family, and their presence slowed plantation work for slaves, overseers, and hired farm laborers. Initially John Augustine followed the precedential policies of his mother, father, and uncle Bushrod, publishing trespassing notices around the property, requesting letters of introduction to enter the Mansion, and denying the landing of steamboats on the Potomac River. But with his lands yielding such little profit, John Augustine decided to embrace this historical tourism, implementing business strategies to extract money from the thousands of visitors who journeyed to the home of George Washington. In order to bring more people to the estate, he entered into a contract with the proprietors of the Thomas Collyer to permit their steamboat to dock directly at Mount Vernon. He also promoted and invested in the construction of the Alexandria, Mount Vernon, and Accotink Turnpike Road, which was designed to make travel easier to Mount Vernon over land. As more visitors descended upon the grounds, he instructed slaves and laborers to sell bouquets of flowers, fruit, milk, and hand-carved canes to tourists. Beyond the property boundaries, he went into business with James Crutchett, who purchased timber from the estate and manufactured wooden Washington trinkets near the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad depot in the nation's capital. While John Augustine Washington capitalized on the American fascination with George Washington, these sales were not substantial enough to convince him to retain Mount Vernon. He attempted to sell the property to both the federal government and the state of Virginia, but both bodies were deeply mired in sectional and political partisanship. Convinced that neither would meet his terms, he agreed to sell 200 acres of the Mount Vernon estate, which included the Mansion, outlying buildings, and the family tomb to the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association (MVLA) in 1858 for $200,000. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJohn Augustine and his family vacated Mount Vernon for their new home Waveland plantation in February 1860. About a year later the state of Virginia called for a convention to debate the issue of secession, and in April 1861, Virginia delegates responded to the firing on Fort Sumter by voting in favor of leaving the Union. John Augustine joined the Confederate Army as a lieutenant colonel, and he served as aide-de-camp to his relative by marriage, General Robert E. Lee. In September 1861, John Augustine was killed during a reconnaissance mission at the Battle of Cheat Mountain by a Union bushwhacker. In a letter to John's teenage daughter Louisa, Lee painfully informed her that her father \"fell in the cause to which he had devoted all his energies, and which his noble heart was earnestly enlisted.\" The two men had shared many conversations and moments together as tent mates, and Lee admired his unflinching \"devotion to Almighty God,\" assuring Louisa that \"He is now safely in Heaven.\" John Augustine was buried in the Zion Episcopal Churchyard in Charles Town, West Virginia, one of several Washington family members who fought and died for Southern independence. \u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["(Taken from the Digital Encyclopedia entry by Matthew Costello, George Washington's Mount Vernon website)","John Augustine Washington III was the great-grand nephew of George Washington and the last private owner of Mount Vernon. The fourth of five children, he was born on May 3, 1821 to John Augustine Washington II and Jane Charlotte Blackburn Washington. John Augustine spent his young childhood at his parents' Blakeley plantation near present day Charles Town, West Virginia, but after the deaths of Bushrod Washington and his wife Julia in 1829, the Mount Vernon estate became the possession of Bushrod's nephew, John Augustine Washington II. As the son of a wealthy Virginia planter, John Augustine enjoyed a comfortable lifestyle at Mount Vernon, developing interests in politics, hunting, and agriculture. After John Augustine Washington II passed away in June 1832, the estate was left to his widow Jane Charlotte, who vowed to maintain the estate to the best of her ability without involving her children's inheritances. While John Augustine Washington III preferred his more aristocratic pastimes, Jane insisted that he attend college after his father's death. He graduated from the University of Virginia in 1840, returning to Mount Vernon in September 1841 with a proposition to manage the estate for his mother. She agreed, loaning him twenty-two slaves and contracting his employment for five hundred dollars per year for seven years.","As the oldest living male heir, John Augustine Washington III positioned himself to take possession of Mount Vernon from his mother. While she did not pass away until 1855, she gave John Augustine the proverbial keys to the kingdom, granting him full autonomy to run the plantation as he saw fit. However, John Augustine quickly realized that the deteriorating Mount Vernon estate was a far cry from the profitable plantation that his great-great uncle George Washington once presided over. His primary means of income came from wheat and potato production, woodcutting, selling slaves and outsourcing slave labor, collecting land rents, and his herring operation on the Potomac River. However, soil degradation, poor harvests, temperamental weather, and the devastation of crops by insects and pests limited his agricultural returns. While he managed to slow Mount Vernon's financial decline, these endeavors were not enough to stop the downward spiral. In addition to facing these hardships, John Augustine also experienced constant interruptions by sightseers, many of whom wanted the meet the living descendent of General George Washington, see the Mansion, and ask questions about Washington's life. ","These visitors were considered a nuisance to John Augustine's family, and their presence slowed plantation work for slaves, overseers, and hired farm laborers. Initially John Augustine followed the precedential policies of his mother, father, and uncle Bushrod, publishing trespassing notices around the property, requesting letters of introduction to enter the Mansion, and denying the landing of steamboats on the Potomac River. But with his lands yielding such little profit, John Augustine decided to embrace this historical tourism, implementing business strategies to extract money from the thousands of visitors who journeyed to the home of George Washington. In order to bring more people to the estate, he entered into a contract with the proprietors of the Thomas Collyer to permit their steamboat to dock directly at Mount Vernon. He also promoted and invested in the construction of the Alexandria, Mount Vernon, and Accotink Turnpike Road, which was designed to make travel easier to Mount Vernon over land. As more visitors descended upon the grounds, he instructed slaves and laborers to sell bouquets of flowers, fruit, milk, and hand-carved canes to tourists. Beyond the property boundaries, he went into business with James Crutchett, who purchased timber from the estate and manufactured wooden Washington trinkets near the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad depot in the nation's capital. While John Augustine Washington capitalized on the American fascination with George Washington, these sales were not substantial enough to convince him to retain Mount Vernon. He attempted to sell the property to both the federal government and the state of Virginia, but both bodies were deeply mired in sectional and political partisanship. Convinced that neither would meet his terms, he agreed to sell 200 acres of the Mount Vernon estate, which included the Mansion, outlying buildings, and the family tomb to the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association (MVLA) in 1858 for $200,000. ","John Augustine and his family vacated Mount Vernon for their new home Waveland plantation in February 1860. About a year later the state of Virginia called for a convention to debate the issue of secession, and in April 1861, Virginia delegates responded to the firing on Fort Sumter by voting in favor of leaving the Union. John Augustine joined the Confederate Army as a lieutenant colonel, and he served as aide-de-camp to his relative by marriage, General Robert E. Lee. In September 1861, John Augustine was killed during a reconnaissance mission at the Battle of Cheat Mountain by a Union bushwhacker. In a letter to John's teenage daughter Louisa, Lee painfully informed her that her father \"fell in the cause to which he had devoted all his energies, and which his noble heart was earnestly enlisted.\" The two men had shared many conversations and moments together as tent mates, and Lee admired his unflinching \"devotion to Almighty God,\" assuring Louisa that \"He is now safely in Heaven.\" John Augustine was buried in the Zion Episcopal Churchyard in Charles Town, West Virginia, one of several Washington family members who fought and died for Southern independence. "],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[Name and date of item], John Augustine Washington III and Mount Vernon Ladies' Association (MVLA) Collection, [Folder], Special Collections, The George Washington Presidential Library at Mount Vernon [hereafter Washington Library], Mount Vernon, Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["[Name and date of item], John Augustine Washington III and Mount Vernon Ladies' Association (MVLA) Collection, [Folder], Special Collections, The George Washington Presidential Library at Mount Vernon [hereafter Washington Library], Mount Vernon, Virginia."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis diary may not actually be part of accession RM-848 as it is not mentioned in the initial inventory/correspondence. However, it was in the same box as the other diaries and the almanac when found on the shelf, therefore it was described with the collection.\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["This diary may not actually be part of accession RM-848 as it is not mentioned in the initial inventory/correspondence. However, it was in the same box as the other diaries and the almanac when found on the shelf, therefore it was described with the collection."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eEarly Records of the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association ;\nPapers of the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association ;\nJohn Augustine Washington III and Eleanor Love Selden Correspondence ;\nJohn Augustine Washington III and Descendants Papers ;\nHistoric Manuscripts Collection\u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Materials"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["Early Records of the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association ;\nPapers of the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association ;\nJohn Augustine Washington III and Eleanor Love Selden Correspondence ;\nJohn Augustine Washington III and Descendants Papers ;\nHistoric Manuscripts Collection"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection concerns the inheritance, maintenance, and sale of the Mount Vernon estate by its last private owner, John Augustine Washington III. A large majority of the collection is correspondence to or from John Augustine Washington III with a significant portion relating to the purchase of the estate by the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association. Three diaries kept by John Augustine are also included and contain important information about his slaves, agricultural practices, and finances. Other types of material in the collection include legal documents, receipts, photographs, and ephemera. Photocopies were made for most of the manuscripts and can be viewed as surrogates to the originals. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eDescendants of John Augustine Washington III maintained ownership of these records until 1990 when they were sold to Gary Hendershott, a manuscripts dealer from Little Rock, Arkansas. The Mount Vernon Ladies' Association purchased the collection in October 1990.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eLists signatures and states that all members of Congress would sign if requested.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eStates they are now the \"best of friends.\" She is angry at people who denigrate his motives. Wants to make known his true nature.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Ritchie requests he arrive at the theatre a little after 12:00 so all guests may be seated prior to the rise of the curtain.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eShe had sent her present of flowers to Mrs. Madison, and they were \"greatfully\" received.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHis mother wants help valuing her sheep. Describes one offer for Mount Vernon with great disdain. They want to have entertainments there. He has great respect for \"your manly pride.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eApologizes for having intruded too much on his privacy during a recent visit when Mrs. Ritchie and others of the ladies \"took forcible possession of me\" and requested cuttings of flowers. Hopes he will establish a Botanic Garden and suggests a location for a Mausoleum.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDescribes her return from Mount Vernon in much rain. Discusses crops. Gives instructions for sending things to her. Asks report of conversation that was \"highly derogatory to me.\" Feels items should be sold to visitors so they will not pilfer mementos.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eUrges sale of Mount Vernon to Virginia rather than to a private sale.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eResolution wants to change the site of the Military Asylum to Mount Vernon if a part of the estate can be purchased at a reasonable price.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIntroduces some friends who wish to visit Mount Vernon.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eGives family news and an account of a visit by a gentleman who spent the night at Mount Vernon and gave $5 to West Ford. Discusses sale of a slave to his cousin. Has heard of a bill by the federal government to purchase Mount Vernon and wishes it would be accepted. Mentions prices and terms.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIs sending oats and other items to Mount Vernon. Urges him to pursue his studies. Wishes him to send some oysters and sugar.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSends funds for completing the vault at Mount Vernon and authorizes him to take more money from his bank if necessary.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThanks him for the many civilities experienced by them during their visit to Mount Vernon. Sends a piece of a branch of a fig tree cut from the birth spot of \"your immortal ancestor.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIs against his plans for Mount Vernon and opening it to \"every low idler.\" Discusses payments and what form they would take.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBrief note of regards, translated by J. Perkins.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHeard about people being charged to enter the garden. Wishes he would stop this.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWants to know price and terms of sale of Mount Vernon. If not for sale, could it be leased. (Contains typed transcript.)\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWas glad to hear that Mount Vernon was not for sale as it should remain in the hands of the Washington family. Wishes to \"establish a house of entertainment in the vicinity of Mount Vernon.\" Asks questions as to materials and location of such. (Contains typed transcript.)\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIs in the market to purchase negroes as one of his men, Alfred, has run off. Wants to know whether she still wishes to dispose of her negroes and what her price would be. He could pay $500 cash and then pay off the principal in a year or two.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eLists names of executors and legatees and their shares and values.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTells him of an upcoming visit to Washington and Mount Vernon by a \"highly respectable volunteer corps.\" They wish to arrive by boat and see the tomb of Washington. He understands permission to do so is necessary.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIs worried his health is suffering by his labors at Mount Vernon. Hopes he will accept any reasonable offer by the U.S. Government for it. Went into town to have magistrates witness her acknowledgment of the deed of release. Discusses a suit brought by Judge Douglass and the health of various family members.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDoubts whether an offer will be made by the U.S. Government. Hopes it would as she feels his health is suffering from attending to business at Mount Vernon. Recommends someone to help him acquire an overseer. Was paid money for him. Discusses the failing health of Dr. Alexander's mother and others.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIs horrified to learn of auction of Wood Lawn. Proposes to run a steamboat between Washington to Wood Lawn, Fort Washington, Mount Vernon, and the White House. Gives references. Pledges to bring members of Congress there and feels it would enhance the chances of the purchase of Mount Vernon by the government. Suggests it could be used as a summer home for the President. Discusses various items left by Washington and the soon to be completed Chesapeake \u0026amp; Ohio Canal. (contains typed transcript)\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTells him of a letter he received from an unknown man who wants to obtain a tree from Mount Vernon to transplant in France to shade the bench of Christopher Columbus which he possesses.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eRecommends leaving it to Congress to propose a price for the purchase of Mount Vernon. She feels he wants too much for it, and that it really should not be sold. Gives family news. Gives advice on his search for an overseer.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFirst letter discusses the Supreme Court taking on the suit of Mr. Hammond against General Washington. Bassett says he discharged all debts owed by Captain Lewis. There is another copy of the names of executors and legatees and their shares and values. Discussions of various debts owed to different people.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDiscusses various suits, mostly Hammonds, against the estate and their current status. Many people have died since 1827 when they were last listed. Will take a long time to find people.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDiscussion of the Hammond suit and payments still owed to various creditors, to be paid by all the legatees of General Washington's estate. Most dollar figures are left blank to be filled in later. Prompt payment by all legatees is required.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDiscusses his father's will and his lack of knowledge of the whereabouts of various other people mentioned in JAW's letter.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAnswering his inquiries as to various relatives. Suggests he write to the clerk of Kanawha County for the information he requires. Suggests he contact Andrew Parks who probably has all the facts.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDiscusses sale of swamp land. He paid the taxes on it for the Washington heirs. The land is not worth much since the timber had been taken from it by many people over the years. Would like to be reimbursed for the money he paid.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHe wishes to meet with him in the middle of November, at which time they can conclude their business.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDiscusses the bill in Congress to purchase Mount Vernon. Wants assets divided up between her children so all are taken care of. Tells of Charles' upcoming marriage before he leaves for California.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDiscusses the codicil of his father's will. Mrs. Washington is not compelled to sell. Upon her death, the heirs may sell despite the codicil. Suggests Mrs. Washington partition the land before her death in order that JAW may do \"what you please with the land.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eInvites him to the wedding of his oldest daughter the next week.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHas been in Charlestown attending services for the week. Is amazed at the prospect of $200,000 being paid for Mount Vernon by the government. Wants him to send fish and to pickle some \"Rock.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription included) George Page and a surveyor from Maryland wanted to survey land in the Potomac River adjacent to Mount Vernon with the object of bringing steamboats there. Was notified he would be charged with some offense by Maryland. Makes him aware that the compact between the states means they have no claim on him.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFirst letter – wants to know if Mount Vernon Estate will be sold. Second letter – understands the government might become the owner of the estate and wants to meet.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWants him to petition the Court to finally settle the estate of General Washington.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFirst letter – wants to examine Mount Vernon with a view to the establishment of a military asylum for the relief of soldiers. Second letter – tells him the price for Mount Vernon is too high, and purchase of a location nearer Washington will be undertaken.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAn account by a boat company of receipts over the past year.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDiscusses the landing of boats at Mount Vernon without JAW's previous knowledge. Wants them to be allowed to dock if they pay the usual fare to him.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAcknowledges payment for the pianoforte. Wants four walking sticks cut from near General Washington's tomb to be sent to monks in Italy.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAgreement to sell 200 acres of Mount Vernon for $200,000. Includes all buildings and the tomb, as well as furnishings currently there. Also will allow heirs to be buried there. He may not sell the estate without first offering it to the U.S. Government and the State of Virginia for no more than $350,000.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHas been unable to contact other parties to the contract. Hopes to be able to do so soon.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA committee of the House of Delegates has been appointed to consider the purchase of Mount Vernon. Wants to meet him in Alexandria to discuss this.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eEncloses a newspaper clipping about the acquisition of Mount Vernon by the State of Virginia. Tells him the committee of five will look into the will of the people as to this acquisition.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAddressed only to \"Mrs. Washington.\" Unclear whether it is addressed to Mrs. Jane C.B. Washington or Mrs. Eleanor L.S. Washington. (Typed transcription included) Has heard that Mount Vernon is for sale, possibly to northern people. Feels the Ladies of the South might instead procure it and wants to know the price.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDoes not wish to part with Mount Vernon but wishes to keep it from the changeable fortunes of a family and to ally it to the State. Would sell 200 acres with stipulations for $200,000. If the State wants to establish a model farm there, he would sell an additional 1,000 acres for $300,000. Invites them to visit.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDiscusses his offer to sell Mount Vernon to the state. Says $200,000 is less than the property could sell for on the market. Talks about having a model farm as nothing meant more to Washington than farming. Would welcome them to visit. Reminds them that his terms cannot be materially modified.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription included) Says he is asking less money of the state than he had been offered by others. Tells them of his desire for a model farm as the pursuit of an improved system of agriculture was of great importance to General Washington. Would welcome a visit from them.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWants to clear up suggestions that he is falsely referring to higher offers for Mount Vernon.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe Committee feels the price for Mount Vernon \"is enormous.\" Would prefer the money to be used for a rail road.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDraft in writing of John Augustine Washington III. Addressed to \"Miss Cunningham\" but could also be a response to Louisa Cunningham's letter instead of Ann Pamela Cunningham. Praises the women of the south for their affection for Washington. Does not wish to dispose of the property except to the government of the United States or Virginia and so declines the proposition from the \"Ladies of the South.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDraft thought to be in the writing of Jane C.B. Washington. Identical text to previous letter (draft in the hand of John Augustine Washington III).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eEncloses a power of attorney and some other letters. Has agreed to reduction of $50,000 on 1000 acres. Will accept nothing less than $200,000 for the 200 acres. Agrees to pay him 5% of what he gets from either government agency, provided it occurs in the current session.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe state might be willing to pay $50,000 per year for four years for Mount Vernon but not the total of $200,000 at once. Wonders what is happening with the federal government. \"Things are coming to a head rapidly.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAs long as negotiations with Virginia remain open, it would not be proper for him to entertain any proposals from other parties for the purchase of Mount Vernon. Might be interested in the future in making an offer.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFeels priority should be given to Congress to purchase Mount Vernon, and therefore Virginia is holding off on more committee meetings. Wants him to be there for future committee meetings.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eUrges him to meet with Arthur Taylor as his representative in the proposed sale of Mount Vernon. Requests that he not send papers to Col. Bissell before meeting with him.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHas the papers from Mr. Washington and wants to meet with him to discuss the sale of Mount Vernon to the U.S. Government.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAssures him that he has not given the letters from him to Mr. Bissell and has requested Mr. Taylor to come see him.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eEncloses the previous letter and hopes they will be able to meet soon. Feels it best to not commit to any course with the U.S. until a definite answer comes from the Virginia Legislature.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eInvites him to come to his lodgings at any time at 9 a.m.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIs unable to return to his \"hospitable roof\" at this time. Values the time she was there and having been \"entrusted with the training of such bright intelligences.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eReports on his share of earnings from \"Washington's Writings.\" Many copies of the book were destroyed in a fire, but the stereotype and engraved plates were in a fire proof vault.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFeels it is very important for him to communicate with the federal government and is willing to help in any way.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMr. Taylor shared his letter proposing to bring the subject of the purchase of Mount Vernon again before Congress. His terms are already known to him – the same as those agreed to for the State of Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWants to bring up the purchase of Mount Vernon in Congress but wants to know just what terms he agreed to with Virginia. Wants the Northern States to purchase it.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eGives terms of sale, including that family members still living may also be buried there. Additional property to total 1000 acres may be purchased for $300,000, for a model farm as suggested by Gen. Washington. Tells him the state of Virginia had proposed the sale for less than he wanted which he refused.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eEncloses a copy of the bill reported to the House of Delegates Committee for the purchase of Mount Vernon. He told them it would not meet with JAW's approval. Urges him to move quickly on the Turnpike matter for this session.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIs very desirous of having the State of Virginia take possession of Mount Vernon and \"have the sole control and ownership forever.\" Wants to know what terms he proposes.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eGives him the terms of sale. The Washington family shall be permitted to be buried on the site, and no remains shall ever be disturbed. The price shall be $200,000, with an additional 800 acres available for $100,000 more\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWill not accede to propositions of the steamboat company. Will be busy for a few weeks but wants to see a copy of the agreement currently in effect.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTells him of Mrs. Mason presenting \"a remonstrance against your turnpike.\" Wants access to $250 at Farmers Bank in Alexandria.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDiscusses payments based on sales of \"Washington's Writings.\" Tells percentages paid to various legatees.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDiscusses quarrelling and squabbling among the ladies purchasing Mount Vernon. Is concerned about security around the remains of George Washington.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWants him to send a letter to him so he may correct disparaging remarks made about his impending sale of Mount Vernon.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIs writing to her as requested by JAW. Describes a woman mourning her deceased eight-year-old son. Includes a poem about grief and moving on after death of a child.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Mr. Mason very much wants to meet him and getting a letter from JAW that would announce the news of their \"progress.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Thanks him for the kindness of him and Mrs. Washington on her recent visit to Mount Vernon. Urges him to send a letter to be published about the sale of Mount Vernon before the news is released by someone else.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Assures her he does not care what others say about him and remains hopeful of selling Mount Vernon to the State of Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Explains the absence of Mr. Toombs when JAW came to see him. Tells him why she is now dealing with Mr. Toombs rather than Mr. Mason.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Hopes to meet him in Washington City as she will be there for a few days during her travel south. Wants a thorough understanding of his wishes and intentions before meeting with the governor of Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWants him to reconsider his determination as expressed in his letter in the National Intelligencer and put the estate under the care of the State of Virginia. (This is a copy of a letter written by Anna's husband.) Second letter, dated March 5, 1857 on same paper: Refers to letter copied out by her. Is certain a sufficient sum will have been raised by February 22 to enable Virginia to purchase Mount Vernon.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eUrges him to reconsider his determination as expressed in his letter to the National Intelligencer and consent to place the estate once more at the disposal of Virginia which has an arrangement with the \"Ladies' Mount Vernon Association of the Union.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHis musical association played a concert on behalf of the \"Ladies Mt. Vernon Association\" at which $100 was raised. The musical group would benefit greatly from receiving this money back if Mr. Washington has no plans to sell to the Ladies Association.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWould love to spend time at Mount Vernon, but his schedule will not allow at this time. His book will be published during the winter and spring, but he doesn't feel a visit would add anything.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHe remains willing to place Mount Vernon in the hands of the State of Virginia, under his terms which the state has not seemed to want to meet. The proposal to have Mount Vernon by under the Mount Vernon Ladies Association of the Union is unacceptable to him. Doubts they could maintain the estate in perpetuity. It would then be taken over by the state.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Identical to previous letter.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Responding to his letter to Mr. Ritchie. Urges him to put out that the Ladies are to raise $200,000 on behalf of the State of Virginia for the purchase of Mount Vernon.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Does not wish to publish parts of letters. Feels \"nothing but silent contempt can put them at rest.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(W.L. Underwood – most likely Warner Lewis Underwood, Kentucky Senator) Tells JAW that if his current negotiations for Mount Vernon should fall through that his organization would be pleased to enter into further discussions.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAgain says he wishes Mount Vernon to go to the State of Virginia, to be decided upon by the current session of the General Assembly.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Wants to know who told her that he was \"willing… for a pecuniary consideration to break engagements and promises.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe Masonic Brotherhood is interested in purchasing Mount Vernon. Thanks him for the tour the previous day. Apologizes for the bad behavior of one member and hopes that will not prejudice him against the Fraternity.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) She met with the governor who told her the \"Extra Session\" of the Legislature was for the \"presidential contest,\" so the Legislature will not be meeting again until the next winter. Realizes this delay is not pleasing to him.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eInquires whether any action has been taken by the Legislature or is likely to be.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTells him no action has yet been taken by the Legislature but feels sure it will be taken up after the Christmas recess, after which the ladies will be enabled to purchase Mount Vernon and have its title transferred to Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDiscusses various prices for Mount Vernon and quotes JAW as vehemently denying that he wanted the remains of General Washington moved. He wishes the estate to be the property of the United States and all the people.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Tells him she has been very ill but is sure that the Legislature will act.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Labeled as Private. Tells him Gov. Wise is \"inimical to our 'cause'\" which is the reason the Legislature has not taken up the subject of the purchase of Mount Vernon.\" Talks of the financial crisis which is being felt by \"we victimized cotton planters.\" Tells him of the impending sale of copies of a portrait of Washington.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) She writes of her illness and lack of strength. The Constitution of the Association was signed by the governor. Tells him various Masonic orders have decided to become allies of the Association. Hopes to have the contract signed between Virginia and him on the 22nd of February.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eInvites recipient to the elevation of the Statue of Washington on February 22 in Richmond.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Labeled as Private. Is looking forward to the inauguration of the Washington statue. Wants him to vow that the Ladies of the Association are the \"very best friends you have in the world.\" Tells him that Gov. Wise is no friend to him or to her and this cause.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Has a document that states Virginia will purchase Mount Vernon from him and encloses a copy of the bill. Is sure the governor will act strongly to defeat this. Wants him to attend the address by Mr. Everett a few days before the 22nd of February. Tells him how lucky he is to get $200,000 in \"these awful times.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eGives price of sale of $200,000 for 200 acres of the Mount Vernon estate and pledges the MVLA to guarantee to not disturb any remains currently there and to allow descendants of JAW to also be interred there.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Praises him for agreeing that Mount Vernon is to be a public shrine and to limit interments there. Gen. Chapman included that in the third reading of the bill. Discusses the building of a new mausoleum for Washington which would not go against his will. Talks of her illness.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Tells her the disposition of family remains, as well as those of General Washington, are his biggest concerns in the sale.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Hopes he is happy about the bill as read in the Legislature. Tells him it is she and not the Committee who wants to arrange for a magnificent mausoleum. Closes by saying she is too exhausted to \"even give a hint of the nature of woman's revenge should you not be in a state of delight over our bill!!!\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Remains adamant as to a future mausoleum as Washington stated where he wished his remains to be. Cannot travel to Richmond at present due to the illness of Mrs. Washington.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Agreement ends with reference to the 10th of February) Deals with payment of $6,000 to heirs of W.F. Alexander and Anna Alexander as a share of Mount Vernon. Expressly says none of these heirs have any claim to the proceeds arising from a sale of Mount Vernon, other than the $6,000.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Tells him that though Gov. Wise is no friend to the Mount Vernon cause, he did not intend to put his remarks under the head of Lunatic Asylum. It was a complete accident.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Encloses another article by Mr. Pryor who is \"using his art to arouse the fear, \u0026amp; cupidity of the timid \u0026amp; narrow minded of this Legislature.\" Asks him about his previous offer from a company to purchase the estate, and that he wanted to wait for Congress to act.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) States that his price for Mount Vernon has always been $200,000, since he gained control of it in 1849. Asks whether he ever made an offer for Mount Vernon for $100,000. If so, under whose authority was it made?\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Wants to confirm with him that his offer to sell Mount Vernon as a site for the Military Asylum in 1851 was for $200,000 and not $100,000.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Tells her of a contract with a gentleman to sell him 200 acres of Mount Vernon for $200,000 with the condition that the property should be offered to the U.S. and to Virginia. If neither purchased it, he should take the property. He then offered $50,000 to release him from that obligation, but JAW refused. Says he never has offered it for sale in public or private.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSays he was authorized by JAW to offer Mount Vernon for a Military Asylum for $100,000. Will search for papers to confirm this.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Advises that on March 25, 1851, he made an offer to sell about 150 acres of the Mount Vernon estate for $200,000 for an Army Asylum or some other government purpose.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Labeled as Private. Thanks him for sending a copy of the correspondence of Gen. Scott. Miss C. is intensely engaged in getting past Mr. Pryor's malicious misrepresentation of the Bill. If he can defeat us, he will.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eReiterates that Alexander and his heirs have no claim to any proceeds arising from a sale of Mount Vernon beyond the agreed upon $6,000 and requests him to add a paragraph to that effect to the agreement they will both sign.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Wants him to come see her in Richmond, despite his recent fall. Refers to the animosity of Mr. Pryor toward the bill. Wishes there could be an Extra Session for it to pass.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAgain states his disagreement with Mr. McKenzie's assertion of his having offered $100,000 for Mount Vernon. No one else knew of such an offer. Gen. Scott agrees with JAW in his recollections. Tells her of a recent fall from a horse which will prevent his visit to Richmond on the 22nd.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eUrges him and his family to attend the inauguration of the equestrian statue of Washington on the Capital Square in Richmond. Says he would be pleased to host them at their home near the city.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Is uncertain whether he will be able to travel to Richmond and wants her to update him on matters related to the Bill as \"I have not in any manner approached\" any of his friends or acquaintances on the subject. It is important for her to convince members that the association only needs the name of the State which will not be called upon to pay any of the money for the purchase.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Miss Cunningham begs him to attend Mr. Everett's oration and hopes to speak to him on the Square tomorrow.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Continues to be unwell. Introduces him to Mr. A.H.H. Dawson of Georgia, \"an eccentric genius.\" He is devoted to the purposes of the Association and has delivered an address about it in 30 towns in Georgia. Urges him to come to Richmond to meet with members of the Legislature.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Is sorry he was unable to call on her before leaving Richmond. Wants clarification about alterations Mr. Yancy thought necessary in the paper he left with her. He wants a decision by the Legislature, yes or no, soon.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Tells him that the Legislature is \"in a row\" and will not pass any bills before an Extra Session. Wants him to bring a contract to her so they are prepared for any contingencies. Tells him of her illness of the lungs and her treatment.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Reiterates the importance of the sanctity of the family burying ground. Wants to have some alterations and additions of a substantial permanent character made to the present vault, with a durable enclosure around it. He is open to payment in stocks or cash for the estate. Says they should have an act of incorporation before signing a contract.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Gen. Chapman was drawing up an act of incorporation before the bill comes up. He said Virginia must not hold the tomb; the Association must hold it. She remains very ill. \"yrs in much suffering\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIs preparing a pamphlet to defend JAW against detractors and wants copies of correspondence he had with Gen. Scott and others about possible purchase of Mount Vernon.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) The bill in Virginia for the purchase of Mount Vernon, to be refunded by the MVLA, was defeated in the House of Delegates. In addition Congress cannot purchase land in a sovereign state without its consent. Tells him it should be the property of the Nation and should be sold to the MVLA. \"With grateful women pledged to guard the sacred ashes of Washington and to adorn his home for a national shrine.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Says it has become obvious that neither Virginia nor the U.S. wish to purchase Mount Vernon. Therefore \"the women of the land will probably be the safest as they will certainly be the purest guardians of a national shrine.\" He waits for her to make a proposal to him.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Miss Cunningham requests that he answer the letter she gave him relating to the purchase of Mount Vernon and to return it to her. She will give him a copy.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Is returning her letter to him as it seemed to be improperly dated and lacked her signature. When she remedies those defects, he will send an answer.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Wants to meet with him on Saturday morning in Alexandria to sign the contract.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Is very unhappy about delays put forth by Messrs. Macfarland \u0026amp; Myers. They felt there had to be an acceptance of the contract by all or a majority of the Vice Regents before it could be signed. They can do this by telegraph, permitting Mrs. Ritchie to act for them.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Urges him to come without delay. It was thought things would be delayed as Mrs. Walton's husband had died, but now Mr. McFarland advised them to send for him at once. Miss Cunningham is not good and needs to bring matters to a close \"ere it be too late.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Wants him to come see her that afternoon or evening as Dr. Beale \"considers it necessary to apply a severe blister without delay.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed – labeled Private) Upon reflection she feels the letter she sent him for publication is not to be published. She does not wish to \"make enemies even in a State which has given me so little cause to respect it.\" Mrs. Ritchie will work on a better worded one which she will send to him.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHe deposited money to his credit for the contract and wants to know if this was correct. Tells him the pony he was inquiring about is not for sale. Also felt much concern about the accounts of the fisheries. Looks forward to a visit with him.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Encloses the plat of the 200 acres of land he agreed to sell to the MVLA. Wants him to sign it and return it.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) About the plat, he is having the land resurveyed and \"have the necessary corners stones set.\" He will send it back with a signature after that. Also encloses her letter of March 12 and wants a copy of her letter as published with her signature.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWants to know if George Thorburn may visit Mount Vernon in the 28th of May to inspect the grounds in regards to the improvements to be made. He is \"no doubt the first horticulturist in America\" and a plain, unpolished person. It would be good for JAW's surveyor to meet with Mr. Thorburn to go over the grounds.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHe is \"exceedingly provoked\" at the newspaper coverage in connection with the sale of Mount Vernon. As a college friend he felt he had to contact an editor and correct the information. He hopes he did not make the situation worse.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAgain requests he host the \"celebrated florist\" at Mount Vernon to look over the grounds before they come to Mount Vernon on the 29th for a few hours.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAgrees to have Mr. Thorburn come and meet with surveyors. Asks if Mr. Thorburn could be appointed the Agent of the Association in drawing up with the surveyors the lines of the 200 acres. He will \"grant any reasonable request of the Association.\" Hopes to see Mr. Ritchie and her while he yet resides at Mount Vernon.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe first attests to receipt of interest on the $6,000 owed to Mrs. Jane Washington. \tThe second is for $2,000 as part of the $6,000 owed.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eUrges him to reduce the price of Mount Vernon to $150,000 so as to better fund all the expenses associated with its ownership by the MVLA. Tells him to buy land in \"some of the new states\" with that money.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWants to know what stocks or bonds would be acceptable as part of the purchase price. Gives the current rate of Virginia stock.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAcknowledges his decline to the proposition.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eReplying to a previous letter. Cannot answer the questions of Miss Lewis as he does not remember where Col. Fielding Lewis died. Her wishes are an illusion. Wonders if some land in Kentucky is what she is dreaming of. Hopes the Ladies will be able to preserve Mount Vernon after they complete the purchase.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAs a new Mason, wants to know if he will amend the contract to state that the property will revert to the United States or the Masonic Fraternity in the event of a dissolution of the MVLA and not to the state of Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWrites to her cousin about an article in the paper that morning that was a \"vile abolition libel on you.\" Wants to assure her lady friends that it is untrue.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIs involved in illustrating an article about Mount Vernon as it is of interest to the American people. Wants to visit to sketch objects that have not been drawn. The MVLA is in favor of such an article to assist with their fund raising.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIs amazed at the scurrilous attacks made on him by Northern Papers which are calculated to embarrass the Mount Vernon Association.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Thanks him for his letter about the calumnies in some Northern newspapers but has no desire to enter into a controversy with the papers.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed – labeled Private) Wants him to tell her of his agreement with Mr. Crutchett of Mount Vernon Cane Factory who was given permission to come and cut trees on the estate. Asks what value he puts on the remainder of the estate contiguous to the 200 acres.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Gives details of his contract with Mr. Crutchett which expired in February 1856. He was permitted to take more trees before January 1857. He has no right to \"come upon the property I have sold the Association to cut timber.\" Has not put a price on the remainder of Mount Vernon.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThanks him for the hospitality given to him and his sister on their visit to Mount Vernon.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Miss Cunningham was happy to hear his account of the transactions with Mr. Crutchett. Wants him to come to Philadelphia to confer upon private matters of great importance to the Association and himself. She is equally interested in the final settlement of the boundary lines.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFirst letter (incomplete) congratulates him on the sale of Mount Vernon. Requests return of portrait of his mother. Second letter thanks him for agreeing to return the portrait. He and his family would very much like to visit Mount Vernon again before it becomes public.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHopes he can come to Washington to meet with him. Wants Mr. Washington to stay with him to \"pay off the debt of visiting you at Mt. Vernon.\" Miss Cunningham is making arrangements to pay the first bond with interest in December.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed – labeled Private) Looks forward to making payment of the first installment. Mr. Riggs will pay sums of $5,000 as soon as it is raised. Hopes to be able to pay the remainder of 2d installment on 1st of January 1859. Begs him to keep these matters as a \"profound secret.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMiss Cunningham wants to make the first payment on December 14, the anniversary of Washington's death.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTells him of payment to Burke \u0026amp; Herbert of $10,000 on that day.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTells him the box containing the chairs has not yet arrived. He wants to be allowed to pay for the repairs necessary to the chairs. Invites him and his family to visit him in Richmond before they go farther away from it.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed – labeled Private) Wants to make the first payment on the 1st, but this is a holiday. Urges him not to risk sending the plat executed by Washington himself but to have it be lithographed. Wants to clear up the boundaries. Tells him to keep the discussion of the sale of additional land private.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWants to gather branches from the estate in order to make canes to sell to aid in the purchase of Mount Vernon.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTheir project would require the consent of the Regent of the MVLA.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed – labeled Confidential) Miss Cunningham is too ill to reply to his last letter. Lets him know his presence might be required on the 22nd but all arrangements must be kept private. The upcoming payment will be about $14,000.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Urges him to accept the money already paid to him (for the \"selling your relations bones.\") He already received more money than the estate was worth. Note on the letter states he ensured his control over the remains in \"such a way that they can never be sold by any one.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Does not want to go to Philadelphia unless it is absolutely necessary. He recently heard that Mrs. Esther M. Lewis (widow of Lorenzo Lewis) wants to present the harpsichord that was given to Nelly to the MVLA.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThanks him for copy of the inscription on a bust. He realized he had not copied the pencil sketch of the Destruction of the Bastille. Would JAW please have a photograph of it sent to him for an upcoming book on the history of Mount Vernon. Will send a copy of the book to him in September when it is published.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAcknowledges receipt of $1,000 which completes the payment of $6,000 owed to Mrs. Jane Washington.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe Regent wants JAW to not allow any more sketches to be made of Mount Vernon or the grounds without her consent. Attached is a copy of an advertisement for sale of a portrait of Washington. The Mount Vernon Record gives an account of fund raising to date. Mr. Everett thanks Devereux for sending him a copy of the Farewell Address.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Requests her to send him definite instructions to enable him to prohibit people from making sketches of Mount Vernon.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTells them he has written to the Regent requesting her instructions about the matter they raised with him.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) The Regent now feels that it would \"not be practicable for you to refuse privileges hitherto granted\" in the matter of sketches. There is also a newspaper clipping with letters from JAW and the Regent about the sale of Mount Vernon.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThey wrote to him on the 14th as the Regent was prostrated. Requests any material he might have about the area in England where Washington's ancestor came from.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Tells her of terms under which they ran their steamboat to Mount Vernon. They paid him money with the understanding that he would make repairs to the wharf and footway, under the agreement, but he did not. He ordered his captain to have it done and will retain that money.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Encloses a copy of the previous letter and asks him to advise her as to her response to Mr. Bryan.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Miss Cunningham much enjoyed his previous letter and its humor. Hopes he will waive the requisition of 10 days notice before receiving payments. Can give him at least 30 days notice before requiring possession, and hopefully 60 days. She has \"been very much of an invalid for many weeks.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Wants him to come to Philadelphia around the 10th or 12th so they may consult in regard to the future. They can have the boundary line settled and put many business affairs in order. Miss Cunningham intends to make a payment on the last installment as soon \"as you will receive it.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) He will travel to Philadelphia and meet with her on Wednesday. Will give directions to Messrs. Burke \u0026amp; Herbert for the last installment.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Miss Cunningham wants him to arrive on Thursday and then accompany her to hear Mr. Everett in the evening. She and Mr. Everett would then meet with him on Friday.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) He agrees to come to Philadelphia on Thursday and meet as she suggests.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) The Regent wants him to \"have the kindness not to speak of the particulars of your interview with her.\" She also requests him to confer with Mr. Herbert, after which Mr. Herbert should meet with Mr. Riggs and let her know the arrangements he would be willing to make. \"This matter she particularly desires should be confidential.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWants him to send him the photographs of the Picture of the Bastille and let him know what he owes for this service. Thanks him for his kindness in all this matter.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAgain asks for the photograph of the Bastille picture as his book is finished, and he is only waiting for that.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Miss Cunningham regrets that he and Mr. Riggs were unable to meet at Mount Vernon to discuss all it is possible to do without annoyance to the family. Would like to commence work on the outbuildings near the garden and to rebuild the roof and pillars of the piazza. Also wants to do work around the Tomb.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Apologizes for delay in responding to his recent letter, but the news of Captain Cunningham's decease has made it impossible for Miss Cunningham to \"think of even the most pressing business.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThanks him for sending the photograph and encloses $5. Apologizes for keeping three documents for so long. Wants to return the documents and send him a copy of the book in September. Asks whether he may keep the Pohick elevation as it is in Washington's hand.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDetails work done on various dresses.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIs sorry to hear that JAW will be leaving Mount Vernon before Hubard can get there to visit. Wants to know whether Mr. Mills does possess the moulds made by Houdon. Wants to see a cast made from the mould as he is convinced it is a fraud.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCannot say whether the Richmond statue is accurate but to him the head looks identical to the Mount Vernon bust. Has never heard of the moulds being left at Mount Vernon and does not believe Mr. Mills would have removed anything without his permission.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWants to clarify his original assertion that he feels Houdon did not use the moulds made from Washington's face as he asserts they are very different from the head of Houdon. Also wants to know whether the table on which Washington lay when the moulds were made is still at Mount Vernon.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThanks him for sending money from the steamboat company for the MVLA.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWill be writing an article for Encyclopedia Britannica and is \"desirous of stating the facts relative to the emancipation of the Genl's slaves.\" Also wants to know whether Mrs. Washington left a will and whether she freed her slaves in it.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWishes to obtain a copy of the inventory of General Washington's estate.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMakes assertion that General Washington was sued and judgment rendered against him. Also some northern papers are speculating that he lost his money and had mortgaged the Mount Vernon estate for $400,000. Encloses a copy of the certificate of the appraiser as entered in 1810.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIs returning the papers lent to him and sending a copy of his book on Mount Vernon. Thanks him for the use of the papers.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Reminds her that his request for her lawyer to sift through an abstract of his title to Mount Vernon has not been complied with. This would answer questions raised by anonymous persons which have \"caused you some uneasiness.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMiss Cunningham wants to conclusively prove the falsehood of assertions of the invalidity of his title to the estate. The Clerk of Fairfax County will attest to the truth but wants to see his father's will and evidence of the payment of $6,000 charged to the estate. Looks forward to putting to rest this falsehood.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIs still waiting for the certificate from the Clerk of Fairfax County. That will give the \"lie to any slander of title.\" Is unable to visit due to his duties in the Legislature.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Miss Cunningham thanks him for sending the package of papers and hopes to be able to write herself in a few days about other matters.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThanks him for sending the papers. Does not appear from them that \"Mrs. Washington emancipated the dower negroes.\" Requests more information on that point.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSees that Miss Cunningham has published an abstract of title furnished her by the Clerk of Fairfax Court, so imagines she will not require further information. Will soon return the other papers.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Has forwarded to her a package of papers which he recovered, apparently detailing the kinds and locations of trees planted at Mount Vernon.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTells her his lack of response to her letter is due to being away most of the month and having visits from friends, possibly for the last time at Mount Vernon. Pointed out the lines of the old vistas marked by ancient trees. The insurance policies he had were on the house only, not the outbuildings. Recommends she make a new road. Also recommends repairing the wharf.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSends a newspaper copy of an advertisement she placed wishing to obtain a copy of the photograph taken the previous August at the tomb of Washington which included her daughter, now deceased. She would like to know if she could obtain a list of the attendees of that day so she might write and request this as it is the only photograph of her daughter.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Tells her the Association still must raise $140,000 to support the Estate which will require extraordinary effort on the part of the Association. Asks her to address visitors at Mount Vernon on the imperative nature of this.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed – labeled Private) Wants to arrange a \"Grand Ceremonial in connection with the taking of the title\" in order to let people know fund raising is not complete after the purchase. Refers to political turmoil and the impending dissolution of the Union and all the difficulties this will cause. Plans to be at Mount Vernon for 10 days and wants to meet with him to finalize things.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHe is fine with executing a deed for the sale of Mount Vernon to the Association and feels there would be no difficulty in the event of his death. He worries about Virginia's seceding from the Union that she might object to selling part of her soil to a corporation composed \"in part of unfriendly foreigners.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Miss Cunningham is gratified that he concurs in her proposition and feels her decease would be the most serious difficulty to be apprehended. Wants to meet him at Mount Vernon to place the deed in escrow. Does not feel the possibilities for Virginia he suggested would form a significant barrier.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Encloses an order to Mr. Riggs for steamboat receipts through December 31st. Would be happy to meet her at Mount Vernon.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Encloses the order on Mr. Bryan for the steamboat receipts. Has been paying insurance which continues until June next and has deducted that from the receipts.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAcknowledges his letter but does not need receipts for premiums of insurance.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eReports that Mr. Herbert only wants to clear the lot of land offered him. Also Mr. Norris has rented out his farm. Turner is not sure where he moved to in Kentucky. Discusses acquisition of material to make shirts for servants.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Had not replied to his earlier letter due to excessive fatigue from her journey from Columbia. Hopes to use patriotic influence to get the \"Agent\" to remit or reduce his fee.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTells him of a minister who will be in Alexandria and is looking for a vacant church where he could officiate.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFuneral was conducted at Waveland. There is a description of the body and the family. Invoked the Gospel. JAW began family prayers following the death of his wife. Description of his activities over the following days.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAsks Mrs. Howard for a biographical sketch of her father (John Augustine Washington III) for the National Cyclopedia of American Biography.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTwo leaflets advertising the writings of Dr. Lyon G. Tyler.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFull title \"A Confederate catechism: The war of 1861-1865.\" Third edition, November 21, 1929. Series of 20 questions and answers about the war.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWants to know whether the Ladies will discuss the purchase of the pictures and maps he has been offering. He will offer them elsewhere.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographic print, cabinet card of a drawing of the east view of the Mansion by unknown artist. Reverse side of card reads \"D.H. Naramore, Photographer, No. 321 King Street, Alexandria, VA.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSmall engraving probably clipped from a publication. Unknown location or residence shown in image.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHair clippings in envelope with note \"Hair of the late Lawrence Washington - 1856 - Found among articles bequested to MVLA by Miss Cunningham. Miss Comegys, Regent (1923) directs Supt. to send this to the widow of Mr. Lawrence W.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSmall black and white photographic print showing the gravestone for Lt. Col. John Augustine Washington.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBlack and white photographic print mounted on gray board. Shows Waveland residence with man, two women, and several children visible (unidentified).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBoston: Published by Charles Bowen. Front page signed \"Jane C. Washington, Mount Vernon, 1834.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDiary inscribed \"Account of all my recpts. \u0026amp; expenditures beginning with Sept. 16th, 1841, that being the date at which I came to Mount Vernon to reside.\" There are intermittent entries through November 1859. This is not as full a diary but includes lists of food, clothing, and china, table, and cookware.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIncludes \"List of Negroes\" and Mount Vernon farming and maintenance details. Loose note at the front reads \"Extracts from the diary of my father\" with notes on this diary and previous ones.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIncludes \"List of Negroes\" and Mount Vernon farming and maintenance details.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotocopies of undated manuscripts from the collection.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotocopies of manuscripts dated 1834-1838 from the collection.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotocopies of manuscripts dated 1841-1845 from the collection.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotocopies of manuscripts dated 1846-1849 from the collection.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotocopies of manuscripts dated 1851-1853 from the collection.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotocopies of manuscripts dated 1854-1855 from the collection.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotocopies of manuscripts dated 1856-1857 from the collection.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotocopies of manuscripts dated 1858 from the collection. (1 of 2)\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotocopies of manuscripts dated 1858 from the collection. (2 of 2)\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotocopies of manuscripts dated 1859 from the collection.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotocopies of manuscripts dated 1860-1861 from the collection.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHandwritten notes probably by a librarian or other Mount Vernon staff member including summaries of the letters within the collection.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and 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A large majority of the collection is correspondence to or from John Augustine Washington III with a significant portion relating to the purchase of the estate by the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association. Three diaries kept by John Augustine are also included and contain important information about his slaves, agricultural practices, and finances. Other types of material in the collection include legal documents, receipts, photographs, and ephemera. Photocopies were made for most of the manuscripts and can be viewed as surrogates to the originals. ","Descendants of John Augustine Washington III maintained ownership of these records until 1990 when they were sold to Gary Hendershott, a manuscripts dealer from Little Rock, Arkansas. The Mount Vernon Ladies' Association purchased the collection in October 1990.","Lists signatures and states that all members of Congress would sign if requested.","States they are now the \"best of friends.\" She is angry at people who denigrate his motives. Wants to make known his true nature.","Mrs. Ritchie requests he arrive at the theatre a little after 12:00 so all guests may be seated prior to the rise of the curtain.","She had sent her present of flowers to Mrs. Madison, and they were \"greatfully\" received.","His mother wants help valuing her sheep. Describes one offer for Mount Vernon with great disdain. They want to have entertainments there. He has great respect for \"your manly pride.\"","Apologizes for having intruded too much on his privacy during a recent visit when Mrs. Ritchie and others of the ladies \"took forcible possession of me\" and requested cuttings of flowers. Hopes he will establish a Botanic Garden and suggests a location for a Mausoleum.","Describes her return from Mount Vernon in much rain. Discusses crops. Gives instructions for sending things to her. Asks report of conversation that was \"highly derogatory to me.\" Feels items should be sold to visitors so they will not pilfer mementos.","Urges sale of Mount Vernon to Virginia rather than to a private sale.","Resolution wants to change the site of the Military Asylum to Mount Vernon if a part of the estate can be purchased at a reasonable price.","Introduces some friends who wish to visit Mount Vernon.","Gives family news and an account of a visit by a gentleman who spent the night at Mount Vernon and gave $5 to West Ford. Discusses sale of a slave to his cousin. Has heard of a bill by the federal government to purchase Mount Vernon and wishes it would be accepted. Mentions prices and terms.","Is sending oats and other items to Mount Vernon. Urges him to pursue his studies. Wishes him to send some oysters and sugar.","Sends funds for completing the vault at Mount Vernon and authorizes him to take more money from his bank if necessary.","Thanks him for the many civilities experienced by them during their visit to Mount Vernon. Sends a piece of a branch of a fig tree cut from the birth spot of \"your immortal ancestor.\"","Is against his plans for Mount Vernon and opening it to \"every low idler.\" Discusses payments and what form they would take.","Brief note of regards, translated by J. Perkins.","Heard about people being charged to enter the garden. Wishes he would stop this.","Wants to know price and terms of sale of Mount Vernon. If not for sale, could it be leased. (Contains typed transcript.)","Was glad to hear that Mount Vernon was not for sale as it should remain in the hands of the Washington family. Wishes to \"establish a house of entertainment in the vicinity of Mount Vernon.\" Asks questions as to materials and location of such. (Contains typed transcript.)","Is in the market to purchase negroes as one of his men, Alfred, has run off. Wants to know whether she still wishes to dispose of her negroes and what her price would be. He could pay $500 cash and then pay off the principal in a year or two.","Lists names of executors and legatees and their shares and values.","Tells him of an upcoming visit to Washington and Mount Vernon by a \"highly respectable volunteer corps.\" They wish to arrive by boat and see the tomb of Washington. He understands permission to do so is necessary.","Is worried his health is suffering by his labors at Mount Vernon. Hopes he will accept any reasonable offer by the U.S. Government for it. Went into town to have magistrates witness her acknowledgment of the deed of release. Discusses a suit brought by Judge Douglass and the health of various family members.","Doubts whether an offer will be made by the U.S. Government. Hopes it would as she feels his health is suffering from attending to business at Mount Vernon. Recommends someone to help him acquire an overseer. Was paid money for him. Discusses the failing health of Dr. Alexander's mother and others.","Is horrified to learn of auction of Wood Lawn. Proposes to run a steamboat between Washington to Wood Lawn, Fort Washington, Mount Vernon, and the White House. Gives references. Pledges to bring members of Congress there and feels it would enhance the chances of the purchase of Mount Vernon by the government. Suggests it could be used as a summer home for the President. Discusses various items left by Washington and the soon to be completed Chesapeake \u0026 Ohio Canal. (contains typed transcript)","Tells him of a letter he received from an unknown man who wants to obtain a tree from Mount Vernon to transplant in France to shade the bench of Christopher Columbus which he possesses.","Recommends leaving it to Congress to propose a price for the purchase of Mount Vernon. She feels he wants too much for it, and that it really should not be sold. Gives family news. Gives advice on his search for an overseer.","First letter discusses the Supreme Court taking on the suit of Mr. Hammond against General Washington. Bassett says he discharged all debts owed by Captain Lewis. There is another copy of the names of executors and legatees and their shares and values. Discussions of various debts owed to different people.","Discusses various suits, mostly Hammonds, against the estate and their current status. Many people have died since 1827 when they were last listed. Will take a long time to find people.","Discussion of the Hammond suit and payments still owed to various creditors, to be paid by all the legatees of General Washington's estate. Most dollar figures are left blank to be filled in later. Prompt payment by all legatees is required.","Discusses his father's will and his lack of knowledge of the whereabouts of various other people mentioned in JAW's letter.","Answering his inquiries as to various relatives. Suggests he write to the clerk of Kanawha County for the information he requires. Suggests he contact Andrew Parks who probably has all the facts.","Discusses sale of swamp land. He paid the taxes on it for the Washington heirs. The land is not worth much since the timber had been taken from it by many people over the years. Would like to be reimbursed for the money he paid.","He wishes to meet with him in the middle of November, at which time they can conclude their business.","Discusses the bill in Congress to purchase Mount Vernon. Wants assets divided up between her children so all are taken care of. Tells of Charles' upcoming marriage before he leaves for California.","Discusses the codicil of his father's will. Mrs. Washington is not compelled to sell. Upon her death, the heirs may sell despite the codicil. Suggests Mrs. Washington partition the land before her death in order that JAW may do \"what you please with the land.\"","Invites him to the wedding of his oldest daughter the next week.","Has been in Charlestown attending services for the week. Is amazed at the prospect of $200,000 being paid for Mount Vernon by the government. Wants him to send fish and to pickle some \"Rock.\"","(Typed transcription included) George Page and a surveyor from Maryland wanted to survey land in the Potomac River adjacent to Mount Vernon with the object of bringing steamboats there. Was notified he would be charged with some offense by Maryland. Makes him aware that the compact between the states means they have no claim on him.","First letter – wants to know if Mount Vernon Estate will be sold. Second letter – understands the government might become the owner of the estate and wants to meet.","Wants him to petition the Court to finally settle the estate of General Washington.","First letter – wants to examine Mount Vernon with a view to the establishment of a military asylum for the relief of soldiers. Second letter – tells him the price for Mount Vernon is too high, and purchase of a location nearer Washington will be undertaken.","An account by a boat company of receipts over the past year.","Discusses the landing of boats at Mount Vernon without JAW's previous knowledge. Wants them to be allowed to dock if they pay the usual fare to him.","Acknowledges payment for the pianoforte. Wants four walking sticks cut from near General Washington's tomb to be sent to monks in Italy.","Agreement to sell 200 acres of Mount Vernon for $200,000. Includes all buildings and the tomb, as well as furnishings currently there. Also will allow heirs to be buried there. He may not sell the estate without first offering it to the U.S. Government and the State of Virginia for no more than $350,000.","Has been unable to contact other parties to the contract. Hopes to be able to do so soon.","A committee of the House of Delegates has been appointed to consider the purchase of Mount Vernon. Wants to meet him in Alexandria to discuss this.","Encloses a newspaper clipping about the acquisition of Mount Vernon by the State of Virginia. Tells him the committee of five will look into the will of the people as to this acquisition.","Addressed only to \"Mrs. Washington.\" Unclear whether it is addressed to Mrs. Jane C.B. Washington or Mrs. Eleanor L.S. Washington. (Typed transcription included) Has heard that Mount Vernon is for sale, possibly to northern people. Feels the Ladies of the South might instead procure it and wants to know the price.","Does not wish to part with Mount Vernon but wishes to keep it from the changeable fortunes of a family and to ally it to the State. Would sell 200 acres with stipulations for $200,000. If the State wants to establish a model farm there, he would sell an additional 1,000 acres for $300,000. Invites them to visit.","Discusses his offer to sell Mount Vernon to the state. Says $200,000 is less than the property could sell for on the market. Talks about having a model farm as nothing meant more to Washington than farming. Would welcome them to visit. Reminds them that his terms cannot be materially modified.","(Typed transcription included) Says he is asking less money of the state than he had been offered by others. Tells them of his desire for a model farm as the pursuit of an improved system of agriculture was of great importance to General Washington. Would welcome a visit from them.","Wants to clear up suggestions that he is falsely referring to higher offers for Mount Vernon.","The Committee feels the price for Mount Vernon \"is enormous.\" Would prefer the money to be used for a rail road.","Draft in writing of John Augustine Washington III. Addressed to \"Miss Cunningham\" but could also be a response to Louisa Cunningham's letter instead of Ann Pamela Cunningham. Praises the women of the south for their affection for Washington. Does not wish to dispose of the property except to the government of the United States or Virginia and so declines the proposition from the \"Ladies of the South.\"","Draft thought to be in the writing of Jane C.B. Washington. Identical text to previous letter (draft in the hand of John Augustine Washington III).","Encloses a power of attorney and some other letters. Has agreed to reduction of $50,000 on 1000 acres. Will accept nothing less than $200,000 for the 200 acres. Agrees to pay him 5% of what he gets from either government agency, provided it occurs in the current session.","The state might be willing to pay $50,000 per year for four years for Mount Vernon but not the total of $200,000 at once. Wonders what is happening with the federal government. \"Things are coming to a head rapidly.\"","As long as negotiations with Virginia remain open, it would not be proper for him to entertain any proposals from other parties for the purchase of Mount Vernon. Might be interested in the future in making an offer.","Feels priority should be given to Congress to purchase Mount Vernon, and therefore Virginia is holding off on more committee meetings. Wants him to be there for future committee meetings.","Urges him to meet with Arthur Taylor as his representative in the proposed sale of Mount Vernon. Requests that he not send papers to Col. Bissell before meeting with him.","Has the papers from Mr. Washington and wants to meet with him to discuss the sale of Mount Vernon to the U.S. Government.","Assures him that he has not given the letters from him to Mr. Bissell and has requested Mr. Taylor to come see him.","Encloses the previous letter and hopes they will be able to meet soon. Feels it best to not commit to any course with the U.S. until a definite answer comes from the Virginia Legislature.","Invites him to come to his lodgings at any time at 9 a.m.","Is unable to return to his \"hospitable roof\" at this time. Values the time she was there and having been \"entrusted with the training of such bright intelligences.\"","Reports on his share of earnings from \"Washington's Writings.\" Many copies of the book were destroyed in a fire, but the stereotype and engraved plates were in a fire proof vault.","Feels it is very important for him to communicate with the federal government and is willing to help in any way.","Mr. Taylor shared his letter proposing to bring the subject of the purchase of Mount Vernon again before Congress. His terms are already known to him – the same as those agreed to for the State of Virginia.","Wants to bring up the purchase of Mount Vernon in Congress but wants to know just what terms he agreed to with Virginia. Wants the Northern States to purchase it.","Gives terms of sale, including that family members still living may also be buried there. Additional property to total 1000 acres may be purchased for $300,000, for a model farm as suggested by Gen. Washington. Tells him the state of Virginia had proposed the sale for less than he wanted which he refused.","Encloses a copy of the bill reported to the House of Delegates Committee for the purchase of Mount Vernon. He told them it would not meet with JAW's approval. Urges him to move quickly on the Turnpike matter for this session.","Is very desirous of having the State of Virginia take possession of Mount Vernon and \"have the sole control and ownership forever.\" Wants to know what terms he proposes.","Gives him the terms of sale. The Washington family shall be permitted to be buried on the site, and no remains shall ever be disturbed. The price shall be $200,000, with an additional 800 acres available for $100,000 more","Will not accede to propositions of the steamboat company. Will be busy for a few weeks but wants to see a copy of the agreement currently in effect.","Tells him of Mrs. Mason presenting \"a remonstrance against your turnpike.\" Wants access to $250 at Farmers Bank in Alexandria.","Discusses payments based on sales of \"Washington's Writings.\" Tells percentages paid to various legatees.","Discusses quarrelling and squabbling among the ladies purchasing Mount Vernon. Is concerned about security around the remains of George Washington.","Wants him to send a letter to him so he may correct disparaging remarks made about his impending sale of Mount Vernon.","Is writing to her as requested by JAW. Describes a woman mourning her deceased eight-year-old son. Includes a poem about grief and moving on after death of a child.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Mr. Mason very much wants to meet him and getting a letter from JAW that would announce the news of their \"progress.\"","(Typed transcription enclosed) Thanks him for the kindness of him and Mrs. Washington on her recent visit to Mount Vernon. Urges him to send a letter to be published about the sale of Mount Vernon before the news is released by someone else.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Assures her he does not care what others say about him and remains hopeful of selling Mount Vernon to the State of Virginia.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Explains the absence of Mr. Toombs when JAW came to see him. Tells him why she is now dealing with Mr. Toombs rather than Mr. Mason.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Hopes to meet him in Washington City as she will be there for a few days during her travel south. Wants a thorough understanding of his wishes and intentions before meeting with the governor of Virginia.","Wants him to reconsider his determination as expressed in his letter in the National Intelligencer and put the estate under the care of the State of Virginia. (This is a copy of a letter written by Anna's husband.) Second letter, dated March 5, 1857 on same paper: Refers to letter copied out by her. Is certain a sufficient sum will have been raised by February 22 to enable Virginia to purchase Mount Vernon.","Urges him to reconsider his determination as expressed in his letter to the National Intelligencer and consent to place the estate once more at the disposal of Virginia which has an arrangement with the \"Ladies' Mount Vernon Association of the Union.\"","His musical association played a concert on behalf of the \"Ladies Mt. Vernon Association\" at which $100 was raised. The musical group would benefit greatly from receiving this money back if Mr. Washington has no plans to sell to the Ladies Association.","Would love to spend time at Mount Vernon, but his schedule will not allow at this time. His book will be published during the winter and spring, but he doesn't feel a visit would add anything.","He remains willing to place Mount Vernon in the hands of the State of Virginia, under his terms which the state has not seemed to want to meet. The proposal to have Mount Vernon by under the Mount Vernon Ladies Association of the Union is unacceptable to him. Doubts they could maintain the estate in perpetuity. It would then be taken over by the state.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Identical to previous letter.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Responding to his letter to Mr. Ritchie. Urges him to put out that the Ladies are to raise $200,000 on behalf of the State of Virginia for the purchase of Mount Vernon.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Does not wish to publish parts of letters. Feels \"nothing but silent contempt can put them at rest.\"","(W.L. Underwood – most likely Warner Lewis Underwood, Kentucky Senator) Tells JAW that if his current negotiations for Mount Vernon should fall through that his organization would be pleased to enter into further discussions.","Again says he wishes Mount Vernon to go to the State of Virginia, to be decided upon by the current session of the General Assembly.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Wants to know who told her that he was \"willing… for a pecuniary consideration to break engagements and promises.\"","The Masonic Brotherhood is interested in purchasing Mount Vernon. Thanks him for the tour the previous day. Apologizes for the bad behavior of one member and hopes that will not prejudice him against the Fraternity.","(Typed transcription enclosed) She met with the governor who told her the \"Extra Session\" of the Legislature was for the \"presidential contest,\" so the Legislature will not be meeting again until the next winter. Realizes this delay is not pleasing to him.","Inquires whether any action has been taken by the Legislature or is likely to be.","Tells him no action has yet been taken by the Legislature but feels sure it will be taken up after the Christmas recess, after which the ladies will be enabled to purchase Mount Vernon and have its title transferred to Virginia.","Discusses various prices for Mount Vernon and quotes JAW as vehemently denying that he wanted the remains of General Washington moved. He wishes the estate to be the property of the United States and all the people.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Tells him she has been very ill but is sure that the Legislature will act.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Labeled as Private. Tells him Gov. Wise is \"inimical to our 'cause'\" which is the reason the Legislature has not taken up the subject of the purchase of Mount Vernon.\" Talks of the financial crisis which is being felt by \"we victimized cotton planters.\" Tells him of the impending sale of copies of a portrait of Washington.","(Typed transcription enclosed) She writes of her illness and lack of strength. The Constitution of the Association was signed by the governor. Tells him various Masonic orders have decided to become allies of the Association. Hopes to have the contract signed between Virginia and him on the 22nd of February.","Invites recipient to the elevation of the Statue of Washington on February 22 in Richmond.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Labeled as Private. Is looking forward to the inauguration of the Washington statue. Wants him to vow that the Ladies of the Association are the \"very best friends you have in the world.\" Tells him that Gov. Wise is no friend to him or to her and this cause.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Has a document that states Virginia will purchase Mount Vernon from him and encloses a copy of the bill. Is sure the governor will act strongly to defeat this. Wants him to attend the address by Mr. Everett a few days before the 22nd of February. Tells him how lucky he is to get $200,000 in \"these awful times.\"","Gives price of sale of $200,000 for 200 acres of the Mount Vernon estate and pledges the MVLA to guarantee to not disturb any remains currently there and to allow descendants of JAW to also be interred there.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Praises him for agreeing that Mount Vernon is to be a public shrine and to limit interments there. Gen. Chapman included that in the third reading of the bill. Discusses the building of a new mausoleum for Washington which would not go against his will. Talks of her illness.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Tells her the disposition of family remains, as well as those of General Washington, are his biggest concerns in the sale.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Hopes he is happy about the bill as read in the Legislature. Tells him it is she and not the Committee who wants to arrange for a magnificent mausoleum. Closes by saying she is too exhausted to \"even give a hint of the nature of woman's revenge should you not be in a state of delight over our bill!!!\"","(Typed transcription enclosed) Remains adamant as to a future mausoleum as Washington stated where he wished his remains to be. Cannot travel to Richmond at present due to the illness of Mrs. Washington.","(Agreement ends with reference to the 10th of February) Deals with payment of $6,000 to heirs of W.F. Alexander and Anna Alexander as a share of Mount Vernon. Expressly says none of these heirs have any claim to the proceeds arising from a sale of Mount Vernon, other than the $6,000.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Tells him that though Gov. Wise is no friend to the Mount Vernon cause, he did not intend to put his remarks under the head of Lunatic Asylum. It was a complete accident.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Encloses another article by Mr. Pryor who is \"using his art to arouse the fear, \u0026 cupidity of the timid \u0026 narrow minded of this Legislature.\" Asks him about his previous offer from a company to purchase the estate, and that he wanted to wait for Congress to act.","(Typed transcription enclosed) States that his price for Mount Vernon has always been $200,000, since he gained control of it in 1849. Asks whether he ever made an offer for Mount Vernon for $100,000. If so, under whose authority was it made?","(Typed transcription enclosed) Wants to confirm with him that his offer to sell Mount Vernon as a site for the Military Asylum in 1851 was for $200,000 and not $100,000.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Tells her of a contract with a gentleman to sell him 200 acres of Mount Vernon for $200,000 with the condition that the property should be offered to the U.S. and to Virginia. If neither purchased it, he should take the property. He then offered $50,000 to release him from that obligation, but JAW refused. Says he never has offered it for sale in public or private.","Says he was authorized by JAW to offer Mount Vernon for a Military Asylum for $100,000. Will search for papers to confirm this.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Advises that on March 25, 1851, he made an offer to sell about 150 acres of the Mount Vernon estate for $200,000 for an Army Asylum or some other government purpose.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Labeled as Private. Thanks him for sending a copy of the correspondence of Gen. Scott. Miss C. is intensely engaged in getting past Mr. Pryor's malicious misrepresentation of the Bill. If he can defeat us, he will.","Reiterates that Alexander and his heirs have no claim to any proceeds arising from a sale of Mount Vernon beyond the agreed upon $6,000 and requests him to add a paragraph to that effect to the agreement they will both sign.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Wants him to come see her in Richmond, despite his recent fall. Refers to the animosity of Mr. Pryor toward the bill. Wishes there could be an Extra Session for it to pass.","Again states his disagreement with Mr. McKenzie's assertion of his having offered $100,000 for Mount Vernon. No one else knew of such an offer. Gen. Scott agrees with JAW in his recollections. Tells her of a recent fall from a horse which will prevent his visit to Richmond on the 22nd.","Urges him and his family to attend the inauguration of the equestrian statue of Washington on the Capital Square in Richmond. Says he would be pleased to host them at their home near the city.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Is uncertain whether he will be able to travel to Richmond and wants her to update him on matters related to the Bill as \"I have not in any manner approached\" any of his friends or acquaintances on the subject. It is important for her to convince members that the association only needs the name of the State which will not be called upon to pay any of the money for the purchase.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Miss Cunningham begs him to attend Mr. Everett's oration and hopes to speak to him on the Square tomorrow.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Continues to be unwell. Introduces him to Mr. A.H.H. Dawson of Georgia, \"an eccentric genius.\" He is devoted to the purposes of the Association and has delivered an address about it in 30 towns in Georgia. Urges him to come to Richmond to meet with members of the Legislature.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Is sorry he was unable to call on her before leaving Richmond. Wants clarification about alterations Mr. Yancy thought necessary in the paper he left with her. He wants a decision by the Legislature, yes or no, soon.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Tells him that the Legislature is \"in a row\" and will not pass any bills before an Extra Session. Wants him to bring a contract to her so they are prepared for any contingencies. Tells him of her illness of the lungs and her treatment.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Reiterates the importance of the sanctity of the family burying ground. Wants to have some alterations and additions of a substantial permanent character made to the present vault, with a durable enclosure around it. He is open to payment in stocks or cash for the estate. Says they should have an act of incorporation before signing a contract.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Gen. Chapman was drawing up an act of incorporation before the bill comes up. He said Virginia must not hold the tomb; the Association must hold it. She remains very ill. \"yrs in much suffering\"","Is preparing a pamphlet to defend JAW against detractors and wants copies of correspondence he had with Gen. Scott and others about possible purchase of Mount Vernon.","(Typed transcription enclosed) The bill in Virginia for the purchase of Mount Vernon, to be refunded by the MVLA, was defeated in the House of Delegates. In addition Congress cannot purchase land in a sovereign state without its consent. Tells him it should be the property of the Nation and should be sold to the MVLA. \"With grateful women pledged to guard the sacred ashes of Washington and to adorn his home for a national shrine.\"","(Typed transcription enclosed) Says it has become obvious that neither Virginia nor the U.S. wish to purchase Mount Vernon. Therefore \"the women of the land will probably be the safest as they will certainly be the purest guardians of a national shrine.\" He waits for her to make a proposal to him.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Miss Cunningham requests that he answer the letter she gave him relating to the purchase of Mount Vernon and to return it to her. She will give him a copy.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Is returning her letter to him as it seemed to be improperly dated and lacked her signature. When she remedies those defects, he will send an answer.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Wants to meet with him on Saturday morning in Alexandria to sign the contract.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Is very unhappy about delays put forth by Messrs. Macfarland \u0026 Myers. They felt there had to be an acceptance of the contract by all or a majority of the Vice Regents before it could be signed. They can do this by telegraph, permitting Mrs. Ritchie to act for them.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Urges him to come without delay. It was thought things would be delayed as Mrs. Walton's husband had died, but now Mr. McFarland advised them to send for him at once. Miss Cunningham is not good and needs to bring matters to a close \"ere it be too late.\"","(Typed transcription enclosed) Wants him to come see her that afternoon or evening as Dr. Beale \"considers it necessary to apply a severe blister without delay.\"","(Typed transcription enclosed – labeled Private) Upon reflection she feels the letter she sent him for publication is not to be published. She does not wish to \"make enemies even in a State which has given me so little cause to respect it.\" Mrs. Ritchie will work on a better worded one which she will send to him.","He deposited money to his credit for the contract and wants to know if this was correct. Tells him the pony he was inquiring about is not for sale. Also felt much concern about the accounts of the fisheries. Looks forward to a visit with him.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Encloses the plat of the 200 acres of land he agreed to sell to the MVLA. Wants him to sign it and return it.","(Typed transcription enclosed) About the plat, he is having the land resurveyed and \"have the necessary corners stones set.\" He will send it back with a signature after that. Also encloses her letter of March 12 and wants a copy of her letter as published with her signature.","Wants to know if George Thorburn may visit Mount Vernon in the 28th of May to inspect the grounds in regards to the improvements to be made. He is \"no doubt the first horticulturist in America\" and a plain, unpolished person. It would be good for JAW's surveyor to meet with Mr. Thorburn to go over the grounds.","He is \"exceedingly provoked\" at the newspaper coverage in connection with the sale of Mount Vernon. As a college friend he felt he had to contact an editor and correct the information. He hopes he did not make the situation worse.","Again requests he host the \"celebrated florist\" at Mount Vernon to look over the grounds before they come to Mount Vernon on the 29th for a few hours.","Agrees to have Mr. Thorburn come and meet with surveyors. Asks if Mr. Thorburn could be appointed the Agent of the Association in drawing up with the surveyors the lines of the 200 acres. He will \"grant any reasonable request of the Association.\" Hopes to see Mr. Ritchie and her while he yet resides at Mount Vernon.","The first attests to receipt of interest on the $6,000 owed to Mrs. Jane Washington. \tThe second is for $2,000 as part of the $6,000 owed.","Urges him to reduce the price of Mount Vernon to $150,000 so as to better fund all the expenses associated with its ownership by the MVLA. Tells him to buy land in \"some of the new states\" with that money.","Wants to know what stocks or bonds would be acceptable as part of the purchase price. Gives the current rate of Virginia stock.","Acknowledges his decline to the proposition.","Replying to a previous letter. Cannot answer the questions of Miss Lewis as he does not remember where Col. Fielding Lewis died. Her wishes are an illusion. Wonders if some land in Kentucky is what she is dreaming of. Hopes the Ladies will be able to preserve Mount Vernon after they complete the purchase.","As a new Mason, wants to know if he will amend the contract to state that the property will revert to the United States or the Masonic Fraternity in the event of a dissolution of the MVLA and not to the state of Virginia.","Writes to her cousin about an article in the paper that morning that was a \"vile abolition libel on you.\" Wants to assure her lady friends that it is untrue.","Is involved in illustrating an article about Mount Vernon as it is of interest to the American people. Wants to visit to sketch objects that have not been drawn. The MVLA is in favor of such an article to assist with their fund raising.","Is amazed at the scurrilous attacks made on him by Northern Papers which are calculated to embarrass the Mount Vernon Association.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Thanks him for his letter about the calumnies in some Northern newspapers but has no desire to enter into a controversy with the papers.","(Typed transcription enclosed – labeled Private) Wants him to tell her of his agreement with Mr. Crutchett of Mount Vernon Cane Factory who was given permission to come and cut trees on the estate. Asks what value he puts on the remainder of the estate contiguous to the 200 acres.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Gives details of his contract with Mr. Crutchett which expired in February 1856. He was permitted to take more trees before January 1857. He has no right to \"come upon the property I have sold the Association to cut timber.\" Has not put a price on the remainder of Mount Vernon.","Thanks him for the hospitality given to him and his sister on their visit to Mount Vernon.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Miss Cunningham was happy to hear his account of the transactions with Mr. Crutchett. Wants him to come to Philadelphia to confer upon private matters of great importance to the Association and himself. She is equally interested in the final settlement of the boundary lines.","First letter (incomplete) congratulates him on the sale of Mount Vernon. Requests return of portrait of his mother. Second letter thanks him for agreeing to return the portrait. He and his family would very much like to visit Mount Vernon again before it becomes public.","Hopes he can come to Washington to meet with him. Wants Mr. Washington to stay with him to \"pay off the debt of visiting you at Mt. Vernon.\" Miss Cunningham is making arrangements to pay the first bond with interest in December.","(Typed transcription enclosed – labeled Private) Looks forward to making payment of the first installment. Mr. Riggs will pay sums of $5,000 as soon as it is raised. Hopes to be able to pay the remainder of 2d installment on 1st of January 1859. Begs him to keep these matters as a \"profound secret.\"","Miss Cunningham wants to make the first payment on December 14, the anniversary of Washington's death.","Tells him of payment to Burke \u0026 Herbert of $10,000 on that day.","Tells him the box containing the chairs has not yet arrived. He wants to be allowed to pay for the repairs necessary to the chairs. Invites him and his family to visit him in Richmond before they go farther away from it.","(Typed transcription enclosed – labeled Private) Wants to make the first payment on the 1st, but this is a holiday. Urges him not to risk sending the plat executed by Washington himself but to have it be lithographed. Wants to clear up the boundaries. Tells him to keep the discussion of the sale of additional land private.","Wants to gather branches from the estate in order to make canes to sell to aid in the purchase of Mount Vernon.","Their project would require the consent of the Regent of the MVLA.","(Typed transcription enclosed – labeled Confidential) Miss Cunningham is too ill to reply to his last letter. Lets him know his presence might be required on the 22nd but all arrangements must be kept private. The upcoming payment will be about $14,000.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Urges him to accept the money already paid to him (for the \"selling your relations bones.\") He already received more money than the estate was worth. Note on the letter states he ensured his control over the remains in \"such a way that they can never be sold by any one.\"","(Typed transcription enclosed) Does not want to go to Philadelphia unless it is absolutely necessary. He recently heard that Mrs. Esther M. Lewis (widow of Lorenzo Lewis) wants to present the harpsichord that was given to Nelly to the MVLA.","Thanks him for copy of the inscription on a bust. He realized he had not copied the pencil sketch of the Destruction of the Bastille. Would JAW please have a photograph of it sent to him for an upcoming book on the history of Mount Vernon. Will send a copy of the book to him in September when it is published.","Acknowledges receipt of $1,000 which completes the payment of $6,000 owed to Mrs. Jane Washington.","The Regent wants JAW to not allow any more sketches to be made of Mount Vernon or the grounds without her consent. Attached is a copy of an advertisement for sale of a portrait of Washington. The Mount Vernon Record gives an account of fund raising to date. Mr. Everett thanks Devereux for sending him a copy of the Farewell Address.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Requests her to send him definite instructions to enable him to prohibit people from making sketches of Mount Vernon.","Tells them he has written to the Regent requesting her instructions about the matter they raised with him.","(Typed transcription enclosed) The Regent now feels that it would \"not be practicable for you to refuse privileges hitherto granted\" in the matter of sketches. There is also a newspaper clipping with letters from JAW and the Regent about the sale of Mount Vernon.","They wrote to him on the 14th as the Regent was prostrated. Requests any material he might have about the area in England where Washington's ancestor came from.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Tells her of terms under which they ran their steamboat to Mount Vernon. They paid him money with the understanding that he would make repairs to the wharf and footway, under the agreement, but he did not. He ordered his captain to have it done and will retain that money.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Encloses a copy of the previous letter and asks him to advise her as to her response to Mr. Bryan.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Miss Cunningham much enjoyed his previous letter and its humor. Hopes he will waive the requisition of 10 days notice before receiving payments. Can give him at least 30 days notice before requiring possession, and hopefully 60 days. She has \"been very much of an invalid for many weeks.\"","(Typed transcription enclosed) Wants him to come to Philadelphia around the 10th or 12th so they may consult in regard to the future. They can have the boundary line settled and put many business affairs in order. Miss Cunningham intends to make a payment on the last installment as soon \"as you will receive it.\"","(Typed transcription enclosed) He will travel to Philadelphia and meet with her on Wednesday. Will give directions to Messrs. Burke \u0026 Herbert for the last installment.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Miss Cunningham wants him to arrive on Thursday and then accompany her to hear Mr. Everett in the evening. She and Mr. Everett would then meet with him on Friday.","(Typed transcription enclosed) He agrees to come to Philadelphia on Thursday and meet as she suggests.","(Typed transcription enclosed) The Regent wants him to \"have the kindness not to speak of the particulars of your interview with her.\" She also requests him to confer with Mr. Herbert, after which Mr. Herbert should meet with Mr. Riggs and let her know the arrangements he would be willing to make. \"This matter she particularly desires should be confidential.\"","Wants him to send him the photographs of the Picture of the Bastille and let him know what he owes for this service. Thanks him for his kindness in all this matter.","Again asks for the photograph of the Bastille picture as his book is finished, and he is only waiting for that.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Miss Cunningham regrets that he and Mr. Riggs were unable to meet at Mount Vernon to discuss all it is possible to do without annoyance to the family. Would like to commence work on the outbuildings near the garden and to rebuild the roof and pillars of the piazza. Also wants to do work around the Tomb.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Apologizes for delay in responding to his recent letter, but the news of Captain Cunningham's decease has made it impossible for Miss Cunningham to \"think of even the most pressing business.\"","Thanks him for sending the photograph and encloses $5. Apologizes for keeping three documents for so long. Wants to return the documents and send him a copy of the book in September. Asks whether he may keep the Pohick elevation as it is in Washington's hand.","Details work done on various dresses.","Is sorry to hear that JAW will be leaving Mount Vernon before Hubard can get there to visit. Wants to know whether Mr. Mills does possess the moulds made by Houdon. Wants to see a cast made from the mould as he is convinced it is a fraud.","Cannot say whether the Richmond statue is accurate but to him the head looks identical to the Mount Vernon bust. Has never heard of the moulds being left at Mount Vernon and does not believe Mr. Mills would have removed anything without his permission.","Wants to clarify his original assertion that he feels Houdon did not use the moulds made from Washington's face as he asserts they are very different from the head of Houdon. Also wants to know whether the table on which Washington lay when the moulds were made is still at Mount Vernon.","Thanks him for sending money from the steamboat company for the MVLA.","Will be writing an article for Encyclopedia Britannica and is \"desirous of stating the facts relative to the emancipation of the Genl's slaves.\" Also wants to know whether Mrs. Washington left a will and whether she freed her slaves in it.","Wishes to obtain a copy of the inventory of General Washington's estate.","Makes assertion that General Washington was sued and judgment rendered against him. Also some northern papers are speculating that he lost his money and had mortgaged the Mount Vernon estate for $400,000. Encloses a copy of the certificate of the appraiser as entered in 1810.","Is returning the papers lent to him and sending a copy of his book on Mount Vernon. Thanks him for the use of the papers.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Reminds her that his request for her lawyer to sift through an abstract of his title to Mount Vernon has not been complied with. This would answer questions raised by anonymous persons which have \"caused you some uneasiness.\"","Miss Cunningham wants to conclusively prove the falsehood of assertions of the invalidity of his title to the estate. The Clerk of Fairfax County will attest to the truth but wants to see his father's will and evidence of the payment of $6,000 charged to the estate. Looks forward to putting to rest this falsehood.","Is still waiting for the certificate from the Clerk of Fairfax County. That will give the \"lie to any slander of title.\" Is unable to visit due to his duties in the Legislature.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Miss Cunningham thanks him for sending the package of papers and hopes to be able to write herself in a few days about other matters.","Thanks him for sending the papers. Does not appear from them that \"Mrs. Washington emancipated the dower negroes.\" Requests more information on that point.","Sees that Miss Cunningham has published an abstract of title furnished her by the Clerk of Fairfax Court, so imagines she will not require further information. Will soon return the other papers.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Has forwarded to her a package of papers which he recovered, apparently detailing the kinds and locations of trees planted at Mount Vernon.","Tells her his lack of response to her letter is due to being away most of the month and having visits from friends, possibly for the last time at Mount Vernon. Pointed out the lines of the old vistas marked by ancient trees. The insurance policies he had were on the house only, not the outbuildings. Recommends she make a new road. Also recommends repairing the wharf.","Sends a newspaper copy of an advertisement she placed wishing to obtain a copy of the photograph taken the previous August at the tomb of Washington which included her daughter, now deceased. She would like to know if she could obtain a list of the attendees of that day so she might write and request this as it is the only photograph of her daughter.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Tells her the Association still must raise $140,000 to support the Estate which will require extraordinary effort on the part of the Association. Asks her to address visitors at Mount Vernon on the imperative nature of this.","(Typed transcription enclosed – labeled Private) Wants to arrange a \"Grand Ceremonial in connection with the taking of the title\" in order to let people know fund raising is not complete after the purchase. Refers to political turmoil and the impending dissolution of the Union and all the difficulties this will cause. Plans to be at Mount Vernon for 10 days and wants to meet with him to finalize things.","He is fine with executing a deed for the sale of Mount Vernon to the Association and feels there would be no difficulty in the event of his death. He worries about Virginia's seceding from the Union that she might object to selling part of her soil to a corporation composed \"in part of unfriendly foreigners.\"","(Typed transcription enclosed) Miss Cunningham is gratified that he concurs in her proposition and feels her decease would be the most serious difficulty to be apprehended. Wants to meet him at Mount Vernon to place the deed in escrow. Does not feel the possibilities for Virginia he suggested would form a significant barrier.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Encloses an order to Mr. Riggs for steamboat receipts through December 31st. Would be happy to meet her at Mount Vernon.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Encloses the order on Mr. Bryan for the steamboat receipts. Has been paying insurance which continues until June next and has deducted that from the receipts.","Acknowledges his letter but does not need receipts for premiums of insurance.","Reports that Mr. Herbert only wants to clear the lot of land offered him. Also Mr. Norris has rented out his farm. Turner is not sure where he moved to in Kentucky. Discusses acquisition of material to make shirts for servants.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Had not replied to his earlier letter due to excessive fatigue from her journey from Columbia. Hopes to use patriotic influence to get the \"Agent\" to remit or reduce his fee.","Tells him of a minister who will be in Alexandria and is looking for a vacant church where he could officiate.","Funeral was conducted at Waveland. There is a description of the body and the family. Invoked the Gospel. JAW began family prayers following the death of his wife. Description of his activities over the following days.","Asks Mrs. Howard for a biographical sketch of her father (John Augustine Washington III) for the National Cyclopedia of American Biography.","Two leaflets advertising the writings of Dr. Lyon G. Tyler.","Full title \"A Confederate catechism: The war of 1861-1865.\" Third edition, November 21, 1929. Series of 20 questions and answers about the war.","Wants to know whether the Ladies will discuss the purchase of the pictures and maps he has been offering. He will offer them elsewhere.","Photographic print, cabinet card of a drawing of the east view of the Mansion by unknown artist. Reverse side of card reads \"D.H. Naramore, Photographer, No. 321 King Street, Alexandria, VA.\"","Small engraving probably clipped from a publication. Unknown location or residence shown in image.","Hair clippings in envelope with note \"Hair of the late Lawrence Washington - 1856 - Found among articles bequested to MVLA by Miss Cunningham. Miss Comegys, Regent (1923) directs Supt. to send this to the widow of Mr. Lawrence W.\"","Small black and white photographic print showing the gravestone for Lt. Col. John Augustine Washington.","Black and white photographic print mounted on gray board. Shows Waveland residence with man, two women, and several children visible (unidentified).","Boston: Published by Charles Bowen. Front page signed \"Jane C. Washington, Mount Vernon, 1834.\"","Diary inscribed \"Account of all my recpts. \u0026 expenditures beginning with Sept. 16th, 1841, that being the date at which I came to Mount Vernon to reside.\" There are intermittent entries through November 1859. This is not as full a diary but includes lists of food, clothing, and china, table, and cookware.","Includes \"List of Negroes\" and Mount Vernon farming and maintenance details. Loose note at the front reads \"Extracts from the diary of my father\" with notes on this diary and previous ones.","Includes \"List of Negroes\" and Mount Vernon farming and maintenance details.","Photocopies of undated manuscripts from the collection.","Photocopies of manuscripts dated 1834-1838 from the collection.","Photocopies of manuscripts dated 1841-1845 from the collection.","Photocopies of manuscripts dated 1846-1849 from the collection.","Photocopies of manuscripts dated 1851-1853 from the collection.","Photocopies of manuscripts dated 1854-1855 from the collection.","Photocopies of manuscripts dated 1856-1857 from the collection.","Photocopies of manuscripts dated 1858 from the collection. (1 of 2)","Photocopies of manuscripts dated 1858 from the collection. (2 of 2)","Photocopies of manuscripts dated 1859 from the collection.","Photocopies of manuscripts dated 1860-1861 from the collection.","Handwritten notes probably by a librarian or other Mount Vernon staff member including summaries of the letters within the collection."],"names_ssim":["Special Collections at The George Washington Presidential Library at Mount Vernon","Washington, John Augustine, III, 1821-1861","Cunningham, Ann Pamela, 1816-1875","Ritchie, Anna Cora Mowatt, 1819-1870","Washington, Jane Charlotte Blackburn, 1786-1855","Lossing, Benson John, 1813-1891","Everett, Edward, 1794-1865","Washington, George Corbin, 1789-1854","Lewis, Lawrence, 1767-1839","Lewis, Eleanor Parke Custis, 1779-1852","Davis, Henry Winter, 1817-1865","Bassett, George Washington, 1800-1878","Johnson, Joseph, 1785-1877","Corcoran, W.W. (William Wilson), 1798-1888","Custis, George Washington Parke, 1781-1857","McKenzie, Lewis, 1810-1895","Cunningham, Louisa Bird, 1794-1873","Washington, Eleanor Love Selden, 1824-1860","Taylor, John L. (John Lampkin), 1805-1870","Sparks, Jared, 1789-1866","Washington, Bushrod C. (Bushrod Corbin), 1839-1919","Tyler, Nathaniel, 1828-1917"],"corpname_ssim":["Special Collections at The George Washington Presidential Library at Mount Vernon"],"persname_ssim":["Washington, John Augustine, III, 1821-1861","Cunningham, Ann Pamela, 1816-1875","Ritchie, Anna Cora Mowatt, 1819-1870","Washington, Jane Charlotte Blackburn, 1786-1855","Lossing, Benson John, 1813-1891","Everett, Edward, 1794-1865","Washington, George Corbin, 1789-1854","Lewis, Lawrence, 1767-1839","Lewis, Eleanor Parke Custis, 1779-1852","Davis, Henry Winter, 1817-1865","Bassett, George Washington, 1800-1878","Johnson, Joseph, 1785-1877","Corcoran, W.W. (William Wilson), 1798-1888","Custis, George Washington Parke, 1781-1857","McKenzie, Lewis, 1810-1895","Cunningham, Louisa Bird, 1794-1873","Washington, Eleanor Love Selden, 1824-1860","Taylor, John L. (John Lampkin), 1805-1870","Sparks, Jared, 1789-1866","Washington, Bushrod C. (Bushrod Corbin), 1839-1919","Tyler, Nathaniel, 1828-1917"],"language_ssim":["English \n. "],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":251,"online_item_count_is":12,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-21T05:55:09.076Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vimtvl_repositories_3_resources_65"}},{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_941","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"John L. Nau III Civil War History Collection","abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_941#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eThe John L. Nau III Civil War History Collection (1806-1988, bulk 1861-1865; 133 cubic feet) contains Civil War-era correspondence, service records, pension records, artifacts, photographs, military records (including orders, requisitions, and correspondence), currency, newspapers, and other print materials. \u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_941#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_941","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_941","_root_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_941","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_941","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/UVA/repositories_3_resources_941.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.virginia.edu/ark:/59853/189095","title_filing_ssi":"Nau, John L. III, Civil War History Collection","title_ssm":["John L. Nau III Civil War History Collection"],"title_tesim":["John L. Nau III Civil War History Collection"],"unitdate_ssm":["1806-1988","1861-1865"],"unitdate_bulk_ssim":["1861-1865"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1806-1988"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MSS 16459","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous 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Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/941"],"text":["MSS 16459","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource 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Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/941","John L. Nau III Civil War History Collection","United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865","United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865 -- Personal narratives","letters (correspondence)","Photograph albums","photographs","newspapers","Good.","The collection is open for research.","The John L. Nau III Civil War History Collection (1806-1988; bulk 1861-1865; 133 cubic feet) has been arranged into five series, Series 1: Materials Related to the Civil War Experiences of Soldiers, Officers, and Civilians (1806-1988; approx. 83 cubic feet); Series 2: Photographs and Prints (circa 1848-1939; approx. 34 cubic feet); Series 3: Government Military Records (1855-1913; approx. 9 cubic feet); Series 4: Currency (1839-1875; approx. 1.5 cubic feet); and Series 5: Newspapers and Print Materials (1846-1913; approx. 5.25 cubic feet).","Series 1 is arranged in three subseries.","Subseries A: Personal Papers, Service Records, and Artifacts, 1806-1988","The arrangement approach of Subseries A is based on the archival concept of personal papers. Materials, including those authored by, owned by, addressed to, or relating to a particular individual or individuals, are grouped together and arranged in alphabetical order according to surname or last name. Internally, these groupings of personal papers (or secondary collections) are arranged in chronological order with undated materials at the end. ","The above is followed by materials with incomplete or first name only attributions in alphabetical order. Finally, materials of unknown authorship or provenance are in chronological order, followed by unknown, undated materials in order of donor accession number (see resource record note titled Alphanumeric Designations). ","Subseries B: Materials Related to Libby Prison, Richmond, Virginia, is arranged in chronological order, followed by undated materials.","Subseries C: Veterans' Organizations Materials is arranged by record creator in alphabetical order. Within groupings of the same record creator, files are arranged in chronological order. ","Series 2 is arranged in the following subseries.","Subseries A: Portraits of Known Subjects\nThis subseries is arranged alphabetically by subject surname or last name. This is followed by photographs in alphabetical order by regimental association.","Subseries B: Portraits of Unknown Subjects in Daguerreotype Format:\nThis subseries is arranged in order of donor accession number (see Alphanumeric Designations in resource record).","Subseries C: Portraits of Unknown Subjects in Ambrotype Format:\nThis subseries is arranged in order of donor accession number (see Alphanumeric Designations in resource record).","Subseries D: Portraits of Unknown Subjects in Tintype Format:\nThis subseries is arranged in order of donor accession number (see Alphanumeric Designations in resource record).","Subseries E: Portraits of Unknown Subjects in Carte de Visite Format:\nThis subseries is arranged in order of donor accession number (see Alphanumeric Designations in resource record).","Subseries F: Portraits of Unknown Subjects in Cabinet Card, Albumen, and Other Formats:\nThis subseries is arranged in order of donor accession number (see Alphanumeric Designations in resource record).","Subseries G: Documentary Photographs:\nThis subseries is arranged in alphabetical order by location. This is followed by unknown locations arranged in order of donor accession number (see Alphanumeric Designations in resource record).","Subseries H: Photograph Albums and Collections:\nThis subseries is arranged alphabetically by surname or last name of the associated individual(s). This is followed by photograph albums and collections arranged alphabetically according to regimental association. And, finally, photograph albums and collections of unknown attribution or provenance are arranged in order of donor accession number (see Alphanumeric Designations in resource record).","Series 3 is arranged in the following subseries: Subseries A: Records of the United States Army (USA) and Subseries B: Records of the Confederate States Army (CSA). Materials are arranged alphabetically according to the organization that created or issued them and chronologically therein with materials or unknown provenance or attribution following in order of donor accession number (see Alphanumeric Designations in resource record).","Series 4 is arranged chronologically within the following subseries. \n \nSubseries A: United States of America (USA) Fractional Currency Notes \nSubseries B: United States of America (USA) Post-Civil War Fractional Currency Notes \nSubseries C: United States of America (USA) Postage Currency Notes \nSubseries D: Note Issued by a Private Bank in the United States \nSubseries E: Confederate States of America (CSA) Currency Notes \nSubseries F: Confederate States of America (CSA) Postage Stamps \nSubseries G: Confederate States of America (CSA) Bonds \nSubseries H: Notes Issued by Confederate States, Cities, and Counties \nSubseries I: Treasury Warrants Issued by the State of Texas and Limestone County, Texas \nSubseries J: Notes Issued by Southern Banks and Other Corporate Entities","Series 5 is arranged in alphabetical order according to publisher name and chronologically therein with undated materials listed last. This arrangement is followed by materials from unknown publishers arranged chronologically.","Photographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Smith \u0026 Son, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. W. Petty, New Orleans, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: H. A. Mills, Camden, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. E. Alden, Troy, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Miller and Rowell, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Starbird, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: William Pierce, Brunswick, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: John Holyland, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: O. L. Marston, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. H. Van Stavoren, Nashville, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. H. Whitehurst \u0026 Co., Baltimore, Maryland","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whitehurst Gallery, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Anderson \u0026 Turner, New Orleans, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio:","Photographer/Photography Studio: John L. Gihon's Photographic Art Galleries, 1024 Chestnut St. Phila.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Warren, Cambridgeport, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Knowles \u0026 Hillman, New Bedford, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: William B. Stearus, Bath, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Gooding, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Wenderoth, Taylor and Brown, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Published by Handy, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bocardus, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Anderson's, New Orleans, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: Carpenter's Gem Gallery, Troy, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: E. Jacobs, New Orleans, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York and Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Mrs. M. A. Cutler, Dixon, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: McPherson, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bogardus, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. W. Barker, Canton, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: F. McNulty, Ar, Springfield, IL, City Galle","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady's National Photographic and Portrait Galleries, New York and Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Wing's Gallery, Waterville, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Varriell, Gardiner, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. K. Brown, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Henry M. Wells, Cambridge, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: H. A. Mills, Camden, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. W. Taft, artist, Oak Gallery, Memphis, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: F. A. Simonds, Chillicothe, Ohio","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. D. Lytle, Baton Rouge, Louisiana","Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York, from Photographic Negative by Brady's National Portrait Gallery","Photographer/Photography Studio: Lewis and Kane, Victoria, Texas","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. Gould, North Bridgton, Maine","French \u0026 Sawyer, Keene, New Hampshire","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady's National Photographic Portrait Galleries, New York and Washington D.C.","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady's, Washington, D.C. and New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Hoag \u0026 Quick's, Cincinnati, Ohio","Photographer/Photography Studio: G. D. Hamilton, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio:","Photographer/Photography Studio: Black \u0026 Case, Boston, Massachusetts, and Newport, Rhode Island","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. H. Walzl, Baltimore, Maryland","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady's National Photographic Galleries, Washington, D.C. and New York","Photographer/Photography Studio:","Photographer/Photography Studio: William B. Stearns, Bath, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady's National Photographic Portrait Galleries, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. R. Hall, Biddeford, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Smith \u0026 Son, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: L. V. Newell","Photographer/Photography Studio:","Photographer/Photography Studio: Schwing \u0026 Rudd, Army of the Cumberland","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. D. Fredricks \u0026 Co. of New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. D. Lytle, Baton Rouge, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Manchester Bros., Providence, Rhode Island","Photographer/Photography Studio: W. H. Sherman, Milwaukee, Wisconsin","Photographer/Photography Studio: Ben Oppenheimer, Mobile, Alabama","Photographer/Photography Studio: D. C. Pratt, Aurora, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: Worms \u0026 Co. 383 Broadway, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: N. S. Bennett, Alexandria, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: G. Cramer, Carondelet, Missouri","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. R. Edwards, Bowling Green, Kentucky","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. U. P. Burnham, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: George W. Barnes, Rockford, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: Charles D. Fredricks \u0026 Co., New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. C. Nichols, Leavenworth, Kansas","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brown's Photographic Gallery, Paola, Kansas","Photographer/Photography Studio: Williams Gallery; Skowhegan, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Daily, Excelsior Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. S. Sanderson, Lewiston, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: W. J. Morrill/C. L. Grossman, Waterville, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady's National Photographic Galleries, New York and Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady's National Photographic Galleries, New York and Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Black \u0026 Batchelder, Boston","Photographer/Photography Studio: E. A. Beach, Hastings, Minnesota","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. D. Fredricks and Co., New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. C. Spaulding, Point Lookout, Maryland","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady","Photographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Smith \u0026 Son, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Conaut, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Hesler Gallery, Chicago, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: H. P. Carnes' Car, Montpelier, Vermont","Photographer/Photography Studio: R.W. Addis, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Hallett, Bowery, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: N. S. Bennett, Alexandria, Virginia","B. F. Smith and Son, Portland, Maine","J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Zimmerman's New York Photographic Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Beaumont, Chester, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Wells and Collins, New Haven, Conneticut","Photographer/Photography Studio: Manchester Brothers, Providence, Rhode Island","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. A. Lord, 158 Chatham Street, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: B. Moses, New Orleans, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Smith, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Morgan, Concord, New Hampshire","Photographer/Photography Studio: Clark, Gardiner Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. L. Bergstresser, Army of the Potomac","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. B. Jenks, Paterson, New Jersey","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.","Photographed by Brady; Published by E.\u0026 H.T. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Starbird, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady","Photographer/Photography Studio: George W. Butler, Bath, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bett's and Prusia, Dansville, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Stone Bros., Trumansburch, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. M. Peck's, Elsworth, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. W. Black, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: D. Appleton \u0026 Co., New York","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Photographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Warren, Cambridgeport, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. J. Pierce, Rockland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. W. Hurn, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: G. W. Tuttle, Thomaston, Maine","Photographed by Brady; Published by E.\u0026 H.T. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: F. Forshew, Hudson, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: F. Forshew, Hudson, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: T. M. Schleier, Nashville, Knoxville, and Chattanooga, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: Photographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026 H.T. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Jno. Holyland, Washington, D.C.","Le Rue Lemer, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady's National Photographic Portrait Gallery, New York and Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Smith \u0026 Son, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Matthew Brady","Photographer/Photography Studio: Gibbon, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. Anderson of New Orleans","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. H. Van Stavoren, Nashville, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: Lumpkin and Tomlinson, Richmond, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Gurney \u0026 Son, New York, NY","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady's National Photographic Galleries, Washington, D.C. \u0026 New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: G. W. Tuttle, Thomaston, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Washburn's, New Orleans, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: E. R. Gard's Photographic Art Palace, Chicago, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: E. H. McKenney, Biddeford, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whitaker and Co., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: McPherson \u0026 Oliver, Baton Rouge, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: McPherson \u0026 Oliver, Baton Rouge, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Philp \u0026 Solomon, Washington, DC","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Gorman and Jordan, Alexandria, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: I. N. Teague","Photographer/Photography Studio: Kerston \u0026 Thompson, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Matthew Brady","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. M. Benjamin","Photographer/Photography Studio: George Watson, Montpelier, Vermont","Photographer/Photography Studio: N. S. Bennett, Alexandria, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Charles H. Danforth, Cambridgeport, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Union Photographic Gallery, Camp Butler, Newport News, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Burnite \u0026 Weldon, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whitehurst Gallery, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. S. Sanderson, Dover, New Hampshire","Photographer/Photography Studio: William P. Gaut, Mt. Sterling, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, photographer, McClees Gallery, 308 Penna. Avenue, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: William C. North, Cleveland, Ohio","Photographer/Photography Studio: Th. Gubelman, Puliski, TN","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. Masury, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. Masury, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. Masury, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Hermos, Lima, Peru","Photographer/Photography Studio: Kerston's Photograph Gallery, Newark, New Jersey","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Moses and Piffet, New Orleans, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: Keet and Gemmill, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. M. M'Kenney, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Sam A. Cooley, Photographer Tenth Army Corps","Photographer/Photography Studio: Published by W.V. Lane, Camden, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: T.M.V. Doughty, Winsted, Conneticut","Photographer/Photography Studio: H. A. Balch's Star Photograph Gallery, Memphis, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: H. Tombarger, Lancaster, Ohio","Photographer/Photography Studio: Black and Case","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. W. Black, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: O. P. Howe, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: G. M. Howe, Portland, Maine","Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York, New York","Published by Brady; Published by E \u0026 H.T. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Cooley \u0026 Becket, Beaufort, South Carolina","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bowdoin, Taylor, and Co., Alexandria, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. G. Montgomery of Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Ingraham Brothers, Westfield, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Cushing \u0026 King Photographers, Woodstock, Vermont","Photographed by Brady, New York; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Moses, Trenton, New Jersey","Photographer/Photography Studio: F. Gutekunst, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: H. C. Brown, Norwich, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. S. Marse, Nashville, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: F. Forshew, Hudson, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Webster \u0026 Bro., Louisville, Kentucky","Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Hoag \u0026 Quick, Cincinnati, Ohio","Photographer/Photography Studio: Joshua Appleby Williams, Newport, Rhode Island","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whitehurst Gallery, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Silli, Nice, France","Photographer/Photography Studio: E. W. Beckwith, Alexandria, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: E. W. Beckwith, Alexandria, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Wolff's Gallery, Alexandria, Virginia","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. E. Mosely, Newburyport","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: N. S. Bennett, Alexandria, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Harter's Fine Art Gallery, Auburn, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whipple, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. H. Pein \u0026 Co., Richmond, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Gorman and Jordan, Alexandria, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: D. C. Burnite \u0026 Co., Harrisburg, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. B. Brown's, Providence, Rhode Island","Photographer/Photography Studio: W. J. Tait, New York, NY","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whitehurst Gallery, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Conant and Johnson, Lewiston, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. O. Durgan, Farmouth, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: C.H. Freeman, Montpelier, Vermont","Photographer/Photography Studio: Kilgore's, Belfast, Maine","Published by Joseph Ward, Boston, Massachusetts; Photograph by Matthew Brady","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: I. N. Teague, Lewiston, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Henry Ulke, Washington, D.C.","Photographed by Brady's National Portrait Gallery; Published by E. Anthony, New York","Barr \u0026 Young, Vicksburg, Mississippi","Photographer/Photography Studio: Photographed by Brady, Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York, NY","Photographer/Photography Studio: Charles D. Fredricks \u0026 Co., New York, NY","Photographer/Photography Studio: Henry Ulke, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. L. Marston, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: E. R. Marks, Austin, Texas","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Mc Clee's Gallery, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Armstead \u0026 White, Corinth, Mississippi","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. S. Rhodes, St. Law Co., New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Munger \u0026 Stone, Quincy, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. M. Cross, Belvidere, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: W. H. Emery","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. W. Black, Boston, Massachusetts","Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York, NY","Photographer/Photography Studio: Matthew Brady","Photographer/Photography Studio: Mrs. M. A. Cutler, Dixon Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: Wm. McHenry, Freeport, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: Fredricks \u0026 Co., New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: George M. Howe, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Purvience, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: T. S. Estabrook, Houlton, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: F. L. Lay's, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. P. Smith, Kankakee City, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. D. Fredricks \u0026 Co., New York, NY","Photographer/Photography Studio: T. R. Burnham, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J.T. Bradshaw \u0026 Co., successors to G. Moses, Quincy, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. M. McKenney, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: P. L. Perkins","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. D. Fredericks \u0026 Co., New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Daily's Excelsior Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: D. F. Brandon, Camp Douglas, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. M. Burnham, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. M. Burnham, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. Braisted, Freeport, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. Hesler, Chicago","Photographer/Photography Studio: Pierce, Galena, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: R.W. Addis, McClees's Gallery, Washington, D.C.","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. S. Morse, Nashville, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: E. Crockett, Rockland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. P. \u0026 F. W. Hardy, Bangor, Maine","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, DC","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whipple, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: T. R. Burnham, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Chas. H. Danforth, Cambridgeport, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. C. Reeve, Lambertville, New Jersey","Photographer/Photography Studio: Warren and Lowell, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York, NY","Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Morse's Gallery of the Cumberland, Nashville, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: Geo. S. Cook, Charleston, South Carolina","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Gurney \u0026 Son, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Slagle, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Slee Brothers, Poughkeepsie, New York","Published by E. \u0026 H.T. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: J.H. Keim, Lebanon, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. U. P. Burnham, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Curtis and Crosby, Lewiston, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. M. McKenney, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: E. Lewis Wires, Milford","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bogardus, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. Evans, Philadelphia","Photographer/Photography Studio: N. S. Bennett, Alexandria, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Smith, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: P. B. Jones, Davenport, Iowa","Photographer/Photography Studio: N. H. Black, Natchez, Mississippi","Photographer/Photography Studio: Schwing \u0026 Rudd, Army of The Cumberland","Photographer/Photography Studio: Starbird, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: W. H. Sherman, Milwaukee, Wisconsin","Photographer/Photography Studio: George B. Butler, Bath, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Mathew Brady's National Photographic Portrait Galleries","Photographer/Photography Studio: Mathew Brady's National Photographic Portrait Galleries","Photographer/Photography Studio: Mathew Brady's National Photographic Portrait Galleries","Photographer/Photography Studio: Joseph Ward, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: John Goldin, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Pein \u0026 Co., Washington City","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York, NY","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York, NY","Photographer/Photography Studio: Matthew Brady","Photographer/Photography Studio: George M. Howe, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Mrs. M. A. Cutler, Dixon Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: T. R. Burnham, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, DC","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. E. McClees, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Good \u0026 Stokes, Trenton, New Jersey","Photographer/Photography Studio: E. Jacob's, New Orleans, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. H. \u0026 J. L. Abbott, Albany, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Geo. W. Barnes, Rockford, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: Layton's, Rockford, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. U. P. Burnham, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Nason's Photograph Gallery, Columbus, Ohio","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bachrach \u0026 Bro, Baltimore, Maryland","Photographer/Photography Studio: Cross and Franke, Arlington, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whitehurst Gallery, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. W. Watson, Raleigh, North Carolina","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Gutekunst, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: B. P. Smith \u0026 Son, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Julius Brill, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Saylor's New Photograph Gallery, Reading, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Crosby, 13th Regiment Mass. Volunteers","Photographer/Photography Studio: John Weiss, New Orleans, Louisiana","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York, NY","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Clark, Gardiner, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: John Cadwallader, Toledo, Ohio","Photographer/Photography Studio: H. Bitner, Mr. Carroll, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bowdoin, Taylor and Company, 204 King Forner Columbus Street, Alexandria, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. M. McKenney, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: H. Jennings, artist, The New \u0026 Reliable Gallery, Lancaster, Kentucky","Photographer/Photography Studio: Peplow and Balch, Memphis, Tennessee","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York, New York","Published by E. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady","Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Thomas and Pearson, Macomb, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: Henszey \u0026 Co., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Henszey \u0026 Co., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Henzey \u0026 Co., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Henzey \u0026 Co., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Mrs. M. A. Cutler, Dixon, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. H. Keim, Lebanon, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Lothrop's Ferrotype Gallery, Philadelphia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Mathew B. Brady","William Pierce, Brunswick, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: T. F. Saltsman, Nashville, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: John Goldin \u0026 Co., Washington, D.C.","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: E. P. H. Capron \u0026 Bros. , Springfield, Ohio","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: T. J. Merritt's National Portrait Gallery, Nashville, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: Giers \u0026 Co., Nashville, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whitney and Paradise, New York","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: August Morand, Brooklyn, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Mathew Brady","Photographer/Photography Studio: D. K. Jewell, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. D. Fredericks \u0026 Co., New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. W. Black, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bishop \u0026 Campbell, Army of the Cumberland","Photographer/Photography Studio: Trask and Davis, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Henszey \u0026 Co., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Butler and King, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: T. R. Burnham, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: W. J. Moulton, El Mira, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. C. Lewis, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Guay and Co., New Orleans, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: N. S. Bennett, Alexandria, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Davis Brothers Photograph Rooms, Portsmouth and Exeter, New Hampshire","Photographer/Photography Studio: Black \u0026 Batchelder, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whipple, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whitehurst Gallery, Washington, DC","Photographer/Photography Studio: Loring's Photographic Gallery, Eastport, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Charles D. Fredricks \u0026 Co., New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Philadelphia Photographic Co., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whipple, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: F. Gutekunst","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. Constant, New Orleans, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: George M. Howe, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: King, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: T. R. Burnham, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: George D. Puffer, Nashua, New Hampshire","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Smith, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: T. S. Estabrook, Houlton, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Jno. Holyland, Washington, D.C.","Photographed by M. J. Powers; Published by Whitehurst Gallery, Washington, DC","Photographer/Photography Studio: Jno. Holyland, Washington, DC","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. S. Morse, Nashville, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: Moses \u0026 Piffet, successors to E. Jacobs, New Orleans, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. S. Morse, Nashville, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York","Photographed by Brady's National Portrait Gallery; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Daily, Excelsior Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Daily, Excelsior Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Murphy Bros., Alton, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: F. Gutekunst, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Godshaw \u0026 Flexner, Louisville, Kentucky","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady's National Photographic Portrait Galleries, New York and Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Moffat and Simpson, Key West, Florida","Photographer/Photography Studio: G. P. Ayer, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: William F. Blunt, North Anson, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Gurney \u0026 Son, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: D. Appleton \u0026 Co., New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Anson's","Photographer/Photography Studio: Fassetts Gallery, Chicago, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: Gardner, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whitehurst Gallery","Photographer/Photography Studio: Meade Brothers, Astor, New York","Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Gurney \u0026 Son, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Alex. Gardner, Washington, DC","Photographed by Brady, New York, NY; Published by E. Anthony, New York, NY","Photographer/Photography Studio: Philp \u0026 Solomon, Washington, DC","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. E. McClees, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026 H.T. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, DC","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. E. Alden, Troy, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Watson's, Raleigh, NC","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady's National Photographic Portrait Galleries, New York and Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: L. Thompson, Norwich, Connecticut","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: T. M. Schleier, Nashville, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. M. McKenny, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Mason \u0026 Gardner, Providence, Rhode Island","Photographer/Photography Studio: Handy, Washington, D.C..","Photographer/Photography Studio: Outley's, St. Louis, Missouri","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bragy Gallery","Photographer/Photography Studio: Geo. W. Butler, Bath, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Smith, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: W. F. King, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: N. S. Bennett, Alexandria, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Frank E. Stanley, Auburn, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Anderson's Photographic Gallery, New Orleans, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: Warren and Lowell, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Warren and Lowell, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Warren and Lowell, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: B. P. Browne, Bath, Maine","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: E. Jacobs \u0026 Company, New Orleans, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Gurney \u0026 Son, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Trask \u0026 Lewis","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. M. McKenney, Portland, Maine","Photographed by Brady, New York, New York; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony","Photographed by Brady, New York, New York; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Charles K. Bill's, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Wilder Brothers, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Zimmermans's N.F W York, Photographic Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. H. Keim, Lebanon, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: D. H. Cole, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. Hesler, Chicago, Illinois","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York","Photographed by Alex Gardner; Published by Philp \u0026 Solomons, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. A. Addis, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. B. Smith, Utica, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. M. Burnham, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. W. Black, Boston","Photographer/Photography Studio: Henry Ulke, Washington, DC","Photographer/Photography Studio: Geo. W. Butler, Bath, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Kerston \u0026 Thompson, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: William Pierce, Brunswick, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Dunshee's, Boston","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: D. Adams, Nashville, Tenn.","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. U. P. Burnham, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. H. Abbott, Albany, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: L. I. Prince, New Orleans, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. W. Black, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J.S. Medlar, Woodstock, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Mrs. A. A. Rhodes, West Rockford, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: D. O. Furnald, Manchester, New Hampshire","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. M. McKenney, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Wolff's Gallery, Alexandria, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady's National Photographic Portrait Gallery, New York and Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: French \u0026 Sawyer, Keene, New Hampshire","Photographer/Photography Studio: Cole's Photographic Gallery, Peoria, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: William Nims, Photographer, Fort Edward, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: P. H. McKernon, Saratoga Springs, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: P. H. McKernon, Saratoga Springs, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: P. H. McKernon, Saratoga Springs, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: P. H. McKernon, Saratoga Springs, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Jno. Holyland Metropolitan Gallery, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Lothrop's Ferrotype Gallery, Philadelphia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Lobell General Hospital, Portsmouth Grove, Rhode Island","Photographer/Photography Studio: William Summerhays","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. U. P. Burnham, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Davis Brothers Photograph Rooms, Portsmouth and Exeter, New Hampshire","Photographer/Photography Studio: Filley \u0026 Gilbert, New Haven, Connecticut","Photographer/Photography Studio: Haas \u0026 Peale, Hilton Head, South Carolina","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: E. N. Medernach, Danville, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. H. Dewey, Pittsfield, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Lothrop's Ferrotype Gallery, Philadelphia","Photographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Smith, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. H. Wagoner's, Mt. Morris, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: Mathew Brady","Photographer/Photography Studio: Samuel A. Cooley, Beaufort, South Carolina","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady","Photographer/Photography Studio: Thompson Gallery, Albany, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Warren, Lowell, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Kerston \u0026 Thompson, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: W. B. Stearns, Bath, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: H. G. Fetters, Peru, Indiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: William P. Gaut, Mt. Sterling, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: New Orleans Photographic Co.","Photographer/Photography Studio: F. Gutekunst, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady","Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York, New York","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York, New York","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Rees of Richmond, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: J.L. Winner, Annapolis, MD","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bishop \u0026 Campbell, Photographers, Army of the Cumberland","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. F. Conant, Skowhegan, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: B. P. Paige, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Warren and Lowell, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Powelson's, Detroit, Michigan","Photographer/Photography Studio: N. Olsen Photographer, New Orleans, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, DC","Photographed by Brady's National Portrait Gallery; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York","Published by Vannerson \u0026 Jones, Richmond, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Henry Ulke, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. M. McKenney, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York","Brady's National Portrait Gallery; Published by E. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. O. Jewett, Lebanon, Missouri","Photographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Smith \u0026 Son, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bell and Brother","Photographer/Photography Studio: Jno. Holyland, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: G. W. Roseberry, Alexandria, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, DC","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whitehurst, Gallery, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Daily, Excelsior Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Mrs. M. A. Cutler, Dixon, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: L. W. Cook, Weymouth Landing, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: James S. Earle \u0026 Son, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. W. Black, Boston","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whitehurst, Washington, D.C.","Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Havens, Jacksonville, FL","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. W. A. Tresize, Springfield, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: O.C. Benjamin, Newark, N. J.","Photographer/Photography Studio: G. W. Tuttle, Thomaston, Maine","Photographed by Brady, New York, NY; Published by E. Anthony, New York, NY","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, DC","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brendann Bros., Baltimore","Photographed by Wenderoth \u0026 Taylor; Published by McAllister \u0026 Bro., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. H Messenger, US General Hospital, Annapolis, Maryland","Photographer/Photography Studio: D. P. Barr, Army Photographer, Vicksburg","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whitaker \u0026 Co., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: William P. Gaut, Mt. Sterling, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. P. Burnham, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Griswold \u0026 Smith, Columbus, Ohio","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: M. B. Brady's National Photographic Portrait Galleries, New York and Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. R. Davis, Biddeford, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor Maine","Photographed by Brady's National Portrait Gallery; Published by E. Anthony, New York","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. E. McClees, Philadelphia","Brady, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. R. Hall, Biddeford, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. H. Brown, Savannah, Georgia","Photographer/Photography Studio: McAdams, Alexandria, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: F. Gutekunst, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Mrs. M. A. Cutler, Dixon, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: Manchester Brothers Photographers, Providence, Rhode Island","Photographer/Photography Studio: Fredericks and Co., New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: D. K. Jewell, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. U. P. Burnham, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Geo. W. Butler, Bath, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bundy and Williams, New Haven, Conneticut","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bowers, Lynn, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Kin, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Elrod Bro.'s, Lexington, Kentucky","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. M. McKenney, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Piper \u0026 Sanborn, Manchester, New Hampshire","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Perry Elliott's City Gallery, Indianapolis, Indiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: W. Ames, Quincy, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: Abster \u0026 Bro, Louisville, Kentucky","Photographer/Photography Studio: Abster \u0026 Bro, Louisville, Kentucky","Photographer/Photography Studio: Abster \u0026 Bro, Louisville, Kentucky","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. S. Morse, Nashville, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: Abster \u0026 Bro, Louisville, Kentucky","Photographer/Photography Studio: Abster \u0026 Bro, Louisville, Kentucky","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. S. Morse, Nashville, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. S. Morse, Nashville, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. D. Phillips, 14th Army Corps","Photographer/Photography Studio: M. K. Marshall, Circleville, Ohio","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. S. Morse, Nashville, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. A. Scholten, Saint Louis, Missouri","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. S. Morse, Nashville, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. S. Morse, Nashville, Tennessee","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. S. Morse","Photographer/Photography Studio: William P. Gault, Mt. Sterling, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. S. German, Springfield, Illinois","Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Hawkins \u0026 Philpot, Macomb, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: F. W. De Camp, Newark, New Jersey","Photographer/Photography Studio: Webster, Louisville, Kentucky","Photographer/Photography Studio: E. Jacobs, New Orleans, Louisiana","Unknown Photographer; Published by E. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Alexander Gardner, Photographer to the Army of the Potomac, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Morse, Nashville, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: Pratt's Gallery, Richmond, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Schreiber \u0026 Son, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Erekson \u0026 Bodurtha, Bridgeport, Conneticut","Photographer/Photography Studio: Hinds, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Abraham Fisher, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York, NY","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York, New York","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. U. P. Burnham, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. N. Wilson, Savannah, Georgia","Photographer/Photography Studio: McAdams, Alexandria, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Birney Linn","Photographer/Photography Studio: Louis Walzl","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Variell, Gardiner, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. A. Turner, D. Appleton \u0026 Co., New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: M. F. King, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. H. White, Jacksonport, Arkansas","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. H. Spieler's, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Armstead \u0026 Taylor, Corinth, Mississippi","Photographer/Photography Studio: O.H. Willard, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. P. Layton, Rockford, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: John Goldin \u0026 Col, Washington D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Daily, Excelsior Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. H. Keim, Lebanon, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Mrs. M. A. Cutler, Dixon, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: N. C. Sanborn, Lowell, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Marshall, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Partridges Photographic Gallery and Stock Depot, Wheeling, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Armstead \u0026 White, Corinth, Mississippi","Photographer/Photography Studio: Mrs. W. A. Reed, Quincy, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: Fred C. Low, East Cambridge, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brooks \u0026 Blauvelt, Port Hudson, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. L. Marston, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Evans and Prince, York, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Ingraham Bros, Westfield, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. U. P. Burnham, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: G. W. Clark, Ionia, Michigan","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bennett, Alexandria, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. C. Giers, Nashville, Tennessee","Published by E \u0026 H.T. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Charles D. Fredricks \u0026 Co., New York, New York","Published by E. Anthony, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: N. R. Bideout \u0026 Co., Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: John Goldin, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Hendee, Augusta, Maine","J. Daily, Excelsior Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whitney's Gallery, Saint Paul, Minnesota","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. M. McKenney, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: N. S. Bennett, Alexandria, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: H. B. King, Taunton, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Charles Jameson, Columbia, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Anderson's Photographic Gallery, New Orleans, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: L. D. Cox, Ludlow, Vermont","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whipple, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: G. W. Davis, Columbus, Ohio","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. W. Black, Boston","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. Brainstead, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, DC","Photographer/Photography Studio: Tyler \u0026 Co., Charleston, South Carolina","Photographed by Brady; Published by E \u0026 H.T. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Charles D. Fredricks \u0026 Co., New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Larkin Gallery, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: William Pierce, Brunswick, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: George W. Butler, Bath, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: George C. White, Boston","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. S. Morse, Nashville, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whitney's Gallery, Saint Paul, Minnesota","Published by E. \u0026 H. Anthony, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: M. J. Powers, Whitehurst Gallery, Washington, DC","Photographer/Photography Studio: McLure, Allen P.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Peplow \u0026 Balch, Memphis, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: Nollen \u0026 Van Grieken, Keokuk, Iowa","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady","Photographer/Photography Studio: Charles D. Fredricks \u0026 Co., New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady","Photographer/Photography Studio: Black \u0026 Case, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: D. H. Cole, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. L. Jackson, Lewiston, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bundy and Williams, New Haven, Connecticut","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. A. Scholten, St. Louis, Missouri","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, DC","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Henry Ulke, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. G. Carleton, Waterville, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. U. P. Burnham, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whitehurst Gallery, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Warren, Cambridgeport, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Gilbert's, Philadelphia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, DC","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. H. Van Stavorn's Metropolitan Gallery, Nashville, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: Sprague \u0026 Curtis, Lewiston, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. M. McKenney, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bogardus, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Campbell \u0026 Ecker, Louisville, Kentucky","Photographer/Photography Studio: Pierce \u0026 Cogswell, Rochelle, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. U. P. Burnham, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: William P. Gaut, Mt. Sterling, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: H. T. McCormick, Martinsburg, West Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. M. McKenney, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: G. H. Loomis, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Hall, Lawrence, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Kennedy \u0026 Schenck, Newark, New Jersey","Photographer/Photography Studio: Morell, George Webb","Photographer/Photography Studio: Hall, South Royalton, Vermont","Photographer/Photography Studio: Fredricks \u0026 Co., New Yor","Photographer/Photography Studio: Schwing \u0026 Rudd, Army of the Cumberland","Photographer/Photography Studio: William P. Gaut, Mt. Sterling, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: William Pierce, Brunswick, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: G. H. Scripture, Peterboro, New Hampshire","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer's, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: E. L. Eaton, Omaha, Nebraska","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York, NY","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Gurney \u0026 Son, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Downs \u0026 Co., New Orleans, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Hagaman, Philadelphia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Geo. W. Butler, Bath, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. J. I. Murray, Myerstown, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Reimer, Philadelphia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Hanford, New London, New Hampshire","Photographer/Photography Studio: Webster's Photograph Gallery, Louisville, Kentucky","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. B. Carr, Old Town, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: G. H. Loomis, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Miller and Rowell, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. A. Cooley, Beaufort, South Carolina","Photographer/Photography Studio: Kerston \u0026 Thompson, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: William B. Stearns, Bath, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. C. Fassett, Dexter, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Kertson \u0026 Barker, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. B. Crockett","Photographer/Photography Studio: John A. Heard, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: G. H. Loomis, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Kimball \u0026 Sons, Concord, New Hampshire","Photographed by A. A. Turner; Published by D. Appleton \u0026 Co., New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Taylor and Seavey","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. Milton Lapham, Decatur, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bogardus, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bowdoin, Taylor, \u0026 Co, Alexandria, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. I. Marston, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: T. R. Burnham, Boston","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. P. Layton, Rockford, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Smith, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Smith, Portland, Maine","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York, NY","Photographer/Photography Studio: Haseltine, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Hinds, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Armstead \u0026 White, Corinth, Mississippi","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Smith, Sr., Lebanon, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York, NY","Photographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Evans, Norfolk, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: B. McMahon, Mt. Pleasant, Iowa","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, DC","Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. M. M' Kenney, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whipple, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: F. Gutekunst, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whitehurst, Washington, DC","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: F. McNulty, Springfield, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, McClees' Gallery, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Cole of Biddleford, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. W. Black, Boston, Massachusetts","Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. F. Ryder, Cleveland","Photographer/Photography Studio: E. H. McKenny, Biddleford, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Lilienthal and Co., New Orleans, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: Sprague \u0026 Tapley, Lewiston, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Geo. P. Hall, St. Louis, Missouri","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady 's National Photographic Portrait Galleries, New York and Washington, D.C.","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Mrs. M. F. Howe, Jamestown , New York, A. J. Stiles, Photographist","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Gurney \u0026 Son, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: P. E. Gibbs, Richmond, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, DC","Photographer/Photography Studio: W. L. Bracey, Great Falls, New Hampshire","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Gurney \u0026 Son, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Lutges, Detroit, Michigan","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Gurney and Son, Broadway, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bell and Brother, Washington, DC","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. S. Sanderson, Lewiston, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Curtis and Crosby, Lewiston, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Variell, Gardiner, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Smith \u0026 Son, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: George E. Collins; Bucksport, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. E. Alden, Troy, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Handy, Washington, D.C..","Photographer/Photography Studio: Hoag \u0026 Quicks, Cincinnati, Ohio","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Armstead \u0026 Taylor, Corinth, Mississippi","Photographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Smith, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whipple, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady's National Photographic and Portrait Galleries, New York and Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Porter's, Cincinnati, Ohio","Photographer/Photography Studio: G. N. Granniss, Waterbury, Connecticut","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bundy \u0026 Williams, New Haven, Connecticut","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. J. Thompson \u0026 Co., Albany, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: King, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. A. Stevens, Richmond, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: George M. Howe, Portland, Maine","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. Anthony, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bogardus, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Hoag \u0026 Quick's, Cincinnati, Ohio","Photographer/Photography Studio: Geo. W. Butler, Bath, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Lothrop's Ferrotype Gallery, Philadelphia","Photographed by Brady, New York, New York; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Brady's National Portrait Gallery; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Carbutt, Chicago, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: Rivers', St. Louis, Missouri","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Daily, Excelsior Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: George Rockwood, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. W. Black, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Daily, Excelsior Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Hinds, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Kimball, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. W. Hornbaker, Alexandria, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. U. P. Burnham, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: T. S. Estabrook, Houlton, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whitehurst, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: W. F. King","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York, NY","Photographer/Photography Studio: W. J. Moulton, Elmira, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: George M. Howe, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: A.R. Boynton, Sanbornton Bridge, New Hampshire","Photographer/Photography Studio: Davis Brothers, Portsmouth, New Hampshire","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. M. McKenney, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. M. M'Kenney, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whipple, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: E. Crockett, Rockland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Burwell \u0026 Homan, New Haven, Connecticut","Photographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Smith \u0026 Son, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Black and Case, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Magnolia, Lexington, Kentucky","Photographer/Photography Studio: T. F. Saltsman, Nashville, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: Smith \u0026 Wybrant, Louisville, Kentucky","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, DC","Photographer/Photography Studio: Weitfle \u0026 Wright, 1st Division, 6th Corps","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Daily, Excelsior Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Charles S. Hart, Watertown, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: F. Gutekunst, Philadelphia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whitehurst Gallery, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Henry Ulke, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: McAdams, Alexandria, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Matthew Brady","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bennett, Alexandria, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Haas \u0026 Peale, Hilton Head, South Carolina","Photographer/Photography Studio: Webster \u0026 Bro., Louisville, Kentucky","Photographer/Photography Studio: C.H. Smedley \u0026 Co., Middletown, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Daily, Excelsior Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: T. McMahon, Photographer, Danville, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. A. Lewis, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: G. Moses \u0026 Co., Quincy, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: G. F. Child, Washington, D.C.","Photographed by Brady's National Portrait Gallery; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. Hesler, Chicago, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: Kimberly Brothers","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Carbutt, Chicago, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: Mathew Brady","Photographer/Photography Studio: Samuel Masury, Boston","Photographer/Photography Studio: Charles D. Fredricks \u0026 Co., New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. E. Alden, Troy, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Photographed by Brady, Washington, DC","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. D. Fredricks \u0026 Co., New York, Habana, Paris","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. D. Fredricks \u0026 Co., New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. D. Fredricks \u0026 Co., New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Helke and Benecke, St. Louis, Missouri","Photographer/Photography Studio: Hopkins, Annapolis, Maryland","Photographer/Photography Studio: J.H. Keim, Lebanon, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Churchill \u0026 Dennison, Albany, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Variell, Gardiner, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. H. Van Stavoren's, Nashville, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. Constant, New Orleans, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. Anderson, New Orleans, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. Gould, North Bridgton, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Webster and Bro., Louisville, Kentucky","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. H. Van Stavoren, Nashville, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: D. L. Heath, Norwalk, Ohio","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, DC","Photographer/Photography Studio: William Pierce, Brunswick, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: T. F. Saltsman, Nashville, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. M. Peck, Ellsworth, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. M. McKenney, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: McAdams, Alexandria, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: E. Crocket, Rockland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: W. B. Field, Morris, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. P. Greenwald, Newark, Ohio","Photographer/Photography Studio: Gorham and Co, Providence, Rhode Island","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bogardus, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Matthew Brady","Photographer/Photography Studio: Moses \u0026 Piffet, successors to E. Jacobs, New Orleans, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Hinton \u0026 Cleary's, Montgomery, Alabama","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. E. Alden, Troy, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: W. F. Yung","Photographer/Photography Studio: Matthew Brady","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brown's Gallery, Little Rock, Arkansas","Photographer/Photography Studio: William Brown, Photographer of the Army of Arkansas","Photographer/Photography Studio: Griswold \u0026 White, Corinth, Mississippi","Photographer/Photography Studio: Morse's, Nashville, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Smith, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. B. Davis, Biddleford, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: D. K. Jewell, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Black, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: P. Butler, Springfield, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York","Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. C. Lewis, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bogardus, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. M. Burnham, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. Masury, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Currier, Amesbury, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Currier, Amesbury, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Cole, Biddeford, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Cahill, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: George H. Wood, Towanda, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady's, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. F. Sterlin, Woodstock, Vermont","Photographer/Photography Studio: George M. Howe, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. Hesler, Chicago, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. W. Black, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: by H. Glosser, Broadway, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Turner, Philadelphia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Henry Ulke, Washington, D.C.","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York, NY","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Daily, Excelsior Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. B. Crockett, Norway, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: W. Case, Halifax, Nova Scotia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bogardus, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. Anderson, New Orleans","Photographer/Photography Studio: Balkan Studio, Wartham, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Jordan \u0026 Co., New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. A. Colley, Beaufort, South Carolina","Photographer/Photography Studio: L. V. Newell","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. W. Black, Boston","Photographer/Photography Studio: Mrs. M. A. Cutler, Dixon, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. K. McMurray, Winchester, W. Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. O. Burgan, Yarmouth, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Hoag \u0026 Quick's Art Palace, Cincinnati, Ohio","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Thurlow, Peoria, Illinois","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady","Photographer/Photography Studio: Smith, Southbridge","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. E. Alden, Troy, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Schwing \u0026 Rudd, Photographers Army of the Cumberland","Photographer/Photography Studio: Sam A. Cooley, Beaufort, South Carolina","Photographer/Photography Studio: P. L. Perkins","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Beecher and Grier's Photograph Rooms, West Chester, Pennsylvania","Photographed by Brady, New York, New York; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Daily, Excelsior Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: McAdams, Alexandria, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Knight, Batavia, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bradley \u0026 Rulofson, San Francisco, California","Photographer/Photography Studio: F. W. Loud, Bowery, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: G. G. Johnson, Dubuque, Iowa","Photographer/Photography Studio: Klauber \u0026 Campbell, Louisville, Kentucky","Photographer/Photography Studio: Butler \u0026 Smetters, Springfield, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: Van Stavoren, Nashville, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: E. A. Piffet's Gallery of Art, New Orleans, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. M. Burnham, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: B. W. Hinds, North Vassalboro, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. M. McKenney, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: G. Haslinger in St. Polten","Photographer/Photography Studio: G. Haslinger in St. Polten","Photographer/Photography Studio: Fassett's Gallery, Chicago, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: F. Gutekunst, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whitney \u0026 Paradise, New York, New York","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. Anthony, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. C. Elrod's, Louisville, Kentucky","Photographer/Photography Studio: G. H. Houghton, Brattleboro, Vermont","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: D. K. Jewell, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. Brown's, Waldoboro, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: E. A. Pippet's, New Orleans, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. A. Scholten, St. Louis, Missouri","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Daily, Excelsior Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Lothrop's Ferrotype Gallery, Philadelphia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bailey \u0026 Silver's, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: McAdams, Alexandria, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. D. Fredricks \u0026 Co., New York, New York","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. Piper, Manchester, New Hampshire","Photographer/Photography Studio: Washington Gallery, Vicksburg, Mississippi","Photographer/Photography Studio: W. L. Troxell, St. Louis, Missouri","Photographer/Photography Studio: Wykes \u0026 Brown, Wheeling, West Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Smith \u0026 Son, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: A.C. Lewis, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. C. Lewis, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: French \u0026 Sawyer, Keene, New Hampshire","Photographer/Photography Studio: G. W. Rider, Ondawa House, Salem, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Anderson \u0026 Turner, New Orleans, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whitney's Gallery, Saint Paul, Minnesota","Photographer/Photography Studio: Marshall, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Lamson, Portland, Maine","Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, DC","Photographer/Photography Studio: Mathew Brady","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. E. Alden, Troy, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. E. McClees, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Davis Brothers Photograph Rooms, Portsmouth and Exeter, New Hampshire","Photographer/Photography Studio: W. H. Whitehead, Pittsburg, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. E. McClees, Philadelphia","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. Wing's, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: T. M. Schleier's, Nashville, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: Case and Getchell, Boston","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whipple, Boston","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. B. Hopkins, Lock-Haven, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. L. Marston, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. U. P. Burnham, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Starbird, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bell \u0026 Brother, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. A. Paul, Skowhegan, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Perry Elliott's City Gallery, Indianapolis, Indiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Daily, Excelsior Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Daily, Excelsior Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Keith \u0026 Ross, Machias, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Keith \u0026 Ross, Machias, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. S. Sanderson, Dover, New Hampshire","Photographer/Photography Studio: Estabrook's Ferrotypes, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: G. W. Tuttle, Thomaston, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bogardus, 363 Broadway, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Otto Wagner, 385 Broadway, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: E. C. Ely, Greenfield, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Johnson's, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: D. Appleton, and Co., New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Smith \u0026 Son, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: William P. Gaut, Mt. Sterling, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: John H. Pein \u0026 Co., Richmond, Virginia","Published by E \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York","Photographed by F. Gutekunst, Philadelphia; Published by McAllister \u0026 Brother, Philadelphia","Photographer/Photography Studio: King, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Lochman's Photographic Gallery, Allentown, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: P. Tenney Gates, Plattsburgh, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. H. Williamson's Brooklyn, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Daily, Excelsior Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: M. G. Trask, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Hallet, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Sumner \u0026 Harris Union Gallery, Gen'l Butler's H. Qrs. in the Field","Photographer/Photography Studio: Lomas, Eastport Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Smith, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. M. Fassett, Chicago, Illinois","Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Downs \u0026 Co., New Orleans, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. Sellers, Keokuk, Iowa","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. A. Sheldon, New Orleans, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: Mrs. M. A. Cutler, Dixon, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. D. Fredricks, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Andrew D. Lytle, Baton Rouge, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: Black, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Black \u0026 Case, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. M. Aiken, Ware, Massachusetts","Lithograph by Murray \u0026 Goodwin, Albany, New York; Published by G. H. Treadwell, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Theodore Harris, Louisville, Kentucky","Photographer/Photography Studio: Possibly S. Anderson, New Orleans, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. Wearn, Columbia, South Carolina","Photographer/Photography Studio: Keenan, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Rees, Richmond, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: W. R. Phipps, Lexington, Kentucky","Photographer/Photography Studio: Rees, Richmond, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Rees, Richmond, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: WM. Frank Browne, Artist, P.O. Box 480, Washington, D.C., U.S. Army","Photographer/Photography Studio: William Frank Browne","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. B. Farrar's Photographic Rooms, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. B. Farrar's Photographic Rooms, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Royan M. Linn","Photographer/Photography Studio: Quimby of Charleston","Photographer/Photography Studio: Maynard \u0026 Willis, Milford, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. H. Keim, Lebanon, Pa.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Charles A. Saylor, Reading, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Daily, Excelsior Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: John Daily, Lebanon, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bowdoin, Taylor \u0026 Co., Alexandria, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Mathew Brady","Photographer/Photography Studio: Mathew Brady","Photographer/Photography Studio: Lupton \u0026 Brown, Winchester, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Wolff's Gallery, Alexandria, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Richardson of Lima, Peru","Photographer/Photography Studio: William P. Holt, Concord, New Hampshire","Photographer/Photography Studio: T. H. Smiley's Photographic Gallery, Knoxville, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: Orcutt's, Cambridge","Photographer/Photography Studio: Victor Piard, Jersey City, New Jersey","Photographer/Photography Studio: Elrod Borthers, Lexington, Kentucky","Photographer/Photography Studio: Hunting's, Belfast, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. D. Frederick, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: M. L. Averill, Oldtown, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: William Pierce, Brunswick, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: William Pierce, Brunswick, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Trask and Lewis, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Starbird, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whitehurst Gallery, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. C. Lewis, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: H. A. Mills, Camden, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. M. McKenney, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. B. Crockett, Norway, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: T. R. Burnham, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Ball \u0026 Thomas, Cincinnati, Ohio","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Sidney Brown, St. Louis, Missouri","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. C. Price, New Philadelphia, Ohio","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bennett, Alexandria, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: John A. Heard, Tremont Row, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. N. Ramsdill, Ballston Spa, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Warren, Cambridgeport, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bundy \u0026 Williams, New Haven, Connecticut","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. N. Blanchard, Barre, Vermont","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Gurney \u0026 Son, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: E. M. Vanaken, Lowville, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. Goben, Troy, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Frank Winter, Fort Shaw, Montana","Photographer/Photography Studio: Gill's City Gallery, Lancaster, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whitehurst, Washington, DC","Photographer/Photography Studio: Wm. J. Tate, New York, NY","Photographer/Photography Studio: Stokes, Trenton, New Jersey","Photographer/Photography Studio: Clark, Gardiner, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Clark, Gardiner, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: G. W. Tuttle, Thomaston, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: M. F. King","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. M. M. Kenney, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Starbird, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Curtis \u0026 Cosby, Lewiston, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Starbird, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Hunting's Belfast, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brooks \u0026 Blauvelt, Port Hudson, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. C. Platt, Oberlin, Ohio","Photographer/Photography Studio: W. E. Prall, Knoxville, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. Worms \u0026 Co., New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: John Roth, Freehold, New Jersey","Photographer/Photography Studio: Kerston \u0026 Barker, New York, NY","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. Knecht, Easton, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Victory Piard, Jersey City, New Jersey","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. S. Jacoby, Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Published by G. L. Collins, Paola, Kansas","Photographer/Photography Studio: H. Bitner, Mt. Carroll, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: Ullary \u0026 Perry, Greenville, Ohio","Photographer/Photography Studio: E. Roberts, Cleveland, Ohio","Photographer/Photography Studio: F. B. Zay, Findlay, Ohio","Photographer/Photography Studio: V. B. Massey, Lancaster, Ohio","Photographer/Photography Studio: W. Kasten, Freeport, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: Aldridge \u0026 Merriman, Chicago, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. R. Rees \u0026 Bros., Richmond, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. W. Black, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. Masury, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: W. H. Pope, Brooklyn, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: E. Klauber, Louisville, Kentucky","Photographer/Photography Studio: E. J. Jacobs, New Orleans","Published by Keystone View Company","Photographer: P. Haas","Photographer: P. Haas","Photographer: P. Haas","Photographer: P. Haas","Photographer: P. Haas","Photographer: P. Haas","Photographer: P. Haas","Photographer: D. P. Barr, Army Photographer, Vicksburg, Miss.","Photographer: French \u0026 Co., Vicksburg, Miss.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Barr \u0026 Young, Army Photographers, Fort Pickering, Memphis, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: Moulton \u0026 Larkin, Elmira, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Moulton \u0026 Larkin, Elmira, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Moulton \u0026 Larkin, Elmira, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Alexander Gardner","Photographer/Photography Studio: Alexander Gardner","Photographer/Photography Studio: Alexander Gardner","Photographed and Published by B. W. Kilburn, Littleton, New Hampshire","Photographed and Published by Kilburn Brothers, Littleton, New Hampshire","Photographer/Photography Studio: Rollins \u0026 Linn","Published by Keystone View Company","Photographed by Brady \u0026 Co., Washington, D.C.; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony \u0026 Co.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Alexander Gardner","Photographer/Photography Studio: Alexander Gardner","Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony \u0026 Co., Negative by Brady \u0026 Co., Washington, D.C.","Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony \u0026 Co.","Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony \u0026 Co., Negative by Brady \u0026 Co., Washington, D.C.","Photographed and Published by Bell \u0026 Bro., Washington, D.C.","Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony \u0026 Co., New York; Negative by Brady \u0026 Co.","Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony \u0026 Co., American and Foreign Stereoscopic Emporium, New York, NY","Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony \u0026 Co., American and Foreign Stereoscopic Emporium, New York, NY","Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony \u0026 Co., American and Foreign Stereoscopic Emporium, New York, NY","Photographer/Photography Studio: Gardner","Photographer/Photography Studio: Marks, Houston, Texas","Published by E. M. Worth's American Museum; T. Meehan, Manufacturer of Looking-glass \u0026 Picture Frames, 810 Washington St. Boston, Mass","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. B. Crockett, Norway, Main","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: N. R. Rideout, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: F. B. Smith \u0026 Son, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. P. \u0026 F. W. Hardy, Ranger, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Starbird, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Starbird, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Starbird, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: D. K. Jewell, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: E. S. Dunshee, Rochester, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. B. Conant, Lewiston, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. Piper, Manchester, New Hampshire","Photographer/Photography Studio: Starbird, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Hoag \u0026 Quick's Art Palace, Cincinnati, Ohio","Painted by Robt. W. Weit; Engraved by Geo. W. Watch","The John L. Nau III Civil War History Collection contains offensive or harmful language and imagery. This includes—but is not limited to—correspondence and diary entries that express racist views; photographs of enslaved people forced into inhumane conditions by enslavers; descriptions of violence and battle experiences; photographs of deceased soldiers; and correspondence containing explicit descriptions of sex. The purpose of this note is to give users the opportunity to decide whether they need or want to view these materials, or at least, to mentally or emotionally prepare themselves to view the materials.","The donor's accession numbering system has been preserved to maintain access to collection metadata or descriptive information. Each file title in this finding aid includes the donor accession number at the end of the title and each corresponding physical folder or item is also labeled with the donor accession number. ","Donor accession numbers are comprised of letters denoting document or photograph format followed by a four-digit number that denotes the number of the accession. The following examples can be found in the collection: DA0001 (meaning document - autograph), DC0001.001 (document - currency), DL0001 (document - letter), DN0003 (document - newspaper), DOR0001 (document - order), DOT0001 (document - other), DR0002 (document - requisition), PA0184 (photograph - ambrotype), PC0200 (photograph - carte de visite), PD0007 (photograph - daguerreotype), POT0012 (photograph - other), and PT0003 (photograph - tintype).","These donor accession numbers can be used to search the donation listing spreadsheet for corresponding metadata. This spreadsheet is available to download directly from the finding aid below, under External Documents.","About External Document MSS 16459 John L. Nau II Civil War History Collection - Donation Listing (View and Download Below)","Upon accession of the John L. Nau III Civil War History Collection, the donor provided a spreadsheet donation listing containing metadata and sellers' descriptions associated with collection materials. The spreadsheet can be downloaded below, under the External Documents heading.","Please note that many descriptions contained in this spreadsheet are drawn from sellers' language used by dealers and auction houses and contain biased and qualitative descriptions. In addition, many descriptions contain offensive, racist, and archaic language, some quoted directly from collection materials (also see the above Content Warning). ","Please also note there may be some materials listed in the donor spreadsheet that are not present in the collection. The Small Library's finding aid is the definitive listing of materials available to researchers.","Suggestions for Using the Donation Listing Spreadsheet","Materials found in the finding aid can be identified in the spreadsheet using the keyboard shortcut Control + F. If searching for materials discovered in the finding aid, it is recommended to search using donor accession numbers. (For more on this, see the above note on Alphanumeric Designations). ","Please note that the spreadsheet does not contain additional descriptive information for all materials listed in the finding aid.","Researchers can use the spreadsheet to explore the collection in many ways, including the following: ","- To conduct subject-based searches (e.g., regiments, battles, and military functions, and experiences such as sickness).","- To identify photographs of women, Black soldiers, and Native American soldiers.","- To identify correspondence in Series 1 authored by women and contained within personal papers attributed to men. Series 1 contains a significant amount of correspondence written by women to male relatives and friends. An example includes the many letters written by Mary Stanton to her husband Courtland Stanton, which are found with the Courtland Stanton (DL0011) papers. Another example are the letters of Lucy Britton and Martha Britton found with the Britton Family (DL0100) papers.","- To distinguish between duplicate titles and donor accession numbers in Series 1. Secondary collections such as the papers of Amos Garrison (DL0068) and Albert R. Whitney (DL0269) contain duplicate file titles, and descriptions in the spreadsheet may allow researchers to learn more about the exact nature of the materials they contain.","- To distinguish between portraits of unknown subjects in Series 2. Searching for a particular portrait of an unknown subject using the donor accession number may provide researchers with a description of the portrait, including details such as uniform and rank of the subject.","About External Documents MSS 16459 John L. Nau II Civil War History Collection - Transcripts (View and Download Below)","Transcript files are titled by donor accession number. (See above note titled Alphanumeric Designations).","Please be aware that these transcripts may contain mistakes. They are not intended to be a replacement for the original materials or their digital surrogates.","This item was accessioned as part of PC0876. There is no known connection between this item and the other materials in PC0876.","This item was accessioned as part of PC0876. There is no known connection between this item and the other materials in PC0876.","Additional materials relating to Fitzhugh Lee are located in Series 2 and 3.","This item was accessioned as part of PC1124. There is no known connection between the calling card and other materials in accession PC1124, which are located in Series 2.","Additional materials related to William S. Rosecrans are located in Series 2 and 3.","A portrait of James M. Tracy (PC1183) is located in Series 2","A portrait of James M. Tracy (PC1183) is located in Series 2","A portrait of James M. Tracy (PC1183) is located in Series 2","A portrait of James M. Tracy (PC1183) is located in Series 2","A portrait of James M. Tracy (PC1183) is located in Series 2","A portrait of James M. Tracy (PC1183) is located in Series 2","A portrait of James M. Tracy (PC1183) is located in Series 2","A portrait of James M. Tracy (PC1183) is located in Series 2","A portrait of James M. Tracy (PC1183) is located in Series 2","This item was accessioned as part of PT0159. There is no known connection between this record and the rest of the materials in PT0159.","This record was accessioned as part of PT0225, which included photographs of unknown soldiers. There is no known connection between the photographs located in Series 2 and this record.","This item was accessioned as part of PT0159. There is no known connection between this record and the rest of the materials in PT0159.","This item was accessioned as part of PC1029. There is no know connection between this ledger and the other items in PC1029, which are located in Series 2.","These reunion programs (POT0140.0011-POT0140.0015) were accessioned as part of POT0140, which is otherwise located in Series 2. There is no known connection between these programs and the other materials in this accession.","These reunion programs (POT0140.0011-POT0140.0015) were accessioned as part of POT0140, which is otherwise located in Series 2. There is no known connection between these programs and the other materials in this accession.","Carte de Visite PC0171 of Eugene Carr and Carte de Visite album PC0171 were part of the same donor accession. There is no known relationship between these materials.","Carte de Visite PC0171 of Michael Corcoran and Carte de Visite album PC0171 were part of the same donor accession. There is no known relationship between these materials.","Additional materials related to Napoleon Jackson Tecumseh Dana can be found in Series 1 and Series 3.","Carte de Visite PC0171 of Charles H. Davis and Carte de Visite album PC0171 were part of the same donor accession. There is no known relationship between these materials.","Carte de Visite PC0171 of William B. Franklin and Carte de Visite album PC0171 were part of the same donor accession. There is no known relationship between these materials.","Carte de Visite PC0171 of Quincy A. Gillmore and Carte de Visite album PC0171 were part of the same donor accession. There is no known relationship between these materials.","Additional materials related to States Rights Gist are located in Series 3.","Carte de Visite PC0171 of A. C. Gorden and Carte de Visite album PC0171 were part of the same donor accession. There is no known relationship between these materials.","There is no known relationship between carte de visite album PC1143 and albumen PC1143 of Ulysses S. Grant. Both were part of the same donor accession PC1143.","This photograph, \"Grant and the Union Staff\" is not part of the photographic series owned and annotated by Francis C. Miller (POT0026). However, it was accessioned by the donor as part of this group (POT0026). It appears to be a reproduction of an earlier photograph dating to ca. 1862.","Tintype PC0171 of Cecil H. Hall and Carte de Visite album PC0171 were part of the same donor accession. There is no known relationship between these materials.","PC1199.0001 and PC1199.0002 are duplicates.","PC1199.0001 and PC1199.0002 are duplicates.","Tintype PC0171 of Samuel P. Heintzelman and Carte de Visite album PC0171 were part of the same donor accession. There is no known relationship between these materials.","Additional Materials relating to Fitzhugh Lee are located in Series 1 and 3.","Additional materials related to Abraham Lincoln are located in Series 3.","Additional materials related to Abraham Lincoln are located in Series 3.","Carte de visite engraving PC0171 of George G. Meade and Carte de Visite album PC0171 were part of the same donor accession. There is no known relationship between these materials.","Cartes de Visite PC1196.0002 and PC1196.0003 are duplicates.","Cartes de Visite PC1196.0002 and PC1196.0003 are duplicates.","Carte de visite PC0171 of Frank W. Renburger and Carte de Visite album PC0171 were part of the same donor accession. There is no known relationship between these materials.","Carte de visite PC0171 of William S. Rosecrans and Carte de Visite album PC0171 were part of the same donor accession. There is no known relationship between these materials. Additional records related to William S. Rosecrans are located in Series 1 and 3.","Portrait of Slocum is the same image as PA0342.","Portrait of Slocum is the same image as PA0371.","Carte de visite PC0171 of E. Kirby Smith and carte de visite album PC0171 were part of the same donor accession. There is no known relationship between these materials. Additional materials related to E. Kirby Smith are located in Series 3.","Additional materials related to E. Kirby Smith are located in Series 3.","Carte de visite PC0171 of Edwin Vose Sumner and carte de visite album PC0171 were part of the same donor accession. There is no known relationship between these materials.","Photograph album DOT0135 attributed to James M. Tracy is located in Series 2, Subseries H.","Carte de visite PC0171 of John E. Wool and carte de visite album PC0171 were part of the same donor accession. There is no known relationship between these materials.","This case contains portraits of the same unknown soldier in both ambrotype and tintype formats.","Letter PA0202.0002 was housed folded inside of cased photograph PA0202.0001.","Letter PA0202.0002 was previously housed folded inside of cased photograph PA0202.0001.","Ambrotype PA0205.0001 and tintype PA0205.0002 have been kept together, because they depict the same unknown soldier.","Ambrotype PA0205.0001 and tintype PA0205.0002 have been kept together, because they depict the same unknown soldier.","Ambrotype PA0274.0001 and tintype PA0274.0002 depict the same unknown Union Sergeant from the 11th Indiana Infantry.","Ambrotype PA0274.0001 and tintype PA0274.0002 depict the same unknown Union Sergeant from the 11th Indiana Infantry.","PT0190 is a single case containing one tintype and one ambrotype, and is arranged with tintypes.","Tintype PA0435.0002 a duplicate of ambrotype PA0435.0001.","Tintype PA0435.0002 a duplicate of ambrotype PA0435.0001.","Tintype (POT0113.0001) of unknown Black cavalryman possibly named Jenkins or Jenning) was owned by Randolph Davis, author of correspondence (POT0113.0002). Davis's descendents allege the pictured soldier worked on Davis's farm as a free man.","Tintype (POT0113.0001) of unknown Black cavalryman possibly named Jenkins or Jenning) was owned by Randolph Davis, author of correspondence (POT0113.0002). Davis's descendents allege the pictured soldier worked on Davis's farm as a free man.","The relationship between tintype PT0136.0001 and note fragments PT0136.0002 is unknown.","The relationship between tintype PT0136.0001 and note fragments PT0136.0002 is unknown.","The relationship between tintype PT0159.0001 and records PT0159.0002 (relating to Patrick Clark) is unknown.","The relationship between tintype PT0159.0001 and records PT0159.0002 (relating to Patrick Clark) is unknown.","Carte de visite PC0171 of an unknown subject and carte de visite album PC0171 were part of the same donor accession. There is no known relationship between these materials.","PT0182 and PT0183 are similar images.","PT0182 and PT0183 are similar images.","It is unknown if there is any connection between tintype PT0225.0001, tintype PT0225.0002, and albumen PT0225.0003. They were part of the same accession.","It is unknown if there is any connection between tintype PT0225.0001, tintype PT0225.0002, and albumen PT0225.0003. They were part of the same accession.","It is unknown if there is any connection between tintype PT0297.0001 and cloth cavalry insignia PT0297.0002. They were part of the same accession.","It is unknown if there is any relationship between tintype PT0297.0001 and cloth cavalry insignia PT0297.0002. They were part of the same accession.","It is unknown if there is any relationship between tintype PT0322 and the newspaper clipping of Abraham Lincoln PT0322.","It is unknown if there is any relationship between tintype PT0322 and the newspaper clipping of Abraham Lincoln PT0322.","PT0326.0001 and PT0326.0002 are portraits of the same unknown Confederate soldier.","PT0326.0001 and PT0326.0002 are portraits of the same unknown Confederate soldier.","It is not known if leather writing case PT0431.0002 is the same as the one pictured in photograph PT0431.0001.","It is not known if leather writing case PT0431.0002 is the same as the one pictured in photograph PT0431.0001.","All four photographs labeled with the donor accession number PT0489 depict the same unknown soldier.","All four photographs labeled with the donor accession number PT0489 are of the same unknown soldier.","All four photographs labeled with the donor accession number PT0489 are of the same unknown soldier.","All four photographs labeled with the donor accession number PT0489 are of the same unknown soldier.","PT0518.1 and PT0518.2 depict the same unknown soldier.","PT0518.1 and PT0518.2 depict the same unknown soldier.","PT0625.1 and PT0625.2 each depict the same unknown Union surgeon.","PT0625.1 and PT0625.2 each depict the same unknown Union surgeon.","Carte de visite PC0171 of an unknown subject and carte de visite album PC0171 were part of the same donor accession. There is no known relationship between these materials.","Carte de visite PC0171 of an unknown subject and carte de visite album PC0171 were part of the same donor accession. There is no known relationship between these materials.","Carte de visite PC0171 of an unknown subject and carte de visite album PC0171 were part of the same donor accession. There is no known relationship between these materials.","Photograph DL0031.0006 was part of donor accession DL0031. There is no known relationship to the other materials in DL0031.","Image was accessioned by the donor in a group of 5 Albumen prints (POT0101).","Image was originally accessioned by the donor in a group of 5 Albumen prints (POT0101).","Image was originally accessioned by the donor in a group of 5 Albumen prints (POT0101).","Image was originally accessioned by the donor in a group of 5 Albumen prints (POT0101).","Image was originally accessioned by the donor in a group of 5 Albumen prints (POT0101).","Accessioned as part of PC1254, which also includes Louis von Trebra's carte de visite album (32nd Indiana Infantry). There is no known relationship between these materials.","The association between Louis von Trebra's carte de visite album and the print publications included in accession PC1254 is unknown. These volumes were accessioned with Louis von Trebra's album and share a common connection with the Army of the Cumberland.","The association between Louis von Trebra's carte de visite album and the print publications included in accession PC1254 is unknown. These volumes were accessioned with Louis von Trebra's album and share a common connection with the Army of the Cumberland.","The association between Louis von Trebra and this publication is unknown aside from their being part of the same accession (PC1254). This volume was accessioned with Louis von Trebra's carte de visite album, and the materials share a common connection with the Army of the Cumberland.","The association between Louis von Trebra and this publication is unknown aside from their being part of the same accession (PC1254). This volume was accessioned with Louis von Trebra's carte de visite album, and the materials share a common connection with the Army of the Cumberland.","The association between Louis von Trebra and this publication is unknown aside from their being part of the same accession (PC1254). This volume was accessioned with Louis von Trebra's carte de visite album, and the materials share a common connection with the Army of the Cumberland.","This photograph album previously housed portraits PC0105.0002-PC0105.0035, and is associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","There is no known relationship between carte de visite album PC1143 and albumen PC1143 of Ulysses S. Grant. Both were part of the same donor accession PC1143.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","From an album of a member of the Medical Corps of the 50th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment","From an album of a member of the Medical Corps of the 50th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment","From an album of a member of the Medical Corps of the 50th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment","From an album of a member of the Medical Corps of the 50th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment","From an album of a member of the Medical Corps of the 50th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment","From an album of a member of the Medical Corps of the 50th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment","From an album of a member of the Medical Corps of the 50th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment","From an album of a member of the Medical Corps of the 50th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment","From an album of a member of the Medical Corps of the 50th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment","From an album of a member of the Medical Corps of the 50th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment","From an album of a member of the Medical Corps of the 50th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment","From an album of a member of the Medical Corps of the 50th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment","From an album of a member of the Medical Corps of the 50th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment","From an album of a member of the Medical Corps of the 50th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album (PC0082) is currently empty but is associated with cartes de visite of the same donor accession number (PC0082).","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Carte de visite album PC0171 was part of donor accession PC0171, which also contains additional, loose photographs. There is no known relationship between the album and these photographs.","The Nau Collection was processed from October 2021 to March 2023. Because it is an artificial collection with no original order, it was arranged into series to emphasize the provenance of collection materials and to restore materials attributed to or associated with the same individual. Provenance was determined by the archival materials themselves as well as by donor metadata. Additional resources consulted during processing included The National Park Service's online Civil War Soldiers and Sailors Database (https://www.nps.gov/civilwar/soldiers-and-sailors-database.htm); Grover C. Criswell and Clarence L. Criswell's Confederate and Southern State Currency , vol. 1, (Pass-A-Grille, Florida: Criswell's Publications, 1957); John H. Eicher and David J. Eicher's Civil War High Commands (Stanford, California: Stanford University Press, 2001); and the Library of Congress's online newspapers database (https://www.loc.gov/newspapers/).","Efforts were made to restore materials to record creators and keep these materials together. However, there are some exceptions, particularly in relation to high-profile historical figures. For example, materials relating to Robert E. Lee and William Tecumseh Sherman can be found in Series 1, 2, and 3. ","File titles have been devised by the archivist and each contains a donor accession number (see note titled Alphanumeric Designations). Wherever possible or applicable, titles attributed to materials by record creators are included. ","The John L. Nau III Civil War History Collection (1806-1988, bulk 1861-1865; 133 cubic feet) contains Civil War-era correspondence, service records, pension records, artifacts, photographs, military records (including orders, requisitions, and correspondence), currency, newspapers, and other print materials. ","The collection primarily contains the correspondence, records, and photographs of white soldiers and officers who fought in the Civil War, including white officers serving in the United States Colored Troops (USCT). Additionally, the collection includes some correspondence and portraits of white women as well as a small number of portraits of Black soldiers (including PT0322, a family portrait, and a young Ben Brown, PC0836.0001) and Native American soldiers (including Frederick L. Rainbow, PT0424.0001). ","Series 1: Materials Related to the Civil War Experiences of Soldiers, Officers, and Civilians (1806-1988; approx. 83 cubic feet) consists primarily of personal letters and diaries authored by white Civil War soldiers and officers in addition to associated materials such as service records relating to official wartime functions (e.g., government documents, including paroles, furloughs, pay vouchers, discharge certifications, oaths, and pension records); photographs; autographs; personal belongings and realia (e.g., bibles, publications, and uniform buttons); and veterans' memorabilia (e.g. medals, ribbons, and event programs). Series 1 also contains correspondence written by civilians and family members (often women) from the home front, including letters by Varina Davis (1826-1906) and Helen Dortch Longstreet (1863-1962).","Series 2: Photographs and Prints (circa 1848-1939; approx. 34 cubic feet) consists primarily of portrait photographs of white male Civil War soldiers and civilians in addition to some portraits of white women and a small number of portraits of Black soldiers and Native American soldiers. Also included are documentary photographs of Civil War-related places and scenes. Series 2 photographs are comprised of a variety of nineteenth-century photographic formats, including daguerreotype, ambrotype, tintype, carte de visite, cabinet card, and stereoview. They also include carte de visite photograph albums as well as larger scale formats, including albumen and salt prints.","Series 3: Government Military Records (1855-1913; approx. 9 cubic feet) is comprised of records produced in the United States of America (USA) and the Confederate States of America (CSA) during and related to the administration of the United States Civil War (1861–1865), including a small number of postwar records. Materials include orders, reports, muster rolls, requisitions, correspondence, broadsides, and financial transactions produced by commanding officers acting in their official capacity as leaders of military organizations (e.g., Robert E. Lee, Ulysses S. Grant, Daniel Ruggles, James Longstreet, and Napoleon Jackson Tecumseh Dana). It also includes records created by military units (e.g., companies, battalions, regiments, brigades, and corps) as well bureaucratic military leadership structures of the USA and CSA (e.g., the Quartermaster's Department and the Ordnance Office as well as the various departments, districts, and armies of strategic leadership). Also included are records from leading figures in the executive branches of government in the USA (e.g., President Abraham Lincoln and Secretary of War Edwin Stanton) and CSA (e.g., Jefferson Davis). \n \nExceptions include a few groupings of personal papers, including the personal papers of John W. Hanscom of the 6th New Hampshire Infantry Regiment.","Series 4: Currency (1839-1875; approx. 1.5 cubic feet) contains currency predominately from the Civil War period (1861-1865) issued by the United States and the Confederate States, including currency notes, fractional currency notes, postage currency notes, postage stamps, bonds, and treasury warrants. In addition, it also contains currency issued by southern states and local governments, southern banks (with the addition of the Farmers and Merchants Bank, Washington, D.C.), and corporate entities based in the south.","Series 5: Newspapers and Print Materials (1846-1913; approx. 5.25 cubic feet) consists primarily of Civil War-era (1861-1865) newspapers in addition to broadsides, periodicals, pamphlets, and books from or relating to the same period.","Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","The John L. Nau III Civil War History Collection is predominantly in English. A small number of materials are in Spanish, French, Swedish, and German, and this is indicated at the file level."],"unitid_tesim":["MSS 16459","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/941"],"normalized_title_ssm":["John L. Nau III Civil War History Collection"],"collection_title_tesim":["John L. Nau III Civil War History Collection"],"collection_ssim":["John L. Nau III Civil War History Collection"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"geogname_ssm":["United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865","United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865 -- Personal narratives"],"geogname_ssim":["United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865","United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865 -- Personal narratives"],"places_ssim":["United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865","United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865 -- Personal narratives"],"acqinfo_ssim":["The John L. Nau III Civil War History Collection was acquired and donated by John L. Nau III. It was accessioned by the Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library on September 3, 2019 (2019-0149) and in an additional accession in October 2019 (2019-0231)."],"access_subjects_ssim":["letters (correspondence)","Photograph albums","photographs","newspapers"],"access_subjects_ssm":["letters (correspondence)","Photograph albums","photographs","newspapers"],"has_online_content_ssim":["true"],"physdesc_tesim":["Good."],"extent_ssm":["133 Cubic Feet 255 boxes; 9 framed items"],"extent_tesim":["133 Cubic Feet 255 boxes; 9 framed items"],"genreform_ssim":["letters (correspondence)","Photograph albums","photographs","newspapers"],"date_range_isim":[1806,1807,1808,1809,1810,1811,1812,1813,1814,1815,1816,1817,1818,1819,1820,1821,1822,1823,1824,1825,1826,1827,1828,1829,1830,1831,1832,1833,1834,1835,1836,1837,1838,1839,1840,1841,1842,1843,1844,1845,1846,1847,1848,1849,1850,1851,1852,1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is open for research.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["The collection is open for research."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe John L. Nau III Civil War History Collection (1806-1988; bulk 1861-1865; 133 cubic feet) has been arranged into five series, Series 1: Materials Related to the Civil War Experiences of Soldiers, Officers, and Civilians (1806-1988; approx. 83 cubic feet); Series 2: Photographs and Prints (circa 1848-1939; approx. 34 cubic feet); Series 3: Government Military Records (1855-1913; approx. 9 cubic feet); Series 4: Currency (1839-1875; approx. 1.5 cubic feet); and Series 5: Newspapers and Print Materials (1846-1913; approx. 5.25 cubic feet).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries 1 is arranged in three subseries.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSubseries A: Personal Papers, Service Records, and Artifacts, 1806-1988\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe arrangement approach of Subseries A is based on the archival concept of personal papers. Materials, including those authored by, owned by, addressed to, or relating to a particular individual or individuals, are grouped together and arranged in alphabetical order according to surname or last name. Internally, these groupings of personal papers (or secondary collections) are arranged in chronological order with undated materials at the end. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe above is followed by materials with incomplete or first name only attributions in alphabetical order. Finally, materials of unknown authorship or provenance are in chronological order, followed by unknown, undated materials in order of donor accession number (see resource record note titled Alphanumeric Designations). \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSubseries B: Materials Related to Libby Prison, Richmond, Virginia, is arranged in chronological order, followed by undated materials.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSubseries C: Veterans' Organizations Materials is arranged by record creator in alphabetical order. Within groupings of the same record creator, files are arranged in chronological order. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries 2 is arranged in the following subseries.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSubseries A: Portraits of Known Subjects\nThis subseries is arranged alphabetically by subject surname or last name. This is followed by photographs in alphabetical order by regimental association.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSubseries B: Portraits of Unknown Subjects in Daguerreotype Format:\nThis subseries is arranged in order of donor accession number (see Alphanumeric Designations in resource record).\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSubseries C: Portraits of Unknown Subjects in Ambrotype Format:\nThis subseries is arranged in order of donor accession number (see Alphanumeric Designations in resource record).\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSubseries D: Portraits of Unknown Subjects in Tintype Format:\nThis subseries is arranged in order of donor accession number (see Alphanumeric Designations in resource record).\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSubseries E: Portraits of Unknown Subjects in Carte de Visite Format:\nThis subseries is arranged in order of donor accession number (see Alphanumeric Designations in resource record).\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSubseries F: Portraits of Unknown Subjects in Cabinet Card, Albumen, and Other Formats:\nThis subseries is arranged in order of donor accession number (see Alphanumeric Designations in resource record).\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSubseries G: Documentary Photographs:\nThis subseries is arranged in alphabetical order by location. This is followed by unknown locations arranged in order of donor accession number (see Alphanumeric Designations in resource record).\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSubseries H: Photograph Albums and Collections:\nThis subseries is arranged alphabetically by surname or last name of the associated individual(s). This is followed by photograph albums and collections arranged alphabetically according to regimental association. And, finally, photograph albums and collections of unknown attribution or provenance are arranged in order of donor accession number (see Alphanumeric Designations in resource record).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries 3 is arranged in the following subseries: Subseries A: Records of the United States Army (USA) and Subseries B: Records of the Confederate States Army (CSA). Materials are arranged alphabetically according to the organization that created or issued them and chronologically therein with materials or unknown provenance or attribution following in order of donor accession number (see Alphanumeric Designations in resource record).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries 4 is arranged chronologically within the following subseries. \n \nSubseries A: United States of America (USA) Fractional Currency Notes \nSubseries B: United States of America (USA) Post-Civil War Fractional Currency Notes \nSubseries C: United States of America (USA) Postage Currency Notes \nSubseries D: Note Issued by a Private Bank in the United States \nSubseries E: Confederate States of America (CSA) Currency Notes \nSubseries F: Confederate States of America (CSA) Postage Stamps \nSubseries G: Confederate States of America (CSA) Bonds \nSubseries H: Notes Issued by Confederate States, Cities, and Counties \nSubseries I: Treasury Warrants Issued by the State of Texas and Limestone County, Texas \nSubseries J: Notes Issued by Southern Banks and Other Corporate Entities\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries 5 is arranged in alphabetical order according to publisher name and chronologically therein with undated materials listed last. This arrangement is followed by materials from unknown publishers arranged chronologically.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement","Arrangement","Arrangement","Arrangement","Arrangement","Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["The John L. Nau III Civil War History Collection (1806-1988; bulk 1861-1865; 133 cubic feet) has been arranged into five series, Series 1: Materials Related to the Civil War Experiences of Soldiers, Officers, and Civilians (1806-1988; approx. 83 cubic feet); Series 2: Photographs and Prints (circa 1848-1939; approx. 34 cubic feet); Series 3: Government Military Records (1855-1913; approx. 9 cubic feet); Series 4: Currency (1839-1875; approx. 1.5 cubic feet); and Series 5: Newspapers and Print Materials (1846-1913; approx. 5.25 cubic feet).","Series 1 is arranged in three subseries.","Subseries A: Personal Papers, Service Records, and Artifacts, 1806-1988","The arrangement approach of Subseries A is based on the archival concept of personal papers. Materials, including those authored by, owned by, addressed to, or relating to a particular individual or individuals, are grouped together and arranged in alphabetical order according to surname or last name. Internally, these groupings of personal papers (or secondary collections) are arranged in chronological order with undated materials at the end. ","The above is followed by materials with incomplete or first name only attributions in alphabetical order. Finally, materials of unknown authorship or provenance are in chronological order, followed by unknown, undated materials in order of donor accession number (see resource record note titled Alphanumeric Designations). ","Subseries B: Materials Related to Libby Prison, Richmond, Virginia, is arranged in chronological order, followed by undated materials.","Subseries C: Veterans' Organizations Materials is arranged by record creator in alphabetical order. Within groupings of the same record creator, files are arranged in chronological order. ","Series 2 is arranged in the following subseries.","Subseries A: Portraits of Known Subjects\nThis subseries is arranged alphabetically by subject surname or last name. This is followed by photographs in alphabetical order by regimental association.","Subseries B: Portraits of Unknown Subjects in Daguerreotype Format:\nThis subseries is arranged in order of donor accession number (see Alphanumeric Designations in resource record).","Subseries C: Portraits of Unknown Subjects in Ambrotype Format:\nThis subseries is arranged in order of donor accession number (see Alphanumeric Designations in resource record).","Subseries D: Portraits of Unknown Subjects in Tintype Format:\nThis subseries is arranged in order of donor accession number (see Alphanumeric Designations in resource record).","Subseries E: Portraits of Unknown Subjects in Carte de Visite Format:\nThis subseries is arranged in order of donor accession number (see Alphanumeric Designations in resource record).","Subseries F: Portraits of Unknown Subjects in Cabinet Card, Albumen, and Other Formats:\nThis subseries is arranged in order of donor accession number (see Alphanumeric Designations in resource record).","Subseries G: Documentary Photographs:\nThis subseries is arranged in alphabetical order by location. This is followed by unknown locations arranged in order of donor accession number (see Alphanumeric Designations in resource record).","Subseries H: Photograph Albums and Collections:\nThis subseries is arranged alphabetically by surname or last name of the associated individual(s). This is followed by photograph albums and collections arranged alphabetically according to regimental association. And, finally, photograph albums and collections of unknown attribution or provenance are arranged in order of donor accession number (see Alphanumeric Designations in resource record).","Series 3 is arranged in the following subseries: Subseries A: Records of the United States Army (USA) and Subseries B: Records of the Confederate States Army (CSA). Materials are arranged alphabetically according to the organization that created or issued them and chronologically therein with materials or unknown provenance or attribution following in order of donor accession number (see Alphanumeric Designations in resource record).","Series 4 is arranged chronologically within the following subseries. \n \nSubseries A: United States of America (USA) Fractional Currency Notes \nSubseries B: United States of America (USA) Post-Civil War Fractional Currency Notes \nSubseries C: United States of America (USA) Postage Currency Notes \nSubseries D: Note Issued by a Private Bank in the United States \nSubseries E: Confederate States of America (CSA) Currency Notes \nSubseries F: Confederate States of America (CSA) Postage Stamps \nSubseries G: Confederate States of America (CSA) Bonds \nSubseries H: Notes Issued by Confederate States, Cities, and Counties \nSubseries I: Treasury Warrants Issued by the State of Texas and Limestone County, Texas \nSubseries J: Notes Issued by Southern Banks and Other Corporate Entities","Series 5 is arranged in alphabetical order according to publisher name and chronologically therein with undated materials listed last. This arrangement is followed by materials from unknown publishers arranged chronologically."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Smith \u0026amp; Son, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. W. Petty, New Orleans, Louisiana\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: H. A. Mills, Camden, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. E. Alden, Troy, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Miller and Rowell, Boston, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Starbird, Augusta, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: William Pierce, Brunswick, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: John Holyland, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: O. L. Marston, Bangor, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. H. Van Stavoren, Nashville, Tennessee\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. H. Whitehurst \u0026amp; Co., Baltimore, Maryland\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Whitehurst Gallery, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Anderson \u0026amp; Turner, New Orleans, Louisiana\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio:\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: John L. Gihon's Photographic Art Galleries, 1024 Chestnut St. Phila.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Warren, Cambridgeport, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Knowles \u0026amp; Hillman, New Bedford, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: William B. Stearus, Bath, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Gooding, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Wenderoth, Taylor and Brown, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Published by Handy, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Bocardus, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Anderson's, New Orleans, Louisiana\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Carpenter's Gem Gallery, Troy, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: E. Jacobs, New Orleans, Louisiana\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York and Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Mrs. M. A. Cutler, Dixon, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: McPherson, Bangor, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Bogardus, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. W. Barker, Canton, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: F. McNulty, Ar, Springfield, IL, City Galle\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady's National Photographic and Portrait Galleries, New York and Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Wing's Gallery, Waterville, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Varriell, Gardiner, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. K. Brown, Augusta, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Henry M. Wells, Cambridge, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: H. A. Mills, Camden, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. W. Taft, artist, Oak Gallery, Memphis, Tennessee\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: F. A. Simonds, Chillicothe, Ohio\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. D. Lytle, Baton Rouge, Louisiana\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePublished by E. \u0026amp; H. T. Anthony, New York, from Photographic Negative by Brady's National Portrait Gallery\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Lewis and Kane, Victoria, Texas\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. Gould, North Bridgton, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFrench \u0026amp; Sawyer, Keene, New Hampshire\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady's National Photographic Portrait Galleries, New York and Washington D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026amp; H. T. Anthony\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady's, Washington, D.C. and New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Hoag \u0026amp; Quick's, Cincinnati, Ohio\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: G. D. Hamilton, Boston, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio:\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Black \u0026amp; Case, Boston, Massachusetts, and Newport, Rhode Island\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. H. Walzl, Baltimore, Maryland\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady's National Photographic Galleries, Washington, D.C. and New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio:\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: William B. Stearns, Bath, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady's National Photographic Portrait Galleries, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. R. Hall, Biddeford, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Smith \u0026amp; Son, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: L. V. Newell\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio:\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Schwing \u0026amp; Rudd, Army of the Cumberland\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: C. D. Fredricks \u0026amp; Co. of New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. D. Lytle, Baton Rouge, Louisiana\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Manchester Bros., Providence, Rhode Island\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: W. H. Sherman, Milwaukee, Wisconsin\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Ben Oppenheimer, Mobile, Alabama\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: D. C. Pratt, Aurora, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Worms \u0026amp; Co. 383 Broadway, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: N. S. Bennett, Alexandria, Virginia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: G. Cramer, Carondelet, Missouri\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026amp; H. T. Anthony, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: C. R. Edwards, Bowling Green, Kentucky\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. U. P. Burnham, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: George W. Barnes, Rockford, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Charles D. Fredricks \u0026amp; Co., New York, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. C. Nichols, Leavenworth, Kansas\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brown's Photographic Gallery, Paola, Kansas\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Williams Gallery; Skowhegan, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. Daily, Excelsior Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: C. S. Sanderson, Lewiston, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: W. J. Morrill/C. L. Grossman, Waterville, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady's National Photographic Galleries, New York and Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady's National Photographic Galleries, New York and Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Black \u0026amp; Batchelder, Boston\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: E. A. Beach, Hastings, Minnesota\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: C. D. Fredricks and Co., New York, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. C. Spaulding, Point Lookout, Maryland\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Smith \u0026amp; Son, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Conaut, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Hesler Gallery, Chicago, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: H. P. Carnes' Car, Montpelier, Vermont\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: R.W. Addis, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Hallett, Bowery, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: N. S. Bennett, Alexandria, Virginia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eB. F. Smith and Son, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eJ. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Zimmerman's New York Photographic Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. Beaumont, Chester, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Wells and Collins, New Haven, Conneticut\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Manchester Brothers, Providence, Rhode Island\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: R. A. Lord, 158 Chatham Street, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: B. Moses, New Orleans, Louisiana\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Smith, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. Morgan, Concord, New Hampshire\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Clark, Gardiner Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: S. L. Bergstresser, Army of the Potomac\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. B. Jenks, Paterson, New Jersey\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographed by Brady; Published by E.\u0026amp; H.T. Anthony, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Starbird, Augusta, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: George W. Butler, Bath, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Bett's and Prusia, Dansville, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Stone Bros., Trumansburch, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. M. Peck's, Elsworth, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. W. Black, Boston, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: D. Appleton \u0026amp; Co., New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026amp; H. T. Anthony, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Photographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026amp; H. T. Anthony, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Warren, Cambridgeport, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. J. Pierce, Rockland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. W. Hurn, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: G. W. Tuttle, Thomaston, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographed by Brady; Published by E.\u0026amp; H.T. Anthony, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: F. Forshew, Hudson, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: F. Forshew, Hudson, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: T. M. Schleier, Nashville, Knoxville, and Chattanooga, Tennessee\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Photographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026amp; H.T. Anthony, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Jno. Holyland, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eLe Rue Lemer, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady's National Photographic Portrait Gallery, New York and Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Smith \u0026amp; Son, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Matthew Brady\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Gibbon, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: S. Anderson of New Orleans\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. H. Van Stavoren, Nashville, Tennessee\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Lumpkin and Tomlinson, Richmond, Virginia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. Gurney \u0026amp; Son, New York, NY\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady's National Photographic Galleries, Washington, D.C. \u0026amp; New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: G. W. Tuttle, Thomaston, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Washburn's, New Orleans, Louisiana\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: E. R. Gard's Photographic Art Palace, Chicago, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: E. H. McKenney, Biddeford, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Whitaker and Co., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: McPherson \u0026amp; Oliver, Baton Rouge, Louisiana\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: McPherson \u0026amp; Oliver, Baton Rouge, Louisiana\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Philp \u0026amp; Solomon, Washington, DC\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Gorman and Jordan, Alexandria, Virginia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: I. N. Teague\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Kerston \u0026amp; Thompson, New York, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Matthew Brady\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. M. Benjamin\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: George Watson, Montpelier, Vermont\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: N. S. Bennett, Alexandria, Virginia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Charles H. Danforth, Cambridgeport, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Union Photographic Gallery, Camp Butler, Newport News, Virginia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Burnite \u0026amp; Weldon, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Whitehurst Gallery, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: C. S. Sanderson, Dover, New Hampshire\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: William P. Gaut, Mt. Sterling, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, photographer, McClees Gallery, 308 Penna. Avenue, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: William C. North, Cleveland, Ohio\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Th. Gubelman, Puliski, TN\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: S. Masury, Boston, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: S. Masury, Boston, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: S. Masury, Boston, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Hermos, Lima, Peru\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Kerston's Photograph Gallery, Newark, New Jersey\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Moses and Piffet, New Orleans, Louisiana\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Keet and Gemmill, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. M. M'Kenney, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Sam A. Cooley, Photographer Tenth Army Corps\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Published by W.V. Lane, Camden, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: T.M.V. Doughty, Winsted, Conneticut\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: H. A. Balch's Star Photograph Gallery, Memphis, Tennessee\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: H. Tombarger, Lancaster, Ohio\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Black and Case\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. W. Black, Boston, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: O. P. Howe, Augusta, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: G. M. Howe, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePublished by E. \u0026amp; H. T. Anthony, New York, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePublished by Brady; Published by E \u0026amp; H.T. Anthony, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Cooley \u0026amp; Becket, Beaufort, South Carolina\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Bowdoin, Taylor, and Co., Alexandria, Virginia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: R. G. Montgomery of Virginia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Ingraham Brothers, Westfield, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Cushing \u0026amp; King Photographers, Woodstock, Vermont\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographed by Brady, New York; Published by E. \u0026amp; H. T. Anthony, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Moses, Trenton, New Jersey\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: F. Gutekunst, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: H. C. Brown, Norwich, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. S. Marse, Nashville, Tennessee\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: F. Forshew, Hudson, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Webster \u0026amp; Bro., Louisville, Kentucky\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePublished by E. \u0026amp; H. T. Anthony, New York, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Hoag \u0026amp; Quick, Cincinnati, Ohio\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Joshua Appleby Williams, Newport, Rhode Island\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Whitehurst Gallery, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Silli, Nice, France\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: E. W. Beckwith, Alexandria, Virginia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: E. W. Beckwith, Alexandria, Virginia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Wolff's Gallery, Alexandria, Virginia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026amp; H. T. Anthony, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: R. E. Mosely, Newburyport\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: N. S. Bennett, Alexandria, Virginia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Harter's Fine Art Gallery, Auburn, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Whipple, Boston, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. H. Pein \u0026amp; Co., Richmond, Virginia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Gorman and Jordan, Alexandria, Virginia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: D. C. Burnite \u0026amp; Co., Harrisburg, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: S. B. Brown's, Providence, Rhode Island\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: W. J. Tait, New York, NY\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Whitehurst Gallery, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Conant and Johnson, Lewiston, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. O. Durgan, Farmouth, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: C.H. Freeman, Montpelier, Vermont\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Kilgore's, Belfast, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePublished by Joseph Ward, Boston, Massachusetts; Photograph by Matthew Brady\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: I. N. Teague, Lewiston, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Henry Ulke, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographed by Brady's National Portrait Gallery; Published by E. Anthony, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBarr \u0026amp; Young, Vicksburg, Mississippi\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Photographed by Brady, Published by E. \u0026amp; H. T. Anthony, New York, NY\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Charles D. Fredricks \u0026amp; Co., New York, NY\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Henry Ulke, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: C. L. Marston, Bangor, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: E. R. Marks, Austin, Texas\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Mc Clee's Gallery, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Armstead \u0026amp; White, Corinth, Mississippi\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. S. Rhodes, St. Law Co., New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Munger \u0026amp; Stone, Quincy, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. M. Cross, Belvidere, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: W. H. Emery\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. W. Black, Boston, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePublished by E. \u0026amp; H. T. Anthony, New York, NY\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Matthew Brady\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Mrs. M. A. Cutler, Dixon Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Wm. McHenry, Freeport, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Fredricks \u0026amp; Co., New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: George M. Howe, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Purvience, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: T. S. Estabrook, Houlton, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: F. L. Lay's, Boston, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: S. P. Smith, Kankakee City, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: C. D. Fredricks \u0026amp; Co., New York, NY\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: T. R. Burnham, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J.T. Bradshaw \u0026amp; Co., successors to G. Moses, Quincy, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. M. McKenney, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: P. L. Perkins\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: C. D. Fredericks \u0026amp; Co., New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Daily's Excelsior Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: D. F. Brandon, Camp Douglas, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. M. Burnham, Bangor, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. M. Burnham, Bangor, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. Braisted, Freeport, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. Hesler, Chicago\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Pierce, Galena, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: R.W. Addis, McClees's Gallery, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026amp; H. T. Anthony, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. S. Morse, Nashville, Tennessee\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: E. Crockett, Rockland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. P. \u0026amp; F. W. Hardy, Bangor, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026amp; H. T. Anthony, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, DC\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Whipple, Boston, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: T. R. Burnham, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Chas. H. Danforth, Cambridgeport, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. C. Reeve, Lambertville, New Jersey\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Warren and Lowell, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York, NY\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePublished by E. \u0026amp; H. T. Anthony, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Morse's Gallery of the Cumberland, Nashville, Tennessee\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Geo. S. Cook, Charleston, South Carolina\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. Gurney \u0026amp; Son, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Slagle, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Slee Brothers, Poughkeepsie, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePublished by E. \u0026amp; H.T. Anthony, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J.H. Keim, Lebanon, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. U. P. Burnham, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Curtis and Crosby, Lewiston, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. M. McKenney, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: E. Lewis Wires, Milford\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Bogardus, New York, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: C. Evans, Philadelphia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: N. S. Bennett, Alexandria, Virginia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Smith, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: P. B. Jones, Davenport, Iowa\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: N. H. Black, Natchez, Mississippi\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Schwing \u0026amp; Rudd, Army of The Cumberland\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Starbird, Augusta, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: W. H. Sherman, Milwaukee, Wisconsin\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: George B. Butler, Bath, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Mathew Brady's National Photographic Portrait Galleries\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Mathew Brady's National Photographic Portrait Galleries\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Mathew Brady's National Photographic Portrait Galleries\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Joseph Ward, Boston, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: John Goldin, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Pein \u0026amp; Co., Washington City\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York, NY\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York, NY\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Matthew Brady\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: George M. Howe, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Mrs. M. A. Cutler, Dixon Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: T. R. Burnham, Boston, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, DC\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. E. McClees, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Good \u0026amp; Stokes, Trenton, New Jersey\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: E. Jacob's, New Orleans, Louisiana\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. H. \u0026amp; J. L. Abbott, Albany, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Geo. W. Barnes, Rockford, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Layton's, Rockford, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. U. P. Burnham, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Nason's Photograph Gallery, Columbus, Ohio\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Bachrach \u0026amp; Bro, Baltimore, Maryland\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Cross and Franke, Arlington, Virginia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Whitehurst Gallery, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. W. Watson, Raleigh, North Carolina\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographed by Brady; Published by E. Anthony, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Gutekunst, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: B. P. Smith \u0026amp; Son, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Julius Brill, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Saylor's New Photograph Gallery, Reading, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Crosby, 13th Regiment Mass. Volunteers\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: John Weiss, New Orleans, Louisiana\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026amp; H. T. Anthony, New York, NY\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographed by Brady; Published by E. Anthony, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Clark, Gardiner, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: John Cadwallader, Toledo, Ohio\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: H. Bitner, Mr. Carroll, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Bowdoin, Taylor and Company, 204 King Forner Columbus Street, Alexandria, Virginia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. M. McKenney, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: H. Jennings, artist, The New \u0026amp; Reliable Gallery, Lancaster, Kentucky\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Peplow and Balch, Memphis, Tennessee\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026amp; H. T. Anthony, New York, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePublished by E. Anthony, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePublished by E. \u0026amp; H. T. Anthony, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Thomas and Pearson, Macomb, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Henszey \u0026amp; Co., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Henszey \u0026amp; Co., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Henzey \u0026amp; Co., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Henzey \u0026amp; Co., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Mrs. M. A. Cutler, Dixon, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. H. Keim, Lebanon, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Lothrop's Ferrotype Gallery, Philadelphia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Mathew B. Brady\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWilliam Pierce, Brunswick, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: T. F. Saltsman, Nashville, Tennessee\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: John Goldin \u0026amp; Co., Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026amp; H. T. Anthony, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: E. P. H. Capron \u0026amp; Bros. , Springfield, Ohio\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: T. J. Merritt's National Portrait Gallery, Nashville, Tennessee\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Giers \u0026amp; Co., Nashville, Tennessee\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Whitney and Paradise, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026amp; H. T. Anthony, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: August Morand, Brooklyn, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Mathew Brady\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: D. K. Jewell, Augusta, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: C. D. Fredericks \u0026amp; Co., New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. W. Black, Boston, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Bishop \u0026amp; Campbell, Army of the Cumberland\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Trask and Davis, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Henszey \u0026amp; Co., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Butler and King, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: T. R. Burnham, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: W. J. Moulton, El Mira, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. C. Lewis, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Guay and Co., New Orleans, Louisiana\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: N. S. Bennett, Alexandria, Virginia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Davis Brothers Photograph Rooms, Portsmouth and Exeter, New Hampshire\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Black \u0026amp; Batchelder, Boston, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Whipple, Boston, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographed by Brady; Published by E. Anthony, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Whitehurst Gallery, Washington, DC\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Loring's Photographic Gallery, Eastport, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Charles D. Fredricks \u0026amp; Co., New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Philadelphia Photographic Co., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Whipple, Boston, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: F. Gutekunst\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. Constant, New Orleans, Louisiana\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: George M. Howe, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: King, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: T. R. Burnham, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: George D. Puffer, Nashua, New Hampshire\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Smith, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: T. S. Estabrook, Houlton, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Jno. Holyland, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographed by M. J. Powers; Published by Whitehurst Gallery, Washington, DC\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Jno. Holyland, Washington, DC\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. S. Morse, Nashville, Tennessee\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Moses \u0026amp; Piffet, successors to E. Jacobs, New Orleans, Louisiana\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. S. Morse, Nashville, Tennessee\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographed by Brady's National Portrait Gallery; Published by E. \u0026amp; H. T. Anthony, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. Daily, Excelsior Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. Daily, Excelsior Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Murphy Bros., Alton, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: F. Gutekunst, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Godshaw \u0026amp; Flexner, Louisville, Kentucky\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady's National Photographic Portrait Galleries, New York and Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Moffat and Simpson, Key West, Florida\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: G. P. Ayer, Augusta, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: William F. Blunt, North Anson, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. Gurney \u0026amp; Son, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: D. Appleton \u0026amp; Co., New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Anson's\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Fassetts Gallery, Chicago, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Gardner, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Whitehurst Gallery\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Meade Brothers, Astor, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePublished by E. \u0026amp; H. T. Anthony, New York, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. Gurney \u0026amp; Son, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Alex. Gardner, Washington, DC\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographed by Brady, New York, NY; Published by E. Anthony, New York, NY\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Philp \u0026amp; Solomon, Washington, DC\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. E. McClees, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026amp; H.T. Anthony, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, DC\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. E. Alden, Troy, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Watson's, Raleigh, NC\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady's National Photographic Portrait Galleries, New York and Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: L. Thompson, Norwich, Connecticut\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026amp; H. T. Anthony, New York, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: T. M. Schleier, Nashville, Tennessee\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. M. McKenny, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Mason \u0026amp; Gardner, Providence, Rhode Island\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Handy, Washington, D.C..\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Outley's, St. Louis, Missouri\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Bragy Gallery\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Geo. W. Butler, Bath, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Smith, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: W. F. King, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: N. S. Bennett, Alexandria, Virginia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Frank E. Stanley, Auburn, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Anderson's Photographic Gallery, New Orleans, Louisiana\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Warren and Lowell, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Warren and Lowell, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Warren and Lowell, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: B. P. Browne, Bath, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026amp; H. T. Anthony, New York, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: E. Jacobs \u0026amp; Company, New Orleans, Louisiana\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. Gurney \u0026amp; Son, New York, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Trask \u0026amp; Lewis\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. M. McKenney, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographed by Brady, New York, New York; Published by E. \u0026amp; H. T. Anthony\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographed by Brady, New York, New York; Published by E. \u0026amp; H. T. Anthony\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Charles K. Bill's, New York, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Wilder Brothers, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Zimmermans's N.F W York, Photographic Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. H. Keim, Lebanon, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: D. H. Cole, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. Hesler, Chicago, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026amp; H. T. Anthony, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographed by Alex Gardner; Published by Philp \u0026amp; Solomons, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: R. A. Addis, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. B. Smith, Utica, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. M. Burnham, Bangor, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. W. Black, Boston\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Henry Ulke, Washington, DC\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Geo. W. Butler, Bath, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Kerston \u0026amp; Thompson, New York, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: William Pierce, Brunswick, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Dunshee's, Boston\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: D. Adams, Nashville, Tenn.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. U. P. Burnham, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. H. Abbott, Albany, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: L. I. Prince, New Orleans, Louisiana\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. W. Black, Boston, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J.S. Medlar, Woodstock, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Mrs. A. A. Rhodes, West Rockford, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: D. O. Furnald, Manchester, New Hampshire\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. M. McKenney, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Wolff's Gallery, Alexandria, Virginia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady's National Photographic Portrait Gallery, New York and Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: French \u0026amp; Sawyer, Keene, New Hampshire\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Cole's Photographic Gallery, Peoria, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: William Nims, Photographer, Fort Edward, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: P. H. McKernon, Saratoga Springs, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: P. H. McKernon, Saratoga Springs, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: P. H. McKernon, Saratoga Springs, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: P. H. McKernon, Saratoga Springs, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Jno. Holyland Metropolitan Gallery, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Lothrop's Ferrotype Gallery, Philadelphia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Lobell General Hospital, Portsmouth Grove, Rhode Island\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: William Summerhays\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. U. P. Burnham, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Davis Brothers Photograph Rooms, Portsmouth and Exeter, New Hampshire\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Filley \u0026amp; Gilbert, New Haven, Connecticut\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Haas \u0026amp; Peale, Hilton Head, South Carolina\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: E. N. Medernach, Danville, Virginia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: R. H. Dewey, Pittsfield, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Lothrop's Ferrotype Gallery, Philadelphia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Smith, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. H. Wagoner's, Mt. Morris, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Mathew Brady\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Samuel A. Cooley, Beaufort, South Carolina\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Thompson Gallery, Albany, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Warren, Lowell, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Kerston \u0026amp; Thompson, New York, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: W. B. Stearns, Bath, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: H. G. Fetters, Peru, Indiana\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: William P. Gaut, Mt. Sterling, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: New Orleans Photographic Co.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: F. Gutekunst, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePublished by E. \u0026amp; H. T. Anthony, New York, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026amp; H. T. Anthony, New York, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026amp; H. T. Anthony, New York, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Rees of Richmond, Virginia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J.L. Winner, Annapolis, MD\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Bishop \u0026amp; Campbell, Photographers, Army of the Cumberland\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: S. F. Conant, Skowhegan, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: B. P. Paige, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Warren and Lowell, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Powelson's, Detroit, Michigan\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: N. Olsen Photographer, New Orleans, Louisiana\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, DC\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographed by Brady's National Portrait Gallery; Published by E. \u0026amp; H. T. Anthony, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePublished by Vannerson \u0026amp; Jones, Richmond, Virginia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Henry Ulke, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. M. McKenney, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBrady's National Portrait Gallery; Published by E. Anthony, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. O. Jewett, Lebanon, Missouri\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Smith \u0026amp; Son, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Bell and Brother\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Jno. Holyland, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: G. W. Roseberry, Alexandria, Virginia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, DC\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Whitehurst, Gallery, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. Daily, Excelsior Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Mrs. M. A. Cutler, Dixon, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: L. W. Cook, Weymouth Landing, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: James S. Earle \u0026amp; Son, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. W. Black, Boston\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Whitehurst, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePublished by E. \u0026amp; H. T. Anthony, New York, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Havens, Jacksonville, FL\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. W. A. Tresize, Springfield, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: O.C. Benjamin, Newark, N. J.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: G. W. Tuttle, Thomaston, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographed by Brady, New York, NY; Published by E. Anthony, New York, NY\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, DC\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brendann Bros., Baltimore\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographed by Wenderoth \u0026amp; Taylor; Published by McAllister \u0026amp; Bro., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. H Messenger, US General Hospital, Annapolis, Maryland\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: D. P. Barr, Army Photographer, Vicksburg\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Whitaker \u0026amp; Co., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: William P. Gaut, Mt. Sterling, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. P. Burnham, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Griswold \u0026amp; Smith, Columbus, Ohio\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: M. B. Brady's National Photographic Portrait Galleries, New York and Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. R. Davis, Biddeford, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographed by Brady's National Portrait Gallery; Published by E. Anthony, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographed by Brady; Published by E. Anthony, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. E. McClees, Philadelphia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBrady, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. R. Hall, Biddeford, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: R. H. Brown, Savannah, Georgia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: McAdams, Alexandria, Virginia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: F. Gutekunst, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Mrs. M. A. Cutler, Dixon, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Manchester Brothers Photographers, Providence, Rhode Island\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Fredericks and Co., New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: D. K. Jewell, Augusta, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. U. P. Burnham, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Geo. W. Butler, Bath, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Bundy and Williams, New Haven, Conneticut\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Bowers, Lynn, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Kin, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Elrod Bro.'s, Lexington, Kentucky\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. M. McKenney, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Piper \u0026amp; Sanborn, Manchester, New Hampshire\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026amp; H. T. Anthony, New York, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. Perry Elliott's City Gallery, Indianapolis, Indiana\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: W. Ames, Quincy, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Abster \u0026amp; Bro, Louisville, Kentucky\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Abster \u0026amp; Bro, Louisville, Kentucky\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Abster \u0026amp; Bro, Louisville, Kentucky\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. S. Morse, Nashville, Tennessee\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Abster \u0026amp; Bro, Louisville, Kentucky\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Abster \u0026amp; Bro, Louisville, Kentucky\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. S. Morse, Nashville, Tennessee\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. S. Morse, Nashville, Tennessee\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: S. D. Phillips, 14th Army Corps\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: M. K. Marshall, Circleville, Ohio\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. S. Morse, Nashville, Tennessee\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. A. Scholten, Saint Louis, Missouri\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. S. Morse, Nashville, Tennessee\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. S. Morse, Nashville, Tennessee\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026amp; H. T. Anthony, New York, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. S. Morse\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: William P. Gault, Mt. Sterling, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: C. S. German, Springfield, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePublished by E. \u0026amp; H. T. Anthony, New York, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Hawkins \u0026amp; Philpot, Macomb, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: F. W. De Camp, Newark, New Jersey\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Webster, Louisville, Kentucky\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: E. Jacobs, New Orleans, Louisiana\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eUnknown Photographer; Published by E. Anthony, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Alexander Gardner, Photographer to the Army of the Potomac, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Morse, Nashville, Tennessee\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Pratt's Gallery, Richmond, Virginia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Schreiber \u0026amp; Son, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Erekson \u0026amp; Bodurtha, Bridgeport, Conneticut\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Hinds, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Abraham Fisher, Boston, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York, NY\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026amp; H. T. Anthony, New York, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026amp; H. T. Anthony, New York, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. U. P. Burnham, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. N. Wilson, Savannah, Georgia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: McAdams, Alexandria, Virginia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. Birney Linn\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Louis Walzl\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Variell, Gardiner, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. A. Turner, D. Appleton \u0026amp; Co., New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: M. F. King, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: R. H. White, Jacksonport, Arkansas\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: C. H. Spieler's, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Armstead \u0026amp; Taylor, Corinth, Mississippi\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: O.H. Willard, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: R. P. Layton, Rockford, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: John Goldin \u0026amp; Col, Washington D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. Daily, Excelsior Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. H. Keim, Lebanon, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Mrs. M. A. Cutler, Dixon, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: N. C. Sanborn, Lowell, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Marshall, Boston, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Partridges Photographic Gallery and Stock Depot, Wheeling, Virginia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Armstead \u0026amp; White, Corinth, Mississippi\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Mrs. W. A. Reed, Quincy, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Fred C. Low, East Cambridge, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brooks \u0026amp; Blauvelt, Port Hudson, Louisiana\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: C. L. Marston, Bangor, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Evans and Prince, York, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Ingraham Bros, Westfield, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. U. P. Burnham, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: G. W. Clark, Ionia, Michigan\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Bennett, Alexandria, Virginia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: C. C. Giers, Nashville, Tennessee\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePublished by E \u0026amp; H.T. Anthony, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Charles D. Fredricks \u0026amp; Co., New York, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePublished by E. Anthony, New York, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: N. R. Bideout \u0026amp; Co., Augusta, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: John Goldin, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Hendee, Augusta, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eJ. Daily, Excelsior Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Whitney's Gallery, Saint Paul, Minnesota\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. M. McKenney, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: N. S. Bennett, Alexandria, Virginia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: H. B. King, Taunton, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Charles Jameson, Columbia, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Anderson's Photographic Gallery, New Orleans, Louisiana\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: L. D. Cox, Ludlow, Vermont\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Whipple, Boston, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: G. W. Davis, Columbus, Ohio\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. W. Black, Boston\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. Brainstead, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, DC\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Tyler \u0026amp; Co., Charleston, South Carolina\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographed by Brady; Published by E \u0026amp; H.T. Anthony, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Charles D. Fredricks \u0026amp; Co., New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Larkin Gallery, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: William Pierce, Brunswick, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: George W. Butler, Bath, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: George C. White, Boston\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. S. Morse, Nashville, Tennessee\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Whitney's Gallery, Saint Paul, Minnesota\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePublished by E. \u0026amp; H. Anthony, New York, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: M. J. Powers, Whitehurst Gallery, Washington, DC\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: McLure, Allen P.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Peplow \u0026amp; Balch, Memphis, Tennessee\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Nollen \u0026amp; Van Grieken, Keokuk, Iowa\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Charles D. Fredricks \u0026amp; Co., New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Black \u0026amp; Case, Boston, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: D. H. Cole, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: R. L. Jackson, Lewiston, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Bundy and Williams, New Haven, Connecticut\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. A. Scholten, St. Louis, Missouri\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, DC\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Henry Ulke, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: C. G. Carleton, Waterville, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. U. P. Burnham, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Whitehurst Gallery, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Warren, Cambridgeport, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Gilbert's, Philadelphia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, DC\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. H. Van Stavorn's Metropolitan Gallery, Nashville, Tennessee\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Sprague \u0026amp; Curtis, Lewiston, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. M. McKenney, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Bogardus, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Campbell \u0026amp; Ecker, Louisville, Kentucky\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Pierce \u0026amp; Cogswell, Rochelle, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. U. P. Burnham, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: William P. Gaut, Mt. Sterling, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: H. T. McCormick, Martinsburg, West Virginia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. M. McKenney, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: G. H. Loomis, Boston, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Hall, Lawrence, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Kennedy \u0026amp; Schenck, Newark, New Jersey\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Morell, George Webb\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Hall, South Royalton, Vermont\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Fredricks \u0026amp; Co., New Yor\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Schwing \u0026amp; Rudd, Army of the Cumberland\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: William P. Gaut, Mt. Sterling, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: William Pierce, Brunswick, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: G. H. Scripture, Peterboro, New Hampshire\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer's, Bangor, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: E. L. Eaton, Omaha, Nebraska\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York, NY\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026amp; H. T. Anthony, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Gurney \u0026amp; Son, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Downs \u0026amp; Co., New Orleans, Louisiana\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Hagaman, Philadelphia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Geo. W. Butler, Bath, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: C. J. I. Murray, Myerstown, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Reimer, Philadelphia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Hanford, New London, New Hampshire\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Webster's Photograph Gallery, Louisville, Kentucky\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. B. Carr, Old Town, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: G. H. Loomis, Boston, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Miller and Rowell, Boston, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: S. A. Cooley, Beaufort, South Carolina\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Kerston \u0026amp; Thompson, New York, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: William B. Stearns, Bath, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. C. Fassett, Dexter, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Kertson \u0026amp; Barker, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. B. Crockett\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: John A. Heard, Boston, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: G. H. Loomis, Boston, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Kimball \u0026amp; Sons, Concord, New Hampshire\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographed by A. A. Turner; Published by D. Appleton \u0026amp; Co., New York, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Taylor and Seavey\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. Milton Lapham, Decatur, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Bogardus, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Bowdoin, Taylor, \u0026amp; Co, Alexandria, Virginia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: C. I. Marston, Bangor, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: T. R. Burnham, Boston\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: R. P. Layton, Rockford, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Smith, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Smith, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026amp; H. T. Anthony, New York, NY\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Haseltine, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Hinds, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Armstead \u0026amp; White, Corinth, Mississippi\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. Smith, Sr., Lebanon, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York, NY\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Evans, Norfolk, Virginia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: B. McMahon, Mt. Pleasant, Iowa\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, DC\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePublished by E. \u0026amp; H. T. Anthony, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. M. M' Kenney, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Whipple, Boston, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: F. Gutekunst, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Whitehurst, Washington, DC\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: F. McNulty, Springfield, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, McClees' Gallery, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Cole of Biddleford, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. W. Black, Boston, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePublished by E. \u0026amp; H. T. Anthony, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. F. Ryder, Cleveland\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: E. H. McKenny, Biddleford, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Lilienthal and Co., New Orleans, Louisiana\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Sprague \u0026amp; Tapley, Lewiston, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Geo. P. Hall, St. Louis, Missouri\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady 's National Photographic Portrait Galleries, New York and Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographed by Brady; Published by E. Anthony, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Mrs. M. F. Howe, Jamestown , New York, A. J. Stiles, Photographist\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. Gurney \u0026amp; Son, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: P. E. Gibbs, Richmond, Virginia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, DC\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: W. L. Bracey, Great Falls, New Hampshire\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. Gurney \u0026amp; Son, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Lutges, Detroit, Michigan\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. Gurney and Son, Broadway, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Bell and Brother, Washington, DC\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: C. S. Sanderson, Lewiston, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Curtis and Crosby, Lewiston, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Variell, Gardiner, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Smith \u0026amp; Son, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: George E. Collins; Bucksport, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. E. Alden, Troy, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Handy, Washington, D.C..\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Hoag \u0026amp; Quicks, Cincinnati, Ohio\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Armstead \u0026amp; Taylor, Corinth, Mississippi\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Smith, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Whipple, Boston, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady's National Photographic and Portrait Galleries, New York and Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Porter's, Cincinnati, Ohio\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: G. N. Granniss, Waterbury, Connecticut\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Bundy \u0026amp; Williams, New Haven, Connecticut\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: S. J. Thompson \u0026amp; Co., Albany, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: King, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: C. A. Stevens, Richmond, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: George M. Howe, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographed by Brady; Published by E. Anthony, New York, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Bogardus, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Hoag \u0026amp; Quick's, Cincinnati, Ohio\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Geo. W. Butler, Bath, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Lothrop's Ferrotype Gallery, Philadelphia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographed by Brady, New York, New York; Published by E. \u0026amp; H. T. Anthony\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBrady's National Portrait Gallery; Published by E. \u0026amp; H. T. Anthony, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. Carbutt, Chicago, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Rivers', St. Louis, Missouri\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. Daily, Excelsior Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: George Rockwood, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. W. Black, Boston, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. Daily, Excelsior Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Hinds, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Kimball, Augusta, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. W. Hornbaker, Alexandria, Virginia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. U. P. Burnham, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: T. S. Estabrook, Houlton, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Whitehurst, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: W. F. King\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York, NY\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: W. J. Moulton, Elmira, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: George M. Howe, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A.R. Boynton, Sanbornton Bridge, New Hampshire\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Davis Brothers, Portsmouth, New Hampshire\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. M. McKenney, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. M. M'Kenney, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Whipple, Boston, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: E. Crockett, Rockland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Burwell \u0026amp; Homan, New Haven, Connecticut\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Smith \u0026amp; Son, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Black and Case, Boston, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Magnolia, Lexington, Kentucky\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: T. F. Saltsman, Nashville, Tennessee\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Smith \u0026amp; Wybrant, Louisville, Kentucky\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, DC\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Weitfle \u0026amp; Wright, 1st Division, 6th Corps\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. Daily, Excelsior Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Charles S. Hart, Watertown, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: F. Gutekunst, Philadelphia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Whitehurst Gallery, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Henry Ulke, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: McAdams, Alexandria, Virginia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Matthew Brady\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Bennett, Alexandria, Virginia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Haas \u0026amp; Peale, Hilton Head, South Carolina\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Webster \u0026amp; Bro., Louisville, Kentucky\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: C.H. Smedley \u0026amp; Co., Middletown, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. Daily, Excelsior Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: T. McMahon, Photographer, Danville, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: R. A. Lewis, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: G. Moses \u0026amp; Co., Quincy, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: G. F. Child, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographed by Brady's National Portrait Gallery; Published by E. \u0026amp; H. T. Anthony, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. Hesler, Chicago, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Kimberly Brothers\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. Carbutt, Chicago, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Mathew Brady\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Samuel Masury, Boston\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Charles D. Fredricks \u0026amp; Co., New York, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. E. Alden, Troy, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Photographed by Brady, Washington, DC\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: C. D. Fredricks \u0026amp; Co., New York, Habana, Paris\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: C. D. Fredricks \u0026amp; Co., New York, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: C. D. Fredricks \u0026amp; Co., New York, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Helke and Benecke, St. Louis, Missouri\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Hopkins, Annapolis, Maryland\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J.H. Keim, Lebanon, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Churchill \u0026amp; Dennison, Albany, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Variell, Gardiner, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. H. Van Stavoren's, Nashville, Tennessee\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. Constant, New Orleans, Louisiana\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: S. Anderson, New Orleans, Louisiana\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. Gould, North Bridgton, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Webster and Bro., Louisville, Kentucky\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. H. Van Stavoren, Nashville, Tennessee\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: D. L. Heath, Norwalk, Ohio\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, DC\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: William Pierce, Brunswick, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: T. F. Saltsman, Nashville, Tennessee\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. M. Peck, Ellsworth, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. M. McKenney, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: McAdams, Alexandria, Virginia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: E. Crocket, Rockland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: W. B. Field, Morris, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. P. Greenwald, Newark, Ohio\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Gorham and Co, Providence, Rhode Island\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Bogardus, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Matthew Brady\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Moses \u0026amp; Piffet, successors to E. Jacobs, New Orleans, Louisiana\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Hinton \u0026amp; Cleary's, Montgomery, Alabama\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. E. Alden, Troy, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: W. F. Yung\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Matthew Brady\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brown's Gallery, Little Rock, Arkansas\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: William Brown, Photographer of the Army of Arkansas\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Griswold \u0026amp; White, Corinth, Mississippi\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Morse's, Nashville, Tennessee\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Smith, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. B. Davis, Biddleford, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: D. K. Jewell, Augusta, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Black, Boston, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: P. Butler, Springfield, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePublished by E. \u0026amp; H. T. Anthony, New York, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. C. Lewis, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Bogardus, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. M. Burnham, Bangor, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: S. Masury, Boston, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Currier, Amesbury, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Currier, Amesbury, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Cole, Biddeford, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Cahill, Boston, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: George H. Wood, Towanda, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady's, New York, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: S. F. Sterlin, Woodstock, Vermont\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: George M. Howe, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. Hesler, Chicago, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. W. Black, Boston, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: by H. Glosser, Broadway, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Turner, Philadelphia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Henry Ulke, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026amp; H. T. Anthony, New York, NY\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. Daily, Excelsior Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. B. Crockett, Norway, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: W. Case, Halifax, Nova Scotia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Bogardus, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: S. Anderson, New Orleans\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Balkan Studio, Wartham, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Jordan \u0026amp; Co., New York, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: S. A. Colley, Beaufort, South Carolina\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: L. V. Newell\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. W. Black, Boston\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Mrs. M. A. Cutler, Dixon, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: R. K. McMurray, Winchester, W. Virginia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. O. Burgan, Yarmouth, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Hoag \u0026amp; Quick's Art Palace, Cincinnati, Ohio\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. Thurlow, Peoria, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographed by Brady; Published by E. Anthony, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Smith, Southbridge\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. E. Alden, Troy, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Schwing \u0026amp; Rudd, Photographers Army of the Cumberland\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Sam A. Cooley, Beaufort, South Carolina\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: P. L. Perkins\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Beecher and Grier's Photograph Rooms, West Chester, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographed by Brady, New York, New York; Published by E. \u0026amp; H. T. Anthony, New York, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. Daily, Excelsior Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: McAdams, Alexandria, Virginia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Knight, Batavia, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Bradley \u0026amp; Rulofson, San Francisco, California\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: F. W. Loud, Bowery, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: G. G. Johnson, Dubuque, Iowa\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Klauber \u0026amp; Campbell, Louisville, Kentucky\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Butler \u0026amp; Smetters, Springfield, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Van Stavoren, Nashville, Tennessee\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: E. A. Piffet's Gallery of Art, New Orleans, Louisiana\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. M. Burnham, Bangor, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: B. W. Hinds, North Vassalboro, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. M. McKenney, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: G. Haslinger in St. Polten\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: G. Haslinger in St. Polten\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Fassett's Gallery, Chicago, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: F. Gutekunst, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Whitney \u0026amp; Paradise, New York, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographed by Brady; Published by E. Anthony, New York, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. C. Elrod's, Louisville, Kentucky\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: G. H. Houghton, Brattleboro, Vermont\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: D. K. Jewell, Augusta, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: R. Brown's, Waldoboro, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: E. A. Pippet's, New Orleans, Louisiana\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. A. Scholten, St. Louis, Missouri\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. Daily, Excelsior Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Lothrop's Ferrotype Gallery, Philadelphia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Bailey \u0026amp; Silver's, New York, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: McAdams, Alexandria, Virginia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: C. D. Fredricks \u0026amp; Co., New York, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026amp; H. T. Anthony, New York, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: S. Piper, Manchester, New Hampshire\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Washington Gallery, Vicksburg, Mississippi\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: W. L. Troxell, St. Louis, Missouri\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Wykes \u0026amp; Brown, Wheeling, West Virginia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Smith \u0026amp; Son, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A.C. Lewis, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. C. Lewis, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: French \u0026amp; Sawyer, Keene, New Hampshire\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: G. W. Rider, Ondawa House, Salem, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Anderson \u0026amp; Turner, New Orleans, Louisiana\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Whitney's Gallery, Saint Paul, Minnesota\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Marshall, Boston, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Lamson, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePublished by E. \u0026amp; H. T. Anthony, New York, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, DC\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Mathew Brady\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. E. Alden, Troy, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. E. McClees, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Davis Brothers Photograph Rooms, Portsmouth and Exeter, New Hampshire\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: W. H. Whitehead, Pittsburg, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. E. McClees, Philadelphia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: S. Wing's, Boston, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: T. M. Schleier's, Nashville, Tennessee\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Case and Getchell, Boston\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Whipple, Boston\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. B. Hopkins, Lock-Haven, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: C. L. Marston, Bangor, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. U. P. Burnham, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Starbird, Augusta, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Bell \u0026amp; Brother, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: C. A. Paul, Skowhegan, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. Perry Elliott's City Gallery, Indianapolis, Indiana\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. Daily, Excelsior Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. Daily, Excelsior Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Keith \u0026amp; Ross, Machias, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Keith \u0026amp; Ross, Machias, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: C. S. Sanderson, Dover, New Hampshire\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Estabrook's Ferrotypes, New York, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: G. W. Tuttle, Thomaston, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Bogardus, 363 Broadway, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Otto Wagner, 385 Broadway, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: E. C. Ely, Greenfield, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Johnson's, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: D. Appleton, and Co., New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Smith \u0026amp; Son, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: William P. Gaut, Mt. Sterling, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: John H. Pein \u0026amp; Co., Richmond, Virginia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePublished by E \u0026amp; H. T. Anthony, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographed by F. Gutekunst, Philadelphia; Published by McAllister \u0026amp; Brother, Philadelphia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: King, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Lochman's Photographic Gallery, Allentown, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: P. Tenney Gates, Plattsburgh, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: C. H. Williamson's Brooklyn, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. Daily, Excelsior Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: M. G. Trask, Bangor, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Hallet, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Sumner \u0026amp; Harris Union Gallery, Gen'l Butler's H. Qrs. in the Field\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Lomas, Eastport Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Smith, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: S. M. Fassett, Chicago, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePublished by E. \u0026amp; H. T. Anthony, New York, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Downs \u0026amp; Co., New Orleans, Louisiana\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: C. Sellers, Keokuk, Iowa\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. A. Sheldon, New Orleans, Louisiana\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Mrs. M. A. Cutler, Dixon, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: C. D. Fredricks, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Andrew D. Lytle, Baton Rouge, Louisiana\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Black, Boston, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Black \u0026amp; Case, Boston, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. M. Aiken, Ware, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eLithograph by Murray \u0026amp; Goodwin, Albany, New York; Published by G. H. Treadwell, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Theodore Harris, Louisville, Kentucky\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Possibly S. Anderson, New Orleans, Louisiana\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: R. Wearn, Columbia, South Carolina\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Keenan, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Rees, Richmond, Virginia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: W. R. Phipps, Lexington, Kentucky\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Rees, Richmond, Virginia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Rees, Richmond, Virginia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: WM. Frank Browne, Artist, P.O. Box 480, Washington, D.C., U.S. Army\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: William Frank Browne\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. B. Farrar's Photographic Rooms, Bangor, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. B. Farrar's Photographic Rooms, Bangor, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Royan M. Linn\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Quimby of Charleston\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Maynard \u0026amp; Willis, Milford, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. H. Keim, Lebanon, Pa.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Charles A. Saylor, Reading, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. Daily, Excelsior Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: John Daily, Lebanon, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Bowdoin, Taylor \u0026amp; Co., Alexandria, Virginia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Mathew Brady\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Mathew Brady\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Lupton \u0026amp; Brown, Winchester, Virginia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Wolff's Gallery, Alexandria, Virginia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Richardson of Lima, Peru\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: William P. Holt, Concord, New Hampshire\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: T. H. Smiley's Photographic Gallery, Knoxville, Tennessee\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Orcutt's, Cambridge\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Victor Piard, Jersey City, New Jersey\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Elrod Borthers, Lexington, Kentucky\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Hunting's, Belfast, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: C. D. Frederick, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: M. L. Averill, Oldtown, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: William Pierce, Brunswick, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: William Pierce, Brunswick, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Trask and Lewis, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Starbird, Augusta, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Whitehurst Gallery, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. C. Lewis, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: H. A. Mills, Camden, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. M. McKenney, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. B. Crockett, Norway, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: T. R. 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Gurney \u0026amp; Son, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: E. M. Vanaken, Lowville, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. Goben, Troy, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Frank Winter, Fort Shaw, Montana\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Gill's City Gallery, Lancaster, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Whitehurst, Washington, DC\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Wm. J. Tate, New York, NY\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Stokes, Trenton, New Jersey\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Clark, Gardiner, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Clark, Gardiner, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: G. W. 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F. Smith \u0026 Son, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. W. Petty, New Orleans, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: H. A. Mills, Camden, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. E. Alden, Troy, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Miller and Rowell, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Starbird, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: William Pierce, Brunswick, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: John Holyland, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: O. L. Marston, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. H. Van Stavoren, Nashville, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. H. Whitehurst \u0026 Co., Baltimore, Maryland","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whitehurst Gallery, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Anderson \u0026 Turner, New Orleans, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio:","Photographer/Photography Studio: John L. Gihon's Photographic Art Galleries, 1024 Chestnut St. Phila.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Warren, Cambridgeport, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Knowles \u0026 Hillman, New Bedford, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: William B. Stearus, Bath, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Gooding, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Wenderoth, Taylor and Brown, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Published by Handy, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bocardus, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Anderson's, New Orleans, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: Carpenter's Gem Gallery, Troy, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: E. Jacobs, New Orleans, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York and Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Mrs. M. A. Cutler, Dixon, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: McPherson, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bogardus, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. W. Barker, Canton, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: F. McNulty, Ar, Springfield, IL, City Galle","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady's National Photographic and Portrait Galleries, New York and Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Wing's Gallery, Waterville, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Varriell, Gardiner, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. K. Brown, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Henry M. Wells, Cambridge, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: H. A. Mills, Camden, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. W. Taft, artist, Oak Gallery, Memphis, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: F. A. Simonds, Chillicothe, Ohio","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. D. Lytle, Baton Rouge, Louisiana","Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York, from Photographic Negative by Brady's National Portrait Gallery","Photographer/Photography Studio: Lewis and Kane, Victoria, Texas","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. Gould, North Bridgton, Maine","French \u0026 Sawyer, Keene, New Hampshire","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady's National Photographic Portrait Galleries, New York and Washington D.C.","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady's, Washington, D.C. and New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Hoag \u0026 Quick's, Cincinnati, Ohio","Photographer/Photography Studio: G. D. Hamilton, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio:","Photographer/Photography Studio: Black \u0026 Case, Boston, Massachusetts, and Newport, Rhode Island","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. H. Walzl, Baltimore, Maryland","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady's National Photographic Galleries, Washington, D.C. and New York","Photographer/Photography Studio:","Photographer/Photography Studio: William B. Stearns, Bath, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady's National Photographic Portrait Galleries, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. R. Hall, Biddeford, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Smith \u0026 Son, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: L. V. Newell","Photographer/Photography Studio:","Photographer/Photography Studio: Schwing \u0026 Rudd, Army of the Cumberland","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. D. Fredricks \u0026 Co. of New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. D. Lytle, Baton Rouge, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Manchester Bros., Providence, Rhode Island","Photographer/Photography Studio: W. H. Sherman, Milwaukee, Wisconsin","Photographer/Photography Studio: Ben Oppenheimer, Mobile, Alabama","Photographer/Photography Studio: D. C. Pratt, Aurora, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: Worms \u0026 Co. 383 Broadway, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: N. S. Bennett, Alexandria, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: G. Cramer, Carondelet, Missouri","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. R. Edwards, Bowling Green, Kentucky","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. U. P. Burnham, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: George W. Barnes, Rockford, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: Charles D. Fredricks \u0026 Co., New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. C. Nichols, Leavenworth, Kansas","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brown's Photographic Gallery, Paola, Kansas","Photographer/Photography Studio: Williams Gallery; Skowhegan, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Daily, Excelsior Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. S. Sanderson, Lewiston, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: W. J. Morrill/C. L. Grossman, Waterville, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady's National Photographic Galleries, New York and Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady's National Photographic Galleries, New York and Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Black \u0026 Batchelder, Boston","Photographer/Photography Studio: E. A. Beach, Hastings, Minnesota","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. D. Fredricks and Co., New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. C. Spaulding, Point Lookout, Maryland","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady","Photographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Smith \u0026 Son, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Conaut, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Hesler Gallery, Chicago, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: H. P. Carnes' Car, Montpelier, Vermont","Photographer/Photography Studio: R.W. Addis, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Hallett, Bowery, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: N. S. Bennett, Alexandria, Virginia","B. F. Smith and Son, Portland, Maine","J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Zimmerman's New York Photographic Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Beaumont, Chester, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Wells and Collins, New Haven, Conneticut","Photographer/Photography Studio: Manchester Brothers, Providence, Rhode Island","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. A. Lord, 158 Chatham Street, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: B. Moses, New Orleans, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Smith, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Morgan, Concord, New Hampshire","Photographer/Photography Studio: Clark, Gardiner Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. L. Bergstresser, Army of the Potomac","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. B. Jenks, Paterson, New Jersey","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.","Photographed by Brady; Published by E.\u0026 H.T. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Starbird, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady","Photographer/Photography Studio: George W. Butler, Bath, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bett's and Prusia, Dansville, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Stone Bros., Trumansburch, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. M. Peck's, Elsworth, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. W. Black, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: D. Appleton \u0026 Co., New York","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Photographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Warren, Cambridgeport, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. J. Pierce, Rockland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. W. Hurn, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: G. W. Tuttle, Thomaston, Maine","Photographed by Brady; Published by E.\u0026 H.T. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: F. Forshew, Hudson, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: F. Forshew, Hudson, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: T. M. Schleier, Nashville, Knoxville, and Chattanooga, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: Photographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026 H.T. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Jno. Holyland, Washington, D.C.","Le Rue Lemer, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady's National Photographic Portrait Gallery, New York and Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Smith \u0026 Son, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Matthew Brady","Photographer/Photography Studio: Gibbon, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. Anderson of New Orleans","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. H. Van Stavoren, Nashville, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: Lumpkin and Tomlinson, Richmond, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Gurney \u0026 Son, New York, NY","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady's National Photographic Galleries, Washington, D.C. \u0026 New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: G. W. Tuttle, Thomaston, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Washburn's, New Orleans, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: E. R. Gard's Photographic Art Palace, Chicago, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: E. H. McKenney, Biddeford, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whitaker and Co., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: McPherson \u0026 Oliver, Baton Rouge, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: McPherson \u0026 Oliver, Baton Rouge, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Philp \u0026 Solomon, Washington, DC","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Gorman and Jordan, Alexandria, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: I. N. Teague","Photographer/Photography Studio: Kerston \u0026 Thompson, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Matthew Brady","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. M. Benjamin","Photographer/Photography Studio: George Watson, Montpelier, Vermont","Photographer/Photography Studio: N. S. Bennett, Alexandria, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Charles H. Danforth, Cambridgeport, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Union Photographic Gallery, Camp Butler, Newport News, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Burnite \u0026 Weldon, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whitehurst Gallery, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. S. Sanderson, Dover, New Hampshire","Photographer/Photography Studio: William P. Gaut, Mt. Sterling, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, photographer, McClees Gallery, 308 Penna. Avenue, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: William C. North, Cleveland, Ohio","Photographer/Photography Studio: Th. Gubelman, Puliski, TN","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. Masury, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. Masury, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. Masury, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Hermos, Lima, Peru","Photographer/Photography Studio: Kerston's Photograph Gallery, Newark, New Jersey","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Moses and Piffet, New Orleans, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: Keet and Gemmill, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. M. M'Kenney, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Sam A. Cooley, Photographer Tenth Army Corps","Photographer/Photography Studio: Published by W.V. Lane, Camden, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: T.M.V. Doughty, Winsted, Conneticut","Photographer/Photography Studio: H. A. Balch's Star Photograph Gallery, Memphis, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: H. Tombarger, Lancaster, Ohio","Photographer/Photography Studio: Black and Case","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. W. Black, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: O. P. Howe, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: G. M. Howe, Portland, Maine","Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York, New York","Published by Brady; Published by E \u0026 H.T. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Cooley \u0026 Becket, Beaufort, South Carolina","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bowdoin, Taylor, and Co., Alexandria, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. G. Montgomery of Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Ingraham Brothers, Westfield, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Cushing \u0026 King Photographers, Woodstock, Vermont","Photographed by Brady, New York; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Moses, Trenton, New Jersey","Photographer/Photography Studio: F. Gutekunst, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: H. C. Brown, Norwich, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. S. Marse, Nashville, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: F. Forshew, Hudson, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Webster \u0026 Bro., Louisville, Kentucky","Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Hoag \u0026 Quick, Cincinnati, Ohio","Photographer/Photography Studio: Joshua Appleby Williams, Newport, Rhode Island","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whitehurst Gallery, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Silli, Nice, France","Photographer/Photography Studio: E. W. Beckwith, Alexandria, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: E. W. Beckwith, Alexandria, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Wolff's Gallery, Alexandria, Virginia","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. E. Mosely, Newburyport","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: N. S. Bennett, Alexandria, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Harter's Fine Art Gallery, Auburn, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whipple, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. H. Pein \u0026 Co., Richmond, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Gorman and Jordan, Alexandria, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: D. C. Burnite \u0026 Co., Harrisburg, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. B. Brown's, Providence, Rhode Island","Photographer/Photography Studio: W. J. Tait, New York, NY","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whitehurst Gallery, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Conant and Johnson, Lewiston, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. O. Durgan, Farmouth, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: C.H. Freeman, Montpelier, Vermont","Photographer/Photography Studio: Kilgore's, Belfast, Maine","Published by Joseph Ward, Boston, Massachusetts; Photograph by Matthew Brady","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: I. N. Teague, Lewiston, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Henry Ulke, Washington, D.C.","Photographed by Brady's National Portrait Gallery; Published by E. Anthony, New York","Barr \u0026 Young, Vicksburg, Mississippi","Photographer/Photography Studio: Photographed by Brady, Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York, NY","Photographer/Photography Studio: Charles D. Fredricks \u0026 Co., New York, NY","Photographer/Photography Studio: Henry Ulke, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. L. Marston, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: E. R. Marks, Austin, Texas","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Mc Clee's Gallery, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Armstead \u0026 White, Corinth, Mississippi","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. S. Rhodes, St. Law Co., New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Munger \u0026 Stone, Quincy, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. M. Cross, Belvidere, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: W. H. Emery","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. W. Black, Boston, Massachusetts","Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York, NY","Photographer/Photography Studio: Matthew Brady","Photographer/Photography Studio: Mrs. M. A. Cutler, Dixon Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: Wm. McHenry, Freeport, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: Fredricks \u0026 Co., New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: George M. Howe, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Purvience, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: T. S. Estabrook, Houlton, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: F. L. Lay's, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. P. Smith, Kankakee City, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. D. Fredricks \u0026 Co., New York, NY","Photographer/Photography Studio: T. R. Burnham, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J.T. Bradshaw \u0026 Co., successors to G. Moses, Quincy, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. M. McKenney, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: P. L. Perkins","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. D. Fredericks \u0026 Co., New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Daily's Excelsior Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: D. F. Brandon, Camp Douglas, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. M. Burnham, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. M. Burnham, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. Braisted, Freeport, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. Hesler, Chicago","Photographer/Photography Studio: Pierce, Galena, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: R.W. Addis, McClees's Gallery, Washington, D.C.","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. S. Morse, Nashville, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: E. Crockett, Rockland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. P. \u0026 F. W. Hardy, Bangor, Maine","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, DC","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whipple, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: T. R. Burnham, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Chas. H. Danforth, Cambridgeport, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. C. Reeve, Lambertville, New Jersey","Photographer/Photography Studio: Warren and Lowell, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York, NY","Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Morse's Gallery of the Cumberland, Nashville, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: Geo. S. Cook, Charleston, South Carolina","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Gurney \u0026 Son, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Slagle, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Slee Brothers, Poughkeepsie, New York","Published by E. \u0026 H.T. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: J.H. Keim, Lebanon, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. U. P. Burnham, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Curtis and Crosby, Lewiston, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. M. McKenney, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: E. Lewis Wires, Milford","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bogardus, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. Evans, Philadelphia","Photographer/Photography Studio: N. S. Bennett, Alexandria, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Smith, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: P. B. Jones, Davenport, Iowa","Photographer/Photography Studio: N. H. Black, Natchez, Mississippi","Photographer/Photography Studio: Schwing \u0026 Rudd, Army of The Cumberland","Photographer/Photography Studio: Starbird, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: W. H. Sherman, Milwaukee, Wisconsin","Photographer/Photography Studio: George B. Butler, Bath, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Mathew Brady's National Photographic Portrait Galleries","Photographer/Photography Studio: Mathew Brady's National Photographic Portrait Galleries","Photographer/Photography Studio: Mathew Brady's National Photographic Portrait Galleries","Photographer/Photography Studio: Joseph Ward, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: John Goldin, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Pein \u0026 Co., Washington City","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York, NY","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York, NY","Photographer/Photography Studio: Matthew Brady","Photographer/Photography Studio: George M. Howe, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Mrs. M. A. Cutler, Dixon Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: T. R. Burnham, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, DC","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. E. McClees, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Good \u0026 Stokes, Trenton, New Jersey","Photographer/Photography Studio: E. Jacob's, New Orleans, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. H. \u0026 J. L. Abbott, Albany, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Geo. W. Barnes, Rockford, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: Layton's, Rockford, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. U. P. Burnham, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Nason's Photograph Gallery, Columbus, Ohio","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bachrach \u0026 Bro, Baltimore, Maryland","Photographer/Photography Studio: Cross and Franke, Arlington, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whitehurst Gallery, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. W. Watson, Raleigh, North Carolina","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Gutekunst, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: B. P. Smith \u0026 Son, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Julius Brill, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Saylor's New Photograph Gallery, Reading, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Crosby, 13th Regiment Mass. Volunteers","Photographer/Photography Studio: John Weiss, New Orleans, Louisiana","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York, NY","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Clark, Gardiner, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: John Cadwallader, Toledo, Ohio","Photographer/Photography Studio: H. Bitner, Mr. Carroll, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bowdoin, Taylor and Company, 204 King Forner Columbus Street, Alexandria, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. M. McKenney, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: H. Jennings, artist, The New \u0026 Reliable Gallery, Lancaster, Kentucky","Photographer/Photography Studio: Peplow and Balch, Memphis, Tennessee","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York, New York","Published by E. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady","Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Thomas and Pearson, Macomb, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: Henszey \u0026 Co., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Henszey \u0026 Co., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Henzey \u0026 Co., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Henzey \u0026 Co., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Mrs. M. A. Cutler, Dixon, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. H. Keim, Lebanon, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Lothrop's Ferrotype Gallery, Philadelphia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Mathew B. Brady","William Pierce, Brunswick, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: T. F. Saltsman, Nashville, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: John Goldin \u0026 Co., Washington, D.C.","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: E. P. H. Capron \u0026 Bros. , Springfield, Ohio","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: T. J. Merritt's National Portrait Gallery, Nashville, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: Giers \u0026 Co., Nashville, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whitney and Paradise, New York","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: August Morand, Brooklyn, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Mathew Brady","Photographer/Photography Studio: D. K. Jewell, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. D. Fredericks \u0026 Co., New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. W. Black, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bishop \u0026 Campbell, Army of the Cumberland","Photographer/Photography Studio: Trask and Davis, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Henszey \u0026 Co., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Butler and King, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: T. R. Burnham, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: W. J. Moulton, El Mira, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. C. Lewis, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Guay and Co., New Orleans, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: N. S. Bennett, Alexandria, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Davis Brothers Photograph Rooms, Portsmouth and Exeter, New Hampshire","Photographer/Photography Studio: Black \u0026 Batchelder, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whipple, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whitehurst Gallery, Washington, DC","Photographer/Photography Studio: Loring's Photographic Gallery, Eastport, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Charles D. Fredricks \u0026 Co., New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Philadelphia Photographic Co., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whipple, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: F. Gutekunst","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. Constant, New Orleans, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: George M. Howe, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: King, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: T. R. Burnham, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: George D. Puffer, Nashua, New Hampshire","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Smith, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: T. S. Estabrook, Houlton, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Jno. Holyland, Washington, D.C.","Photographed by M. J. Powers; Published by Whitehurst Gallery, Washington, DC","Photographer/Photography Studio: Jno. Holyland, Washington, DC","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. S. Morse, Nashville, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: Moses \u0026 Piffet, successors to E. Jacobs, New Orleans, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. S. Morse, Nashville, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York","Photographed by Brady's National Portrait Gallery; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Daily, Excelsior Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Daily, Excelsior Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Murphy Bros., Alton, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: F. Gutekunst, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Godshaw \u0026 Flexner, Louisville, Kentucky","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady's National Photographic Portrait Galleries, New York and Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Moffat and Simpson, Key West, Florida","Photographer/Photography Studio: G. P. Ayer, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: William F. Blunt, North Anson, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Gurney \u0026 Son, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: D. Appleton \u0026 Co., New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Anson's","Photographer/Photography Studio: Fassetts Gallery, Chicago, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: Gardner, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whitehurst Gallery","Photographer/Photography Studio: Meade Brothers, Astor, New York","Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Gurney \u0026 Son, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Alex. Gardner, Washington, DC","Photographed by Brady, New York, NY; Published by E. Anthony, New York, NY","Photographer/Photography Studio: Philp \u0026 Solomon, Washington, DC","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. E. McClees, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026 H.T. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, DC","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. E. Alden, Troy, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Watson's, Raleigh, NC","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady's National Photographic Portrait Galleries, New York and Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: L. Thompson, Norwich, Connecticut","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: T. M. Schleier, Nashville, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. M. McKenny, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Mason \u0026 Gardner, Providence, Rhode Island","Photographer/Photography Studio: Handy, Washington, D.C..","Photographer/Photography Studio: Outley's, St. Louis, Missouri","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bragy Gallery","Photographer/Photography Studio: Geo. W. Butler, Bath, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Smith, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: W. F. King, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: N. S. Bennett, Alexandria, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Frank E. Stanley, Auburn, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Anderson's Photographic Gallery, New Orleans, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: Warren and Lowell, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Warren and Lowell, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Warren and Lowell, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: B. P. Browne, Bath, Maine","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: E. Jacobs \u0026 Company, New Orleans, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Gurney \u0026 Son, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Trask \u0026 Lewis","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. M. McKenney, Portland, Maine","Photographed by Brady, New York, New York; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony","Photographed by Brady, New York, New York; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Charles K. Bill's, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Wilder Brothers, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Zimmermans's N.F W York, Photographic Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. H. Keim, Lebanon, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: D. H. Cole, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. Hesler, Chicago, Illinois","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York","Photographed by Alex Gardner; Published by Philp \u0026 Solomons, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. A. Addis, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. B. Smith, Utica, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. M. Burnham, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. W. Black, Boston","Photographer/Photography Studio: Henry Ulke, Washington, DC","Photographer/Photography Studio: Geo. W. Butler, Bath, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Kerston \u0026 Thompson, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: William Pierce, Brunswick, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Dunshee's, Boston","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: D. Adams, Nashville, Tenn.","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. U. P. Burnham, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. H. Abbott, Albany, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: L. I. Prince, New Orleans, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. W. Black, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J.S. Medlar, Woodstock, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Mrs. A. A. Rhodes, West Rockford, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: D. O. Furnald, Manchester, New Hampshire","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. M. McKenney, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Wolff's Gallery, Alexandria, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady's National Photographic Portrait Gallery, New York and Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: French \u0026 Sawyer, Keene, New Hampshire","Photographer/Photography Studio: Cole's Photographic Gallery, Peoria, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: William Nims, Photographer, Fort Edward, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: P. H. McKernon, Saratoga Springs, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: P. H. McKernon, Saratoga Springs, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: P. H. McKernon, Saratoga Springs, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: P. H. McKernon, Saratoga Springs, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Jno. Holyland Metropolitan Gallery, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Lothrop's Ferrotype Gallery, Philadelphia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Lobell General Hospital, Portsmouth Grove, Rhode Island","Photographer/Photography Studio: William Summerhays","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. U. P. Burnham, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Davis Brothers Photograph Rooms, Portsmouth and Exeter, New Hampshire","Photographer/Photography Studio: Filley \u0026 Gilbert, New Haven, Connecticut","Photographer/Photography Studio: Haas \u0026 Peale, Hilton Head, South Carolina","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: E. N. Medernach, Danville, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. H. Dewey, Pittsfield, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Lothrop's Ferrotype Gallery, Philadelphia","Photographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Smith, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. H. Wagoner's, Mt. Morris, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: Mathew Brady","Photographer/Photography Studio: Samuel A. Cooley, Beaufort, South Carolina","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady","Photographer/Photography Studio: Thompson Gallery, Albany, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Warren, Lowell, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Kerston \u0026 Thompson, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: W. B. Stearns, Bath, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: H. G. Fetters, Peru, Indiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: William P. Gaut, Mt. Sterling, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: New Orleans Photographic Co.","Photographer/Photography Studio: F. Gutekunst, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady","Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York, New York","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York, New York","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Rees of Richmond, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: J.L. Winner, Annapolis, MD","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bishop \u0026 Campbell, Photographers, Army of the Cumberland","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. F. Conant, Skowhegan, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: B. P. Paige, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Warren and Lowell, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Powelson's, Detroit, Michigan","Photographer/Photography Studio: N. Olsen Photographer, New Orleans, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, DC","Photographed by Brady's National Portrait Gallery; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York","Published by Vannerson \u0026 Jones, Richmond, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Henry Ulke, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. M. McKenney, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York","Brady's National Portrait Gallery; Published by E. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. O. Jewett, Lebanon, Missouri","Photographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Smith \u0026 Son, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bell and Brother","Photographer/Photography Studio: Jno. Holyland, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: G. W. Roseberry, Alexandria, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, DC","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whitehurst, Gallery, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Daily, Excelsior Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Mrs. M. A. Cutler, Dixon, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: L. W. Cook, Weymouth Landing, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: James S. Earle \u0026 Son, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. W. Black, Boston","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whitehurst, Washington, D.C.","Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Havens, Jacksonville, FL","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. W. A. Tresize, Springfield, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: O.C. Benjamin, Newark, N. J.","Photographer/Photography Studio: G. W. Tuttle, Thomaston, Maine","Photographed by Brady, New York, NY; Published by E. Anthony, New York, NY","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, DC","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brendann Bros., Baltimore","Photographed by Wenderoth \u0026 Taylor; Published by McAllister \u0026 Bro., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. H Messenger, US General Hospital, Annapolis, Maryland","Photographer/Photography Studio: D. P. Barr, Army Photographer, Vicksburg","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whitaker \u0026 Co., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: William P. Gaut, Mt. Sterling, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. P. Burnham, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Griswold \u0026 Smith, Columbus, Ohio","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: M. B. Brady's National Photographic Portrait Galleries, New York and Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. R. Davis, Biddeford, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor Maine","Photographed by Brady's National Portrait Gallery; Published by E. Anthony, New York","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. E. McClees, Philadelphia","Brady, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. R. Hall, Biddeford, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. H. Brown, Savannah, Georgia","Photographer/Photography Studio: McAdams, Alexandria, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: F. Gutekunst, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Mrs. M. A. Cutler, Dixon, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: Manchester Brothers Photographers, Providence, Rhode Island","Photographer/Photography Studio: Fredericks and Co., New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: D. K. Jewell, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. U. P. Burnham, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Geo. W. Butler, Bath, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bundy and Williams, New Haven, Conneticut","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bowers, Lynn, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Kin, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Elrod Bro.'s, Lexington, Kentucky","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. M. McKenney, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Piper \u0026 Sanborn, Manchester, New Hampshire","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Perry Elliott's City Gallery, Indianapolis, Indiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: W. Ames, Quincy, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: Abster \u0026 Bro, Louisville, Kentucky","Photographer/Photography Studio: Abster \u0026 Bro, Louisville, Kentucky","Photographer/Photography Studio: Abster \u0026 Bro, Louisville, Kentucky","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. S. Morse, Nashville, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: Abster \u0026 Bro, Louisville, Kentucky","Photographer/Photography Studio: Abster \u0026 Bro, Louisville, Kentucky","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. S. Morse, Nashville, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. S. Morse, Nashville, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. D. Phillips, 14th Army Corps","Photographer/Photography Studio: M. K. Marshall, Circleville, Ohio","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. S. Morse, Nashville, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. A. Scholten, Saint Louis, Missouri","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. S. Morse, Nashville, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. S. Morse, Nashville, Tennessee","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. S. Morse","Photographer/Photography Studio: William P. Gault, Mt. Sterling, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. S. German, Springfield, Illinois","Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Hawkins \u0026 Philpot, Macomb, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: F. W. De Camp, Newark, New Jersey","Photographer/Photography Studio: Webster, Louisville, Kentucky","Photographer/Photography Studio: E. Jacobs, New Orleans, Louisiana","Unknown Photographer; Published by E. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Alexander Gardner, Photographer to the Army of the Potomac, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Morse, Nashville, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: Pratt's Gallery, Richmond, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Schreiber \u0026 Son, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Erekson \u0026 Bodurtha, Bridgeport, Conneticut","Photographer/Photography Studio: Hinds, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Abraham Fisher, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York, NY","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York, New York","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. U. P. Burnham, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. N. Wilson, Savannah, Georgia","Photographer/Photography Studio: McAdams, Alexandria, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Birney Linn","Photographer/Photography Studio: Louis Walzl","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Variell, Gardiner, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. A. Turner, D. Appleton \u0026 Co., New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: M. F. King, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. H. White, Jacksonport, Arkansas","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. H. Spieler's, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Armstead \u0026 Taylor, Corinth, Mississippi","Photographer/Photography Studio: O.H. Willard, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. P. Layton, Rockford, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: John Goldin \u0026 Col, Washington D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Daily, Excelsior Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. H. Keim, Lebanon, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Mrs. M. A. Cutler, Dixon, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: N. C. Sanborn, Lowell, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Marshall, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Partridges Photographic Gallery and Stock Depot, Wheeling, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Armstead \u0026 White, Corinth, Mississippi","Photographer/Photography Studio: Mrs. W. A. Reed, Quincy, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: Fred C. Low, East Cambridge, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brooks \u0026 Blauvelt, Port Hudson, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. L. Marston, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Evans and Prince, York, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Ingraham Bros, Westfield, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. U. P. Burnham, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: G. W. Clark, Ionia, Michigan","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bennett, Alexandria, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. C. Giers, Nashville, Tennessee","Published by E \u0026 H.T. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Charles D. Fredricks \u0026 Co., New York, New York","Published by E. Anthony, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: N. R. Bideout \u0026 Co., Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: John Goldin, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Hendee, Augusta, Maine","J. Daily, Excelsior Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whitney's Gallery, Saint Paul, Minnesota","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. M. McKenney, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: N. S. Bennett, Alexandria, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: H. B. King, Taunton, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Charles Jameson, Columbia, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Anderson's Photographic Gallery, New Orleans, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: L. D. Cox, Ludlow, Vermont","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whipple, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: G. W. Davis, Columbus, Ohio","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. W. Black, Boston","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. Brainstead, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, DC","Photographer/Photography Studio: Tyler \u0026 Co., Charleston, South Carolina","Photographed by Brady; Published by E \u0026 H.T. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Charles D. Fredricks \u0026 Co., New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Larkin Gallery, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: William Pierce, Brunswick, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: George W. Butler, Bath, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: George C. White, Boston","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. S. Morse, Nashville, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whitney's Gallery, Saint Paul, Minnesota","Published by E. \u0026 H. Anthony, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: M. J. Powers, Whitehurst Gallery, Washington, DC","Photographer/Photography Studio: McLure, Allen P.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Peplow \u0026 Balch, Memphis, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: Nollen \u0026 Van Grieken, Keokuk, Iowa","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady","Photographer/Photography Studio: Charles D. Fredricks \u0026 Co., New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady","Photographer/Photography Studio: Black \u0026 Case, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: D. H. Cole, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. L. Jackson, Lewiston, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bundy and Williams, New Haven, Connecticut","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. A. Scholten, St. Louis, Missouri","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, DC","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Henry Ulke, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. G. Carleton, Waterville, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. U. P. Burnham, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whitehurst Gallery, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Warren, Cambridgeport, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Gilbert's, Philadelphia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, DC","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. H. Van Stavorn's Metropolitan Gallery, Nashville, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: Sprague \u0026 Curtis, Lewiston, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. M. McKenney, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bogardus, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Campbell \u0026 Ecker, Louisville, Kentucky","Photographer/Photography Studio: Pierce \u0026 Cogswell, Rochelle, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. U. P. Burnham, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: William P. Gaut, Mt. Sterling, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: H. T. McCormick, Martinsburg, West Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. M. McKenney, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: G. H. Loomis, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Hall, Lawrence, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Kennedy \u0026 Schenck, Newark, New Jersey","Photographer/Photography Studio: Morell, George Webb","Photographer/Photography Studio: Hall, South Royalton, Vermont","Photographer/Photography Studio: Fredricks \u0026 Co., New Yor","Photographer/Photography Studio: Schwing \u0026 Rudd, Army of the Cumberland","Photographer/Photography Studio: William P. Gaut, Mt. Sterling, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: William Pierce, Brunswick, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: G. H. Scripture, Peterboro, New Hampshire","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer's, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: E. L. Eaton, Omaha, Nebraska","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York, NY","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Gurney \u0026 Son, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Downs \u0026 Co., New Orleans, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Hagaman, Philadelphia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Geo. W. Butler, Bath, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. J. I. Murray, Myerstown, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Reimer, Philadelphia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Hanford, New London, New Hampshire","Photographer/Photography Studio: Webster's Photograph Gallery, Louisville, Kentucky","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. B. Carr, Old Town, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: G. H. Loomis, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Miller and Rowell, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. A. Cooley, Beaufort, South Carolina","Photographer/Photography Studio: Kerston \u0026 Thompson, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: William B. Stearns, Bath, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. C. Fassett, Dexter, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Kertson \u0026 Barker, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. B. Crockett","Photographer/Photography Studio: John A. Heard, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: G. H. Loomis, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Kimball \u0026 Sons, Concord, New Hampshire","Photographed by A. A. Turner; Published by D. Appleton \u0026 Co., New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Taylor and Seavey","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. Milton Lapham, Decatur, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bogardus, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bowdoin, Taylor, \u0026 Co, Alexandria, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. I. Marston, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: T. R. Burnham, Boston","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. P. Layton, Rockford, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Smith, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Smith, Portland, Maine","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York, NY","Photographer/Photography Studio: Haseltine, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Hinds, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Armstead \u0026 White, Corinth, Mississippi","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Smith, Sr., Lebanon, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York, NY","Photographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Evans, Norfolk, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: B. McMahon, Mt. Pleasant, Iowa","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, DC","Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. M. M' Kenney, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whipple, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: F. Gutekunst, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whitehurst, Washington, DC","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: F. McNulty, Springfield, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, McClees' Gallery, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Cole of Biddleford, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. W. Black, Boston, Massachusetts","Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. F. Ryder, Cleveland","Photographer/Photography Studio: E. H. McKenny, Biddleford, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Lilienthal and Co., New Orleans, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: Sprague \u0026 Tapley, Lewiston, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Geo. P. Hall, St. Louis, Missouri","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady 's National Photographic Portrait Galleries, New York and Washington, D.C.","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Mrs. M. F. Howe, Jamestown , New York, A. J. Stiles, Photographist","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Gurney \u0026 Son, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: P. E. Gibbs, Richmond, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, DC","Photographer/Photography Studio: W. L. Bracey, Great Falls, New Hampshire","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Gurney \u0026 Son, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Lutges, Detroit, Michigan","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Gurney and Son, Broadway, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bell and Brother, Washington, DC","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. S. Sanderson, Lewiston, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Curtis and Crosby, Lewiston, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Variell, Gardiner, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Smith \u0026 Son, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: George E. Collins; Bucksport, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. E. Alden, Troy, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Handy, Washington, D.C..","Photographer/Photography Studio: Hoag \u0026 Quicks, Cincinnati, Ohio","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Armstead \u0026 Taylor, Corinth, Mississippi","Photographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Smith, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whipple, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady's National Photographic and Portrait Galleries, New York and Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Porter's, Cincinnati, Ohio","Photographer/Photography Studio: G. N. Granniss, Waterbury, Connecticut","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bundy \u0026 Williams, New Haven, Connecticut","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. J. Thompson \u0026 Co., Albany, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: King, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. A. Stevens, Richmond, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: George M. Howe, Portland, Maine","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. Anthony, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bogardus, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Hoag \u0026 Quick's, Cincinnati, Ohio","Photographer/Photography Studio: Geo. W. Butler, Bath, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Lothrop's Ferrotype Gallery, Philadelphia","Photographed by Brady, New York, New York; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Brady's National Portrait Gallery; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Carbutt, Chicago, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: Rivers', St. Louis, Missouri","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Daily, Excelsior Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: George Rockwood, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. W. Black, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Daily, Excelsior Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Hinds, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Kimball, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. W. Hornbaker, Alexandria, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. U. P. Burnham, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: T. S. Estabrook, Houlton, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whitehurst, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: W. F. King","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York, NY","Photographer/Photography Studio: W. J. Moulton, Elmira, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: George M. Howe, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: A.R. Boynton, Sanbornton Bridge, New Hampshire","Photographer/Photography Studio: Davis Brothers, Portsmouth, New Hampshire","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. M. McKenney, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. M. M'Kenney, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whipple, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: E. Crockett, Rockland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Burwell \u0026 Homan, New Haven, Connecticut","Photographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Smith \u0026 Son, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Black and Case, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Magnolia, Lexington, Kentucky","Photographer/Photography Studio: T. F. Saltsman, Nashville, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: Smith \u0026 Wybrant, Louisville, Kentucky","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, DC","Photographer/Photography Studio: Weitfle \u0026 Wright, 1st Division, 6th Corps","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Daily, Excelsior Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Charles S. Hart, Watertown, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: F. Gutekunst, Philadelphia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whitehurst Gallery, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Henry Ulke, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: McAdams, Alexandria, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Matthew Brady","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bennett, Alexandria, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Haas \u0026 Peale, Hilton Head, South Carolina","Photographer/Photography Studio: Webster \u0026 Bro., Louisville, Kentucky","Photographer/Photography Studio: C.H. Smedley \u0026 Co., Middletown, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Daily, Excelsior Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: T. McMahon, Photographer, Danville, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. A. Lewis, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: G. Moses \u0026 Co., Quincy, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: G. F. Child, Washington, D.C.","Photographed by Brady's National Portrait Gallery; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. Hesler, Chicago, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: Kimberly Brothers","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Carbutt, Chicago, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: Mathew Brady","Photographer/Photography Studio: Samuel Masury, Boston","Photographer/Photography Studio: Charles D. Fredricks \u0026 Co., New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. E. Alden, Troy, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Photographed by Brady, Washington, DC","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. D. Fredricks \u0026 Co., New York, Habana, Paris","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. D. Fredricks \u0026 Co., New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. D. Fredricks \u0026 Co., New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Helke and Benecke, St. Louis, Missouri","Photographer/Photography Studio: Hopkins, Annapolis, Maryland","Photographer/Photography Studio: J.H. Keim, Lebanon, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Churchill \u0026 Dennison, Albany, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Variell, Gardiner, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. H. Van Stavoren's, Nashville, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. Constant, New Orleans, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. Anderson, New Orleans, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. Gould, North Bridgton, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Webster and Bro., Louisville, Kentucky","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. H. Van Stavoren, Nashville, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: D. L. Heath, Norwalk, Ohio","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, DC","Photographer/Photography Studio: William Pierce, Brunswick, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: T. F. Saltsman, Nashville, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. M. Peck, Ellsworth, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. M. McKenney, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: McAdams, Alexandria, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: E. Crocket, Rockland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: W. B. Field, Morris, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. P. Greenwald, Newark, Ohio","Photographer/Photography Studio: Gorham and Co, Providence, Rhode Island","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bogardus, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Matthew Brady","Photographer/Photography Studio: Moses \u0026 Piffet, successors to E. Jacobs, New Orleans, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Hinton \u0026 Cleary's, Montgomery, Alabama","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. E. Alden, Troy, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: W. F. Yung","Photographer/Photography Studio: Matthew Brady","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brown's Gallery, Little Rock, Arkansas","Photographer/Photography Studio: William Brown, Photographer of the Army of Arkansas","Photographer/Photography Studio: Griswold \u0026 White, Corinth, Mississippi","Photographer/Photography Studio: Morse's, Nashville, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Smith, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. B. Davis, Biddleford, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: D. K. Jewell, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Black, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: P. Butler, Springfield, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York","Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. C. Lewis, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bogardus, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. M. Burnham, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. Masury, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Currier, Amesbury, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Currier, Amesbury, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Cole, Biddeford, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Cahill, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: George H. Wood, Towanda, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady's, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. F. Sterlin, Woodstock, Vermont","Photographer/Photography Studio: George M. Howe, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. Hesler, Chicago, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. W. Black, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: by H. Glosser, Broadway, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Turner, Philadelphia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Henry Ulke, Washington, D.C.","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York, NY","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Daily, Excelsior Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. B. Crockett, Norway, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: W. Case, Halifax, Nova Scotia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bogardus, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. Anderson, New Orleans","Photographer/Photography Studio: Balkan Studio, Wartham, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Jordan \u0026 Co., New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. A. Colley, Beaufort, South Carolina","Photographer/Photography Studio: L. V. Newell","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. W. Black, Boston","Photographer/Photography Studio: Mrs. M. A. Cutler, Dixon, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. K. McMurray, Winchester, W. Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. O. Burgan, Yarmouth, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Hoag \u0026 Quick's Art Palace, Cincinnati, Ohio","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Thurlow, Peoria, Illinois","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady","Photographer/Photography Studio: Smith, Southbridge","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. E. Alden, Troy, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Schwing \u0026 Rudd, Photographers Army of the Cumberland","Photographer/Photography Studio: Sam A. Cooley, Beaufort, South Carolina","Photographer/Photography Studio: P. L. Perkins","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Beecher and Grier's Photograph Rooms, West Chester, Pennsylvania","Photographed by Brady, New York, New York; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Daily, Excelsior Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: McAdams, Alexandria, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Knight, Batavia, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bradley \u0026 Rulofson, San Francisco, California","Photographer/Photography Studio: F. W. Loud, Bowery, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: G. G. Johnson, Dubuque, Iowa","Photographer/Photography Studio: Klauber \u0026 Campbell, Louisville, Kentucky","Photographer/Photography Studio: Butler \u0026 Smetters, Springfield, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: Van Stavoren, Nashville, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: E. A. Piffet's Gallery of Art, New Orleans, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. M. Burnham, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: B. W. Hinds, North Vassalboro, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. M. McKenney, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: G. Haslinger in St. Polten","Photographer/Photography Studio: G. Haslinger in St. Polten","Photographer/Photography Studio: Fassett's Gallery, Chicago, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: F. Gutekunst, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whitney \u0026 Paradise, New York, New York","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. Anthony, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. C. Elrod's, Louisville, Kentucky","Photographer/Photography Studio: G. H. Houghton, Brattleboro, Vermont","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: D. K. Jewell, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. Brown's, Waldoboro, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: E. A. Pippet's, New Orleans, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. A. Scholten, St. Louis, Missouri","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Daily, Excelsior Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Lothrop's Ferrotype Gallery, Philadelphia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bailey \u0026 Silver's, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: McAdams, Alexandria, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. D. Fredricks \u0026 Co., New York, New York","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. Piper, Manchester, New Hampshire","Photographer/Photography Studio: Washington Gallery, Vicksburg, Mississippi","Photographer/Photography Studio: W. L. Troxell, St. Louis, Missouri","Photographer/Photography Studio: Wykes \u0026 Brown, Wheeling, West Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Smith \u0026 Son, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: A.C. Lewis, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. C. Lewis, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: French \u0026 Sawyer, Keene, New Hampshire","Photographer/Photography Studio: G. W. Rider, Ondawa House, Salem, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Anderson \u0026 Turner, New Orleans, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whitney's Gallery, Saint Paul, Minnesota","Photographer/Photography Studio: Marshall, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Lamson, Portland, Maine","Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, DC","Photographer/Photography Studio: Mathew Brady","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. E. Alden, Troy, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. E. McClees, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Davis Brothers Photograph Rooms, Portsmouth and Exeter, New Hampshire","Photographer/Photography Studio: W. H. Whitehead, Pittsburg, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. E. McClees, Philadelphia","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. Wing's, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: T. M. Schleier's, Nashville, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: Case and Getchell, Boston","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whipple, Boston","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. B. Hopkins, Lock-Haven, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. L. Marston, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. U. P. Burnham, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Starbird, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bell \u0026 Brother, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. A. Paul, Skowhegan, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Perry Elliott's City Gallery, Indianapolis, Indiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Daily, Excelsior Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Daily, Excelsior Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Keith \u0026 Ross, Machias, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Keith \u0026 Ross, Machias, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. S. Sanderson, Dover, New Hampshire","Photographer/Photography Studio: Estabrook's Ferrotypes, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: G. W. Tuttle, Thomaston, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bogardus, 363 Broadway, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Otto Wagner, 385 Broadway, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: E. C. Ely, Greenfield, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Johnson's, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: D. Appleton, and Co., New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Smith \u0026 Son, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: William P. Gaut, Mt. Sterling, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: John H. Pein \u0026 Co., Richmond, Virginia","Published by E \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York","Photographed by F. Gutekunst, Philadelphia; Published by McAllister \u0026 Brother, Philadelphia","Photographer/Photography Studio: King, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Lochman's Photographic Gallery, Allentown, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: P. Tenney Gates, Plattsburgh, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. H. Williamson's Brooklyn, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Daily, Excelsior Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: M. G. Trask, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Hallet, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Sumner \u0026 Harris Union Gallery, Gen'l Butler's H. Qrs. in the Field","Photographer/Photography Studio: Lomas, Eastport Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Smith, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. M. Fassett, Chicago, Illinois","Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Downs \u0026 Co., New Orleans, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. Sellers, Keokuk, Iowa","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. A. Sheldon, New Orleans, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: Mrs. M. A. Cutler, Dixon, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. D. Fredricks, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Andrew D. Lytle, Baton Rouge, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: Black, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Black \u0026 Case, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. M. Aiken, Ware, Massachusetts","Lithograph by Murray \u0026 Goodwin, Albany, New York; Published by G. H. Treadwell, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Theodore Harris, Louisville, Kentucky","Photographer/Photography Studio: Possibly S. Anderson, New Orleans, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. Wearn, Columbia, South Carolina","Photographer/Photography Studio: Keenan, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Rees, Richmond, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: W. R. Phipps, Lexington, Kentucky","Photographer/Photography Studio: Rees, Richmond, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Rees, Richmond, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: WM. Frank Browne, Artist, P.O. Box 480, Washington, D.C., U.S. Army","Photographer/Photography Studio: William Frank Browne","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. B. Farrar's Photographic Rooms, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. B. Farrar's Photographic Rooms, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Royan M. Linn","Photographer/Photography Studio: Quimby of Charleston","Photographer/Photography Studio: Maynard \u0026 Willis, Milford, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. H. Keim, Lebanon, Pa.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Charles A. Saylor, Reading, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Daily, Excelsior Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: John Daily, Lebanon, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bowdoin, Taylor \u0026 Co., Alexandria, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Mathew Brady","Photographer/Photography Studio: Mathew Brady","Photographer/Photography Studio: Lupton \u0026 Brown, Winchester, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Wolff's Gallery, Alexandria, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Richardson of Lima, Peru","Photographer/Photography Studio: William P. Holt, Concord, New Hampshire","Photographer/Photography Studio: T. H. Smiley's Photographic Gallery, Knoxville, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: Orcutt's, Cambridge","Photographer/Photography Studio: Victor Piard, Jersey City, New Jersey","Photographer/Photography Studio: Elrod Borthers, Lexington, Kentucky","Photographer/Photography Studio: Hunting's, Belfast, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. D. Frederick, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: M. L. Averill, Oldtown, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: William Pierce, Brunswick, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: William Pierce, Brunswick, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Trask and Lewis, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Starbird, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whitehurst Gallery, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. C. Lewis, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: H. A. Mills, Camden, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. M. McKenney, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. B. Crockett, Norway, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: T. R. Burnham, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Ball \u0026 Thomas, Cincinnati, Ohio","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Sidney Brown, St. Louis, Missouri","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. C. Price, New Philadelphia, Ohio","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bennett, Alexandria, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: John A. Heard, Tremont Row, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. N. Ramsdill, Ballston Spa, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Warren, Cambridgeport, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bundy \u0026 Williams, New Haven, Connecticut","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. N. Blanchard, Barre, Vermont","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Gurney \u0026 Son, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: E. M. Vanaken, Lowville, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. Goben, Troy, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Frank Winter, Fort Shaw, Montana","Photographer/Photography Studio: Gill's City Gallery, Lancaster, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whitehurst, Washington, DC","Photographer/Photography Studio: Wm. J. Tate, New York, NY","Photographer/Photography Studio: Stokes, Trenton, New Jersey","Photographer/Photography Studio: Clark, Gardiner, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Clark, Gardiner, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: G. W. Tuttle, Thomaston, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: M. F. King","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. M. M. Kenney, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Starbird, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Curtis \u0026 Cosby, Lewiston, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Starbird, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Hunting's Belfast, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brooks \u0026 Blauvelt, Port Hudson, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. C. Platt, Oberlin, Ohio","Photographer/Photography Studio: W. E. Prall, Knoxville, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. Worms \u0026 Co., New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: John Roth, Freehold, New Jersey","Photographer/Photography Studio: Kerston \u0026 Barker, New York, NY","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. Knecht, Easton, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Victory Piard, Jersey City, New Jersey","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. S. Jacoby, Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Published by G. L. Collins, Paola, Kansas","Photographer/Photography Studio: H. Bitner, Mt. Carroll, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: Ullary \u0026 Perry, Greenville, Ohio","Photographer/Photography Studio: E. Roberts, Cleveland, Ohio","Photographer/Photography Studio: F. B. Zay, Findlay, Ohio","Photographer/Photography Studio: V. B. Massey, Lancaster, Ohio","Photographer/Photography Studio: W. Kasten, Freeport, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: Aldridge \u0026 Merriman, Chicago, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. R. Rees \u0026 Bros., Richmond, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. W. Black, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. Masury, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: W. H. Pope, Brooklyn, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: E. Klauber, Louisville, Kentucky","Photographer/Photography Studio: E. J. Jacobs, New Orleans","Published by Keystone View Company","Photographer: P. Haas","Photographer: P. Haas","Photographer: P. Haas","Photographer: P. Haas","Photographer: P. Haas","Photographer: P. Haas","Photographer: P. Haas","Photographer: D. P. Barr, Army Photographer, Vicksburg, Miss.","Photographer: French \u0026 Co., Vicksburg, Miss.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Barr \u0026 Young, Army Photographers, Fort Pickering, Memphis, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: Moulton \u0026 Larkin, Elmira, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Moulton \u0026 Larkin, Elmira, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Moulton \u0026 Larkin, Elmira, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Alexander Gardner","Photographer/Photography Studio: Alexander Gardner","Photographer/Photography Studio: Alexander Gardner","Photographed and Published by B. W. Kilburn, Littleton, New Hampshire","Photographed and Published by Kilburn Brothers, Littleton, New Hampshire","Photographer/Photography Studio: Rollins \u0026 Linn","Published by Keystone View Company","Photographed by Brady \u0026 Co., Washington, D.C.; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony \u0026 Co.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Alexander Gardner","Photographer/Photography Studio: Alexander Gardner","Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony \u0026 Co., Negative by Brady \u0026 Co., Washington, D.C.","Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony \u0026 Co.","Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony \u0026 Co., Negative by Brady \u0026 Co., Washington, D.C.","Photographed and Published by Bell \u0026 Bro., Washington, D.C.","Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony \u0026 Co., New York; Negative by Brady \u0026 Co.","Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony \u0026 Co., American and Foreign Stereoscopic Emporium, New York, NY","Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony \u0026 Co., American and Foreign Stereoscopic Emporium, New York, NY","Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony \u0026 Co., American and Foreign Stereoscopic Emporium, New York, NY","Photographer/Photography Studio: Gardner","Photographer/Photography Studio: Marks, Houston, Texas","Published by E. M. Worth's American Museum; T. Meehan, Manufacturer of Looking-glass \u0026 Picture Frames, 810 Washington St. Boston, Mass","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. B. Crockett, Norway, Main","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: N. R. Rideout, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: F. B. Smith \u0026 Son, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. P. \u0026 F. W. Hardy, Ranger, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Starbird, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Starbird, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Starbird, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: D. K. Jewell, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: E. S. Dunshee, Rochester, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. B. Conant, Lewiston, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. Piper, Manchester, New Hampshire","Photographer/Photography Studio: Starbird, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Hoag \u0026 Quick's Art Palace, Cincinnati, Ohio","Painted by Robt. W. Weit; Engraved by Geo. W. Watch"],"odd_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe John L. Nau III Civil War History Collection contains offensive or harmful language and imagery. This includes—but is not limited to—correspondence and diary entries that express racist views; photographs of enslaved people forced into inhumane conditions by enslavers; descriptions of violence and battle experiences; photographs of deceased soldiers; and correspondence containing explicit descriptions of sex. The purpose of this note is to give users the opportunity to decide whether they need or want to view these materials, or at least, to mentally or emotionally prepare themselves to view the materials.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe donor's accession numbering system has been preserved to maintain access to collection metadata or descriptive information. Each file title in this finding aid includes the donor accession number at the end of the title and each corresponding physical folder or item is also labeled with the donor accession number. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eDonor accession numbers are comprised of letters denoting document or photograph format followed by a four-digit number that denotes the number of the accession. The following examples can be found in the collection: DA0001 (meaning document - autograph), DC0001.001 (document - currency), DL0001 (document - letter), DN0003 (document - newspaper), DOR0001 (document - order), DOT0001 (document - other), DR0002 (document - requisition), PA0184 (photograph - ambrotype), PC0200 (photograph - carte de visite), PD0007 (photograph - daguerreotype), POT0012 (photograph - other), and PT0003 (photograph - tintype).\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThese donor accession numbers can be used to search the donation listing spreadsheet for corresponding metadata. This spreadsheet is available to download directly from the finding aid below, under External Documents.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eAbout External Document MSS 16459 John L. Nau II Civil War History Collection - Donation Listing (View and Download Below)\u003c/emph\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eUpon accession of the John L. Nau III Civil War History Collection, the donor provided a spreadsheet donation listing containing metadata and sellers' descriptions associated with collection materials. The spreadsheet can be downloaded below, under the External Documents heading.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003ePlease note that many descriptions contained in this spreadsheet are drawn from sellers' language used by dealers and auction houses and contain biased and qualitative descriptions. In addition, many descriptions contain offensive, racist, and archaic language, some quoted directly from collection materials (also see the above Content Warning). \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003ePlease also note there may be some materials listed in the donor spreadsheet that are not present in the collection. The Small Library's finding aid is the definitive listing of materials available to researchers.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\n\u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eSuggestions for Using the Donation Listing Spreadsheet\u003c/emph\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMaterials found in the finding aid can be identified in the spreadsheet using the keyboard shortcut Control + F. If searching for materials discovered in the finding aid, it is recommended to search using donor accession numbers. (For more on this, see the above note on Alphanumeric Designations). \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003ePlease note that the spreadsheet does not contain additional descriptive information for all materials listed in the finding aid.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eResearchers can use the spreadsheet to explore the collection in many ways, including the following: \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e- To conduct subject-based searches (e.g., regiments, battles, and military functions, and experiences such as sickness).\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e- To identify photographs of women, Black soldiers, and Native American soldiers.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e- To identify correspondence in Series 1 authored by women and contained within personal papers attributed to men. Series 1 contains a significant amount of correspondence written by women to male relatives and friends. An example includes the many letters written by Mary Stanton to her husband Courtland Stanton, which are found with the Courtland Stanton (DL0011) papers. Another example are the letters of Lucy Britton and Martha Britton found with the Britton Family (DL0100) papers.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e- To distinguish between duplicate titles and donor accession numbers in Series 1. Secondary collections such as the papers of Amos Garrison (DL0068) and Albert R. Whitney (DL0269) contain duplicate file titles, and descriptions in the spreadsheet may allow researchers to learn more about the exact nature of the materials they contain.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e- To distinguish between portraits of unknown subjects in Series 2. Searching for a particular portrait of an unknown subject using the donor accession number may provide researchers with a description of the portrait, including details such as uniform and rank of the subject.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\n\u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eAbout External Documents MSS 16459 John L. Nau II Civil War History Collection - Transcripts (View and Download Below)\u003c/emph\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eTranscript files are titled by donor accession number. (See above note titled Alphanumeric Designations).\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003ePlease be aware that these transcripts may contain mistakes. They are not intended to be a replacement for the original materials or their digital surrogates.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis item was accessioned as part of PC0876. There is no known connection between this item and the other materials in PC0876.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis item was accessioned as part of PC0876. There is no known connection between this item and the other materials in PC0876.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAdditional materials relating to Fitzhugh Lee are located in Series 2 and 3.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis item was accessioned as part of PC1124. There is no known connection between the calling card and other materials in accession PC1124, which are located in Series 2.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAdditional materials related to William S. Rosecrans are located in Series 2 and 3.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA portrait of James M. Tracy (PC1183) is located in Series 2\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA portrait of James M. Tracy (PC1183) is located in Series 2\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA portrait of James M. Tracy (PC1183) is located in Series 2\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA portrait of James M. Tracy (PC1183) is located in Series 2\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA portrait of James M. Tracy (PC1183) is located in Series 2\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA portrait of James M. Tracy (PC1183) is located in Series 2\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA portrait of James M. Tracy (PC1183) is located in Series 2\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA portrait of James M. Tracy (PC1183) is located in Series 2\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA portrait of James M. Tracy (PC1183) is located in Series 2\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis item was accessioned as part of PT0159. There is no known connection between this record and the rest of the materials in PT0159.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis record was accessioned as part of PT0225, which included photographs of unknown soldiers. There is no known connection between the photographs located in Series 2 and this record.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis item was accessioned as part of PT0159. There is no known connection between this record and the rest of the materials in PT0159.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis item was accessioned as part of PC1029. There is no know connection between this ledger and the other items in PC1029, which are located in Series 2.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThese reunion programs (POT0140.0011-POT0140.0015) were accessioned as part of POT0140, which is otherwise located in Series 2. There is no known connection between these programs and the other materials in this accession.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThese reunion programs (POT0140.0011-POT0140.0015) were accessioned as part of POT0140, which is otherwise located in Series 2. There is no known connection between these programs and the other materials in this accession.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de Visite PC0171 of Eugene Carr and Carte de Visite album PC0171 were part of the same donor accession. There is no known relationship between these materials.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de Visite PC0171 of Michael Corcoran and Carte de Visite album PC0171 were part of the same donor accession. There is no known relationship between these materials.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAdditional materials related to Napoleon Jackson Tecumseh Dana can be found in Series 1 and Series 3.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de Visite PC0171 of Charles H. Davis and Carte de Visite album PC0171 were part of the same donor accession. There is no known relationship between these materials.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de Visite PC0171 of William B. Franklin and Carte de Visite album PC0171 were part of the same donor accession. There is no known relationship between these materials.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de Visite PC0171 of Quincy A. Gillmore and Carte de Visite album PC0171 were part of the same donor accession. There is no known relationship between these materials.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAdditional materials related to States Rights Gist are located in Series 3.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de Visite PC0171 of A. C. Gorden and Carte de Visite album PC0171 were part of the same donor accession. There is no known relationship between these materials.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThere is no known relationship between carte de visite album PC1143 and albumen PC1143 of Ulysses S. Grant. Both were part of the same donor accession PC1143.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis photograph, \"Grant and the Union Staff\" is not part of the photographic series owned and annotated by Francis C. Miller (POT0026). However, it was accessioned by the donor as part of this group (POT0026). It appears to be a reproduction of an earlier photograph dating to ca. 1862.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTintype PC0171 of Cecil H. Hall and Carte de Visite album PC0171 were part of the same donor accession. There is no known relationship between these materials.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePC1199.0001 and PC1199.0002 are duplicates.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePC1199.0001 and PC1199.0002 are duplicates.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTintype PC0171 of Samuel P. Heintzelman and Carte de Visite album PC0171 were part of the same donor accession. There is no known relationship between these materials.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAdditional Materials relating to Fitzhugh Lee are located in Series 1 and 3.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAdditional materials related to Abraham Lincoln are located in Series 3.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAdditional materials related to Abraham Lincoln are located in Series 3.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite engraving PC0171 of George G. Meade and Carte de Visite album PC0171 were part of the same donor accession. There is no known relationship between these materials.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCartes de Visite PC1196.0002 and PC1196.0003 are duplicates.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCartes de Visite PC1196.0002 and PC1196.0003 are duplicates.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite PC0171 of Frank W. Renburger and Carte de Visite album PC0171 were part of the same donor accession. There is no known relationship between these materials.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite PC0171 of William S. Rosecrans and Carte de Visite album PC0171 were part of the same donor accession. There is no known relationship between these materials. Additional records related to William S. Rosecrans are located in Series 1 and 3.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePortrait of Slocum is the same image as PA0342.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePortrait of Slocum is the same image as PA0371.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite PC0171 of E. Kirby Smith and carte de visite album PC0171 were part of the same donor accession. There is no known relationship between these materials. Additional materials related to E. Kirby Smith are located in Series 3.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAdditional materials related to E. Kirby Smith are located in Series 3.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite PC0171 of Edwin Vose Sumner and carte de visite album PC0171 were part of the same donor accession. There is no known relationship between these materials.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotograph album DOT0135 attributed to James M. Tracy is located in Series 2, Subseries H.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite PC0171 of John E. Wool and carte de visite album PC0171 were part of the same donor accession. There is no known relationship between these materials.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis case contains portraits of the same unknown soldier in both ambrotype and tintype formats.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eLetter PA0202.0002 was housed folded inside of cased photograph PA0202.0001.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eLetter PA0202.0002 was previously housed folded inside of cased photograph PA0202.0001.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAmbrotype PA0205.0001 and tintype PA0205.0002 have been kept together, because they depict the same unknown soldier.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAmbrotype PA0205.0001 and tintype PA0205.0002 have been kept together, because they depict the same unknown soldier.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAmbrotype PA0274.0001 and tintype PA0274.0002 depict the same unknown Union Sergeant from the 11th Indiana Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAmbrotype PA0274.0001 and tintype PA0274.0002 depict the same unknown Union Sergeant from the 11th Indiana Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePT0190 is a single case containing one tintype and one ambrotype, and is arranged with tintypes.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTintype PA0435.0002 a duplicate of ambrotype PA0435.0001.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTintype PA0435.0002 a duplicate of ambrotype PA0435.0001.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTintype (POT0113.0001) of unknown Black cavalryman possibly named Jenkins or Jenning) was owned by Randolph Davis, author of correspondence (POT0113.0002). Davis's descendents allege the pictured soldier worked on Davis's farm as a free man.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTintype (POT0113.0001) of unknown Black cavalryman possibly named Jenkins or Jenning) was owned by Randolph Davis, author of correspondence (POT0113.0002). Davis's descendents allege the pictured soldier worked on Davis's farm as a free man.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe relationship between tintype PT0136.0001 and note fragments PT0136.0002 is unknown.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe relationship between tintype PT0136.0001 and note fragments PT0136.0002 is unknown.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe relationship between tintype PT0159.0001 and records PT0159.0002 (relating to Patrick Clark) is unknown.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe relationship between tintype PT0159.0001 and records PT0159.0002 (relating to Patrick Clark) is unknown.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite PC0171 of an unknown subject and carte de visite album PC0171 were part of the same donor accession. There is no known relationship between these materials.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePT0182 and PT0183 are similar images.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePT0182 and PT0183 are similar images.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIt is unknown if there is any connection between tintype PT0225.0001, tintype PT0225.0002, and albumen PT0225.0003. They were part of the same accession.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIt is unknown if there is any connection between tintype PT0225.0001, tintype PT0225.0002, and albumen PT0225.0003. They were part of the same accession.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIt is unknown if there is any connection between tintype PT0297.0001 and cloth cavalry insignia PT0297.0002. They were part of the same accession.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIt is unknown if there is any relationship between tintype PT0297.0001 and cloth cavalry insignia PT0297.0002. They were part of the same accession.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIt is unknown if there is any relationship between tintype PT0322 and the newspaper clipping of Abraham Lincoln PT0322.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIt is unknown if there is any relationship between tintype PT0322 and the newspaper clipping of Abraham Lincoln PT0322.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePT0326.0001 and PT0326.0002 are portraits of the same unknown Confederate soldier.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePT0326.0001 and PT0326.0002 are portraits of the same unknown Confederate soldier.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIt is not known if leather writing case PT0431.0002 is the same as the one pictured in photograph PT0431.0001.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIt is not known if leather writing case PT0431.0002 is the same as the one pictured in photograph PT0431.0001.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAll four photographs labeled with the donor accession number PT0489 depict the same unknown soldier.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAll four photographs labeled with the donor accession number PT0489 are of the same unknown soldier.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAll four photographs labeled with the donor accession number PT0489 are of the same unknown soldier.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAll four photographs labeled with the donor accession number PT0489 are of the same unknown soldier.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePT0518.1 and PT0518.2 depict the same unknown soldier.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePT0518.1 and PT0518.2 depict the same unknown soldier.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePT0625.1 and PT0625.2 each depict the same unknown Union surgeon.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePT0625.1 and PT0625.2 each depict the same unknown Union surgeon.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite PC0171 of an unknown subject and carte de visite album PC0171 were part of the same donor accession. There is no known relationship between these materials.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite PC0171 of an unknown subject and carte de visite album PC0171 were part of the same donor accession. There is no known relationship between these materials.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite PC0171 of an unknown subject and carte de visite album PC0171 were part of the same donor accession. There is no known relationship between these materials.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotograph DL0031.0006 was part of donor accession DL0031. There is no known relationship to the other materials in DL0031.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eImage was accessioned by the donor in a group of 5 Albumen prints (POT0101).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eImage was originally accessioned by the donor in a group of 5 Albumen prints (POT0101).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eImage was originally accessioned by the donor in a group of 5 Albumen prints (POT0101).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eImage was originally accessioned by the donor in a group of 5 Albumen prints (POT0101).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eImage was originally accessioned by the donor in a group of 5 Albumen prints (POT0101).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAccessioned as part of PC1254, which also includes Louis von Trebra's carte de visite album (32nd Indiana Infantry). There is no known relationship between these materials.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe association between Louis von Trebra's carte de visite album and the print publications included in accession PC1254 is unknown. These volumes were accessioned with Louis von Trebra's album and share a common connection with the Army of the Cumberland.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe association between Louis von Trebra's carte de visite album and the print publications included in accession PC1254 is unknown. These volumes were accessioned with Louis von Trebra's album and share a common connection with the Army of the Cumberland.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe association between Louis von Trebra and this publication is unknown aside from their being part of the same accession (PC1254). This volume was accessioned with Louis von Trebra's carte de visite album, and the materials share a common connection with the Army of the Cumberland.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe association between Louis von Trebra and this publication is unknown aside from their being part of the same accession (PC1254). This volume was accessioned with Louis von Trebra's carte de visite album, and the materials share a common connection with the Army of the Cumberland.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe association between Louis von Trebra and this publication is unknown aside from their being part of the same accession (PC1254). This volume was accessioned with Louis von Trebra's carte de visite album, and the materials share a common connection with the Army of the Cumberland.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis photograph album previously housed portraits PC0105.0002-PC0105.0035, and is associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThere is no known relationship between carte de visite album PC1143 and albumen PC1143 of Ulysses S. Grant. Both were part of the same donor accession PC1143.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFrom an album of a member of the Medical Corps of the 50th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFrom an album of a member of the Medical Corps of the 50th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFrom an album of a member of the Medical Corps of the 50th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFrom an album of a member of the Medical Corps of the 50th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFrom an album of a member of the Medical Corps of the 50th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFrom an album of a member of the Medical Corps of the 50th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFrom an album of a member of the Medical Corps of the 50th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFrom an album of a member of the Medical Corps of the 50th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFrom an album of a member of the Medical Corps of the 50th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFrom an album of a member of the Medical Corps of the 50th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFrom an album of a member of the Medical Corps of the 50th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFrom an album of a member of the Medical Corps of the 50th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFrom an album of a member of the Medical Corps of the 50th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFrom an album of a member of the Medical Corps of the 50th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album (PC0082) is currently empty but is associated with cartes de visite of the same donor accession number (PC0082).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAssociated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAssociated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAssociated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAssociated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAssociated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAssociated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAssociated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAssociated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAssociated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAssociated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAssociated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAssociated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAssociated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAssociated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAssociated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAssociated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAssociated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAssociated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAssociated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAssociated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAssociated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAssociated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAssociated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAssociated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAssociated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAssociated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAssociated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAssociated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAssociated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAssociated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAssociated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAssociated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAssociated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAssociated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAssociated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAssociated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAssociated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAssociated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAssociated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAssociated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAssociated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAssociated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAssociated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAssociated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAssociated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAssociated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite album PC0171 was part of donor accession PC0171, which also contains additional, loose photographs. There is no known relationship between the album and these photographs.\u003c/p\u003e"],"odd_heading_ssm":["Content Warning","Alphanumeric Designations","Important Information about External Documents","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General"],"odd_tesim":["The John L. Nau III Civil War History Collection contains offensive or harmful language and imagery. This includes—but is not limited to—correspondence and diary entries that express racist views; photographs of enslaved people forced into inhumane conditions by enslavers; descriptions of violence and battle experiences; photographs of deceased soldiers; and correspondence containing explicit descriptions of sex. The purpose of this note is to give users the opportunity to decide whether they need or want to view these materials, or at least, to mentally or emotionally prepare themselves to view the materials.","The donor's accession numbering system has been preserved to maintain access to collection metadata or descriptive information. Each file title in this finding aid includes the donor accession number at the end of the title and each corresponding physical folder or item is also labeled with the donor accession number. ","Donor accession numbers are comprised of letters denoting document or photograph format followed by a four-digit number that denotes the number of the accession. The following examples can be found in the collection: DA0001 (meaning document - autograph), DC0001.001 (document - currency), DL0001 (document - letter), DN0003 (document - newspaper), DOR0001 (document - order), DOT0001 (document - other), DR0002 (document - requisition), PA0184 (photograph - ambrotype), PC0200 (photograph - carte de visite), PD0007 (photograph - daguerreotype), POT0012 (photograph - other), and PT0003 (photograph - tintype).","These donor accession numbers can be used to search the donation listing spreadsheet for corresponding metadata. This spreadsheet is available to download directly from the finding aid below, under External Documents.","About External Document MSS 16459 John L. Nau II Civil War History Collection - Donation Listing (View and Download Below)","Upon accession of the John L. Nau III Civil War History Collection, the donor provided a spreadsheet donation listing containing metadata and sellers' descriptions associated with collection materials. The spreadsheet can be downloaded below, under the External Documents heading.","Please note that many descriptions contained in this spreadsheet are drawn from sellers' language used by dealers and auction houses and contain biased and qualitative descriptions. In addition, many descriptions contain offensive, racist, and archaic language, some quoted directly from collection materials (also see the above Content Warning). ","Please also note there may be some materials listed in the donor spreadsheet that are not present in the collection. The Small Library's finding aid is the definitive listing of materials available to researchers.","Suggestions for Using the Donation Listing Spreadsheet","Materials found in the finding aid can be identified in the spreadsheet using the keyboard shortcut Control + F. If searching for materials discovered in the finding aid, it is recommended to search using donor accession numbers. (For more on this, see the above note on Alphanumeric Designations). ","Please note that the spreadsheet does not contain additional descriptive information for all materials listed in the finding aid.","Researchers can use the spreadsheet to explore the collection in many ways, including the following: ","- To conduct subject-based searches (e.g., regiments, battles, and military functions, and experiences such as sickness).","- To identify photographs of women, Black soldiers, and Native American soldiers.","- To identify correspondence in Series 1 authored by women and contained within personal papers attributed to men. Series 1 contains a significant amount of correspondence written by women to male relatives and friends. An example includes the many letters written by Mary Stanton to her husband Courtland Stanton, which are found with the Courtland Stanton (DL0011) papers. Another example are the letters of Lucy Britton and Martha Britton found with the Britton Family (DL0100) papers.","- To distinguish between duplicate titles and donor accession numbers in Series 1. Secondary collections such as the papers of Amos Garrison (DL0068) and Albert R. Whitney (DL0269) contain duplicate file titles, and descriptions in the spreadsheet may allow researchers to learn more about the exact nature of the materials they contain.","- To distinguish between portraits of unknown subjects in Series 2. Searching for a particular portrait of an unknown subject using the donor accession number may provide researchers with a description of the portrait, including details such as uniform and rank of the subject.","About External Documents MSS 16459 John L. Nau II Civil War History Collection - Transcripts (View and Download Below)","Transcript files are titled by donor accession number. (See above note titled Alphanumeric Designations).","Please be aware that these transcripts may contain mistakes. They are not intended to be a replacement for the original materials or their digital surrogates.","This item was accessioned as part of PC0876. There is no known connection between this item and the other materials in PC0876.","This item was accessioned as part of PC0876. There is no known connection between this item and the other materials in PC0876.","Additional materials relating to Fitzhugh Lee are located in Series 2 and 3.","This item was accessioned as part of PC1124. There is no known connection between the calling card and other materials in accession PC1124, which are located in Series 2.","Additional materials related to William S. Rosecrans are located in Series 2 and 3.","A portrait of James M. Tracy (PC1183) is located in Series 2","A portrait of James M. Tracy (PC1183) is located in Series 2","A portrait of James M. Tracy (PC1183) is located in Series 2","A portrait of James M. Tracy (PC1183) is located in Series 2","A portrait of James M. Tracy (PC1183) is located in Series 2","A portrait of James M. Tracy (PC1183) is located in Series 2","A portrait of James M. Tracy (PC1183) is located in Series 2","A portrait of James M. Tracy (PC1183) is located in Series 2","A portrait of James M. Tracy (PC1183) is located in Series 2","This item was accessioned as part of PT0159. There is no known connection between this record and the rest of the materials in PT0159.","This record was accessioned as part of PT0225, which included photographs of unknown soldiers. There is no known connection between the photographs located in Series 2 and this record.","This item was accessioned as part of PT0159. There is no known connection between this record and the rest of the materials in PT0159.","This item was accessioned as part of PC1029. There is no know connection between this ledger and the other items in PC1029, which are located in Series 2.","These reunion programs (POT0140.0011-POT0140.0015) were accessioned as part of POT0140, which is otherwise located in Series 2. There is no known connection between these programs and the other materials in this accession.","These reunion programs (POT0140.0011-POT0140.0015) were accessioned as part of POT0140, which is otherwise located in Series 2. There is no known connection between these programs and the other materials in this accession.","Carte de Visite PC0171 of Eugene Carr and Carte de Visite album PC0171 were part of the same donor accession. There is no known relationship between these materials.","Carte de Visite PC0171 of Michael Corcoran and Carte de Visite album PC0171 were part of the same donor accession. There is no known relationship between these materials.","Additional materials related to Napoleon Jackson Tecumseh Dana can be found in Series 1 and Series 3.","Carte de Visite PC0171 of Charles H. Davis and Carte de Visite album PC0171 were part of the same donor accession. There is no known relationship between these materials.","Carte de Visite PC0171 of William B. Franklin and Carte de Visite album PC0171 were part of the same donor accession. There is no known relationship between these materials.","Carte de Visite PC0171 of Quincy A. Gillmore and Carte de Visite album PC0171 were part of the same donor accession. There is no known relationship between these materials.","Additional materials related to States Rights Gist are located in Series 3.","Carte de Visite PC0171 of A. C. Gorden and Carte de Visite album PC0171 were part of the same donor accession. There is no known relationship between these materials.","There is no known relationship between carte de visite album PC1143 and albumen PC1143 of Ulysses S. Grant. Both were part of the same donor accession PC1143.","This photograph, \"Grant and the Union Staff\" is not part of the photographic series owned and annotated by Francis C. Miller (POT0026). However, it was accessioned by the donor as part of this group (POT0026). It appears to be a reproduction of an earlier photograph dating to ca. 1862.","Tintype PC0171 of Cecil H. Hall and Carte de Visite album PC0171 were part of the same donor accession. There is no known relationship between these materials.","PC1199.0001 and PC1199.0002 are duplicates.","PC1199.0001 and PC1199.0002 are duplicates.","Tintype PC0171 of Samuel P. Heintzelman and Carte de Visite album PC0171 were part of the same donor accession. There is no known relationship between these materials.","Additional Materials relating to Fitzhugh Lee are located in Series 1 and 3.","Additional materials related to Abraham Lincoln are located in Series 3.","Additional materials related to Abraham Lincoln are located in Series 3.","Carte de visite engraving PC0171 of George G. Meade and Carte de Visite album PC0171 were part of the same donor accession. There is no known relationship between these materials.","Cartes de Visite PC1196.0002 and PC1196.0003 are duplicates.","Cartes de Visite PC1196.0002 and PC1196.0003 are duplicates.","Carte de visite PC0171 of Frank W. Renburger and Carte de Visite album PC0171 were part of the same donor accession. There is no known relationship between these materials.","Carte de visite PC0171 of William S. Rosecrans and Carte de Visite album PC0171 were part of the same donor accession. There is no known relationship between these materials. Additional records related to William S. Rosecrans are located in Series 1 and 3.","Portrait of Slocum is the same image as PA0342.","Portrait of Slocum is the same image as PA0371.","Carte de visite PC0171 of E. Kirby Smith and carte de visite album PC0171 were part of the same donor accession. There is no known relationship between these materials. Additional materials related to E. Kirby Smith are located in Series 3.","Additional materials related to E. Kirby Smith are located in Series 3.","Carte de visite PC0171 of Edwin Vose Sumner and carte de visite album PC0171 were part of the same donor accession. There is no known relationship between these materials.","Photograph album DOT0135 attributed to James M. Tracy is located in Series 2, Subseries H.","Carte de visite PC0171 of John E. Wool and carte de visite album PC0171 were part of the same donor accession. There is no known relationship between these materials.","This case contains portraits of the same unknown soldier in both ambrotype and tintype formats.","Letter PA0202.0002 was housed folded inside of cased photograph PA0202.0001.","Letter PA0202.0002 was previously housed folded inside of cased photograph PA0202.0001.","Ambrotype PA0205.0001 and tintype PA0205.0002 have been kept together, because they depict the same unknown soldier.","Ambrotype PA0205.0001 and tintype PA0205.0002 have been kept together, because they depict the same unknown soldier.","Ambrotype PA0274.0001 and tintype PA0274.0002 depict the same unknown Union Sergeant from the 11th Indiana Infantry.","Ambrotype PA0274.0001 and tintype PA0274.0002 depict the same unknown Union Sergeant from the 11th Indiana Infantry.","PT0190 is a single case containing one tintype and one ambrotype, and is arranged with tintypes.","Tintype PA0435.0002 a duplicate of ambrotype PA0435.0001.","Tintype PA0435.0002 a duplicate of ambrotype PA0435.0001.","Tintype (POT0113.0001) of unknown Black cavalryman possibly named Jenkins or Jenning) was owned by Randolph Davis, author of correspondence (POT0113.0002). Davis's descendents allege the pictured soldier worked on Davis's farm as a free man.","Tintype (POT0113.0001) of unknown Black cavalryman possibly named Jenkins or Jenning) was owned by Randolph Davis, author of correspondence (POT0113.0002). Davis's descendents allege the pictured soldier worked on Davis's farm as a free man.","The relationship between tintype PT0136.0001 and note fragments PT0136.0002 is unknown.","The relationship between tintype PT0136.0001 and note fragments PT0136.0002 is unknown.","The relationship between tintype PT0159.0001 and records PT0159.0002 (relating to Patrick Clark) is unknown.","The relationship between tintype PT0159.0001 and records PT0159.0002 (relating to Patrick Clark) is unknown.","Carte de visite PC0171 of an unknown subject and carte de visite album PC0171 were part of the same donor accession. There is no known relationship between these materials.","PT0182 and PT0183 are similar images.","PT0182 and PT0183 are similar images.","It is unknown if there is any connection between tintype PT0225.0001, tintype PT0225.0002, and albumen PT0225.0003. They were part of the same accession.","It is unknown if there is any connection between tintype PT0225.0001, tintype PT0225.0002, and albumen PT0225.0003. They were part of the same accession.","It is unknown if there is any connection between tintype PT0297.0001 and cloth cavalry insignia PT0297.0002. They were part of the same accession.","It is unknown if there is any relationship between tintype PT0297.0001 and cloth cavalry insignia PT0297.0002. They were part of the same accession.","It is unknown if there is any relationship between tintype PT0322 and the newspaper clipping of Abraham Lincoln PT0322.","It is unknown if there is any relationship between tintype PT0322 and the newspaper clipping of Abraham Lincoln PT0322.","PT0326.0001 and PT0326.0002 are portraits of the same unknown Confederate soldier.","PT0326.0001 and PT0326.0002 are portraits of the same unknown Confederate soldier.","It is not known if leather writing case PT0431.0002 is the same as the one pictured in photograph PT0431.0001.","It is not known if leather writing case PT0431.0002 is the same as the one pictured in photograph PT0431.0001.","All four photographs labeled with the donor accession number PT0489 depict the same unknown soldier.","All four photographs labeled with the donor accession number PT0489 are of the same unknown soldier.","All four photographs labeled with the donor accession number PT0489 are of the same unknown soldier.","All four photographs labeled with the donor accession number PT0489 are of the same unknown soldier.","PT0518.1 and PT0518.2 depict the same unknown soldier.","PT0518.1 and PT0518.2 depict the same unknown soldier.","PT0625.1 and PT0625.2 each depict the same unknown Union surgeon.","PT0625.1 and PT0625.2 each depict the same unknown Union surgeon.","Carte de visite PC0171 of an unknown subject and carte de visite album PC0171 were part of the same donor accession. There is no known relationship between these materials.","Carte de visite PC0171 of an unknown subject and carte de visite album PC0171 were part of the same donor accession. There is no known relationship between these materials.","Carte de visite PC0171 of an unknown subject and carte de visite album PC0171 were part of the same donor accession. There is no known relationship between these materials.","Photograph DL0031.0006 was part of donor accession DL0031. There is no known relationship to the other materials in DL0031.","Image was accessioned by the donor in a group of 5 Albumen prints (POT0101).","Image was originally accessioned by the donor in a group of 5 Albumen prints (POT0101).","Image was originally accessioned by the donor in a group of 5 Albumen prints (POT0101).","Image was originally accessioned by the donor in a group of 5 Albumen prints (POT0101).","Image was originally accessioned by the donor in a group of 5 Albumen prints (POT0101).","Accessioned as part of PC1254, which also includes Louis von Trebra's carte de visite album (32nd Indiana Infantry). There is no known relationship between these materials.","The association between Louis von Trebra's carte de visite album and the print publications included in accession PC1254 is unknown. These volumes were accessioned with Louis von Trebra's album and share a common connection with the Army of the Cumberland.","The association between Louis von Trebra's carte de visite album and the print publications included in accession PC1254 is unknown. These volumes were accessioned with Louis von Trebra's album and share a common connection with the Army of the Cumberland.","The association between Louis von Trebra and this publication is unknown aside from their being part of the same accession (PC1254). This volume was accessioned with Louis von Trebra's carte de visite album, and the materials share a common connection with the Army of the Cumberland.","The association between Louis von Trebra and this publication is unknown aside from their being part of the same accession (PC1254). This volume was accessioned with Louis von Trebra's carte de visite album, and the materials share a common connection with the Army of the Cumberland.","The association between Louis von Trebra and this publication is unknown aside from their being part of the same accession (PC1254). This volume was accessioned with Louis von Trebra's carte de visite album, and the materials share a common connection with the Army of the Cumberland.","This photograph album previously housed portraits PC0105.0002-PC0105.0035, and is associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","There is no known relationship between carte de visite album PC1143 and albumen PC1143 of Ulysses S. Grant. Both were part of the same donor accession PC1143.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","From an album of a member of the Medical Corps of the 50th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment","From an album of a member of the Medical Corps of the 50th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment","From an album of a member of the Medical Corps of the 50th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment","From an album of a member of the Medical Corps of the 50th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment","From an album of a member of the Medical Corps of the 50th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment","From an album of a member of the Medical Corps of the 50th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment","From an album of a member of the Medical Corps of the 50th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment","From an album of a member of the Medical Corps of the 50th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment","From an album of a member of the Medical Corps of the 50th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment","From an album of a member of the Medical Corps of the 50th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment","From an album of a member of the Medical Corps of the 50th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment","From an album of a member of the Medical Corps of the 50th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment","From an album of a member of the Medical Corps of the 50th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment","From an album of a member of the Medical Corps of the 50th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album (PC0082) is currently empty but is associated with cartes de visite of the same donor accession number (PC0082).","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Carte de visite album PC0171 was part of donor accession PC0171, which also contains additional, loose photographs. There is no known relationship between the album and these photographs."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eJohn L. Nau III Civil War History Collection, MSS 16459, box number, [if applicable] folder number, donor accession number, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["John L. Nau III Civil War History Collection, MSS 16459, box number, [if applicable] folder number, donor accession number, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Nau Collection was processed from October 2021 to March 2023. Because it is an artificial collection with no original order, it was arranged into series to emphasize the provenance of collection materials and to restore materials attributed to or associated with the same individual. Provenance was determined by the archival materials themselves as well as by donor metadata. Additional resources consulted during processing included The National Park Service's online \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eCivil War Soldiers and Sailors Database\u003c/emph\u003e (https://www.nps.gov/civilwar/soldiers-and-sailors-database.htm); Grover C. Criswell and Clarence L. Criswell's \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eConfederate and Southern State Currency\u003c/emph\u003e, vol. 1, (Pass-A-Grille, Florida: Criswell's Publications, 1957); John H. Eicher and David J. Eicher's \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eCivil War High Commands\u003c/emph\u003e (Stanford, California: Stanford University Press, 2001); and the Library of Congress's online newspapers database (https://www.loc.gov/newspapers/).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eEfforts were made to restore materials to record creators and keep these materials together. However, there are some exceptions, particularly in relation to high-profile historical figures. For example, materials relating to Robert E. Lee and William Tecumseh Sherman can be found in Series 1, 2, and 3. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFile titles have been devised by the archivist and each contains a donor accession number (see note titled Alphanumeric Designations). Wherever possible or applicable, titles attributed to materials by record creators are included. \u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["The Nau Collection was processed from October 2021 to March 2023. Because it is an artificial collection with no original order, it was arranged into series to emphasize the provenance of collection materials and to restore materials attributed to or associated with the same individual. Provenance was determined by the archival materials themselves as well as by donor metadata. Additional resources consulted during processing included The National Park Service's online Civil War Soldiers and Sailors Database (https://www.nps.gov/civilwar/soldiers-and-sailors-database.htm); Grover C. Criswell and Clarence L. Criswell's Confederate and Southern State Currency , vol. 1, (Pass-A-Grille, Florida: Criswell's Publications, 1957); John H. Eicher and David J. Eicher's Civil War High Commands (Stanford, California: Stanford University Press, 2001); and the Library of Congress's online newspapers database (https://www.loc.gov/newspapers/).","Efforts were made to restore materials to record creators and keep these materials together. However, there are some exceptions, particularly in relation to high-profile historical figures. For example, materials relating to Robert E. Lee and William Tecumseh Sherman can be found in Series 1, 2, and 3. ","File titles have been devised by the archivist and each contains a donor accession number (see note titled Alphanumeric Designations). Wherever possible or applicable, titles attributed to materials by record creators are included. "],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe John L. Nau III Civil War History Collection (1806-1988, bulk 1861-1865; 133 cubic feet) contains Civil War-era correspondence, service records, pension records, artifacts, photographs, military records (including orders, requisitions, and correspondence), currency, newspapers, and other print materials. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe collection primarily contains the correspondence, records, and photographs of white soldiers and officers who fought in the Civil War, including white officers serving in the United States Colored Troops (USCT). Additionally, the collection includes some correspondence and portraits of white women as well as a small number of portraits of Black soldiers (including PT0322, a family portrait, and a young Ben Brown, PC0836.0001) and Native American soldiers (including Frederick L. Rainbow, PT0424.0001). \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries 1: Materials Related to the Civil War Experiences of Soldiers, Officers, and Civilians (1806-1988; approx. 83 cubic feet) consists primarily of personal letters and diaries authored by white Civil War soldiers and officers in addition to associated materials such as service records relating to official wartime functions (e.g., government documents, including paroles, furloughs, pay vouchers, discharge certifications, oaths, and pension records); photographs; autographs; personal belongings and realia (e.g., bibles, publications, and uniform buttons); and veterans' memorabilia (e.g. medals, ribbons, and event programs). Series 1 also contains correspondence written by civilians and family members (often women) from the home front, including letters by Varina Davis (1826-1906) and Helen Dortch Longstreet (1863-1962).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries 2: Photographs and Prints (circa 1848-1939; approx. 34 cubic feet) consists primarily of portrait photographs of white male Civil War soldiers and civilians in addition to some portraits of white women and a small number of portraits of Black soldiers and Native American soldiers. Also included are documentary photographs of Civil War-related places and scenes. Series 2 photographs are comprised of a variety of nineteenth-century photographic formats, including daguerreotype, ambrotype, tintype, carte de visite, cabinet card, and stereoview. They also include carte de visite photograph albums as well as larger scale formats, including albumen and salt prints.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries 3: Government Military Records (1855-1913; approx. 9 cubic feet) is comprised of records produced in the United States of America (USA) and the Confederate States of America (CSA) during and related to the administration of the United States Civil War (1861–1865), including a small number of postwar records. Materials include orders, reports, muster rolls, requisitions, correspondence, broadsides, and financial transactions produced by commanding officers acting in their official capacity as leaders of military organizations (e.g., Robert E. Lee, Ulysses S. Grant, Daniel Ruggles, James Longstreet, and Napoleon Jackson Tecumseh Dana). It also includes records created by military units (e.g., companies, battalions, regiments, brigades, and corps) as well bureaucratic military leadership structures of the USA and CSA (e.g., the Quartermaster's Department and the Ordnance Office as well as the various departments, districts, and armies of strategic leadership). Also included are records from leading figures in the executive branches of government in the USA (e.g., President Abraham Lincoln and Secretary of War Edwin Stanton) and CSA (e.g., Jefferson Davis). \n \nExceptions include a few groupings of personal papers, including the personal papers of John W. Hanscom of the 6th New Hampshire Infantry Regiment.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries 4: Currency (1839-1875; approx. 1.5 cubic feet) contains currency predominately from the Civil War period (1861-1865) issued by the United States and the Confederate States, including currency notes, fractional currency notes, postage currency notes, postage stamps, bonds, and treasury warrants. In addition, it also contains currency issued by southern states and local governments, southern banks (with the addition of the Farmers and Merchants Bank, Washington, D.C.), and corporate entities based in the south.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries 5: Newspapers and Print Materials (1846-1913; approx. 5.25 cubic feet) consists primarily of Civil War-era (1861-1865) newspapers in addition to broadsides, periodicals, pamphlets, and books from or relating to the same period.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The John L. Nau III Civil War History Collection (1806-1988, bulk 1861-1865; 133 cubic feet) contains Civil War-era correspondence, service records, pension records, artifacts, photographs, military records (including orders, requisitions, and correspondence), currency, newspapers, and other print materials. ","The collection primarily contains the correspondence, records, and photographs of white soldiers and officers who fought in the Civil War, including white officers serving in the United States Colored Troops (USCT). Additionally, the collection includes some correspondence and portraits of white women as well as a small number of portraits of Black soldiers (including PT0322, a family portrait, and a young Ben Brown, PC0836.0001) and Native American soldiers (including Frederick L. Rainbow, PT0424.0001). ","Series 1: Materials Related to the Civil War Experiences of Soldiers, Officers, and Civilians (1806-1988; approx. 83 cubic feet) consists primarily of personal letters and diaries authored by white Civil War soldiers and officers in addition to associated materials such as service records relating to official wartime functions (e.g., government documents, including paroles, furloughs, pay vouchers, discharge certifications, oaths, and pension records); photographs; autographs; personal belongings and realia (e.g., bibles, publications, and uniform buttons); and veterans' memorabilia (e.g. medals, ribbons, and event programs). Series 1 also contains correspondence written by civilians and family members (often women) from the home front, including letters by Varina Davis (1826-1906) and Helen Dortch Longstreet (1863-1962).","Series 2: Photographs and Prints (circa 1848-1939; approx. 34 cubic feet) consists primarily of portrait photographs of white male Civil War soldiers and civilians in addition to some portraits of white women and a small number of portraits of Black soldiers and Native American soldiers. Also included are documentary photographs of Civil War-related places and scenes. Series 2 photographs are comprised of a variety of nineteenth-century photographic formats, including daguerreotype, ambrotype, tintype, carte de visite, cabinet card, and stereoview. They also include carte de visite photograph albums as well as larger scale formats, including albumen and salt prints.","Series 3: Government Military Records (1855-1913; approx. 9 cubic feet) is comprised of records produced in the United States of America (USA) and the Confederate States of America (CSA) during and related to the administration of the United States Civil War (1861–1865), including a small number of postwar records. Materials include orders, reports, muster rolls, requisitions, correspondence, broadsides, and financial transactions produced by commanding officers acting in their official capacity as leaders of military organizations (e.g., Robert E. Lee, Ulysses S. Grant, Daniel Ruggles, James Longstreet, and Napoleon Jackson Tecumseh Dana). It also includes records created by military units (e.g., companies, battalions, regiments, brigades, and corps) as well bureaucratic military leadership structures of the USA and CSA (e.g., the Quartermaster's Department and the Ordnance Office as well as the various departments, districts, and armies of strategic leadership). Also included are records from leading figures in the executive branches of government in the USA (e.g., President Abraham Lincoln and Secretary of War Edwin Stanton) and CSA (e.g., Jefferson Davis). \n \nExceptions include a few groupings of personal papers, including the personal papers of John W. Hanscom of the 6th New Hampshire Infantry Regiment.","Series 4: Currency (1839-1875; approx. 1.5 cubic feet) contains currency predominately from the Civil War period (1861-1865) issued by the United States and the Confederate States, including currency notes, fractional currency notes, postage currency notes, postage stamps, bonds, and treasury warrants. In addition, it also contains currency issued by southern states and local governments, southern banks (with the addition of the Farmers and Merchants Bank, Washington, D.C.), and corporate entities based in the south.","Series 5: Newspapers and Print Materials (1846-1913; approx. 5.25 cubic feet) consists primarily of Civil War-era (1861-1865) newspapers in addition to broadsides, periodicals, pamphlets, and books from or relating to the same period."],"names_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"language_ssim":["The John L. Nau III Civil War History Collection is predominantly in English. A small number of materials are in Spanish, French, Swedish, and German, and this is indicated at the file level."],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":10302,"online_item_count_is":5,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-21T14:31:55.729Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_941","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_941","_root_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_941","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_941","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/UVA/repositories_3_resources_941.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.virginia.edu/ark:/59853/189095","title_filing_ssi":"Nau, John L. III, Civil War History Collection","title_ssm":["John L. Nau III Civil War History Collection"],"title_tesim":["John L. Nau III Civil War History Collection"],"unitdate_ssm":["1806-1988","1861-1865"],"unitdate_bulk_ssim":["1861-1865"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1806-1988"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MSS 16459","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival 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Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/941"],"text":["MSS 16459","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/941","John L. Nau III Civil War History Collection","United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865","United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865 -- Personal narratives","letters (correspondence)","Photograph albums","photographs","newspapers","Good.","The collection is open for research.","The John L. Nau III Civil War History Collection (1806-1988; bulk 1861-1865; 133 cubic feet) has been arranged into five series, Series 1: Materials Related to the Civil War Experiences of Soldiers, Officers, and Civilians (1806-1988; approx. 83 cubic feet); Series 2: Photographs and Prints (circa 1848-1939; approx. 34 cubic feet); Series 3: Government Military Records (1855-1913; approx. 9 cubic feet); Series 4: Currency (1839-1875; approx. 1.5 cubic feet); and Series 5: Newspapers and Print Materials (1846-1913; approx. 5.25 cubic feet).","Series 1 is arranged in three subseries.","Subseries A: Personal Papers, Service Records, and Artifacts, 1806-1988","The arrangement approach of Subseries A is based on the archival concept of personal papers. Materials, including those authored by, owned by, addressed to, or relating to a particular individual or individuals, are grouped together and arranged in alphabetical order according to surname or last name. Internally, these groupings of personal papers (or secondary collections) are arranged in chronological order with undated materials at the end. ","The above is followed by materials with incomplete or first name only attributions in alphabetical order. Finally, materials of unknown authorship or provenance are in chronological order, followed by unknown, undated materials in order of donor accession number (see resource record note titled Alphanumeric Designations). ","Subseries B: Materials Related to Libby Prison, Richmond, Virginia, is arranged in chronological order, followed by undated materials.","Subseries C: Veterans' Organizations Materials is arranged by record creator in alphabetical order. Within groupings of the same record creator, files are arranged in chronological order. ","Series 2 is arranged in the following subseries.","Subseries A: Portraits of Known Subjects\nThis subseries is arranged alphabetically by subject surname or last name. This is followed by photographs in alphabetical order by regimental association.","Subseries B: Portraits of Unknown Subjects in Daguerreotype Format:\nThis subseries is arranged in order of donor accession number (see Alphanumeric Designations in resource record).","Subseries C: Portraits of Unknown Subjects in Ambrotype Format:\nThis subseries is arranged in order of donor accession number (see Alphanumeric Designations in resource record).","Subseries D: Portraits of Unknown Subjects in Tintype Format:\nThis subseries is arranged in order of donor accession number (see Alphanumeric Designations in resource record).","Subseries E: Portraits of Unknown Subjects in Carte de Visite Format:\nThis subseries is arranged in order of donor accession number (see Alphanumeric Designations in resource record).","Subseries F: Portraits of Unknown Subjects in Cabinet Card, Albumen, and Other Formats:\nThis subseries is arranged in order of donor accession number (see Alphanumeric Designations in resource record).","Subseries G: Documentary Photographs:\nThis subseries is arranged in alphabetical order by location. This is followed by unknown locations arranged in order of donor accession number (see Alphanumeric Designations in resource record).","Subseries H: Photograph Albums and Collections:\nThis subseries is arranged alphabetically by surname or last name of the associated individual(s). This is followed by photograph albums and collections arranged alphabetically according to regimental association. And, finally, photograph albums and collections of unknown attribution or provenance are arranged in order of donor accession number (see Alphanumeric Designations in resource record).","Series 3 is arranged in the following subseries: Subseries A: Records of the United States Army (USA) and Subseries B: Records of the Confederate States Army (CSA). Materials are arranged alphabetically according to the organization that created or issued them and chronologically therein with materials or unknown provenance or attribution following in order of donor accession number (see Alphanumeric Designations in resource record).","Series 4 is arranged chronologically within the following subseries. \n \nSubseries A: United States of America (USA) Fractional Currency Notes \nSubseries B: United States of America (USA) Post-Civil War Fractional Currency Notes \nSubseries C: United States of America (USA) Postage Currency Notes \nSubseries D: Note Issued by a Private Bank in the United States \nSubseries E: Confederate States of America (CSA) Currency Notes \nSubseries F: Confederate States of America (CSA) Postage Stamps \nSubseries G: Confederate States of America (CSA) Bonds \nSubseries H: Notes Issued by Confederate States, Cities, and Counties \nSubseries I: Treasury Warrants Issued by the State of Texas and Limestone County, Texas \nSubseries J: Notes Issued by Southern Banks and Other Corporate Entities","Series 5 is arranged in alphabetical order according to publisher name and chronologically therein with undated materials listed last. This arrangement is followed by materials from unknown publishers arranged chronologically.","Photographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Smith \u0026 Son, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. W. Petty, New Orleans, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: H. A. Mills, Camden, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. E. Alden, Troy, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Miller and Rowell, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Starbird, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: William Pierce, Brunswick, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: John Holyland, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: O. L. Marston, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. H. Van Stavoren, Nashville, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. H. Whitehurst \u0026 Co., Baltimore, Maryland","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whitehurst Gallery, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Anderson \u0026 Turner, New Orleans, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio:","Photographer/Photography Studio: John L. Gihon's Photographic Art Galleries, 1024 Chestnut St. Phila.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Warren, Cambridgeport, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Knowles \u0026 Hillman, New Bedford, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: William B. Stearus, Bath, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Gooding, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Wenderoth, Taylor and Brown, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Published by Handy, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bocardus, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Anderson's, New Orleans, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: Carpenter's Gem Gallery, Troy, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: E. Jacobs, New Orleans, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York and Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Mrs. M. A. Cutler, Dixon, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: McPherson, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bogardus, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. W. Barker, Canton, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: F. McNulty, Ar, Springfield, IL, City Galle","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady's National Photographic and Portrait Galleries, New York and Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Wing's Gallery, Waterville, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Varriell, Gardiner, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. K. Brown, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Henry M. Wells, Cambridge, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: H. A. Mills, Camden, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. W. Taft, artist, Oak Gallery, Memphis, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: F. A. Simonds, Chillicothe, Ohio","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. D. Lytle, Baton Rouge, Louisiana","Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York, from Photographic Negative by Brady's National Portrait Gallery","Photographer/Photography Studio: Lewis and Kane, Victoria, Texas","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. Gould, North Bridgton, Maine","French \u0026 Sawyer, Keene, New Hampshire","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady's National Photographic Portrait Galleries, New York and Washington D.C.","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady's, Washington, D.C. and New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Hoag \u0026 Quick's, Cincinnati, Ohio","Photographer/Photography Studio: G. D. Hamilton, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio:","Photographer/Photography Studio: Black \u0026 Case, Boston, Massachusetts, and Newport, Rhode Island","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. H. Walzl, Baltimore, Maryland","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady's National Photographic Galleries, Washington, D.C. and New York","Photographer/Photography Studio:","Photographer/Photography Studio: William B. Stearns, Bath, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady's National Photographic Portrait Galleries, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. R. Hall, Biddeford, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Smith \u0026 Son, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: L. V. Newell","Photographer/Photography Studio:","Photographer/Photography Studio: Schwing \u0026 Rudd, Army of the Cumberland","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. D. Fredricks \u0026 Co. of New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. D. Lytle, Baton Rouge, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Manchester Bros., Providence, Rhode Island","Photographer/Photography Studio: W. H. Sherman, Milwaukee, Wisconsin","Photographer/Photography Studio: Ben Oppenheimer, Mobile, Alabama","Photographer/Photography Studio: D. C. Pratt, Aurora, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: Worms \u0026 Co. 383 Broadway, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: N. S. Bennett, Alexandria, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: G. Cramer, Carondelet, Missouri","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. R. Edwards, Bowling Green, Kentucky","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. U. P. Burnham, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: George W. Barnes, Rockford, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: Charles D. Fredricks \u0026 Co., New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. C. Nichols, Leavenworth, Kansas","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brown's Photographic Gallery, Paola, Kansas","Photographer/Photography Studio: Williams Gallery; Skowhegan, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Daily, Excelsior Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. S. Sanderson, Lewiston, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: W. J. Morrill/C. L. Grossman, Waterville, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady's National Photographic Galleries, New York and Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady's National Photographic Galleries, New York and Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Black \u0026 Batchelder, Boston","Photographer/Photography Studio: E. A. Beach, Hastings, Minnesota","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. D. Fredricks and Co., New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. C. Spaulding, Point Lookout, Maryland","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady","Photographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Smith \u0026 Son, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Conaut, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Hesler Gallery, Chicago, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: H. P. Carnes' Car, Montpelier, Vermont","Photographer/Photography Studio: R.W. Addis, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Hallett, Bowery, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: N. S. Bennett, Alexandria, Virginia","B. F. Smith and Son, Portland, Maine","J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Zimmerman's New York Photographic Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Beaumont, Chester, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Wells and Collins, New Haven, Conneticut","Photographer/Photography Studio: Manchester Brothers, Providence, Rhode Island","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. A. Lord, 158 Chatham Street, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: B. Moses, New Orleans, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Smith, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Morgan, Concord, New Hampshire","Photographer/Photography Studio: Clark, Gardiner Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. L. Bergstresser, Army of the Potomac","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. B. Jenks, Paterson, New Jersey","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.","Photographed by Brady; Published by E.\u0026 H.T. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Starbird, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady","Photographer/Photography Studio: George W. Butler, Bath, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bett's and Prusia, Dansville, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Stone Bros., Trumansburch, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. M. Peck's, Elsworth, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. W. Black, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: D. Appleton \u0026 Co., New York","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Photographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Warren, Cambridgeport, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. J. Pierce, Rockland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. W. Hurn, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: G. W. Tuttle, Thomaston, Maine","Photographed by Brady; Published by E.\u0026 H.T. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: F. Forshew, Hudson, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: F. Forshew, Hudson, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: T. M. Schleier, Nashville, Knoxville, and Chattanooga, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: Photographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026 H.T. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Jno. Holyland, Washington, D.C.","Le Rue Lemer, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady's National Photographic Portrait Gallery, New York and Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Smith \u0026 Son, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Matthew Brady","Photographer/Photography Studio: Gibbon, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. Anderson of New Orleans","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. H. Van Stavoren, Nashville, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: Lumpkin and Tomlinson, Richmond, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Gurney \u0026 Son, New York, NY","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady's National Photographic Galleries, Washington, D.C. \u0026 New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: G. W. Tuttle, Thomaston, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Washburn's, New Orleans, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: E. R. Gard's Photographic Art Palace, Chicago, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: E. H. McKenney, Biddeford, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whitaker and Co., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: McPherson \u0026 Oliver, Baton Rouge, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: McPherson \u0026 Oliver, Baton Rouge, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Philp \u0026 Solomon, Washington, DC","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Gorman and Jordan, Alexandria, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: I. N. Teague","Photographer/Photography Studio: Kerston \u0026 Thompson, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Matthew Brady","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. M. Benjamin","Photographer/Photography Studio: George Watson, Montpelier, Vermont","Photographer/Photography Studio: N. S. Bennett, Alexandria, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Charles H. Danforth, Cambridgeport, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Union Photographic Gallery, Camp Butler, Newport News, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Burnite \u0026 Weldon, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whitehurst Gallery, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. S. Sanderson, Dover, New Hampshire","Photographer/Photography Studio: William P. Gaut, Mt. Sterling, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, photographer, McClees Gallery, 308 Penna. Avenue, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: William C. North, Cleveland, Ohio","Photographer/Photography Studio: Th. Gubelman, Puliski, TN","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. Masury, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. Masury, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. Masury, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Hermos, Lima, Peru","Photographer/Photography Studio: Kerston's Photograph Gallery, Newark, New Jersey","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Moses and Piffet, New Orleans, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: Keet and Gemmill, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. M. M'Kenney, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Sam A. Cooley, Photographer Tenth Army Corps","Photographer/Photography Studio: Published by W.V. Lane, Camden, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: T.M.V. Doughty, Winsted, Conneticut","Photographer/Photography Studio: H. A. Balch's Star Photograph Gallery, Memphis, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: H. Tombarger, Lancaster, Ohio","Photographer/Photography Studio: Black and Case","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. W. Black, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: O. P. Howe, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: G. M. Howe, Portland, Maine","Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York, New York","Published by Brady; Published by E \u0026 H.T. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Cooley \u0026 Becket, Beaufort, South Carolina","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bowdoin, Taylor, and Co., Alexandria, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. G. Montgomery of Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Ingraham Brothers, Westfield, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Cushing \u0026 King Photographers, Woodstock, Vermont","Photographed by Brady, New York; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Moses, Trenton, New Jersey","Photographer/Photography Studio: F. Gutekunst, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: H. C. Brown, Norwich, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. S. Marse, Nashville, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: F. Forshew, Hudson, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Webster \u0026 Bro., Louisville, Kentucky","Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Hoag \u0026 Quick, Cincinnati, Ohio","Photographer/Photography Studio: Joshua Appleby Williams, Newport, Rhode Island","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whitehurst Gallery, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Silli, Nice, France","Photographer/Photography Studio: E. W. Beckwith, Alexandria, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: E. W. Beckwith, Alexandria, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Wolff's Gallery, Alexandria, Virginia","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. E. Mosely, Newburyport","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: N. S. Bennett, Alexandria, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Harter's Fine Art Gallery, Auburn, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whipple, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. H. Pein \u0026 Co., Richmond, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Gorman and Jordan, Alexandria, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: D. C. Burnite \u0026 Co., Harrisburg, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. B. Brown's, Providence, Rhode Island","Photographer/Photography Studio: W. J. Tait, New York, NY","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whitehurst Gallery, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Conant and Johnson, Lewiston, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. O. Durgan, Farmouth, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: C.H. Freeman, Montpelier, Vermont","Photographer/Photography Studio: Kilgore's, Belfast, Maine","Published by Joseph Ward, Boston, Massachusetts; Photograph by Matthew Brady","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: I. N. Teague, Lewiston, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Henry Ulke, Washington, D.C.","Photographed by Brady's National Portrait Gallery; Published by E. Anthony, New York","Barr \u0026 Young, Vicksburg, Mississippi","Photographer/Photography Studio: Photographed by Brady, Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York, NY","Photographer/Photography Studio: Charles D. Fredricks \u0026 Co., New York, NY","Photographer/Photography Studio: Henry Ulke, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. L. Marston, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: E. R. Marks, Austin, Texas","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Mc Clee's Gallery, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Armstead \u0026 White, Corinth, Mississippi","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. S. Rhodes, St. Law Co., New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Munger \u0026 Stone, Quincy, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. M. Cross, Belvidere, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: W. H. Emery","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. W. Black, Boston, Massachusetts","Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York, NY","Photographer/Photography Studio: Matthew Brady","Photographer/Photography Studio: Mrs. M. A. Cutler, Dixon Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: Wm. McHenry, Freeport, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: Fredricks \u0026 Co., New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: George M. Howe, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Purvience, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: T. S. Estabrook, Houlton, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: F. L. Lay's, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. P. Smith, Kankakee City, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. D. Fredricks \u0026 Co., New York, NY","Photographer/Photography Studio: T. R. Burnham, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J.T. Bradshaw \u0026 Co., successors to G. Moses, Quincy, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. M. McKenney, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: P. L. Perkins","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. D. Fredericks \u0026 Co., New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Daily's Excelsior Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: D. F. Brandon, Camp Douglas, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. M. Burnham, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. M. Burnham, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. Braisted, Freeport, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. Hesler, Chicago","Photographer/Photography Studio: Pierce, Galena, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: R.W. Addis, McClees's Gallery, Washington, D.C.","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. S. Morse, Nashville, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: E. Crockett, Rockland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. P. \u0026 F. W. Hardy, Bangor, Maine","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, DC","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whipple, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: T. R. Burnham, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Chas. H. Danforth, Cambridgeport, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. C. Reeve, Lambertville, New Jersey","Photographer/Photography Studio: Warren and Lowell, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York, NY","Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Morse's Gallery of the Cumberland, Nashville, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: Geo. S. Cook, Charleston, South Carolina","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Gurney \u0026 Son, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Slagle, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Slee Brothers, Poughkeepsie, New York","Published by E. \u0026 H.T. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: J.H. Keim, Lebanon, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. U. P. Burnham, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Curtis and Crosby, Lewiston, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. M. McKenney, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: E. Lewis Wires, Milford","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bogardus, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. Evans, Philadelphia","Photographer/Photography Studio: N. S. Bennett, Alexandria, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Smith, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: P. B. Jones, Davenport, Iowa","Photographer/Photography Studio: N. H. Black, Natchez, Mississippi","Photographer/Photography Studio: Schwing \u0026 Rudd, Army of The Cumberland","Photographer/Photography Studio: Starbird, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: W. H. Sherman, Milwaukee, Wisconsin","Photographer/Photography Studio: George B. Butler, Bath, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Mathew Brady's National Photographic Portrait Galleries","Photographer/Photography Studio: Mathew Brady's National Photographic Portrait Galleries","Photographer/Photography Studio: Mathew Brady's National Photographic Portrait Galleries","Photographer/Photography Studio: Joseph Ward, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: John Goldin, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Pein \u0026 Co., Washington City","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York, NY","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York, NY","Photographer/Photography Studio: Matthew Brady","Photographer/Photography Studio: George M. Howe, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Mrs. M. A. Cutler, Dixon Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: T. R. Burnham, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, DC","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. E. McClees, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Good \u0026 Stokes, Trenton, New Jersey","Photographer/Photography Studio: E. Jacob's, New Orleans, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. H. \u0026 J. L. Abbott, Albany, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Geo. W. Barnes, Rockford, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: Layton's, Rockford, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. U. P. Burnham, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Nason's Photograph Gallery, Columbus, Ohio","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bachrach \u0026 Bro, Baltimore, Maryland","Photographer/Photography Studio: Cross and Franke, Arlington, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whitehurst Gallery, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. W. Watson, Raleigh, North Carolina","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Gutekunst, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: B. P. Smith \u0026 Son, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Julius Brill, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Saylor's New Photograph Gallery, Reading, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Crosby, 13th Regiment Mass. Volunteers","Photographer/Photography Studio: John Weiss, New Orleans, Louisiana","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York, NY","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Clark, Gardiner, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: John Cadwallader, Toledo, Ohio","Photographer/Photography Studio: H. Bitner, Mr. Carroll, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bowdoin, Taylor and Company, 204 King Forner Columbus Street, Alexandria, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. M. McKenney, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: H. Jennings, artist, The New \u0026 Reliable Gallery, Lancaster, Kentucky","Photographer/Photography Studio: Peplow and Balch, Memphis, Tennessee","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York, New York","Published by E. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady","Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Thomas and Pearson, Macomb, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: Henszey \u0026 Co., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Henszey \u0026 Co., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Henzey \u0026 Co., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Henzey \u0026 Co., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Mrs. M. A. Cutler, Dixon, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. H. Keim, Lebanon, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Lothrop's Ferrotype Gallery, Philadelphia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Mathew B. Brady","William Pierce, Brunswick, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: T. F. Saltsman, Nashville, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: John Goldin \u0026 Co., Washington, D.C.","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: E. P. H. Capron \u0026 Bros. , Springfield, Ohio","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: T. J. Merritt's National Portrait Gallery, Nashville, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: Giers \u0026 Co., Nashville, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whitney and Paradise, New York","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: August Morand, Brooklyn, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Mathew Brady","Photographer/Photography Studio: D. K. Jewell, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. D. Fredericks \u0026 Co., New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. W. Black, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bishop \u0026 Campbell, Army of the Cumberland","Photographer/Photography Studio: Trask and Davis, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Henszey \u0026 Co., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Butler and King, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: T. R. Burnham, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: W. J. Moulton, El Mira, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. C. Lewis, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Guay and Co., New Orleans, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: N. S. Bennett, Alexandria, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Davis Brothers Photograph Rooms, Portsmouth and Exeter, New Hampshire","Photographer/Photography Studio: Black \u0026 Batchelder, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whipple, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whitehurst Gallery, Washington, DC","Photographer/Photography Studio: Loring's Photographic Gallery, Eastport, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Charles D. Fredricks \u0026 Co., New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Philadelphia Photographic Co., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whipple, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: F. Gutekunst","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. Constant, New Orleans, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: George M. Howe, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: King, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: T. R. Burnham, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: George D. Puffer, Nashua, New Hampshire","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Smith, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: T. S. Estabrook, Houlton, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Jno. Holyland, Washington, D.C.","Photographed by M. J. Powers; Published by Whitehurst Gallery, Washington, DC","Photographer/Photography Studio: Jno. Holyland, Washington, DC","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. S. Morse, Nashville, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: Moses \u0026 Piffet, successors to E. Jacobs, New Orleans, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. S. Morse, Nashville, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York","Photographed by Brady's National Portrait Gallery; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Daily, Excelsior Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Daily, Excelsior Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Murphy Bros., Alton, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: F. Gutekunst, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Godshaw \u0026 Flexner, Louisville, Kentucky","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady's National Photographic Portrait Galleries, New York and Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Moffat and Simpson, Key West, Florida","Photographer/Photography Studio: G. P. Ayer, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: William F. Blunt, North Anson, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Gurney \u0026 Son, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: D. Appleton \u0026 Co., New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Anson's","Photographer/Photography Studio: Fassetts Gallery, Chicago, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: Gardner, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whitehurst Gallery","Photographer/Photography Studio: Meade Brothers, Astor, New York","Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Gurney \u0026 Son, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Alex. Gardner, Washington, DC","Photographed by Brady, New York, NY; Published by E. Anthony, New York, NY","Photographer/Photography Studio: Philp \u0026 Solomon, Washington, DC","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. E. McClees, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026 H.T. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, DC","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. E. Alden, Troy, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Watson's, Raleigh, NC","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady's National Photographic Portrait Galleries, New York and Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: L. Thompson, Norwich, Connecticut","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: T. M. Schleier, Nashville, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. M. McKenny, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Mason \u0026 Gardner, Providence, Rhode Island","Photographer/Photography Studio: Handy, Washington, D.C..","Photographer/Photography Studio: Outley's, St. Louis, Missouri","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bragy Gallery","Photographer/Photography Studio: Geo. W. Butler, Bath, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Smith, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: W. F. King, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: N. S. Bennett, Alexandria, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Frank E. Stanley, Auburn, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Anderson's Photographic Gallery, New Orleans, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: Warren and Lowell, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Warren and Lowell, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Warren and Lowell, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: B. P. Browne, Bath, Maine","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: E. Jacobs \u0026 Company, New Orleans, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Gurney \u0026 Son, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Trask \u0026 Lewis","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. M. McKenney, Portland, Maine","Photographed by Brady, New York, New York; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony","Photographed by Brady, New York, New York; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Charles K. Bill's, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Wilder Brothers, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Zimmermans's N.F W York, Photographic Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. H. Keim, Lebanon, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: D. H. Cole, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. Hesler, Chicago, Illinois","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York","Photographed by Alex Gardner; Published by Philp \u0026 Solomons, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. A. Addis, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. B. Smith, Utica, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. M. Burnham, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. W. Black, Boston","Photographer/Photography Studio: Henry Ulke, Washington, DC","Photographer/Photography Studio: Geo. W. Butler, Bath, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Kerston \u0026 Thompson, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: William Pierce, Brunswick, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Dunshee's, Boston","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: D. Adams, Nashville, Tenn.","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. U. P. Burnham, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. H. Abbott, Albany, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: L. I. Prince, New Orleans, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. W. Black, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J.S. Medlar, Woodstock, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Mrs. A. A. Rhodes, West Rockford, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: D. O. Furnald, Manchester, New Hampshire","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. M. McKenney, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Wolff's Gallery, Alexandria, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady's National Photographic Portrait Gallery, New York and Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: French \u0026 Sawyer, Keene, New Hampshire","Photographer/Photography Studio: Cole's Photographic Gallery, Peoria, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: William Nims, Photographer, Fort Edward, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: P. H. McKernon, Saratoga Springs, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: P. H. McKernon, Saratoga Springs, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: P. H. McKernon, Saratoga Springs, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: P. H. McKernon, Saratoga Springs, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Jno. Holyland Metropolitan Gallery, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Lothrop's Ferrotype Gallery, Philadelphia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Lobell General Hospital, Portsmouth Grove, Rhode Island","Photographer/Photography Studio: William Summerhays","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. U. P. Burnham, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Davis Brothers Photograph Rooms, Portsmouth and Exeter, New Hampshire","Photographer/Photography Studio: Filley \u0026 Gilbert, New Haven, Connecticut","Photographer/Photography Studio: Haas \u0026 Peale, Hilton Head, South Carolina","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: E. N. Medernach, Danville, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. H. Dewey, Pittsfield, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Lothrop's Ferrotype Gallery, Philadelphia","Photographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Smith, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. H. Wagoner's, Mt. Morris, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: Mathew Brady","Photographer/Photography Studio: Samuel A. Cooley, Beaufort, South Carolina","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady","Photographer/Photography Studio: Thompson Gallery, Albany, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Warren, Lowell, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Kerston \u0026 Thompson, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: W. B. Stearns, Bath, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: H. G. Fetters, Peru, Indiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: William P. Gaut, Mt. Sterling, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: New Orleans Photographic Co.","Photographer/Photography Studio: F. Gutekunst, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady","Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York, New York","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York, New York","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Rees of Richmond, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: J.L. Winner, Annapolis, MD","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bishop \u0026 Campbell, Photographers, Army of the Cumberland","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. F. Conant, Skowhegan, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: B. P. Paige, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Warren and Lowell, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Powelson's, Detroit, Michigan","Photographer/Photography Studio: N. Olsen Photographer, New Orleans, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, DC","Photographed by Brady's National Portrait Gallery; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York","Published by Vannerson \u0026 Jones, Richmond, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Henry Ulke, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. M. McKenney, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York","Brady's National Portrait Gallery; Published by E. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. O. Jewett, Lebanon, Missouri","Photographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Smith \u0026 Son, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bell and Brother","Photographer/Photography Studio: Jno. Holyland, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: G. W. Roseberry, Alexandria, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, DC","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whitehurst, Gallery, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Daily, Excelsior Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Mrs. M. A. Cutler, Dixon, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: L. W. Cook, Weymouth Landing, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: James S. Earle \u0026 Son, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. W. Black, Boston","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whitehurst, Washington, D.C.","Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Havens, Jacksonville, FL","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. W. A. Tresize, Springfield, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: O.C. Benjamin, Newark, N. J.","Photographer/Photography Studio: G. W. Tuttle, Thomaston, Maine","Photographed by Brady, New York, NY; Published by E. Anthony, New York, NY","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, DC","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brendann Bros., Baltimore","Photographed by Wenderoth \u0026 Taylor; Published by McAllister \u0026 Bro., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. H Messenger, US General Hospital, Annapolis, Maryland","Photographer/Photography Studio: D. P. Barr, Army Photographer, Vicksburg","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whitaker \u0026 Co., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: William P. Gaut, Mt. Sterling, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. P. Burnham, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Griswold \u0026 Smith, Columbus, Ohio","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: M. B. Brady's National Photographic Portrait Galleries, New York and Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. R. Davis, Biddeford, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor Maine","Photographed by Brady's National Portrait Gallery; Published by E. Anthony, New York","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. E. McClees, Philadelphia","Brady, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. R. Hall, Biddeford, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. H. Brown, Savannah, Georgia","Photographer/Photography Studio: McAdams, Alexandria, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: F. Gutekunst, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Mrs. M. A. Cutler, Dixon, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: Manchester Brothers Photographers, Providence, Rhode Island","Photographer/Photography Studio: Fredericks and Co., New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: D. K. Jewell, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. U. P. Burnham, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Geo. W. Butler, Bath, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bundy and Williams, New Haven, Conneticut","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bowers, Lynn, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Kin, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Elrod Bro.'s, Lexington, Kentucky","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. M. McKenney, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Piper \u0026 Sanborn, Manchester, New Hampshire","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Perry Elliott's City Gallery, Indianapolis, Indiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: W. Ames, Quincy, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: Abster \u0026 Bro, Louisville, Kentucky","Photographer/Photography Studio: Abster \u0026 Bro, Louisville, Kentucky","Photographer/Photography Studio: Abster \u0026 Bro, Louisville, Kentucky","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. S. Morse, Nashville, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: Abster \u0026 Bro, Louisville, Kentucky","Photographer/Photography Studio: Abster \u0026 Bro, Louisville, Kentucky","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. S. Morse, Nashville, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. S. Morse, Nashville, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. D. Phillips, 14th Army Corps","Photographer/Photography Studio: M. K. Marshall, Circleville, Ohio","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. S. Morse, Nashville, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. A. Scholten, Saint Louis, Missouri","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. S. Morse, Nashville, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. S. Morse, Nashville, Tennessee","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. S. Morse","Photographer/Photography Studio: William P. Gault, Mt. Sterling, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. S. German, Springfield, Illinois","Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Hawkins \u0026 Philpot, Macomb, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: F. W. De Camp, Newark, New Jersey","Photographer/Photography Studio: Webster, Louisville, Kentucky","Photographer/Photography Studio: E. Jacobs, New Orleans, Louisiana","Unknown Photographer; Published by E. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Alexander Gardner, Photographer to the Army of the Potomac, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Morse, Nashville, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: Pratt's Gallery, Richmond, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Schreiber \u0026 Son, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Erekson \u0026 Bodurtha, Bridgeport, Conneticut","Photographer/Photography Studio: Hinds, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Abraham Fisher, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York, NY","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York, New York","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. U. P. Burnham, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. N. Wilson, Savannah, Georgia","Photographer/Photography Studio: McAdams, Alexandria, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Birney Linn","Photographer/Photography Studio: Louis Walzl","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Variell, Gardiner, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. A. Turner, D. Appleton \u0026 Co., New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: M. F. King, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. H. White, Jacksonport, Arkansas","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. H. Spieler's, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Armstead \u0026 Taylor, Corinth, Mississippi","Photographer/Photography Studio: O.H. Willard, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. P. Layton, Rockford, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: John Goldin \u0026 Col, Washington D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Daily, Excelsior Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. H. Keim, Lebanon, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Mrs. M. A. Cutler, Dixon, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: N. C. Sanborn, Lowell, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Marshall, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Partridges Photographic Gallery and Stock Depot, Wheeling, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Armstead \u0026 White, Corinth, Mississippi","Photographer/Photography Studio: Mrs. W. A. Reed, Quincy, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: Fred C. Low, East Cambridge, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brooks \u0026 Blauvelt, Port Hudson, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. L. Marston, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Evans and Prince, York, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Ingraham Bros, Westfield, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. U. P. Burnham, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: G. W. Clark, Ionia, Michigan","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bennett, Alexandria, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. C. Giers, Nashville, Tennessee","Published by E \u0026 H.T. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Charles D. Fredricks \u0026 Co., New York, New York","Published by E. Anthony, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: N. R. Bideout \u0026 Co., Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: John Goldin, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Hendee, Augusta, Maine","J. Daily, Excelsior Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whitney's Gallery, Saint Paul, Minnesota","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. M. McKenney, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: N. S. Bennett, Alexandria, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: H. B. King, Taunton, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Charles Jameson, Columbia, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Anderson's Photographic Gallery, New Orleans, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: L. D. Cox, Ludlow, Vermont","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whipple, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: G. W. Davis, Columbus, Ohio","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. W. Black, Boston","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. Brainstead, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, DC","Photographer/Photography Studio: Tyler \u0026 Co., Charleston, South Carolina","Photographed by Brady; Published by E \u0026 H.T. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Charles D. Fredricks \u0026 Co., New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Larkin Gallery, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: William Pierce, Brunswick, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: George W. Butler, Bath, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: George C. White, Boston","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. S. Morse, Nashville, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whitney's Gallery, Saint Paul, Minnesota","Published by E. \u0026 H. Anthony, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: M. J. Powers, Whitehurst Gallery, Washington, DC","Photographer/Photography Studio: McLure, Allen P.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Peplow \u0026 Balch, Memphis, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: Nollen \u0026 Van Grieken, Keokuk, Iowa","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady","Photographer/Photography Studio: Charles D. Fredricks \u0026 Co., New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady","Photographer/Photography Studio: Black \u0026 Case, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: D. H. Cole, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. L. Jackson, Lewiston, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bundy and Williams, New Haven, Connecticut","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. A. Scholten, St. Louis, Missouri","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, DC","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Henry Ulke, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. G. Carleton, Waterville, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. U. P. Burnham, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whitehurst Gallery, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Warren, Cambridgeport, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Gilbert's, Philadelphia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, DC","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. H. Van Stavorn's Metropolitan Gallery, Nashville, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: Sprague \u0026 Curtis, Lewiston, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. M. McKenney, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bogardus, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Campbell \u0026 Ecker, Louisville, Kentucky","Photographer/Photography Studio: Pierce \u0026 Cogswell, Rochelle, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. U. P. Burnham, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: William P. Gaut, Mt. Sterling, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: H. T. McCormick, Martinsburg, West Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. M. McKenney, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: G. H. Loomis, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Hall, Lawrence, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Kennedy \u0026 Schenck, Newark, New Jersey","Photographer/Photography Studio: Morell, George Webb","Photographer/Photography Studio: Hall, South Royalton, Vermont","Photographer/Photography Studio: Fredricks \u0026 Co., New Yor","Photographer/Photography Studio: Schwing \u0026 Rudd, Army of the Cumberland","Photographer/Photography Studio: William P. Gaut, Mt. Sterling, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: William Pierce, Brunswick, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: G. H. Scripture, Peterboro, New Hampshire","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer's, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: E. L. Eaton, Omaha, Nebraska","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York, NY","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Gurney \u0026 Son, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Downs \u0026 Co., New Orleans, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Hagaman, Philadelphia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Geo. W. Butler, Bath, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. J. I. Murray, Myerstown, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Reimer, Philadelphia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Hanford, New London, New Hampshire","Photographer/Photography Studio: Webster's Photograph Gallery, Louisville, Kentucky","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. B. Carr, Old Town, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: G. H. Loomis, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Miller and Rowell, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. A. Cooley, Beaufort, South Carolina","Photographer/Photography Studio: Kerston \u0026 Thompson, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: William B. Stearns, Bath, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. C. Fassett, Dexter, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Kertson \u0026 Barker, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. B. Crockett","Photographer/Photography Studio: John A. Heard, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: G. H. Loomis, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Kimball \u0026 Sons, Concord, New Hampshire","Photographed by A. A. Turner; Published by D. Appleton \u0026 Co., New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Taylor and Seavey","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. Milton Lapham, Decatur, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bogardus, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bowdoin, Taylor, \u0026 Co, Alexandria, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. I. Marston, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: T. R. Burnham, Boston","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. P. Layton, Rockford, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Smith, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Smith, Portland, Maine","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York, NY","Photographer/Photography Studio: Haseltine, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Hinds, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Armstead \u0026 White, Corinth, Mississippi","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Smith, Sr., Lebanon, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York, NY","Photographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Evans, Norfolk, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: B. McMahon, Mt. Pleasant, Iowa","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, DC","Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. M. M' Kenney, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whipple, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: F. Gutekunst, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whitehurst, Washington, DC","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: F. McNulty, Springfield, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, McClees' Gallery, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Cole of Biddleford, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. W. Black, Boston, Massachusetts","Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. F. Ryder, Cleveland","Photographer/Photography Studio: E. H. McKenny, Biddleford, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Lilienthal and Co., New Orleans, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: Sprague \u0026 Tapley, Lewiston, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Geo. P. Hall, St. Louis, Missouri","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady 's National Photographic Portrait Galleries, New York and Washington, D.C.","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Mrs. M. F. Howe, Jamestown , New York, A. J. Stiles, Photographist","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Gurney \u0026 Son, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: P. E. Gibbs, Richmond, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, DC","Photographer/Photography Studio: W. L. Bracey, Great Falls, New Hampshire","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Gurney \u0026 Son, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Lutges, Detroit, Michigan","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Gurney and Son, Broadway, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bell and Brother, Washington, DC","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. S. Sanderson, Lewiston, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Curtis and Crosby, Lewiston, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Variell, Gardiner, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Smith \u0026 Son, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: George E. Collins; Bucksport, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. E. Alden, Troy, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Handy, Washington, D.C..","Photographer/Photography Studio: Hoag \u0026 Quicks, Cincinnati, Ohio","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Armstead \u0026 Taylor, Corinth, Mississippi","Photographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Smith, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whipple, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady's National Photographic and Portrait Galleries, New York and Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Porter's, Cincinnati, Ohio","Photographer/Photography Studio: G. N. Granniss, Waterbury, Connecticut","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bundy \u0026 Williams, New Haven, Connecticut","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. J. Thompson \u0026 Co., Albany, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: King, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. A. Stevens, Richmond, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: George M. Howe, Portland, Maine","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. Anthony, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bogardus, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Hoag \u0026 Quick's, Cincinnati, Ohio","Photographer/Photography Studio: Geo. W. Butler, Bath, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Lothrop's Ferrotype Gallery, Philadelphia","Photographed by Brady, New York, New York; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Brady's National Portrait Gallery; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Carbutt, Chicago, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: Rivers', St. Louis, Missouri","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Daily, Excelsior Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: George Rockwood, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. W. Black, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Daily, Excelsior Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Hinds, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Kimball, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. W. Hornbaker, Alexandria, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. U. P. Burnham, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: T. S. Estabrook, Houlton, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whitehurst, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: W. F. King","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York, NY","Photographer/Photography Studio: W. J. Moulton, Elmira, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: George M. Howe, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: A.R. Boynton, Sanbornton Bridge, New Hampshire","Photographer/Photography Studio: Davis Brothers, Portsmouth, New Hampshire","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. M. McKenney, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. M. M'Kenney, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whipple, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: E. Crockett, Rockland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Burwell \u0026 Homan, New Haven, Connecticut","Photographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Smith \u0026 Son, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Black and Case, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Magnolia, Lexington, Kentucky","Photographer/Photography Studio: T. F. Saltsman, Nashville, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: Smith \u0026 Wybrant, Louisville, Kentucky","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, DC","Photographer/Photography Studio: Weitfle \u0026 Wright, 1st Division, 6th Corps","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Daily, Excelsior Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Charles S. Hart, Watertown, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: F. Gutekunst, Philadelphia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whitehurst Gallery, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Henry Ulke, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: McAdams, Alexandria, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Matthew Brady","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bennett, Alexandria, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Haas \u0026 Peale, Hilton Head, South Carolina","Photographer/Photography Studio: Webster \u0026 Bro., Louisville, Kentucky","Photographer/Photography Studio: C.H. Smedley \u0026 Co., Middletown, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Daily, Excelsior Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: T. McMahon, Photographer, Danville, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. A. Lewis, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: G. Moses \u0026 Co., Quincy, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: G. F. Child, Washington, D.C.","Photographed by Brady's National Portrait Gallery; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. Hesler, Chicago, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: Kimberly Brothers","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Carbutt, Chicago, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: Mathew Brady","Photographer/Photography Studio: Samuel Masury, Boston","Photographer/Photography Studio: Charles D. Fredricks \u0026 Co., New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. E. Alden, Troy, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Photographed by Brady, Washington, DC","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. D. Fredricks \u0026 Co., New York, Habana, Paris","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. D. Fredricks \u0026 Co., New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. D. Fredricks \u0026 Co., New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Helke and Benecke, St. Louis, Missouri","Photographer/Photography Studio: Hopkins, Annapolis, Maryland","Photographer/Photography Studio: J.H. Keim, Lebanon, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Churchill \u0026 Dennison, Albany, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Variell, Gardiner, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. H. Van Stavoren's, Nashville, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. Constant, New Orleans, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. Anderson, New Orleans, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. Gould, North Bridgton, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Webster and Bro., Louisville, Kentucky","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. H. Van Stavoren, Nashville, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: D. L. Heath, Norwalk, Ohio","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, DC","Photographer/Photography Studio: William Pierce, Brunswick, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: T. F. Saltsman, Nashville, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. M. Peck, Ellsworth, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. M. McKenney, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: McAdams, Alexandria, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: E. Crocket, Rockland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: W. B. Field, Morris, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. P. Greenwald, Newark, Ohio","Photographer/Photography Studio: Gorham and Co, Providence, Rhode Island","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bogardus, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Matthew Brady","Photographer/Photography Studio: Moses \u0026 Piffet, successors to E. Jacobs, New Orleans, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Hinton \u0026 Cleary's, Montgomery, Alabama","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. E. Alden, Troy, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: W. F. Yung","Photographer/Photography Studio: Matthew Brady","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brown's Gallery, Little Rock, Arkansas","Photographer/Photography Studio: William Brown, Photographer of the Army of Arkansas","Photographer/Photography Studio: Griswold \u0026 White, Corinth, Mississippi","Photographer/Photography Studio: Morse's, Nashville, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Smith, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. B. Davis, Biddleford, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: D. K. Jewell, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Black, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: P. Butler, Springfield, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York","Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. C. Lewis, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bogardus, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. M. Burnham, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. Masury, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Currier, Amesbury, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Currier, Amesbury, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Cole, Biddeford, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Cahill, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: George H. Wood, Towanda, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady's, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. F. Sterlin, Woodstock, Vermont","Photographer/Photography Studio: George M. Howe, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. Hesler, Chicago, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. W. Black, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: by H. Glosser, Broadway, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Turner, Philadelphia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Henry Ulke, Washington, D.C.","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York, NY","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Daily, Excelsior Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. B. Crockett, Norway, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: W. Case, Halifax, Nova Scotia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bogardus, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. Anderson, New Orleans","Photographer/Photography Studio: Balkan Studio, Wartham, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Jordan \u0026 Co., New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. A. Colley, Beaufort, South Carolina","Photographer/Photography Studio: L. V. Newell","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. W. Black, Boston","Photographer/Photography Studio: Mrs. M. A. Cutler, Dixon, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. K. McMurray, Winchester, W. Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. O. Burgan, Yarmouth, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Hoag \u0026 Quick's Art Palace, Cincinnati, Ohio","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Thurlow, Peoria, Illinois","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady","Photographer/Photography Studio: Smith, Southbridge","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. E. Alden, Troy, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Schwing \u0026 Rudd, Photographers Army of the Cumberland","Photographer/Photography Studio: Sam A. Cooley, Beaufort, South Carolina","Photographer/Photography Studio: P. L. Perkins","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Beecher and Grier's Photograph Rooms, West Chester, Pennsylvania","Photographed by Brady, New York, New York; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Daily, Excelsior Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: McAdams, Alexandria, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Knight, Batavia, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bradley \u0026 Rulofson, San Francisco, California","Photographer/Photography Studio: F. W. Loud, Bowery, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: G. G. Johnson, Dubuque, Iowa","Photographer/Photography Studio: Klauber \u0026 Campbell, Louisville, Kentucky","Photographer/Photography Studio: Butler \u0026 Smetters, Springfield, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: Van Stavoren, Nashville, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: E. A. Piffet's Gallery of Art, New Orleans, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. M. Burnham, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: B. W. Hinds, North Vassalboro, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. M. McKenney, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: G. Haslinger in St. Polten","Photographer/Photography Studio: G. Haslinger in St. Polten","Photographer/Photography Studio: Fassett's Gallery, Chicago, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: F. Gutekunst, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whitney \u0026 Paradise, New York, New York","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. Anthony, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. C. Elrod's, Louisville, Kentucky","Photographer/Photography Studio: G. H. Houghton, Brattleboro, Vermont","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: D. K. Jewell, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. Brown's, Waldoboro, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: E. A. Pippet's, New Orleans, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. A. Scholten, St. Louis, Missouri","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Daily, Excelsior Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Lothrop's Ferrotype Gallery, Philadelphia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bailey \u0026 Silver's, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: McAdams, Alexandria, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. D. Fredricks \u0026 Co., New York, New York","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. Piper, Manchester, New Hampshire","Photographer/Photography Studio: Washington Gallery, Vicksburg, Mississippi","Photographer/Photography Studio: W. L. Troxell, St. Louis, Missouri","Photographer/Photography Studio: Wykes \u0026 Brown, Wheeling, West Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Smith \u0026 Son, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: A.C. Lewis, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. C. Lewis, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: French \u0026 Sawyer, Keene, New Hampshire","Photographer/Photography Studio: G. W. Rider, Ondawa House, Salem, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Anderson \u0026 Turner, New Orleans, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whitney's Gallery, Saint Paul, Minnesota","Photographer/Photography Studio: Marshall, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Lamson, Portland, Maine","Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, DC","Photographer/Photography Studio: Mathew Brady","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. E. Alden, Troy, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. E. McClees, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Davis Brothers Photograph Rooms, Portsmouth and Exeter, New Hampshire","Photographer/Photography Studio: W. H. Whitehead, Pittsburg, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. E. McClees, Philadelphia","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. Wing's, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: T. M. Schleier's, Nashville, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: Case and Getchell, Boston","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whipple, Boston","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. B. Hopkins, Lock-Haven, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. L. Marston, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. U. P. Burnham, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Starbird, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bell \u0026 Brother, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. A. Paul, Skowhegan, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Perry Elliott's City Gallery, Indianapolis, Indiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Daily, Excelsior Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Daily, Excelsior Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Keith \u0026 Ross, Machias, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Keith \u0026 Ross, Machias, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. S. Sanderson, Dover, New Hampshire","Photographer/Photography Studio: Estabrook's Ferrotypes, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: G. W. Tuttle, Thomaston, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bogardus, 363 Broadway, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Otto Wagner, 385 Broadway, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: E. C. Ely, Greenfield, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Johnson's, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: D. Appleton, and Co., New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Smith \u0026 Son, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: William P. Gaut, Mt. Sterling, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: John H. Pein \u0026 Co., Richmond, Virginia","Published by E \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York","Photographed by F. Gutekunst, Philadelphia; Published by McAllister \u0026 Brother, Philadelphia","Photographer/Photography Studio: King, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Lochman's Photographic Gallery, Allentown, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: P. Tenney Gates, Plattsburgh, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. H. Williamson's Brooklyn, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Daily, Excelsior Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: M. G. Trask, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Hallet, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Sumner \u0026 Harris Union Gallery, Gen'l Butler's H. Qrs. in the Field","Photographer/Photography Studio: Lomas, Eastport Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Smith, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. M. Fassett, Chicago, Illinois","Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Downs \u0026 Co., New Orleans, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. Sellers, Keokuk, Iowa","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. A. Sheldon, New Orleans, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: Mrs. M. A. Cutler, Dixon, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. D. Fredricks, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Andrew D. Lytle, Baton Rouge, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: Black, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Black \u0026 Case, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. M. Aiken, Ware, Massachusetts","Lithograph by Murray \u0026 Goodwin, Albany, New York; Published by G. H. Treadwell, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Theodore Harris, Louisville, Kentucky","Photographer/Photography Studio: Possibly S. Anderson, New Orleans, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. Wearn, Columbia, South Carolina","Photographer/Photography Studio: Keenan, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Rees, Richmond, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: W. R. Phipps, Lexington, Kentucky","Photographer/Photography Studio: Rees, Richmond, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Rees, Richmond, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: WM. Frank Browne, Artist, P.O. Box 480, Washington, D.C., U.S. Army","Photographer/Photography Studio: William Frank Browne","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. B. Farrar's Photographic Rooms, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. B. Farrar's Photographic Rooms, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Royan M. Linn","Photographer/Photography Studio: Quimby of Charleston","Photographer/Photography Studio: Maynard \u0026 Willis, Milford, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. H. Keim, Lebanon, Pa.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Charles A. Saylor, Reading, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Daily, Excelsior Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: John Daily, Lebanon, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bowdoin, Taylor \u0026 Co., Alexandria, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Mathew Brady","Photographer/Photography Studio: Mathew Brady","Photographer/Photography Studio: Lupton \u0026 Brown, Winchester, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Wolff's Gallery, Alexandria, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Richardson of Lima, Peru","Photographer/Photography Studio: William P. Holt, Concord, New Hampshire","Photographer/Photography Studio: T. H. Smiley's Photographic Gallery, Knoxville, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: Orcutt's, Cambridge","Photographer/Photography Studio: Victor Piard, Jersey City, New Jersey","Photographer/Photography Studio: Elrod Borthers, Lexington, Kentucky","Photographer/Photography Studio: Hunting's, Belfast, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. D. Frederick, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: M. L. Averill, Oldtown, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: William Pierce, Brunswick, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: William Pierce, Brunswick, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Trask and Lewis, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Starbird, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whitehurst Gallery, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. C. Lewis, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: H. A. Mills, Camden, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. M. McKenney, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. B. Crockett, Norway, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: T. R. Burnham, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Ball \u0026 Thomas, Cincinnati, Ohio","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Sidney Brown, St. Louis, Missouri","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. C. Price, New Philadelphia, Ohio","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bennett, Alexandria, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: John A. Heard, Tremont Row, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. N. Ramsdill, Ballston Spa, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Warren, Cambridgeport, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bundy \u0026 Williams, New Haven, Connecticut","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. N. Blanchard, Barre, Vermont","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Gurney \u0026 Son, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: E. M. Vanaken, Lowville, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. Goben, Troy, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Frank Winter, Fort Shaw, Montana","Photographer/Photography Studio: Gill's City Gallery, Lancaster, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whitehurst, Washington, DC","Photographer/Photography Studio: Wm. J. Tate, New York, NY","Photographer/Photography Studio: Stokes, Trenton, New Jersey","Photographer/Photography Studio: Clark, Gardiner, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Clark, Gardiner, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: G. W. Tuttle, Thomaston, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: M. F. King","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. M. M. Kenney, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Starbird, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Curtis \u0026 Cosby, Lewiston, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Starbird, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Hunting's Belfast, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brooks \u0026 Blauvelt, Port Hudson, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. C. Platt, Oberlin, Ohio","Photographer/Photography Studio: W. E. Prall, Knoxville, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. Worms \u0026 Co., New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: John Roth, Freehold, New Jersey","Photographer/Photography Studio: Kerston \u0026 Barker, New York, NY","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. Knecht, Easton, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Victory Piard, Jersey City, New Jersey","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. S. Jacoby, Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Published by G. L. Collins, Paola, Kansas","Photographer/Photography Studio: H. Bitner, Mt. Carroll, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: Ullary \u0026 Perry, Greenville, Ohio","Photographer/Photography Studio: E. Roberts, Cleveland, Ohio","Photographer/Photography Studio: F. B. Zay, Findlay, Ohio","Photographer/Photography Studio: V. B. Massey, Lancaster, Ohio","Photographer/Photography Studio: W. Kasten, Freeport, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: Aldridge \u0026 Merriman, Chicago, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. R. Rees \u0026 Bros., Richmond, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. W. Black, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. Masury, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: W. H. Pope, Brooklyn, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: E. Klauber, Louisville, Kentucky","Photographer/Photography Studio: E. J. Jacobs, New Orleans","Published by Keystone View Company","Photographer: P. Haas","Photographer: P. Haas","Photographer: P. Haas","Photographer: P. Haas","Photographer: P. Haas","Photographer: P. Haas","Photographer: P. Haas","Photographer: D. P. Barr, Army Photographer, Vicksburg, Miss.","Photographer: French \u0026 Co., Vicksburg, Miss.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Barr \u0026 Young, Army Photographers, Fort Pickering, Memphis, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: Moulton \u0026 Larkin, Elmira, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Moulton \u0026 Larkin, Elmira, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Moulton \u0026 Larkin, Elmira, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Alexander Gardner","Photographer/Photography Studio: Alexander Gardner","Photographer/Photography Studio: Alexander Gardner","Photographed and Published by B. W. Kilburn, Littleton, New Hampshire","Photographed and Published by Kilburn Brothers, Littleton, New Hampshire","Photographer/Photography Studio: Rollins \u0026 Linn","Published by Keystone View Company","Photographed by Brady \u0026 Co., Washington, D.C.; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony \u0026 Co.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Alexander Gardner","Photographer/Photography Studio: Alexander Gardner","Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony \u0026 Co., Negative by Brady \u0026 Co., Washington, D.C.","Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony \u0026 Co.","Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony \u0026 Co., Negative by Brady \u0026 Co., Washington, D.C.","Photographed and Published by Bell \u0026 Bro., Washington, D.C.","Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony \u0026 Co., New York; Negative by Brady \u0026 Co.","Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony \u0026 Co., American and Foreign Stereoscopic Emporium, New York, NY","Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony \u0026 Co., American and Foreign Stereoscopic Emporium, New York, NY","Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony \u0026 Co., American and Foreign Stereoscopic Emporium, New York, NY","Photographer/Photography Studio: Gardner","Photographer/Photography Studio: Marks, Houston, Texas","Published by E. M. Worth's American Museum; T. Meehan, Manufacturer of Looking-glass \u0026 Picture Frames, 810 Washington St. Boston, Mass","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. B. Crockett, Norway, Main","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: N. R. Rideout, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: F. B. Smith \u0026 Son, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. P. \u0026 F. W. Hardy, Ranger, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Starbird, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Starbird, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Starbird, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: D. K. Jewell, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: E. S. Dunshee, Rochester, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. B. Conant, Lewiston, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. Piper, Manchester, New Hampshire","Photographer/Photography Studio: Starbird, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Hoag \u0026 Quick's Art Palace, Cincinnati, Ohio","Painted by Robt. W. Weit; Engraved by Geo. W. Watch","The John L. Nau III Civil War History Collection contains offensive or harmful language and imagery. This includes—but is not limited to—correspondence and diary entries that express racist views; photographs of enslaved people forced into inhumane conditions by enslavers; descriptions of violence and battle experiences; photographs of deceased soldiers; and correspondence containing explicit descriptions of sex. The purpose of this note is to give users the opportunity to decide whether they need or want to view these materials, or at least, to mentally or emotionally prepare themselves to view the materials.","The donor's accession numbering system has been preserved to maintain access to collection metadata or descriptive information. Each file title in this finding aid includes the donor accession number at the end of the title and each corresponding physical folder or item is also labeled with the donor accession number. ","Donor accession numbers are comprised of letters denoting document or photograph format followed by a four-digit number that denotes the number of the accession. The following examples can be found in the collection: DA0001 (meaning document - autograph), DC0001.001 (document - currency), DL0001 (document - letter), DN0003 (document - newspaper), DOR0001 (document - order), DOT0001 (document - other), DR0002 (document - requisition), PA0184 (photograph - ambrotype), PC0200 (photograph - carte de visite), PD0007 (photograph - daguerreotype), POT0012 (photograph - other), and PT0003 (photograph - tintype).","These donor accession numbers can be used to search the donation listing spreadsheet for corresponding metadata. This spreadsheet is available to download directly from the finding aid below, under External Documents.","About External Document MSS 16459 John L. Nau II Civil War History Collection - Donation Listing (View and Download Below)","Upon accession of the John L. Nau III Civil War History Collection, the donor provided a spreadsheet donation listing containing metadata and sellers' descriptions associated with collection materials. The spreadsheet can be downloaded below, under the External Documents heading.","Please note that many descriptions contained in this spreadsheet are drawn from sellers' language used by dealers and auction houses and contain biased and qualitative descriptions. In addition, many descriptions contain offensive, racist, and archaic language, some quoted directly from collection materials (also see the above Content Warning). ","Please also note there may be some materials listed in the donor spreadsheet that are not present in the collection. The Small Library's finding aid is the definitive listing of materials available to researchers.","Suggestions for Using the Donation Listing Spreadsheet","Materials found in the finding aid can be identified in the spreadsheet using the keyboard shortcut Control + F. If searching for materials discovered in the finding aid, it is recommended to search using donor accession numbers. (For more on this, see the above note on Alphanumeric Designations). ","Please note that the spreadsheet does not contain additional descriptive information for all materials listed in the finding aid.","Researchers can use the spreadsheet to explore the collection in many ways, including the following: ","- To conduct subject-based searches (e.g., regiments, battles, and military functions, and experiences such as sickness).","- To identify photographs of women, Black soldiers, and Native American soldiers.","- To identify correspondence in Series 1 authored by women and contained within personal papers attributed to men. Series 1 contains a significant amount of correspondence written by women to male relatives and friends. An example includes the many letters written by Mary Stanton to her husband Courtland Stanton, which are found with the Courtland Stanton (DL0011) papers. Another example are the letters of Lucy Britton and Martha Britton found with the Britton Family (DL0100) papers.","- To distinguish between duplicate titles and donor accession numbers in Series 1. Secondary collections such as the papers of Amos Garrison (DL0068) and Albert R. Whitney (DL0269) contain duplicate file titles, and descriptions in the spreadsheet may allow researchers to learn more about the exact nature of the materials they contain.","- To distinguish between portraits of unknown subjects in Series 2. Searching for a particular portrait of an unknown subject using the donor accession number may provide researchers with a description of the portrait, including details such as uniform and rank of the subject.","About External Documents MSS 16459 John L. Nau II Civil War History Collection - Transcripts (View and Download Below)","Transcript files are titled by donor accession number. (See above note titled Alphanumeric Designations).","Please be aware that these transcripts may contain mistakes. They are not intended to be a replacement for the original materials or their digital surrogates.","This item was accessioned as part of PC0876. There is no known connection between this item and the other materials in PC0876.","This item was accessioned as part of PC0876. There is no known connection between this item and the other materials in PC0876.","Additional materials relating to Fitzhugh Lee are located in Series 2 and 3.","This item was accessioned as part of PC1124. There is no known connection between the calling card and other materials in accession PC1124, which are located in Series 2.","Additional materials related to William S. Rosecrans are located in Series 2 and 3.","A portrait of James M. Tracy (PC1183) is located in Series 2","A portrait of James M. Tracy (PC1183) is located in Series 2","A portrait of James M. Tracy (PC1183) is located in Series 2","A portrait of James M. Tracy (PC1183) is located in Series 2","A portrait of James M. Tracy (PC1183) is located in Series 2","A portrait of James M. Tracy (PC1183) is located in Series 2","A portrait of James M. Tracy (PC1183) is located in Series 2","A portrait of James M. Tracy (PC1183) is located in Series 2","A portrait of James M. Tracy (PC1183) is located in Series 2","This item was accessioned as part of PT0159. There is no known connection between this record and the rest of the materials in PT0159.","This record was accessioned as part of PT0225, which included photographs of unknown soldiers. There is no known connection between the photographs located in Series 2 and this record.","This item was accessioned as part of PT0159. There is no known connection between this record and the rest of the materials in PT0159.","This item was accessioned as part of PC1029. There is no know connection between this ledger and the other items in PC1029, which are located in Series 2.","These reunion programs (POT0140.0011-POT0140.0015) were accessioned as part of POT0140, which is otherwise located in Series 2. There is no known connection between these programs and the other materials in this accession.","These reunion programs (POT0140.0011-POT0140.0015) were accessioned as part of POT0140, which is otherwise located in Series 2. There is no known connection between these programs and the other materials in this accession.","Carte de Visite PC0171 of Eugene Carr and Carte de Visite album PC0171 were part of the same donor accession. There is no known relationship between these materials.","Carte de Visite PC0171 of Michael Corcoran and Carte de Visite album PC0171 were part of the same donor accession. There is no known relationship between these materials.","Additional materials related to Napoleon Jackson Tecumseh Dana can be found in Series 1 and Series 3.","Carte de Visite PC0171 of Charles H. Davis and Carte de Visite album PC0171 were part of the same donor accession. There is no known relationship between these materials.","Carte de Visite PC0171 of William B. Franklin and Carte de Visite album PC0171 were part of the same donor accession. There is no known relationship between these materials.","Carte de Visite PC0171 of Quincy A. Gillmore and Carte de Visite album PC0171 were part of the same donor accession. There is no known relationship between these materials.","Additional materials related to States Rights Gist are located in Series 3.","Carte de Visite PC0171 of A. C. Gorden and Carte de Visite album PC0171 were part of the same donor accession. There is no known relationship between these materials.","There is no known relationship between carte de visite album PC1143 and albumen PC1143 of Ulysses S. Grant. Both were part of the same donor accession PC1143.","This photograph, \"Grant and the Union Staff\" is not part of the photographic series owned and annotated by Francis C. Miller (POT0026). However, it was accessioned by the donor as part of this group (POT0026). It appears to be a reproduction of an earlier photograph dating to ca. 1862.","Tintype PC0171 of Cecil H. Hall and Carte de Visite album PC0171 were part of the same donor accession. There is no known relationship between these materials.","PC1199.0001 and PC1199.0002 are duplicates.","PC1199.0001 and PC1199.0002 are duplicates.","Tintype PC0171 of Samuel P. Heintzelman and Carte de Visite album PC0171 were part of the same donor accession. There is no known relationship between these materials.","Additional Materials relating to Fitzhugh Lee are located in Series 1 and 3.","Additional materials related to Abraham Lincoln are located in Series 3.","Additional materials related to Abraham Lincoln are located in Series 3.","Carte de visite engraving PC0171 of George G. Meade and Carte de Visite album PC0171 were part of the same donor accession. There is no known relationship between these materials.","Cartes de Visite PC1196.0002 and PC1196.0003 are duplicates.","Cartes de Visite PC1196.0002 and PC1196.0003 are duplicates.","Carte de visite PC0171 of Frank W. Renburger and Carte de Visite album PC0171 were part of the same donor accession. There is no known relationship between these materials.","Carte de visite PC0171 of William S. Rosecrans and Carte de Visite album PC0171 were part of the same donor accession. There is no known relationship between these materials. Additional records related to William S. Rosecrans are located in Series 1 and 3.","Portrait of Slocum is the same image as PA0342.","Portrait of Slocum is the same image as PA0371.","Carte de visite PC0171 of E. Kirby Smith and carte de visite album PC0171 were part of the same donor accession. There is no known relationship between these materials. Additional materials related to E. Kirby Smith are located in Series 3.","Additional materials related to E. Kirby Smith are located in Series 3.","Carte de visite PC0171 of Edwin Vose Sumner and carte de visite album PC0171 were part of the same donor accession. There is no known relationship between these materials.","Photograph album DOT0135 attributed to James M. Tracy is located in Series 2, Subseries H.","Carte de visite PC0171 of John E. Wool and carte de visite album PC0171 were part of the same donor accession. There is no known relationship between these materials.","This case contains portraits of the same unknown soldier in both ambrotype and tintype formats.","Letter PA0202.0002 was housed folded inside of cased photograph PA0202.0001.","Letter PA0202.0002 was previously housed folded inside of cased photograph PA0202.0001.","Ambrotype PA0205.0001 and tintype PA0205.0002 have been kept together, because they depict the same unknown soldier.","Ambrotype PA0205.0001 and tintype PA0205.0002 have been kept together, because they depict the same unknown soldier.","Ambrotype PA0274.0001 and tintype PA0274.0002 depict the same unknown Union Sergeant from the 11th Indiana Infantry.","Ambrotype PA0274.0001 and tintype PA0274.0002 depict the same unknown Union Sergeant from the 11th Indiana Infantry.","PT0190 is a single case containing one tintype and one ambrotype, and is arranged with tintypes.","Tintype PA0435.0002 a duplicate of ambrotype PA0435.0001.","Tintype PA0435.0002 a duplicate of ambrotype PA0435.0001.","Tintype (POT0113.0001) of unknown Black cavalryman possibly named Jenkins or Jenning) was owned by Randolph Davis, author of correspondence (POT0113.0002). Davis's descendents allege the pictured soldier worked on Davis's farm as a free man.","Tintype (POT0113.0001) of unknown Black cavalryman possibly named Jenkins or Jenning) was owned by Randolph Davis, author of correspondence (POT0113.0002). Davis's descendents allege the pictured soldier worked on Davis's farm as a free man.","The relationship between tintype PT0136.0001 and note fragments PT0136.0002 is unknown.","The relationship between tintype PT0136.0001 and note fragments PT0136.0002 is unknown.","The relationship between tintype PT0159.0001 and records PT0159.0002 (relating to Patrick Clark) is unknown.","The relationship between tintype PT0159.0001 and records PT0159.0002 (relating to Patrick Clark) is unknown.","Carte de visite PC0171 of an unknown subject and carte de visite album PC0171 were part of the same donor accession. There is no known relationship between these materials.","PT0182 and PT0183 are similar images.","PT0182 and PT0183 are similar images.","It is unknown if there is any connection between tintype PT0225.0001, tintype PT0225.0002, and albumen PT0225.0003. They were part of the same accession.","It is unknown if there is any connection between tintype PT0225.0001, tintype PT0225.0002, and albumen PT0225.0003. They were part of the same accession.","It is unknown if there is any connection between tintype PT0297.0001 and cloth cavalry insignia PT0297.0002. They were part of the same accession.","It is unknown if there is any relationship between tintype PT0297.0001 and cloth cavalry insignia PT0297.0002. They were part of the same accession.","It is unknown if there is any relationship between tintype PT0322 and the newspaper clipping of Abraham Lincoln PT0322.","It is unknown if there is any relationship between tintype PT0322 and the newspaper clipping of Abraham Lincoln PT0322.","PT0326.0001 and PT0326.0002 are portraits of the same unknown Confederate soldier.","PT0326.0001 and PT0326.0002 are portraits of the same unknown Confederate soldier.","It is not known if leather writing case PT0431.0002 is the same as the one pictured in photograph PT0431.0001.","It is not known if leather writing case PT0431.0002 is the same as the one pictured in photograph PT0431.0001.","All four photographs labeled with the donor accession number PT0489 depict the same unknown soldier.","All four photographs labeled with the donor accession number PT0489 are of the same unknown soldier.","All four photographs labeled with the donor accession number PT0489 are of the same unknown soldier.","All four photographs labeled with the donor accession number PT0489 are of the same unknown soldier.","PT0518.1 and PT0518.2 depict the same unknown soldier.","PT0518.1 and PT0518.2 depict the same unknown soldier.","PT0625.1 and PT0625.2 each depict the same unknown Union surgeon.","PT0625.1 and PT0625.2 each depict the same unknown Union surgeon.","Carte de visite PC0171 of an unknown subject and carte de visite album PC0171 were part of the same donor accession. There is no known relationship between these materials.","Carte de visite PC0171 of an unknown subject and carte de visite album PC0171 were part of the same donor accession. There is no known relationship between these materials.","Carte de visite PC0171 of an unknown subject and carte de visite album PC0171 were part of the same donor accession. There is no known relationship between these materials.","Photograph DL0031.0006 was part of donor accession DL0031. There is no known relationship to the other materials in DL0031.","Image was accessioned by the donor in a group of 5 Albumen prints (POT0101).","Image was originally accessioned by the donor in a group of 5 Albumen prints (POT0101).","Image was originally accessioned by the donor in a group of 5 Albumen prints (POT0101).","Image was originally accessioned by the donor in a group of 5 Albumen prints (POT0101).","Image was originally accessioned by the donor in a group of 5 Albumen prints (POT0101).","Accessioned as part of PC1254, which also includes Louis von Trebra's carte de visite album (32nd Indiana Infantry). There is no known relationship between these materials.","The association between Louis von Trebra's carte de visite album and the print publications included in accession PC1254 is unknown. These volumes were accessioned with Louis von Trebra's album and share a common connection with the Army of the Cumberland.","The association between Louis von Trebra's carte de visite album and the print publications included in accession PC1254 is unknown. These volumes were accessioned with Louis von Trebra's album and share a common connection with the Army of the Cumberland.","The association between Louis von Trebra and this publication is unknown aside from their being part of the same accession (PC1254). This volume was accessioned with Louis von Trebra's carte de visite album, and the materials share a common connection with the Army of the Cumberland.","The association between Louis von Trebra and this publication is unknown aside from their being part of the same accession (PC1254). This volume was accessioned with Louis von Trebra's carte de visite album, and the materials share a common connection with the Army of the Cumberland.","The association between Louis von Trebra and this publication is unknown aside from their being part of the same accession (PC1254). This volume was accessioned with Louis von Trebra's carte de visite album, and the materials share a common connection with the Army of the Cumberland.","This photograph album previously housed portraits PC0105.0002-PC0105.0035, and is associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","There is no known relationship between carte de visite album PC1143 and albumen PC1143 of Ulysses S. Grant. Both were part of the same donor accession PC1143.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","From an album of a member of the Medical Corps of the 50th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment","From an album of a member of the Medical Corps of the 50th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment","From an album of a member of the Medical Corps of the 50th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment","From an album of a member of the Medical Corps of the 50th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment","From an album of a member of the Medical Corps of the 50th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment","From an album of a member of the Medical Corps of the 50th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment","From an album of a member of the Medical Corps of the 50th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment","From an album of a member of the Medical Corps of the 50th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment","From an album of a member of the Medical Corps of the 50th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment","From an album of a member of the Medical Corps of the 50th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment","From an album of a member of the Medical Corps of the 50th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment","From an album of a member of the Medical Corps of the 50th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment","From an album of a member of the Medical Corps of the 50th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment","From an album of a member of the Medical Corps of the 50th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album (PC0082) is currently empty but is associated with cartes de visite of the same donor accession number (PC0082).","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Carte de visite album PC0171 was part of donor accession PC0171, which also contains additional, loose photographs. There is no known relationship between the album and these photographs.","The Nau Collection was processed from October 2021 to March 2023. Because it is an artificial collection with no original order, it was arranged into series to emphasize the provenance of collection materials and to restore materials attributed to or associated with the same individual. Provenance was determined by the archival materials themselves as well as by donor metadata. Additional resources consulted during processing included The National Park Service's online Civil War Soldiers and Sailors Database (https://www.nps.gov/civilwar/soldiers-and-sailors-database.htm); Grover C. Criswell and Clarence L. Criswell's Confederate and Southern State Currency , vol. 1, (Pass-A-Grille, Florida: Criswell's Publications, 1957); John H. Eicher and David J. Eicher's Civil War High Commands (Stanford, California: Stanford University Press, 2001); and the Library of Congress's online newspapers database (https://www.loc.gov/newspapers/).","Efforts were made to restore materials to record creators and keep these materials together. However, there are some exceptions, particularly in relation to high-profile historical figures. For example, materials relating to Robert E. Lee and William Tecumseh Sherman can be found in Series 1, 2, and 3. ","File titles have been devised by the archivist and each contains a donor accession number (see note titled Alphanumeric Designations). Wherever possible or applicable, titles attributed to materials by record creators are included. ","The John L. Nau III Civil War History Collection (1806-1988, bulk 1861-1865; 133 cubic feet) contains Civil War-era correspondence, service records, pension records, artifacts, photographs, military records (including orders, requisitions, and correspondence), currency, newspapers, and other print materials. ","The collection primarily contains the correspondence, records, and photographs of white soldiers and officers who fought in the Civil War, including white officers serving in the United States Colored Troops (USCT). Additionally, the collection includes some correspondence and portraits of white women as well as a small number of portraits of Black soldiers (including PT0322, a family portrait, and a young Ben Brown, PC0836.0001) and Native American soldiers (including Frederick L. Rainbow, PT0424.0001). ","Series 1: Materials Related to the Civil War Experiences of Soldiers, Officers, and Civilians (1806-1988; approx. 83 cubic feet) consists primarily of personal letters and diaries authored by white Civil War soldiers and officers in addition to associated materials such as service records relating to official wartime functions (e.g., government documents, including paroles, furloughs, pay vouchers, discharge certifications, oaths, and pension records); photographs; autographs; personal belongings and realia (e.g., bibles, publications, and uniform buttons); and veterans' memorabilia (e.g. medals, ribbons, and event programs). Series 1 also contains correspondence written by civilians and family members (often women) from the home front, including letters by Varina Davis (1826-1906) and Helen Dortch Longstreet (1863-1962).","Series 2: Photographs and Prints (circa 1848-1939; approx. 34 cubic feet) consists primarily of portrait photographs of white male Civil War soldiers and civilians in addition to some portraits of white women and a small number of portraits of Black soldiers and Native American soldiers. Also included are documentary photographs of Civil War-related places and scenes. Series 2 photographs are comprised of a variety of nineteenth-century photographic formats, including daguerreotype, ambrotype, tintype, carte de visite, cabinet card, and stereoview. They also include carte de visite photograph albums as well as larger scale formats, including albumen and salt prints.","Series 3: Government Military Records (1855-1913; approx. 9 cubic feet) is comprised of records produced in the United States of America (USA) and the Confederate States of America (CSA) during and related to the administration of the United States Civil War (1861–1865), including a small number of postwar records. Materials include orders, reports, muster rolls, requisitions, correspondence, broadsides, and financial transactions produced by commanding officers acting in their official capacity as leaders of military organizations (e.g., Robert E. Lee, Ulysses S. Grant, Daniel Ruggles, James Longstreet, and Napoleon Jackson Tecumseh Dana). It also includes records created by military units (e.g., companies, battalions, regiments, brigades, and corps) as well bureaucratic military leadership structures of the USA and CSA (e.g., the Quartermaster's Department and the Ordnance Office as well as the various departments, districts, and armies of strategic leadership). Also included are records from leading figures in the executive branches of government in the USA (e.g., President Abraham Lincoln and Secretary of War Edwin Stanton) and CSA (e.g., Jefferson Davis). \n \nExceptions include a few groupings of personal papers, including the personal papers of John W. Hanscom of the 6th New Hampshire Infantry Regiment.","Series 4: Currency (1839-1875; approx. 1.5 cubic feet) contains currency predominately from the Civil War period (1861-1865) issued by the United States and the Confederate States, including currency notes, fractional currency notes, postage currency notes, postage stamps, bonds, and treasury warrants. In addition, it also contains currency issued by southern states and local governments, southern banks (with the addition of the Farmers and Merchants Bank, Washington, D.C.), and corporate entities based in the south.","Series 5: Newspapers and Print Materials (1846-1913; approx. 5.25 cubic feet) consists primarily of Civil War-era (1861-1865) newspapers in addition to broadsides, periodicals, pamphlets, and books from or relating to the same period.","Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","The John L. Nau III Civil War History Collection is predominantly in English. A small number of materials are in Spanish, French, Swedish, and German, and this is indicated at the file level."],"unitid_tesim":["MSS 16459","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/941"],"normalized_title_ssm":["John L. Nau III Civil War History Collection"],"collection_title_tesim":["John L. Nau III Civil War History Collection"],"collection_ssim":["John L. Nau III Civil War History Collection"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"geogname_ssm":["United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865","United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865 -- Personal narratives"],"geogname_ssim":["United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865","United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865 -- Personal narratives"],"places_ssim":["United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865","United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865 -- Personal narratives"],"acqinfo_ssim":["The John L. Nau III Civil War History Collection was acquired and donated by John L. Nau III. It was accessioned by the Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library on September 3, 2019 (2019-0149) and in an additional accession in October 2019 (2019-0231)."],"access_subjects_ssim":["letters (correspondence)","Photograph albums","photographs","newspapers"],"access_subjects_ssm":["letters (correspondence)","Photograph albums","photographs","newspapers"],"has_online_content_ssim":["true"],"physdesc_tesim":["Good."],"extent_ssm":["133 Cubic Feet 255 boxes; 9 framed items"],"extent_tesim":["133 Cubic Feet 255 boxes; 9 framed items"],"genreform_ssim":["letters (correspondence)","Photograph albums","photographs","newspapers"],"date_range_isim":[1806,1807,1808,1809,1810,1811,1812,1813,1814,1815,1816,1817,1818,1819,1820,1821,1822,1823,1824,1825,1826,1827,1828,1829,1830,1831,1832,1833,1834,1835,1836,1837,1838,1839,1840,1841,1842,1843,1844,1845,1846,1847,1848,1849,1850,1851,1852,1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is open for research.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["The collection is open for research."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe John L. Nau III Civil War History Collection (1806-1988; bulk 1861-1865; 133 cubic feet) has been arranged into five series, Series 1: Materials Related to the Civil War Experiences of Soldiers, Officers, and Civilians (1806-1988; approx. 83 cubic feet); Series 2: Photographs and Prints (circa 1848-1939; approx. 34 cubic feet); Series 3: Government Military Records (1855-1913; approx. 9 cubic feet); Series 4: Currency (1839-1875; approx. 1.5 cubic feet); and Series 5: Newspapers and Print Materials (1846-1913; approx. 5.25 cubic feet).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries 1 is arranged in three subseries.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSubseries A: Personal Papers, Service Records, and Artifacts, 1806-1988\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe arrangement approach of Subseries A is based on the archival concept of personal papers. Materials, including those authored by, owned by, addressed to, or relating to a particular individual or individuals, are grouped together and arranged in alphabetical order according to surname or last name. Internally, these groupings of personal papers (or secondary collections) are arranged in chronological order with undated materials at the end. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe above is followed by materials with incomplete or first name only attributions in alphabetical order. Finally, materials of unknown authorship or provenance are in chronological order, followed by unknown, undated materials in order of donor accession number (see resource record note titled Alphanumeric Designations). \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSubseries B: Materials Related to Libby Prison, Richmond, Virginia, is arranged in chronological order, followed by undated materials.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSubseries C: Veterans' Organizations Materials is arranged by record creator in alphabetical order. Within groupings of the same record creator, files are arranged in chronological order. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries 2 is arranged in the following subseries.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSubseries A: Portraits of Known Subjects\nThis subseries is arranged alphabetically by subject surname or last name. This is followed by photographs in alphabetical order by regimental association.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSubseries B: Portraits of Unknown Subjects in Daguerreotype Format:\nThis subseries is arranged in order of donor accession number (see Alphanumeric Designations in resource record).\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSubseries C: Portraits of Unknown Subjects in Ambrotype Format:\nThis subseries is arranged in order of donor accession number (see Alphanumeric Designations in resource record).\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSubseries D: Portraits of Unknown Subjects in Tintype Format:\nThis subseries is arranged in order of donor accession number (see Alphanumeric Designations in resource record).\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSubseries E: Portraits of Unknown Subjects in Carte de Visite Format:\nThis subseries is arranged in order of donor accession number (see Alphanumeric Designations in resource record).\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSubseries F: Portraits of Unknown Subjects in Cabinet Card, Albumen, and Other Formats:\nThis subseries is arranged in order of donor accession number (see Alphanumeric Designations in resource record).\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSubseries G: Documentary Photographs:\nThis subseries is arranged in alphabetical order by location. This is followed by unknown locations arranged in order of donor accession number (see Alphanumeric Designations in resource record).\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSubseries H: Photograph Albums and Collections:\nThis subseries is arranged alphabetically by surname or last name of the associated individual(s). This is followed by photograph albums and collections arranged alphabetically according to regimental association. And, finally, photograph albums and collections of unknown attribution or provenance are arranged in order of donor accession number (see Alphanumeric Designations in resource record).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries 3 is arranged in the following subseries: Subseries A: Records of the United States Army (USA) and Subseries B: Records of the Confederate States Army (CSA). Materials are arranged alphabetically according to the organization that created or issued them and chronologically therein with materials or unknown provenance or attribution following in order of donor accession number (see Alphanumeric Designations in resource record).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries 4 is arranged chronologically within the following subseries. \n \nSubseries A: United States of America (USA) Fractional Currency Notes \nSubseries B: United States of America (USA) Post-Civil War Fractional Currency Notes \nSubseries C: United States of America (USA) Postage Currency Notes \nSubseries D: Note Issued by a Private Bank in the United States \nSubseries E: Confederate States of America (CSA) Currency Notes \nSubseries F: Confederate States of America (CSA) Postage Stamps \nSubseries G: Confederate States of America (CSA) Bonds \nSubseries H: Notes Issued by Confederate States, Cities, and Counties \nSubseries I: Treasury Warrants Issued by the State of Texas and Limestone County, Texas \nSubseries J: Notes Issued by Southern Banks and Other Corporate Entities\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries 5 is arranged in alphabetical order according to publisher name and chronologically therein with undated materials listed last. This arrangement is followed by materials from unknown publishers arranged chronologically.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement","Arrangement","Arrangement","Arrangement","Arrangement","Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["The John L. Nau III Civil War History Collection (1806-1988; bulk 1861-1865; 133 cubic feet) has been arranged into five series, Series 1: Materials Related to the Civil War Experiences of Soldiers, Officers, and Civilians (1806-1988; approx. 83 cubic feet); Series 2: Photographs and Prints (circa 1848-1939; approx. 34 cubic feet); Series 3: Government Military Records (1855-1913; approx. 9 cubic feet); Series 4: Currency (1839-1875; approx. 1.5 cubic feet); and Series 5: Newspapers and Print Materials (1846-1913; approx. 5.25 cubic feet).","Series 1 is arranged in three subseries.","Subseries A: Personal Papers, Service Records, and Artifacts, 1806-1988","The arrangement approach of Subseries A is based on the archival concept of personal papers. Materials, including those authored by, owned by, addressed to, or relating to a particular individual or individuals, are grouped together and arranged in alphabetical order according to surname or last name. Internally, these groupings of personal papers (or secondary collections) are arranged in chronological order with undated materials at the end. ","The above is followed by materials with incomplete or first name only attributions in alphabetical order. Finally, materials of unknown authorship or provenance are in chronological order, followed by unknown, undated materials in order of donor accession number (see resource record note titled Alphanumeric Designations). ","Subseries B: Materials Related to Libby Prison, Richmond, Virginia, is arranged in chronological order, followed by undated materials.","Subseries C: Veterans' Organizations Materials is arranged by record creator in alphabetical order. Within groupings of the same record creator, files are arranged in chronological order. ","Series 2 is arranged in the following subseries.","Subseries A: Portraits of Known Subjects\nThis subseries is arranged alphabetically by subject surname or last name. This is followed by photographs in alphabetical order by regimental association.","Subseries B: Portraits of Unknown Subjects in Daguerreotype Format:\nThis subseries is arranged in order of donor accession number (see Alphanumeric Designations in resource record).","Subseries C: Portraits of Unknown Subjects in Ambrotype Format:\nThis subseries is arranged in order of donor accession number (see Alphanumeric Designations in resource record).","Subseries D: Portraits of Unknown Subjects in Tintype Format:\nThis subseries is arranged in order of donor accession number (see Alphanumeric Designations in resource record).","Subseries E: Portraits of Unknown Subjects in Carte de Visite Format:\nThis subseries is arranged in order of donor accession number (see Alphanumeric Designations in resource record).","Subseries F: Portraits of Unknown Subjects in Cabinet Card, Albumen, and Other Formats:\nThis subseries is arranged in order of donor accession number (see Alphanumeric Designations in resource record).","Subseries G: Documentary Photographs:\nThis subseries is arranged in alphabetical order by location. This is followed by unknown locations arranged in order of donor accession number (see Alphanumeric Designations in resource record).","Subseries H: Photograph Albums and Collections:\nThis subseries is arranged alphabetically by surname or last name of the associated individual(s). This is followed by photograph albums and collections arranged alphabetically according to regimental association. And, finally, photograph albums and collections of unknown attribution or provenance are arranged in order of donor accession number (see Alphanumeric Designations in resource record).","Series 3 is arranged in the following subseries: Subseries A: Records of the United States Army (USA) and Subseries B: Records of the Confederate States Army (CSA). Materials are arranged alphabetically according to the organization that created or issued them and chronologically therein with materials or unknown provenance or attribution following in order of donor accession number (see Alphanumeric Designations in resource record).","Series 4 is arranged chronologically within the following subseries. \n \nSubseries A: United States of America (USA) Fractional Currency Notes \nSubseries B: United States of America (USA) Post-Civil War Fractional Currency Notes \nSubseries C: United States of America (USA) Postage Currency Notes \nSubseries D: Note Issued by a Private Bank in the United States \nSubseries E: Confederate States of America (CSA) Currency Notes \nSubseries F: Confederate States of America (CSA) Postage Stamps \nSubseries G: Confederate States of America (CSA) Bonds \nSubseries H: Notes Issued by Confederate States, Cities, and Counties \nSubseries I: Treasury Warrants Issued by the State of Texas and Limestone County, Texas \nSubseries J: Notes Issued by Southern Banks and Other Corporate Entities","Series 5 is arranged in alphabetical order according to publisher name and chronologically therein with undated materials listed last. This arrangement is followed by materials from unknown publishers arranged chronologically."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Smith \u0026amp; Son, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. W. Petty, New Orleans, Louisiana\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: H. A. Mills, Camden, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. E. Alden, Troy, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Miller and Rowell, Boston, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Starbird, Augusta, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: William Pierce, Brunswick, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: John Holyland, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: O. L. Marston, Bangor, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. H. Van Stavoren, Nashville, Tennessee\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. H. Whitehurst \u0026amp; Co., Baltimore, Maryland\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Whitehurst Gallery, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Anderson \u0026amp; Turner, New Orleans, Louisiana\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio:\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: John L. Gihon's Photographic Art Galleries, 1024 Chestnut St. Phila.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Warren, Cambridgeport, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Knowles \u0026amp; Hillman, New Bedford, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: William B. Stearus, Bath, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Gooding, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Wenderoth, Taylor and Brown, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Published by Handy, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Bocardus, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Anderson's, New Orleans, Louisiana\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Carpenter's Gem Gallery, Troy, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: E. Jacobs, New Orleans, Louisiana\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York and Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Mrs. M. A. Cutler, Dixon, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: McPherson, Bangor, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Bogardus, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. W. Barker, Canton, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: F. McNulty, Ar, Springfield, IL, City Galle\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady's National Photographic and Portrait Galleries, New York and Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Wing's Gallery, Waterville, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Varriell, Gardiner, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. K. Brown, Augusta, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Henry M. Wells, Cambridge, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: H. A. Mills, Camden, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. W. Taft, artist, Oak Gallery, Memphis, Tennessee\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: F. A. Simonds, Chillicothe, Ohio\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. D. Lytle, Baton Rouge, Louisiana\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePublished by E. \u0026amp; H. T. Anthony, New York, from Photographic Negative by Brady's National Portrait Gallery\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Lewis and Kane, Victoria, Texas\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. Gould, North Bridgton, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFrench \u0026amp; Sawyer, Keene, New Hampshire\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady's National Photographic Portrait Galleries, New York and Washington D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026amp; H. T. Anthony\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady's, Washington, D.C. and New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Hoag \u0026amp; Quick's, Cincinnati, Ohio\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: G. D. Hamilton, Boston, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio:\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Black \u0026amp; Case, Boston, Massachusetts, and Newport, Rhode Island\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. H. Walzl, Baltimore, Maryland\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady's National Photographic Galleries, Washington, D.C. and New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio:\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: William B. Stearns, Bath, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady's National Photographic Portrait Galleries, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. R. Hall, Biddeford, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Smith \u0026amp; Son, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: L. V. Newell\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio:\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Schwing \u0026amp; Rudd, Army of the Cumberland\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: C. D. Fredricks \u0026amp; Co. of New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. D. Lytle, Baton Rouge, Louisiana\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Manchester Bros., Providence, Rhode Island\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: W. H. Sherman, Milwaukee, Wisconsin\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Ben Oppenheimer, Mobile, Alabama\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: D. C. Pratt, Aurora, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Worms \u0026amp; Co. 383 Broadway, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: N. S. Bennett, Alexandria, Virginia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: G. Cramer, Carondelet, Missouri\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026amp; H. T. Anthony, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: C. R. Edwards, Bowling Green, Kentucky\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. U. P. Burnham, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: George W. Barnes, Rockford, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Charles D. Fredricks \u0026amp; Co., New York, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. C. Nichols, Leavenworth, Kansas\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brown's Photographic Gallery, Paola, Kansas\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Williams Gallery; Skowhegan, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. Daily, Excelsior Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: C. S. Sanderson, Lewiston, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: W. J. Morrill/C. L. Grossman, Waterville, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady's National Photographic Galleries, New York and Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady's National Photographic Galleries, New York and Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Black \u0026amp; Batchelder, Boston\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: E. A. Beach, Hastings, Minnesota\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: C. D. Fredricks and Co., New York, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. C. Spaulding, Point Lookout, Maryland\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Smith \u0026amp; Son, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Conaut, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Hesler Gallery, Chicago, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: H. P. Carnes' Car, Montpelier, Vermont\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: R.W. Addis, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Hallett, Bowery, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: N. S. Bennett, Alexandria, Virginia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eB. F. Smith and Son, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eJ. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Zimmerman's New York Photographic Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. Beaumont, Chester, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Wells and Collins, New Haven, Conneticut\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Manchester Brothers, Providence, Rhode Island\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: R. A. Lord, 158 Chatham Street, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: B. Moses, New Orleans, Louisiana\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Smith, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. Morgan, Concord, New Hampshire\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Clark, Gardiner Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: S. L. Bergstresser, Army of the Potomac\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. B. Jenks, Paterson, New Jersey\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographed by Brady; Published by E.\u0026amp; H.T. Anthony, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Starbird, Augusta, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: George W. Butler, Bath, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Bett's and Prusia, Dansville, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Stone Bros., Trumansburch, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. M. Peck's, Elsworth, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. W. Black, Boston, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: D. Appleton \u0026amp; Co., New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026amp; H. T. Anthony, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Photographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026amp; H. T. Anthony, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Warren, Cambridgeport, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. J. Pierce, Rockland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. W. Hurn, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: G. W. Tuttle, Thomaston, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographed by Brady; Published by E.\u0026amp; H.T. Anthony, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: F. Forshew, Hudson, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: F. Forshew, Hudson, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: T. M. Schleier, Nashville, Knoxville, and Chattanooga, Tennessee\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Photographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026amp; H.T. Anthony, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Jno. Holyland, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eLe Rue Lemer, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady's National Photographic Portrait Gallery, New York and Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Smith \u0026amp; Son, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Matthew Brady\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Gibbon, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: S. Anderson of New Orleans\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. H. Van Stavoren, Nashville, Tennessee\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Lumpkin and Tomlinson, Richmond, Virginia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. Gurney \u0026amp; Son, New York, NY\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady's National Photographic Galleries, Washington, D.C. \u0026amp; New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: G. W. Tuttle, Thomaston, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Washburn's, New Orleans, Louisiana\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: E. R. Gard's Photographic Art Palace, Chicago, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: E. H. McKenney, Biddeford, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Whitaker and Co., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: McPherson \u0026amp; Oliver, Baton Rouge, Louisiana\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: McPherson \u0026amp; Oliver, Baton Rouge, Louisiana\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Philp \u0026amp; Solomon, Washington, DC\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Gorman and Jordan, Alexandria, Virginia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: I. N. Teague\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Kerston \u0026amp; Thompson, New York, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Matthew Brady\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. M. Benjamin\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: George Watson, Montpelier, Vermont\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: N. S. Bennett, Alexandria, Virginia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Charles H. Danforth, Cambridgeport, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Union Photographic Gallery, Camp Butler, Newport News, Virginia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Burnite \u0026amp; Weldon, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Whitehurst Gallery, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: C. S. Sanderson, Dover, New Hampshire\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: William P. Gaut, Mt. Sterling, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, photographer, McClees Gallery, 308 Penna. Avenue, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: William C. North, Cleveland, Ohio\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Th. Gubelman, Puliski, TN\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: S. Masury, Boston, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: S. Masury, Boston, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: S. Masury, Boston, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Hermos, Lima, Peru\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Kerston's Photograph Gallery, Newark, New Jersey\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Moses and Piffet, New Orleans, Louisiana\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Keet and Gemmill, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. M. M'Kenney, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Sam A. Cooley, Photographer Tenth Army Corps\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Published by W.V. Lane, Camden, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: T.M.V. Doughty, Winsted, Conneticut\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: H. A. Balch's Star Photograph Gallery, Memphis, Tennessee\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: H. Tombarger, Lancaster, Ohio\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Black and Case\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. W. Black, Boston, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: O. P. Howe, Augusta, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: G. M. Howe, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePublished by E. \u0026amp; H. T. Anthony, New York, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePublished by Brady; Published by E \u0026amp; H.T. Anthony, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Cooley \u0026amp; Becket, Beaufort, South Carolina\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Bowdoin, Taylor, and Co., Alexandria, Virginia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: R. G. Montgomery of Virginia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Ingraham Brothers, Westfield, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Cushing \u0026amp; King Photographers, Woodstock, Vermont\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographed by Brady, New York; Published by E. \u0026amp; H. T. Anthony, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Moses, Trenton, New Jersey\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: F. Gutekunst, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: H. C. Brown, Norwich, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. S. Marse, Nashville, Tennessee\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: F. Forshew, Hudson, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Webster \u0026amp; Bro., Louisville, Kentucky\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePublished by E. \u0026amp; H. T. Anthony, New York, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Hoag \u0026amp; Quick, Cincinnati, Ohio\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Joshua Appleby Williams, Newport, Rhode Island\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Whitehurst Gallery, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Silli, Nice, France\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: E. W. Beckwith, Alexandria, Virginia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: E. W. Beckwith, Alexandria, Virginia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Wolff's Gallery, Alexandria, Virginia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026amp; H. T. Anthony, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: R. E. Mosely, Newburyport\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: N. S. Bennett, Alexandria, Virginia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Harter's Fine Art Gallery, Auburn, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Whipple, Boston, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. H. Pein \u0026amp; Co., Richmond, Virginia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Gorman and Jordan, Alexandria, Virginia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: D. C. Burnite \u0026amp; Co., Harrisburg, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: S. B. Brown's, Providence, Rhode Island\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: W. J. Tait, New York, NY\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Whitehurst Gallery, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Conant and Johnson, Lewiston, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. O. Durgan, Farmouth, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: C.H. Freeman, Montpelier, Vermont\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Kilgore's, Belfast, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePublished by Joseph Ward, Boston, Massachusetts; Photograph by Matthew Brady\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: I. N. Teague, Lewiston, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Henry Ulke, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographed by Brady's National Portrait Gallery; Published by E. Anthony, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBarr \u0026amp; Young, Vicksburg, Mississippi\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Photographed by Brady, Published by E. \u0026amp; H. T. Anthony, New York, NY\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Charles D. Fredricks \u0026amp; Co., New York, NY\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Henry Ulke, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: C. L. Marston, Bangor, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: E. R. Marks, Austin, Texas\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Mc Clee's Gallery, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Armstead \u0026amp; White, Corinth, Mississippi\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. S. Rhodes, St. Law Co., New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Munger \u0026amp; Stone, Quincy, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. M. Cross, Belvidere, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: W. H. Emery\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. W. Black, Boston, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePublished by E. \u0026amp; H. T. Anthony, New York, NY\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Matthew Brady\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Mrs. M. A. Cutler, Dixon Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Wm. McHenry, Freeport, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Fredricks \u0026amp; Co., New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: George M. Howe, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Purvience, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: T. S. Estabrook, Houlton, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: F. L. Lay's, Boston, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: S. P. Smith, Kankakee City, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: C. D. Fredricks \u0026amp; Co., New York, NY\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: T. R. Burnham, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J.T. Bradshaw \u0026amp; Co., successors to G. Moses, Quincy, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. M. McKenney, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: P. L. Perkins\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: C. D. Fredericks \u0026amp; Co., New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Daily's Excelsior Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: D. F. Brandon, Camp Douglas, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. M. Burnham, Bangor, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. M. Burnham, Bangor, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. Braisted, Freeport, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. Hesler, Chicago\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Pierce, Galena, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: R.W. Addis, McClees's Gallery, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026amp; H. T. Anthony, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. S. Morse, Nashville, Tennessee\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: E. Crockett, Rockland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. P. \u0026amp; F. W. Hardy, Bangor, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026amp; H. T. Anthony, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, DC\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Whipple, Boston, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: T. R. Burnham, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Chas. H. Danforth, Cambridgeport, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. C. Reeve, Lambertville, New Jersey\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Warren and Lowell, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York, NY\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePublished by E. \u0026amp; H. T. Anthony, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Morse's Gallery of the Cumberland, Nashville, Tennessee\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Geo. S. Cook, Charleston, South Carolina\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. Gurney \u0026amp; Son, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Slagle, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Slee Brothers, Poughkeepsie, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePublished by E. \u0026amp; H.T. Anthony, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J.H. Keim, Lebanon, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. U. P. Burnham, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Curtis and Crosby, Lewiston, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. M. McKenney, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: E. Lewis Wires, Milford\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Bogardus, New York, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: C. Evans, Philadelphia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: N. S. Bennett, Alexandria, Virginia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Smith, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: P. B. Jones, Davenport, Iowa\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: N. H. Black, Natchez, Mississippi\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Schwing \u0026amp; Rudd, Army of The Cumberland\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Starbird, Augusta, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: W. H. Sherman, Milwaukee, Wisconsin\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: George B. Butler, Bath, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Mathew Brady's National Photographic Portrait Galleries\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Mathew Brady's National Photographic Portrait Galleries\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Mathew Brady's National Photographic Portrait Galleries\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Joseph Ward, Boston, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: John Goldin, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Pein \u0026amp; Co., Washington City\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York, NY\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York, NY\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Matthew Brady\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: George M. Howe, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Mrs. M. A. Cutler, Dixon Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: T. R. Burnham, Boston, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, DC\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. E. McClees, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Good \u0026amp; Stokes, Trenton, New Jersey\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: E. Jacob's, New Orleans, Louisiana\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. H. \u0026amp; J. L. Abbott, Albany, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Geo. W. Barnes, Rockford, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Layton's, Rockford, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. U. P. Burnham, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Nason's Photograph Gallery, Columbus, Ohio\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Bachrach \u0026amp; Bro, Baltimore, Maryland\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Cross and Franke, Arlington, Virginia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Whitehurst Gallery, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. W. Watson, Raleigh, North Carolina\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographed by Brady; Published by E. Anthony, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Gutekunst, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: B. P. Smith \u0026amp; Son, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Julius Brill, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Saylor's New Photograph Gallery, Reading, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Crosby, 13th Regiment Mass. Volunteers\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: John Weiss, New Orleans, Louisiana\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026amp; H. T. Anthony, New York, NY\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographed by Brady; Published by E. Anthony, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Clark, Gardiner, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: John Cadwallader, Toledo, Ohio\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: H. Bitner, Mr. Carroll, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Bowdoin, Taylor and Company, 204 King Forner Columbus Street, Alexandria, Virginia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. M. McKenney, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: H. Jennings, artist, The New \u0026amp; Reliable Gallery, Lancaster, Kentucky\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Peplow and Balch, Memphis, Tennessee\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026amp; H. T. Anthony, New York, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePublished by E. Anthony, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePublished by E. \u0026amp; H. T. Anthony, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Thomas and Pearson, Macomb, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Henszey \u0026amp; Co., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Henszey \u0026amp; Co., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Henzey \u0026amp; Co., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Henzey \u0026amp; Co., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Mrs. M. A. Cutler, Dixon, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. H. Keim, Lebanon, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Lothrop's Ferrotype Gallery, Philadelphia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Mathew B. Brady\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWilliam Pierce, Brunswick, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: T. F. Saltsman, Nashville, Tennessee\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: John Goldin \u0026amp; Co., Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026amp; H. T. Anthony, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: E. P. H. Capron \u0026amp; Bros. , Springfield, Ohio\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: T. J. Merritt's National Portrait Gallery, Nashville, Tennessee\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Giers \u0026amp; Co., Nashville, Tennessee\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Whitney and Paradise, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026amp; H. T. Anthony, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: August Morand, Brooklyn, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Mathew Brady\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: D. K. Jewell, Augusta, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: C. D. Fredericks \u0026amp; Co., New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. W. Black, Boston, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Bishop \u0026amp; Campbell, Army of the Cumberland\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Trask and Davis, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Henszey \u0026amp; Co., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Butler and King, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: T. R. Burnham, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: W. J. Moulton, El Mira, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. C. Lewis, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Guay and Co., New Orleans, Louisiana\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: N. S. Bennett, Alexandria, Virginia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Davis Brothers Photograph Rooms, Portsmouth and Exeter, New Hampshire\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Black \u0026amp; Batchelder, Boston, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Whipple, Boston, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographed by Brady; Published by E. Anthony, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Whitehurst Gallery, Washington, DC\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Loring's Photographic Gallery, Eastport, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Charles D. Fredricks \u0026amp; Co., New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Philadelphia Photographic Co., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Whipple, Boston, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: F. Gutekunst\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. Constant, New Orleans, Louisiana\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: George M. Howe, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: King, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: T. R. Burnham, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: George D. Puffer, Nashua, New Hampshire\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Smith, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: T. S. Estabrook, Houlton, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Jno. Holyland, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographed by M. J. Powers; Published by Whitehurst Gallery, Washington, DC\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Jno. Holyland, Washington, DC\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. S. Morse, Nashville, Tennessee\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Moses \u0026amp; Piffet, successors to E. Jacobs, New Orleans, Louisiana\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. S. Morse, Nashville, Tennessee\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographed by Brady's National Portrait Gallery; Published by E. \u0026amp; H. T. Anthony, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. Daily, Excelsior Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. Daily, Excelsior Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Murphy Bros., Alton, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: F. Gutekunst, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Godshaw \u0026amp; Flexner, Louisville, Kentucky\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady's National Photographic Portrait Galleries, New York and Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Moffat and Simpson, Key West, Florida\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: G. P. Ayer, Augusta, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: William F. Blunt, North Anson, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. Gurney \u0026amp; Son, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: D. Appleton \u0026amp; Co., New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Anson's\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Fassetts Gallery, Chicago, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Gardner, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Whitehurst Gallery\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Meade Brothers, Astor, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePublished by E. \u0026amp; H. T. Anthony, New York, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. Gurney \u0026amp; Son, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Alex. Gardner, Washington, DC\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographed by Brady, New York, NY; Published by E. Anthony, New York, NY\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Philp \u0026amp; Solomon, Washington, DC\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. E. McClees, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026amp; H.T. Anthony, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, DC\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. E. Alden, Troy, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Watson's, Raleigh, NC\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady's National Photographic Portrait Galleries, New York and Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: L. Thompson, Norwich, Connecticut\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026amp; H. T. Anthony, New York, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: T. M. Schleier, Nashville, Tennessee\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. M. McKenny, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Mason \u0026amp; Gardner, Providence, Rhode Island\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Handy, Washington, D.C..\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Outley's, St. Louis, Missouri\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Bragy Gallery\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Geo. W. Butler, Bath, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Smith, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: W. F. King, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: N. S. Bennett, Alexandria, Virginia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Frank E. Stanley, Auburn, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Anderson's Photographic Gallery, New Orleans, Louisiana\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Warren and Lowell, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Warren and Lowell, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Warren and Lowell, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: B. P. Browne, Bath, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026amp; H. T. Anthony, New York, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: E. Jacobs \u0026amp; Company, New Orleans, Louisiana\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. Gurney \u0026amp; Son, New York, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Trask \u0026amp; Lewis\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. M. McKenney, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographed by Brady, New York, New York; Published by E. \u0026amp; H. T. Anthony\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographed by Brady, New York, New York; Published by E. \u0026amp; H. T. Anthony\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Charles K. Bill's, New York, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Wilder Brothers, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Zimmermans's N.F W York, Photographic Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. H. Keim, Lebanon, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: D. H. Cole, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. Hesler, Chicago, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026amp; H. T. Anthony, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographed by Alex Gardner; Published by Philp \u0026amp; Solomons, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: R. A. Addis, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. B. Smith, Utica, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. M. Burnham, Bangor, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. W. Black, Boston\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Henry Ulke, Washington, DC\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Geo. W. Butler, Bath, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Kerston \u0026amp; Thompson, New York, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: William Pierce, Brunswick, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Dunshee's, Boston\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: D. Adams, Nashville, Tenn.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. U. P. Burnham, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. H. Abbott, Albany, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: L. I. Prince, New Orleans, Louisiana\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. W. Black, Boston, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J.S. Medlar, Woodstock, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Mrs. A. A. Rhodes, West Rockford, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: D. O. Furnald, Manchester, New Hampshire\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. M. McKenney, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Wolff's Gallery, Alexandria, Virginia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady's National Photographic Portrait Gallery, New York and Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: French \u0026amp; Sawyer, Keene, New Hampshire\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Cole's Photographic Gallery, Peoria, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: William Nims, Photographer, Fort Edward, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: P. H. McKernon, Saratoga Springs, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: P. H. McKernon, Saratoga Springs, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: P. H. McKernon, Saratoga Springs, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: P. H. McKernon, Saratoga Springs, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Jno. Holyland Metropolitan Gallery, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Lothrop's Ferrotype Gallery, Philadelphia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Lobell General Hospital, Portsmouth Grove, Rhode Island\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: William Summerhays\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. U. P. Burnham, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Davis Brothers Photograph Rooms, Portsmouth and Exeter, New Hampshire\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Filley \u0026amp; Gilbert, New Haven, Connecticut\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Haas \u0026amp; Peale, Hilton Head, South Carolina\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: E. N. Medernach, Danville, Virginia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: R. H. Dewey, Pittsfield, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Lothrop's Ferrotype Gallery, Philadelphia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Smith, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. H. Wagoner's, Mt. Morris, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Mathew Brady\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Samuel A. Cooley, Beaufort, South Carolina\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Thompson Gallery, Albany, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Warren, Lowell, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Kerston \u0026amp; Thompson, New York, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: W. B. Stearns, Bath, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: H. G. Fetters, Peru, Indiana\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: William P. Gaut, Mt. Sterling, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: New Orleans Photographic Co.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: F. Gutekunst, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePublished by E. \u0026amp; H. T. Anthony, New York, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026amp; H. T. Anthony, New York, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026amp; H. T. Anthony, New York, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Rees of Richmond, Virginia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J.L. Winner, Annapolis, MD\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Bishop \u0026amp; Campbell, Photographers, Army of the Cumberland\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: S. F. Conant, Skowhegan, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: B. P. Paige, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Warren and Lowell, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Powelson's, Detroit, Michigan\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: N. Olsen Photographer, New Orleans, Louisiana\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, DC\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographed by Brady's National Portrait Gallery; Published by E. \u0026amp; H. T. Anthony, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePublished by Vannerson \u0026amp; Jones, Richmond, Virginia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Henry Ulke, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. M. McKenney, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBrady's National Portrait Gallery; Published by E. Anthony, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. O. Jewett, Lebanon, Missouri\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Smith \u0026amp; Son, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Bell and Brother\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Jno. Holyland, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: G. W. Roseberry, Alexandria, Virginia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, DC\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Whitehurst, Gallery, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. Daily, Excelsior Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Mrs. M. A. Cutler, Dixon, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: L. W. Cook, Weymouth Landing, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: James S. Earle \u0026amp; Son, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. W. Black, Boston\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Whitehurst, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePublished by E. \u0026amp; H. T. Anthony, New York, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Havens, Jacksonville, FL\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. W. A. Tresize, Springfield, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: O.C. Benjamin, Newark, N. J.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: G. W. Tuttle, Thomaston, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographed by Brady, New York, NY; Published by E. Anthony, New York, NY\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, DC\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brendann Bros., Baltimore\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographed by Wenderoth \u0026amp; Taylor; Published by McAllister \u0026amp; Bro., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. H Messenger, US General Hospital, Annapolis, Maryland\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: D. P. Barr, Army Photographer, Vicksburg\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Whitaker \u0026amp; Co., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: William P. Gaut, Mt. Sterling, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. P. Burnham, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Griswold \u0026amp; Smith, Columbus, Ohio\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: M. B. Brady's National Photographic Portrait Galleries, New York and Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. R. Davis, Biddeford, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographed by Brady's National Portrait Gallery; Published by E. Anthony, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographed by Brady; Published by E. Anthony, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. E. McClees, Philadelphia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBrady, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. R. Hall, Biddeford, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: R. H. Brown, Savannah, Georgia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: McAdams, Alexandria, Virginia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: F. Gutekunst, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Mrs. M. A. Cutler, Dixon, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Manchester Brothers Photographers, Providence, Rhode Island\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Fredericks and Co., New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: D. K. Jewell, Augusta, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. U. P. Burnham, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Geo. W. Butler, Bath, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Bundy and Williams, New Haven, Conneticut\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Bowers, Lynn, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Kin, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Elrod Bro.'s, Lexington, Kentucky\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. M. McKenney, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Piper \u0026amp; Sanborn, Manchester, New Hampshire\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026amp; H. T. Anthony, New York, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. Perry Elliott's City Gallery, Indianapolis, Indiana\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: W. Ames, Quincy, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Abster \u0026amp; Bro, Louisville, Kentucky\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Abster \u0026amp; Bro, Louisville, Kentucky\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Abster \u0026amp; Bro, Louisville, Kentucky\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. S. Morse, Nashville, Tennessee\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Abster \u0026amp; Bro, Louisville, Kentucky\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Abster \u0026amp; Bro, Louisville, Kentucky\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. S. Morse, Nashville, Tennessee\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. S. Morse, Nashville, Tennessee\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: S. D. Phillips, 14th Army Corps\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: M. K. Marshall, Circleville, Ohio\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. S. Morse, Nashville, Tennessee\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. A. Scholten, Saint Louis, Missouri\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. S. Morse, Nashville, Tennessee\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. S. Morse, Nashville, Tennessee\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026amp; H. T. Anthony, New York, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. S. Morse\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: William P. Gault, Mt. Sterling, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: C. S. German, Springfield, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePublished by E. \u0026amp; H. T. Anthony, New York, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Hawkins \u0026amp; Philpot, Macomb, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: F. W. De Camp, Newark, New Jersey\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Webster, Louisville, Kentucky\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: E. Jacobs, New Orleans, Louisiana\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eUnknown Photographer; Published by E. Anthony, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Alexander Gardner, Photographer to the Army of the Potomac, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Morse, Nashville, Tennessee\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Pratt's Gallery, Richmond, Virginia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Schreiber \u0026amp; Son, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Erekson \u0026amp; Bodurtha, Bridgeport, Conneticut\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Hinds, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Abraham Fisher, Boston, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York, NY\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026amp; H. T. Anthony, New York, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026amp; H. T. Anthony, New York, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. U. P. Burnham, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. N. Wilson, Savannah, Georgia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: McAdams, Alexandria, Virginia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. Birney Linn\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Louis Walzl\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Variell, Gardiner, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. A. Turner, D. Appleton \u0026amp; Co., New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: M. F. King, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: R. H. White, Jacksonport, Arkansas\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: C. H. Spieler's, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Armstead \u0026amp; Taylor, Corinth, Mississippi\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: O.H. Willard, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: R. P. Layton, Rockford, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: John Goldin \u0026amp; Col, Washington D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. Daily, Excelsior Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. H. Keim, Lebanon, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Mrs. M. A. Cutler, Dixon, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: N. C. Sanborn, Lowell, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Marshall, Boston, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Partridges Photographic Gallery and Stock Depot, Wheeling, Virginia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Armstead \u0026amp; White, Corinth, Mississippi\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Mrs. W. A. Reed, Quincy, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Fred C. Low, East Cambridge, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brooks \u0026amp; Blauvelt, Port Hudson, Louisiana\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: C. L. Marston, Bangor, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Evans and Prince, York, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Ingraham Bros, Westfield, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. U. P. Burnham, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: G. W. Clark, Ionia, Michigan\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Bennett, Alexandria, Virginia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: C. C. Giers, Nashville, Tennessee\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePublished by E \u0026amp; H.T. Anthony, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Charles D. Fredricks \u0026amp; Co., New York, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePublished by E. Anthony, New York, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: N. R. Bideout \u0026amp; Co., Augusta, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: John Goldin, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Hendee, Augusta, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eJ. Daily, Excelsior Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Whitney's Gallery, Saint Paul, Minnesota\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. M. McKenney, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: N. S. Bennett, Alexandria, Virginia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: H. B. King, Taunton, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Charles Jameson, Columbia, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Anderson's Photographic Gallery, New Orleans, Louisiana\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: L. D. Cox, Ludlow, Vermont\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Whipple, Boston, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: G. W. Davis, Columbus, Ohio\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. W. Black, Boston\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. Brainstead, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, DC\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Tyler \u0026amp; Co., Charleston, South Carolina\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographed by Brady; Published by E \u0026amp; H.T. Anthony, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Charles D. Fredricks \u0026amp; Co., New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Larkin Gallery, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: William Pierce, Brunswick, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: George W. Butler, Bath, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: George C. White, Boston\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. S. Morse, Nashville, Tennessee\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Whitney's Gallery, Saint Paul, Minnesota\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePublished by E. \u0026amp; H. Anthony, New York, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: M. J. Powers, Whitehurst Gallery, Washington, DC\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: McLure, Allen P.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Peplow \u0026amp; Balch, Memphis, Tennessee\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Nollen \u0026amp; Van Grieken, Keokuk, Iowa\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Charles D. Fredricks \u0026amp; Co., New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Black \u0026amp; Case, Boston, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: D. H. Cole, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: R. L. Jackson, Lewiston, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Bundy and Williams, New Haven, Connecticut\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. A. Scholten, St. Louis, Missouri\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, DC\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Henry Ulke, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: C. G. Carleton, Waterville, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. U. P. Burnham, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Whitehurst Gallery, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Warren, Cambridgeport, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Gilbert's, Philadelphia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, DC\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. H. Van Stavorn's Metropolitan Gallery, Nashville, Tennessee\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Sprague \u0026amp; Curtis, Lewiston, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. M. McKenney, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Bogardus, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Campbell \u0026amp; Ecker, Louisville, Kentucky\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Pierce \u0026amp; Cogswell, Rochelle, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. U. P. Burnham, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: William P. Gaut, Mt. Sterling, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: H. T. McCormick, Martinsburg, West Virginia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. M. McKenney, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: G. H. Loomis, Boston, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Hall, Lawrence, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Kennedy \u0026amp; Schenck, Newark, New Jersey\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Morell, George Webb\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Hall, South Royalton, Vermont\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Fredricks \u0026amp; Co., New Yor\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Schwing \u0026amp; Rudd, Army of the Cumberland\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: William P. Gaut, Mt. Sterling, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: William Pierce, Brunswick, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: G. H. Scripture, Peterboro, New Hampshire\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer's, Bangor, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: E. L. Eaton, Omaha, Nebraska\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York, NY\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026amp; H. T. Anthony, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Gurney \u0026amp; Son, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Downs \u0026amp; Co., New Orleans, Louisiana\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Hagaman, Philadelphia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Geo. W. Butler, Bath, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: C. J. I. Murray, Myerstown, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Reimer, Philadelphia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Hanford, New London, New Hampshire\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Webster's Photograph Gallery, Louisville, Kentucky\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. B. Carr, Old Town, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: G. H. Loomis, Boston, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Miller and Rowell, Boston, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: S. A. Cooley, Beaufort, South Carolina\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Kerston \u0026amp; Thompson, New York, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: William B. Stearns, Bath, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. C. Fassett, Dexter, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Kertson \u0026amp; Barker, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. B. Crockett\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: John A. Heard, Boston, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: G. H. Loomis, Boston, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Kimball \u0026amp; Sons, Concord, New Hampshire\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographed by A. A. Turner; Published by D. Appleton \u0026amp; Co., New York, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Taylor and Seavey\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. Milton Lapham, Decatur, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Bogardus, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Bowdoin, Taylor, \u0026amp; Co, Alexandria, Virginia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: C. I. Marston, Bangor, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: T. R. Burnham, Boston\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: R. P. Layton, Rockford, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Smith, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Smith, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026amp; H. T. Anthony, New York, NY\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Haseltine, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Hinds, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Armstead \u0026amp; White, Corinth, Mississippi\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. Smith, Sr., Lebanon, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York, NY\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Evans, Norfolk, Virginia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: B. McMahon, Mt. Pleasant, Iowa\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, DC\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePublished by E. \u0026amp; H. T. Anthony, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. M. M' Kenney, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Whipple, Boston, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: F. Gutekunst, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Whitehurst, Washington, DC\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: F. McNulty, Springfield, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, McClees' Gallery, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Cole of Biddleford, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. W. Black, Boston, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePublished by E. \u0026amp; H. T. Anthony, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. F. Ryder, Cleveland\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: E. H. McKenny, Biddleford, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Lilienthal and Co., New Orleans, Louisiana\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Sprague \u0026amp; Tapley, Lewiston, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Geo. P. Hall, St. Louis, Missouri\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady 's National Photographic Portrait Galleries, New York and Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographed by Brady; Published by E. Anthony, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Mrs. M. F. Howe, Jamestown , New York, A. J. Stiles, Photographist\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. Gurney \u0026amp; Son, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: P. E. Gibbs, Richmond, Virginia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, DC\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: W. L. Bracey, Great Falls, New Hampshire\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. Gurney \u0026amp; Son, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Lutges, Detroit, Michigan\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. Gurney and Son, Broadway, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Bell and Brother, Washington, DC\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: C. S. Sanderson, Lewiston, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Curtis and Crosby, Lewiston, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Variell, Gardiner, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Smith \u0026amp; Son, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: George E. Collins; Bucksport, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. E. Alden, Troy, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Handy, Washington, D.C..\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Hoag \u0026amp; Quicks, Cincinnati, Ohio\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Armstead \u0026amp; Taylor, Corinth, Mississippi\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Smith, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Whipple, Boston, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady's National Photographic and Portrait Galleries, New York and Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Porter's, Cincinnati, Ohio\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: G. N. Granniss, Waterbury, Connecticut\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Bundy \u0026amp; Williams, New Haven, Connecticut\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: S. J. Thompson \u0026amp; Co., Albany, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: King, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: C. A. Stevens, Richmond, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: George M. Howe, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographed by Brady; Published by E. Anthony, New York, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Bogardus, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Hoag \u0026amp; Quick's, Cincinnati, Ohio\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Geo. W. Butler, Bath, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Lothrop's Ferrotype Gallery, Philadelphia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographed by Brady, New York, New York; Published by E. \u0026amp; H. T. Anthony\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBrady's National Portrait Gallery; Published by E. \u0026amp; H. T. Anthony, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. Carbutt, Chicago, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Rivers', St. Louis, Missouri\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. Daily, Excelsior Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: George Rockwood, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. W. Black, Boston, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. Daily, Excelsior Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Hinds, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Kimball, Augusta, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. W. Hornbaker, Alexandria, Virginia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. U. P. Burnham, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: T. S. Estabrook, Houlton, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Whitehurst, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: W. F. King\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York, NY\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: W. J. Moulton, Elmira, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: George M. Howe, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A.R. Boynton, Sanbornton Bridge, New Hampshire\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Davis Brothers, Portsmouth, New Hampshire\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. M. McKenney, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. M. M'Kenney, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Whipple, Boston, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: E. Crockett, Rockland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Burwell \u0026amp; Homan, New Haven, Connecticut\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Smith \u0026amp; Son, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Black and Case, Boston, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Magnolia, Lexington, Kentucky\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: T. F. Saltsman, Nashville, Tennessee\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Smith \u0026amp; Wybrant, Louisville, Kentucky\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, DC\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Weitfle \u0026amp; Wright, 1st Division, 6th Corps\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. Daily, Excelsior Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Charles S. Hart, Watertown, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: F. Gutekunst, Philadelphia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Whitehurst Gallery, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Henry Ulke, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: McAdams, Alexandria, Virginia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Matthew Brady\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Bennett, Alexandria, Virginia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Haas \u0026amp; Peale, Hilton Head, South Carolina\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Webster \u0026amp; Bro., Louisville, Kentucky\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: C.H. Smedley \u0026amp; Co., Middletown, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. Daily, Excelsior Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: T. McMahon, Photographer, Danville, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: R. A. Lewis, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: G. Moses \u0026amp; Co., Quincy, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: G. F. Child, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographed by Brady's National Portrait Gallery; Published by E. \u0026amp; H. T. Anthony, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. Hesler, Chicago, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Kimberly Brothers\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. Carbutt, Chicago, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Mathew Brady\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Samuel Masury, Boston\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Charles D. Fredricks \u0026amp; Co., New York, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. E. Alden, Troy, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Photographed by Brady, Washington, DC\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: C. D. Fredricks \u0026amp; Co., New York, Habana, Paris\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: C. D. Fredricks \u0026amp; Co., New York, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: C. D. Fredricks \u0026amp; Co., New York, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Helke and Benecke, St. Louis, Missouri\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Hopkins, Annapolis, Maryland\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J.H. Keim, Lebanon, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Churchill \u0026amp; Dennison, Albany, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Variell, Gardiner, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. H. Van Stavoren's, Nashville, Tennessee\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. Constant, New Orleans, Louisiana\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: S. Anderson, New Orleans, Louisiana\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. Gould, North Bridgton, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Webster and Bro., Louisville, Kentucky\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. H. Van Stavoren, Nashville, Tennessee\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: D. L. Heath, Norwalk, Ohio\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, DC\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: William Pierce, Brunswick, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: T. F. Saltsman, Nashville, Tennessee\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. M. Peck, Ellsworth, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. M. McKenney, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: McAdams, Alexandria, Virginia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: E. Crocket, Rockland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: W. B. Field, Morris, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. P. Greenwald, Newark, Ohio\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Gorham and Co, Providence, Rhode Island\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Bogardus, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Matthew Brady\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Moses \u0026amp; Piffet, successors to E. Jacobs, New Orleans, Louisiana\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Hinton \u0026amp; Cleary's, Montgomery, Alabama\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. E. Alden, Troy, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: W. F. Yung\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Matthew Brady\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brown's Gallery, Little Rock, Arkansas\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: William Brown, Photographer of the Army of Arkansas\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Griswold \u0026amp; White, Corinth, Mississippi\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Morse's, Nashville, Tennessee\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Smith, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. B. Davis, Biddleford, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: D. K. Jewell, Augusta, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Black, Boston, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: P. Butler, Springfield, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePublished by E. \u0026amp; H. T. Anthony, New York, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. C. Lewis, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Bogardus, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. M. Burnham, Bangor, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: S. Masury, Boston, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Currier, Amesbury, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Currier, Amesbury, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Cole, Biddeford, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Cahill, Boston, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: George H. Wood, Towanda, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady's, New York, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: S. F. Sterlin, Woodstock, Vermont\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: George M. Howe, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. Hesler, Chicago, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. W. Black, Boston, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: by H. Glosser, Broadway, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Turner, Philadelphia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Henry Ulke, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026amp; H. T. Anthony, New York, NY\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. Daily, Excelsior Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. B. Crockett, Norway, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: W. Case, Halifax, Nova Scotia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Bogardus, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: S. Anderson, New Orleans\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Balkan Studio, Wartham, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Jordan \u0026amp; Co., New York, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: S. A. Colley, Beaufort, South Carolina\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: L. V. Newell\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. W. Black, Boston\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Mrs. M. A. Cutler, Dixon, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: R. K. McMurray, Winchester, W. Virginia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. O. Burgan, Yarmouth, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Hoag \u0026amp; Quick's Art Palace, Cincinnati, Ohio\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. Thurlow, Peoria, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographed by Brady; Published by E. Anthony, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Smith, Southbridge\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. E. Alden, Troy, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Schwing \u0026amp; Rudd, Photographers Army of the Cumberland\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Sam A. Cooley, Beaufort, South Carolina\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: P. L. Perkins\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Beecher and Grier's Photograph Rooms, West Chester, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographed by Brady, New York, New York; Published by E. \u0026amp; H. T. Anthony, New York, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. Daily, Excelsior Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: McAdams, Alexandria, Virginia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Knight, Batavia, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Bradley \u0026amp; Rulofson, San Francisco, California\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: F. W. Loud, Bowery, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: G. G. Johnson, Dubuque, Iowa\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Klauber \u0026amp; Campbell, Louisville, Kentucky\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Butler \u0026amp; Smetters, Springfield, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Van Stavoren, Nashville, Tennessee\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: E. A. Piffet's Gallery of Art, New Orleans, Louisiana\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. M. Burnham, Bangor, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: B. W. Hinds, North Vassalboro, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. M. McKenney, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: G. Haslinger in St. Polten\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: G. Haslinger in St. Polten\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Fassett's Gallery, Chicago, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: F. Gutekunst, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Whitney \u0026amp; Paradise, New York, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographed by Brady; Published by E. Anthony, New York, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. C. Elrod's, Louisville, Kentucky\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: G. H. Houghton, Brattleboro, Vermont\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: D. K. Jewell, Augusta, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: R. Brown's, Waldoboro, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: E. A. Pippet's, New Orleans, Louisiana\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. A. Scholten, St. Louis, Missouri\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. Daily, Excelsior Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Lothrop's Ferrotype Gallery, Philadelphia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Bailey \u0026amp; Silver's, New York, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: McAdams, Alexandria, Virginia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: C. D. Fredricks \u0026amp; Co., New York, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026amp; H. T. Anthony, New York, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: S. Piper, Manchester, New Hampshire\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Washington Gallery, Vicksburg, Mississippi\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: W. L. Troxell, St. Louis, Missouri\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Wykes \u0026amp; Brown, Wheeling, West Virginia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Smith \u0026amp; Son, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A.C. Lewis, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. C. Lewis, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: French \u0026amp; Sawyer, Keene, New Hampshire\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: G. W. Rider, Ondawa House, Salem, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Anderson \u0026amp; Turner, New Orleans, Louisiana\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Whitney's Gallery, Saint Paul, Minnesota\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Marshall, Boston, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Lamson, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePublished by E. \u0026amp; H. T. Anthony, New York, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, DC\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Mathew Brady\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. E. Alden, Troy, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. E. McClees, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Davis Brothers Photograph Rooms, Portsmouth and Exeter, New Hampshire\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: W. H. Whitehead, Pittsburg, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. E. McClees, Philadelphia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: S. Wing's, Boston, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: T. M. Schleier's, Nashville, Tennessee\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Case and Getchell, Boston\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Whipple, Boston\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. B. Hopkins, Lock-Haven, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: C. L. Marston, Bangor, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. U. P. Burnham, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Starbird, Augusta, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Bell \u0026amp; Brother, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: C. A. Paul, Skowhegan, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. Perry Elliott's City Gallery, Indianapolis, Indiana\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. Daily, Excelsior Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. Daily, Excelsior Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Keith \u0026amp; Ross, Machias, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Keith \u0026amp; Ross, Machias, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: C. S. Sanderson, Dover, New Hampshire\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Estabrook's Ferrotypes, New York, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: G. W. Tuttle, Thomaston, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Bogardus, 363 Broadway, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Otto Wagner, 385 Broadway, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: E. C. Ely, Greenfield, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Johnson's, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: D. Appleton, and Co., New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Smith \u0026amp; Son, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: William P. Gaut, Mt. Sterling, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: John H. Pein \u0026amp; Co., Richmond, Virginia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePublished by E \u0026amp; H. T. Anthony, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographed by F. Gutekunst, Philadelphia; Published by McAllister \u0026amp; Brother, Philadelphia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: King, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Lochman's Photographic Gallery, Allentown, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: P. Tenney Gates, Plattsburgh, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: C. H. Williamson's Brooklyn, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. Daily, Excelsior Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: M. G. Trask, Bangor, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Hallet, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Sumner \u0026amp; Harris Union Gallery, Gen'l Butler's H. Qrs. in the Field\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Lomas, Eastport Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Smith, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: S. M. Fassett, Chicago, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePublished by E. \u0026amp; H. T. Anthony, New York, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Downs \u0026amp; Co., New Orleans, Louisiana\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: C. Sellers, Keokuk, Iowa\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. A. Sheldon, New Orleans, Louisiana\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Mrs. M. A. Cutler, Dixon, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: C. D. Fredricks, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Andrew D. Lytle, Baton Rouge, Louisiana\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Black, Boston, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Black \u0026amp; Case, Boston, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. M. Aiken, Ware, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eLithograph by Murray \u0026amp; Goodwin, Albany, New York; Published by G. H. Treadwell, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Theodore Harris, Louisville, Kentucky\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Possibly S. Anderson, New Orleans, Louisiana\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: R. Wearn, Columbia, South Carolina\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Keenan, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Rees, Richmond, Virginia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: W. R. Phipps, Lexington, Kentucky\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Rees, Richmond, Virginia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Rees, Richmond, Virginia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: WM. Frank Browne, Artist, P.O. Box 480, Washington, D.C., U.S. Army\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: William Frank Browne\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. B. Farrar's Photographic Rooms, Bangor, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. B. Farrar's Photographic Rooms, Bangor, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Royan M. Linn\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Quimby of Charleston\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Maynard \u0026amp; Willis, Milford, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. H. Keim, Lebanon, Pa.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Charles A. Saylor, Reading, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. Daily, Excelsior Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: John Daily, Lebanon, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Bowdoin, Taylor \u0026amp; Co., Alexandria, Virginia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Mathew Brady\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Mathew Brady\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Lupton \u0026amp; Brown, Winchester, Virginia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Wolff's Gallery, Alexandria, Virginia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Richardson of Lima, Peru\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: William P. Holt, Concord, New Hampshire\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: T. H. Smiley's Photographic Gallery, Knoxville, Tennessee\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Orcutt's, Cambridge\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Victor Piard, Jersey City, New Jersey\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Elrod Borthers, Lexington, Kentucky\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Hunting's, Belfast, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: C. D. Frederick, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: M. L. Averill, Oldtown, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: William Pierce, Brunswick, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: William Pierce, Brunswick, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Trask and Lewis, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Starbird, Augusta, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Whitehurst Gallery, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. C. Lewis, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: H. A. Mills, Camden, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. M. McKenney, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. B. Crockett, Norway, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: T. R. Burnham, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Ball \u0026amp; Thomas, Cincinnati, Ohio\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. Sidney Brown, St. Louis, Missouri\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. C. Price, New Philadelphia, Ohio\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Bennett, Alexandria, Virginia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: John A. Heard, Tremont Row, Boston, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. N. Ramsdill, Ballston Spa, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Warren, Cambridgeport, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Bundy \u0026amp; Williams, New Haven, Connecticut\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. N. Blanchard, Barre, Vermont\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. Gurney \u0026amp; Son, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: E. M. Vanaken, Lowville, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. Goben, Troy, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Frank Winter, Fort Shaw, Montana\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Gill's City Gallery, Lancaster, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Whitehurst, Washington, DC\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Wm. J. Tate, New York, NY\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Stokes, Trenton, New Jersey\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Clark, Gardiner, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Clark, Gardiner, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: G. W. Tuttle, Thomaston, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: M. F. King\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. M. M. Kenney, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Starbird, Augusta, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Curtis \u0026amp; Cosby, Lewiston, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Starbird, Augusta, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Hunting's Belfast, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brooks \u0026amp; Blauvelt, Port Hudson, Louisiana\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. C. Platt, Oberlin, Ohio\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: W. E. Prall, Knoxville, Tennessee\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: C. Worms \u0026amp; Co., New York, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: John Roth, Freehold, New Jersey\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Kerston \u0026amp; Barker, New York, NY\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: R. Knecht, Easton, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Victory Piard, Jersey City, New Jersey\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: R. S. Jacoby, Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Published by G. L. Collins, Paola, Kansas\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: H. Bitner, Mt. Carroll, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Ullary \u0026amp; Perry, Greenville, Ohio\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: E. Roberts, Cleveland, Ohio\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: F. B. Zay, Findlay, Ohio\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: V. B. Massey, Lancaster, Ohio\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: W. Kasten, Freeport, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Aldridge \u0026amp; Merriman, Chicago, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: C. R. Rees \u0026amp; Bros., Richmond, Virginia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. W. Black, Boston, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: S. Masury, Boston, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: W. H. Pope, Brooklyn, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: E. Klauber, Louisville, Kentucky\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: E. J. 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Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["Photographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Smith \u0026 Son, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. W. Petty, New Orleans, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: H. A. Mills, Camden, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. E. Alden, Troy, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Miller and Rowell, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Starbird, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: William Pierce, Brunswick, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: John Holyland, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: O. L. Marston, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. H. Van Stavoren, Nashville, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. H. Whitehurst \u0026 Co., Baltimore, Maryland","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whitehurst Gallery, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Anderson \u0026 Turner, New Orleans, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio:","Photographer/Photography Studio: John L. Gihon's Photographic Art Galleries, 1024 Chestnut St. Phila.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Warren, Cambridgeport, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Knowles \u0026 Hillman, New Bedford, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: William B. Stearus, Bath, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Gooding, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Wenderoth, Taylor and Brown, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Published by Handy, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bocardus, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Anderson's, New Orleans, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: Carpenter's Gem Gallery, Troy, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: E. Jacobs, New Orleans, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York and Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Mrs. M. A. Cutler, Dixon, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: McPherson, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bogardus, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. W. Barker, Canton, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: F. McNulty, Ar, Springfield, IL, City Galle","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady's National Photographic and Portrait Galleries, New York and Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Wing's Gallery, Waterville, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Varriell, Gardiner, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. K. Brown, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Henry M. Wells, Cambridge, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: H. A. Mills, Camden, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. W. Taft, artist, Oak Gallery, Memphis, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: F. A. Simonds, Chillicothe, Ohio","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. D. Lytle, Baton Rouge, Louisiana","Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York, from Photographic Negative by Brady's National Portrait Gallery","Photographer/Photography Studio: Lewis and Kane, Victoria, Texas","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. Gould, North Bridgton, Maine","French \u0026 Sawyer, Keene, New Hampshire","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady's National Photographic Portrait Galleries, New York and Washington D.C.","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady's, Washington, D.C. and New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Hoag \u0026 Quick's, Cincinnati, Ohio","Photographer/Photography Studio: G. D. Hamilton, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio:","Photographer/Photography Studio: Black \u0026 Case, Boston, Massachusetts, and Newport, Rhode Island","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. H. Walzl, Baltimore, Maryland","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady's National Photographic Galleries, Washington, D.C. and New York","Photographer/Photography Studio:","Photographer/Photography Studio: William B. Stearns, Bath, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady's National Photographic Portrait Galleries, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. R. Hall, Biddeford, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Smith \u0026 Son, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: L. V. Newell","Photographer/Photography Studio:","Photographer/Photography Studio: Schwing \u0026 Rudd, Army of the Cumberland","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. D. Fredricks \u0026 Co. of New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. D. Lytle, Baton Rouge, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Manchester Bros., Providence, Rhode Island","Photographer/Photography Studio: W. H. Sherman, Milwaukee, Wisconsin","Photographer/Photography Studio: Ben Oppenheimer, Mobile, Alabama","Photographer/Photography Studio: D. C. Pratt, Aurora, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: Worms \u0026 Co. 383 Broadway, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: N. S. Bennett, Alexandria, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: G. Cramer, Carondelet, Missouri","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. R. Edwards, Bowling Green, Kentucky","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. U. P. Burnham, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: George W. Barnes, Rockford, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: Charles D. Fredricks \u0026 Co., New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. C. Nichols, Leavenworth, Kansas","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brown's Photographic Gallery, Paola, Kansas","Photographer/Photography Studio: Williams Gallery; Skowhegan, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Daily, Excelsior Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. S. Sanderson, Lewiston, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: W. J. Morrill/C. L. Grossman, Waterville, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady's National Photographic Galleries, New York and Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady's National Photographic Galleries, New York and Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Black \u0026 Batchelder, Boston","Photographer/Photography Studio: E. A. Beach, Hastings, Minnesota","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. D. Fredricks and Co., New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. C. Spaulding, Point Lookout, Maryland","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady","Photographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Smith \u0026 Son, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Conaut, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Hesler Gallery, Chicago, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: H. P. Carnes' Car, Montpelier, Vermont","Photographer/Photography Studio: R.W. Addis, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Hallett, Bowery, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: N. S. Bennett, Alexandria, Virginia","B. F. Smith and Son, Portland, Maine","J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Zimmerman's New York Photographic Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Beaumont, Chester, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Wells and Collins, New Haven, Conneticut","Photographer/Photography Studio: Manchester Brothers, Providence, Rhode Island","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. A. Lord, 158 Chatham Street, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: B. Moses, New Orleans, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Smith, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Morgan, Concord, New Hampshire","Photographer/Photography Studio: Clark, Gardiner Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. L. Bergstresser, Army of the Potomac","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. B. Jenks, Paterson, New Jersey","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.","Photographed by Brady; Published by E.\u0026 H.T. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Starbird, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady","Photographer/Photography Studio: George W. Butler, Bath, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bett's and Prusia, Dansville, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Stone Bros., Trumansburch, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. M. Peck's, Elsworth, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. W. Black, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: D. Appleton \u0026 Co., New York","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Photographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Warren, Cambridgeport, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. J. Pierce, Rockland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. W. Hurn, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: G. W. Tuttle, Thomaston, Maine","Photographed by Brady; Published by E.\u0026 H.T. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: F. Forshew, Hudson, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: F. Forshew, Hudson, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: T. M. Schleier, Nashville, Knoxville, and Chattanooga, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: Photographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026 H.T. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Jno. Holyland, Washington, D.C.","Le Rue Lemer, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady's National Photographic Portrait Gallery, New York and Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Smith \u0026 Son, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Matthew Brady","Photographer/Photography Studio: Gibbon, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. Anderson of New Orleans","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. H. Van Stavoren, Nashville, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: Lumpkin and Tomlinson, Richmond, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Gurney \u0026 Son, New York, NY","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady's National Photographic Galleries, Washington, D.C. \u0026 New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: G. W. Tuttle, Thomaston, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Washburn's, New Orleans, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: E. R. Gard's Photographic Art Palace, Chicago, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: E. H. McKenney, Biddeford, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whitaker and Co., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: McPherson \u0026 Oliver, Baton Rouge, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: McPherson \u0026 Oliver, Baton Rouge, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Philp \u0026 Solomon, Washington, DC","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Gorman and Jordan, Alexandria, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: I. N. Teague","Photographer/Photography Studio: Kerston \u0026 Thompson, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Matthew Brady","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. M. Benjamin","Photographer/Photography Studio: George Watson, Montpelier, Vermont","Photographer/Photography Studio: N. S. Bennett, Alexandria, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Charles H. Danforth, Cambridgeport, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Union Photographic Gallery, Camp Butler, Newport News, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Burnite \u0026 Weldon, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whitehurst Gallery, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. S. Sanderson, Dover, New Hampshire","Photographer/Photography Studio: William P. Gaut, Mt. Sterling, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, photographer, McClees Gallery, 308 Penna. Avenue, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: William C. North, Cleveland, Ohio","Photographer/Photography Studio: Th. Gubelman, Puliski, TN","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. Masury, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. Masury, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. Masury, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Hermos, Lima, Peru","Photographer/Photography Studio: Kerston's Photograph Gallery, Newark, New Jersey","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Moses and Piffet, New Orleans, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: Keet and Gemmill, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. M. M'Kenney, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Sam A. Cooley, Photographer Tenth Army Corps","Photographer/Photography Studio: Published by W.V. Lane, Camden, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: T.M.V. Doughty, Winsted, Conneticut","Photographer/Photography Studio: H. A. Balch's Star Photograph Gallery, Memphis, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: H. Tombarger, Lancaster, Ohio","Photographer/Photography Studio: Black and Case","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. W. Black, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: O. P. Howe, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: G. M. Howe, Portland, Maine","Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York, New York","Published by Brady; Published by E \u0026 H.T. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Cooley \u0026 Becket, Beaufort, South Carolina","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bowdoin, Taylor, and Co., Alexandria, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. G. Montgomery of Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Ingraham Brothers, Westfield, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Cushing \u0026 King Photographers, Woodstock, Vermont","Photographed by Brady, New York; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Moses, Trenton, New Jersey","Photographer/Photography Studio: F. Gutekunst, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: H. C. Brown, Norwich, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. S. Marse, Nashville, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: F. Forshew, Hudson, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Webster \u0026 Bro., Louisville, Kentucky","Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Hoag \u0026 Quick, Cincinnati, Ohio","Photographer/Photography Studio: Joshua Appleby Williams, Newport, Rhode Island","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whitehurst Gallery, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Silli, Nice, France","Photographer/Photography Studio: E. W. Beckwith, Alexandria, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: E. W. Beckwith, Alexandria, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Wolff's Gallery, Alexandria, Virginia","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. E. Mosely, Newburyport","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: N. S. Bennett, Alexandria, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Harter's Fine Art Gallery, Auburn, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whipple, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. H. Pein \u0026 Co., Richmond, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Gorman and Jordan, Alexandria, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: D. C. Burnite \u0026 Co., Harrisburg, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. B. Brown's, Providence, Rhode Island","Photographer/Photography Studio: W. J. Tait, New York, NY","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whitehurst Gallery, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Conant and Johnson, Lewiston, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. O. Durgan, Farmouth, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: C.H. Freeman, Montpelier, Vermont","Photographer/Photography Studio: Kilgore's, Belfast, Maine","Published by Joseph Ward, Boston, Massachusetts; Photograph by Matthew Brady","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: I. N. Teague, Lewiston, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Henry Ulke, Washington, D.C.","Photographed by Brady's National Portrait Gallery; Published by E. Anthony, New York","Barr \u0026 Young, Vicksburg, Mississippi","Photographer/Photography Studio: Photographed by Brady, Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York, NY","Photographer/Photography Studio: Charles D. Fredricks \u0026 Co., New York, NY","Photographer/Photography Studio: Henry Ulke, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. L. Marston, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: E. R. Marks, Austin, Texas","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Mc Clee's Gallery, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Armstead \u0026 White, Corinth, Mississippi","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. S. Rhodes, St. Law Co., New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Munger \u0026 Stone, Quincy, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. M. Cross, Belvidere, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: W. H. Emery","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. W. Black, Boston, Massachusetts","Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York, NY","Photographer/Photography Studio: Matthew Brady","Photographer/Photography Studio: Mrs. M. A. Cutler, Dixon Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: Wm. McHenry, Freeport, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: Fredricks \u0026 Co., New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: George M. Howe, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Purvience, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: T. S. Estabrook, Houlton, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: F. L. Lay's, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. P. Smith, Kankakee City, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. D. Fredricks \u0026 Co., New York, NY","Photographer/Photography Studio: T. R. Burnham, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J.T. Bradshaw \u0026 Co., successors to G. Moses, Quincy, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. M. McKenney, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: P. L. Perkins","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. D. Fredericks \u0026 Co., New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Daily's Excelsior Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: D. F. Brandon, Camp Douglas, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. M. Burnham, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. M. Burnham, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. Braisted, Freeport, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. Hesler, Chicago","Photographer/Photography Studio: Pierce, Galena, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: R.W. Addis, McClees's Gallery, Washington, D.C.","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. S. Morse, Nashville, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: E. Crockett, Rockland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. P. \u0026 F. W. Hardy, Bangor, Maine","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, DC","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whipple, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: T. R. Burnham, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Chas. H. Danforth, Cambridgeport, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. C. Reeve, Lambertville, New Jersey","Photographer/Photography Studio: Warren and Lowell, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York, NY","Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Morse's Gallery of the Cumberland, Nashville, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: Geo. S. Cook, Charleston, South Carolina","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Gurney \u0026 Son, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Slagle, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Slee Brothers, Poughkeepsie, New York","Published by E. \u0026 H.T. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: J.H. Keim, Lebanon, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. U. P. Burnham, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Curtis and Crosby, Lewiston, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. M. McKenney, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: E. Lewis Wires, Milford","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bogardus, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. Evans, Philadelphia","Photographer/Photography Studio: N. S. Bennett, Alexandria, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Smith, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: P. B. Jones, Davenport, Iowa","Photographer/Photography Studio: N. H. Black, Natchez, Mississippi","Photographer/Photography Studio: Schwing \u0026 Rudd, Army of The Cumberland","Photographer/Photography Studio: Starbird, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: W. H. Sherman, Milwaukee, Wisconsin","Photographer/Photography Studio: George B. Butler, Bath, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Mathew Brady's National Photographic Portrait Galleries","Photographer/Photography Studio: Mathew Brady's National Photographic Portrait Galleries","Photographer/Photography Studio: Mathew Brady's National Photographic Portrait Galleries","Photographer/Photography Studio: Joseph Ward, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: John Goldin, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Pein \u0026 Co., Washington City","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York, NY","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York, NY","Photographer/Photography Studio: Matthew Brady","Photographer/Photography Studio: George M. Howe, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Mrs. M. A. Cutler, Dixon Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: T. R. Burnham, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, DC","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. E. McClees, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Good \u0026 Stokes, Trenton, New Jersey","Photographer/Photography Studio: E. Jacob's, New Orleans, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. H. \u0026 J. L. Abbott, Albany, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Geo. W. Barnes, Rockford, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: Layton's, Rockford, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. U. P. Burnham, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Nason's Photograph Gallery, Columbus, Ohio","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bachrach \u0026 Bro, Baltimore, Maryland","Photographer/Photography Studio: Cross and Franke, Arlington, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whitehurst Gallery, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. W. Watson, Raleigh, North Carolina","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Gutekunst, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: B. P. Smith \u0026 Son, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Julius Brill, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Saylor's New Photograph Gallery, Reading, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Crosby, 13th Regiment Mass. Volunteers","Photographer/Photography Studio: John Weiss, New Orleans, Louisiana","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York, NY","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Clark, Gardiner, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: John Cadwallader, Toledo, Ohio","Photographer/Photography Studio: H. Bitner, Mr. Carroll, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bowdoin, Taylor and Company, 204 King Forner Columbus Street, Alexandria, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. M. McKenney, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: H. Jennings, artist, The New \u0026 Reliable Gallery, Lancaster, Kentucky","Photographer/Photography Studio: Peplow and Balch, Memphis, Tennessee","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York, New York","Published by E. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady","Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Thomas and Pearson, Macomb, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: Henszey \u0026 Co., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Henszey \u0026 Co., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Henzey \u0026 Co., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Henzey \u0026 Co., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Mrs. M. A. Cutler, Dixon, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. H. Keim, Lebanon, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Lothrop's Ferrotype Gallery, Philadelphia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Mathew B. Brady","William Pierce, Brunswick, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: T. F. Saltsman, Nashville, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: John Goldin \u0026 Co., Washington, D.C.","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: E. P. H. Capron \u0026 Bros. , Springfield, Ohio","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: T. J. Merritt's National Portrait Gallery, Nashville, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: Giers \u0026 Co., Nashville, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whitney and Paradise, New York","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: August Morand, Brooklyn, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Mathew Brady","Photographer/Photography Studio: D. K. Jewell, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. D. Fredericks \u0026 Co., New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. W. Black, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bishop \u0026 Campbell, Army of the Cumberland","Photographer/Photography Studio: Trask and Davis, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Henszey \u0026 Co., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Butler and King, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: T. R. Burnham, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: W. J. Moulton, El Mira, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. C. Lewis, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Guay and Co., New Orleans, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: N. S. Bennett, Alexandria, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Davis Brothers Photograph Rooms, Portsmouth and Exeter, New Hampshire","Photographer/Photography Studio: Black \u0026 Batchelder, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whipple, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whitehurst Gallery, Washington, DC","Photographer/Photography Studio: Loring's Photographic Gallery, Eastport, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Charles D. Fredricks \u0026 Co., New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Philadelphia Photographic Co., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whipple, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: F. Gutekunst","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. Constant, New Orleans, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: George M. Howe, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: King, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: T. R. Burnham, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: George D. Puffer, Nashua, New Hampshire","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Smith, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: T. S. Estabrook, Houlton, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Jno. Holyland, Washington, D.C.","Photographed by M. J. Powers; Published by Whitehurst Gallery, Washington, DC","Photographer/Photography Studio: Jno. Holyland, Washington, DC","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. S. Morse, Nashville, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: Moses \u0026 Piffet, successors to E. Jacobs, New Orleans, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. S. Morse, Nashville, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York","Photographed by Brady's National Portrait Gallery; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Daily, Excelsior Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Daily, Excelsior Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Murphy Bros., Alton, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: F. Gutekunst, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Godshaw \u0026 Flexner, Louisville, Kentucky","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady's National Photographic Portrait Galleries, New York and Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Moffat and Simpson, Key West, Florida","Photographer/Photography Studio: G. P. Ayer, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: William F. Blunt, North Anson, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Gurney \u0026 Son, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: D. Appleton \u0026 Co., New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Anson's","Photographer/Photography Studio: Fassetts Gallery, Chicago, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: Gardner, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whitehurst Gallery","Photographer/Photography Studio: Meade Brothers, Astor, New York","Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Gurney \u0026 Son, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Alex. Gardner, Washington, DC","Photographed by Brady, New York, NY; Published by E. Anthony, New York, NY","Photographer/Photography Studio: Philp \u0026 Solomon, Washington, DC","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. E. McClees, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026 H.T. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, DC","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. E. Alden, Troy, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Watson's, Raleigh, NC","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady's National Photographic Portrait Galleries, New York and Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: L. Thompson, Norwich, Connecticut","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: T. M. Schleier, Nashville, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. M. McKenny, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Mason \u0026 Gardner, Providence, Rhode Island","Photographer/Photography Studio: Handy, Washington, D.C..","Photographer/Photography Studio: Outley's, St. Louis, Missouri","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bragy Gallery","Photographer/Photography Studio: Geo. W. Butler, Bath, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Smith, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: W. F. King, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: N. S. Bennett, Alexandria, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Frank E. Stanley, Auburn, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Anderson's Photographic Gallery, New Orleans, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: Warren and Lowell, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Warren and Lowell, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Warren and Lowell, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: B. P. Browne, Bath, Maine","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: E. Jacobs \u0026 Company, New Orleans, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Gurney \u0026 Son, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Trask \u0026 Lewis","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. M. McKenney, Portland, Maine","Photographed by Brady, New York, New York; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony","Photographed by Brady, New York, New York; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Charles K. Bill's, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Wilder Brothers, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Zimmermans's N.F W York, Photographic Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. H. Keim, Lebanon, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: D. H. Cole, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. Hesler, Chicago, Illinois","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York","Photographed by Alex Gardner; Published by Philp \u0026 Solomons, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. A. Addis, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. B. Smith, Utica, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. M. Burnham, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. W. Black, Boston","Photographer/Photography Studio: Henry Ulke, Washington, DC","Photographer/Photography Studio: Geo. W. Butler, Bath, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Kerston \u0026 Thompson, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: William Pierce, Brunswick, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Dunshee's, Boston","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: D. Adams, Nashville, Tenn.","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. U. P. Burnham, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. H. Abbott, Albany, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: L. I. Prince, New Orleans, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. W. Black, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J.S. Medlar, Woodstock, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Mrs. A. A. Rhodes, West Rockford, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: D. O. Furnald, Manchester, New Hampshire","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. M. McKenney, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Wolff's Gallery, Alexandria, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady's National Photographic Portrait Gallery, New York and Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: French \u0026 Sawyer, Keene, New Hampshire","Photographer/Photography Studio: Cole's Photographic Gallery, Peoria, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: William Nims, Photographer, Fort Edward, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: P. H. McKernon, Saratoga Springs, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: P. H. McKernon, Saratoga Springs, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: P. H. McKernon, Saratoga Springs, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: P. H. McKernon, Saratoga Springs, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Jno. Holyland Metropolitan Gallery, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Lothrop's Ferrotype Gallery, Philadelphia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Lobell General Hospital, Portsmouth Grove, Rhode Island","Photographer/Photography Studio: William Summerhays","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. U. P. Burnham, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Davis Brothers Photograph Rooms, Portsmouth and Exeter, New Hampshire","Photographer/Photography Studio: Filley \u0026 Gilbert, New Haven, Connecticut","Photographer/Photography Studio: Haas \u0026 Peale, Hilton Head, South Carolina","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: E. N. Medernach, Danville, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. H. Dewey, Pittsfield, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Lothrop's Ferrotype Gallery, Philadelphia","Photographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Smith, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. H. Wagoner's, Mt. Morris, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: Mathew Brady","Photographer/Photography Studio: Samuel A. Cooley, Beaufort, South Carolina","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady","Photographer/Photography Studio: Thompson Gallery, Albany, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Warren, Lowell, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Kerston \u0026 Thompson, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: W. B. Stearns, Bath, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: H. G. Fetters, Peru, Indiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: William P. Gaut, Mt. Sterling, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: New Orleans Photographic Co.","Photographer/Photography Studio: F. Gutekunst, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady","Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York, New York","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York, New York","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Rees of Richmond, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: J.L. Winner, Annapolis, MD","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bishop \u0026 Campbell, Photographers, Army of the Cumberland","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. F. Conant, Skowhegan, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: B. P. Paige, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Warren and Lowell, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Powelson's, Detroit, Michigan","Photographer/Photography Studio: N. Olsen Photographer, New Orleans, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, DC","Photographed by Brady's National Portrait Gallery; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York","Published by Vannerson \u0026 Jones, Richmond, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Henry Ulke, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. M. McKenney, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York","Brady's National Portrait Gallery; Published by E. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. O. Jewett, Lebanon, Missouri","Photographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Smith \u0026 Son, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bell and Brother","Photographer/Photography Studio: Jno. Holyland, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: G. W. Roseberry, Alexandria, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, DC","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whitehurst, Gallery, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Daily, Excelsior Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Mrs. M. A. Cutler, Dixon, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: L. W. Cook, Weymouth Landing, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: James S. Earle \u0026 Son, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. W. Black, Boston","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whitehurst, Washington, D.C.","Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Havens, Jacksonville, FL","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. W. A. Tresize, Springfield, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: O.C. Benjamin, Newark, N. J.","Photographer/Photography Studio: G. W. Tuttle, Thomaston, Maine","Photographed by Brady, New York, NY; Published by E. Anthony, New York, NY","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, DC","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brendann Bros., Baltimore","Photographed by Wenderoth \u0026 Taylor; Published by McAllister \u0026 Bro., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. H Messenger, US General Hospital, Annapolis, Maryland","Photographer/Photography Studio: D. P. Barr, Army Photographer, Vicksburg","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whitaker \u0026 Co., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: William P. Gaut, Mt. Sterling, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. P. Burnham, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Griswold \u0026 Smith, Columbus, Ohio","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: M. B. Brady's National Photographic Portrait Galleries, New York and Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. R. Davis, Biddeford, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor Maine","Photographed by Brady's National Portrait Gallery; Published by E. Anthony, New York","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. E. McClees, Philadelphia","Brady, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. R. Hall, Biddeford, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. H. Brown, Savannah, Georgia","Photographer/Photography Studio: McAdams, Alexandria, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: F. Gutekunst, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Mrs. M. A. Cutler, Dixon, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: Manchester Brothers Photographers, Providence, Rhode Island","Photographer/Photography Studio: Fredericks and Co., New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: D. K. Jewell, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. U. P. Burnham, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Geo. W. Butler, Bath, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bundy and Williams, New Haven, Conneticut","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bowers, Lynn, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Kin, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Elrod Bro.'s, Lexington, Kentucky","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. M. McKenney, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Piper \u0026 Sanborn, Manchester, New Hampshire","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Perry Elliott's City Gallery, Indianapolis, Indiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: W. Ames, Quincy, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: Abster \u0026 Bro, Louisville, Kentucky","Photographer/Photography Studio: Abster \u0026 Bro, Louisville, Kentucky","Photographer/Photography Studio: Abster \u0026 Bro, Louisville, Kentucky","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. S. Morse, Nashville, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: Abster \u0026 Bro, Louisville, Kentucky","Photographer/Photography Studio: Abster \u0026 Bro, Louisville, Kentucky","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. S. Morse, Nashville, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. S. Morse, Nashville, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. D. Phillips, 14th Army Corps","Photographer/Photography Studio: M. K. Marshall, Circleville, Ohio","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. S. Morse, Nashville, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. A. Scholten, Saint Louis, Missouri","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. S. Morse, Nashville, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. S. Morse, Nashville, Tennessee","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. S. Morse","Photographer/Photography Studio: William P. Gault, Mt. Sterling, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. S. German, Springfield, Illinois","Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Hawkins \u0026 Philpot, Macomb, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: F. W. De Camp, Newark, New Jersey","Photographer/Photography Studio: Webster, Louisville, Kentucky","Photographer/Photography Studio: E. Jacobs, New Orleans, Louisiana","Unknown Photographer; Published by E. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Alexander Gardner, Photographer to the Army of the Potomac, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Morse, Nashville, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: Pratt's Gallery, Richmond, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Schreiber \u0026 Son, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Erekson \u0026 Bodurtha, Bridgeport, Conneticut","Photographer/Photography Studio: Hinds, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Abraham Fisher, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York, NY","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York, New York","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. U. P. Burnham, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. N. Wilson, Savannah, Georgia","Photographer/Photography Studio: McAdams, Alexandria, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Birney Linn","Photographer/Photography Studio: Louis Walzl","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Variell, Gardiner, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. A. Turner, D. Appleton \u0026 Co., New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: M. F. King, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. H. White, Jacksonport, Arkansas","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. H. Spieler's, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Armstead \u0026 Taylor, Corinth, Mississippi","Photographer/Photography Studio: O.H. Willard, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. P. Layton, Rockford, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: John Goldin \u0026 Col, Washington D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Daily, Excelsior Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. H. Keim, Lebanon, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Mrs. M. A. Cutler, Dixon, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: N. C. Sanborn, Lowell, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Marshall, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Partridges Photographic Gallery and Stock Depot, Wheeling, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Armstead \u0026 White, Corinth, Mississippi","Photographer/Photography Studio: Mrs. W. A. Reed, Quincy, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: Fred C. Low, East Cambridge, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brooks \u0026 Blauvelt, Port Hudson, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. L. Marston, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Evans and Prince, York, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Ingraham Bros, Westfield, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. U. P. Burnham, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: G. W. Clark, Ionia, Michigan","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bennett, Alexandria, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. C. Giers, Nashville, Tennessee","Published by E \u0026 H.T. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Charles D. Fredricks \u0026 Co., New York, New York","Published by E. Anthony, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: N. R. Bideout \u0026 Co., Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: John Goldin, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Hendee, Augusta, Maine","J. Daily, Excelsior Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whitney's Gallery, Saint Paul, Minnesota","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. M. McKenney, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: N. S. Bennett, Alexandria, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: H. B. King, Taunton, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Charles Jameson, Columbia, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Anderson's Photographic Gallery, New Orleans, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: L. D. Cox, Ludlow, Vermont","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whipple, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: G. W. Davis, Columbus, Ohio","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. W. Black, Boston","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. Brainstead, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, DC","Photographer/Photography Studio: Tyler \u0026 Co., Charleston, South Carolina","Photographed by Brady; Published by E \u0026 H.T. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Charles D. Fredricks \u0026 Co., New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Larkin Gallery, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: William Pierce, Brunswick, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: George W. Butler, Bath, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: George C. White, Boston","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. S. Morse, Nashville, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whitney's Gallery, Saint Paul, Minnesota","Published by E. \u0026 H. Anthony, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: M. J. Powers, Whitehurst Gallery, Washington, DC","Photographer/Photography Studio: McLure, Allen P.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Peplow \u0026 Balch, Memphis, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: Nollen \u0026 Van Grieken, Keokuk, Iowa","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady","Photographer/Photography Studio: Charles D. Fredricks \u0026 Co., New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady","Photographer/Photography Studio: Black \u0026 Case, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: D. H. Cole, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. L. Jackson, Lewiston, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bundy and Williams, New Haven, Connecticut","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. A. Scholten, St. Louis, Missouri","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, DC","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Henry Ulke, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. G. Carleton, Waterville, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. U. P. Burnham, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whitehurst Gallery, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Warren, Cambridgeport, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Gilbert's, Philadelphia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, DC","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. H. Van Stavorn's Metropolitan Gallery, Nashville, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: Sprague \u0026 Curtis, Lewiston, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. M. McKenney, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bogardus, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Campbell \u0026 Ecker, Louisville, Kentucky","Photographer/Photography Studio: Pierce \u0026 Cogswell, Rochelle, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. U. P. Burnham, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: William P. Gaut, Mt. Sterling, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: H. T. McCormick, Martinsburg, West Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. M. McKenney, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: G. H. Loomis, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Hall, Lawrence, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Kennedy \u0026 Schenck, Newark, New Jersey","Photographer/Photography Studio: Morell, George Webb","Photographer/Photography Studio: Hall, South Royalton, Vermont","Photographer/Photography Studio: Fredricks \u0026 Co., New Yor","Photographer/Photography Studio: Schwing \u0026 Rudd, Army of the Cumberland","Photographer/Photography Studio: William P. Gaut, Mt. Sterling, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: William Pierce, Brunswick, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: G. H. Scripture, Peterboro, New Hampshire","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer's, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: E. L. Eaton, Omaha, Nebraska","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York, NY","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Gurney \u0026 Son, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Downs \u0026 Co., New Orleans, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Hagaman, Philadelphia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Geo. W. Butler, Bath, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. J. I. Murray, Myerstown, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Reimer, Philadelphia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Hanford, New London, New Hampshire","Photographer/Photography Studio: Webster's Photograph Gallery, Louisville, Kentucky","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. B. Carr, Old Town, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: G. H. Loomis, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Miller and Rowell, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. A. Cooley, Beaufort, South Carolina","Photographer/Photography Studio: Kerston \u0026 Thompson, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: William B. Stearns, Bath, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. C. Fassett, Dexter, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Kertson \u0026 Barker, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. B. Crockett","Photographer/Photography Studio: John A. Heard, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: G. H. Loomis, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Kimball \u0026 Sons, Concord, New Hampshire","Photographed by A. A. Turner; Published by D. Appleton \u0026 Co., New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Taylor and Seavey","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. Milton Lapham, Decatur, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bogardus, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bowdoin, Taylor, \u0026 Co, Alexandria, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. I. Marston, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: T. R. Burnham, Boston","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. P. Layton, Rockford, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Smith, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Smith, Portland, Maine","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York, NY","Photographer/Photography Studio: Haseltine, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Hinds, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Armstead \u0026 White, Corinth, Mississippi","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Smith, Sr., Lebanon, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York, NY","Photographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Evans, Norfolk, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: B. McMahon, Mt. Pleasant, Iowa","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, DC","Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. M. M' Kenney, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whipple, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: F. Gutekunst, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whitehurst, Washington, DC","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: F. McNulty, Springfield, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, McClees' Gallery, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Cole of Biddleford, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. W. Black, Boston, Massachusetts","Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. F. Ryder, Cleveland","Photographer/Photography Studio: E. H. McKenny, Biddleford, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Lilienthal and Co., New Orleans, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: Sprague \u0026 Tapley, Lewiston, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Geo. P. Hall, St. Louis, Missouri","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady 's National Photographic Portrait Galleries, New York and Washington, D.C.","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Mrs. M. F. Howe, Jamestown , New York, A. J. Stiles, Photographist","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Gurney \u0026 Son, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: P. E. Gibbs, Richmond, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, DC","Photographer/Photography Studio: W. L. Bracey, Great Falls, New Hampshire","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Gurney \u0026 Son, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Lutges, Detroit, Michigan","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Gurney and Son, Broadway, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bell and Brother, Washington, DC","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. S. Sanderson, Lewiston, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Curtis and Crosby, Lewiston, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Variell, Gardiner, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Smith \u0026 Son, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: George E. Collins; Bucksport, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. E. Alden, Troy, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Handy, Washington, D.C..","Photographer/Photography Studio: Hoag \u0026 Quicks, Cincinnati, Ohio","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Armstead \u0026 Taylor, Corinth, Mississippi","Photographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Smith, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whipple, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady's National Photographic and Portrait Galleries, New York and Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Porter's, Cincinnati, Ohio","Photographer/Photography Studio: G. N. Granniss, Waterbury, Connecticut","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bundy \u0026 Williams, New Haven, Connecticut","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. J. Thompson \u0026 Co., Albany, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: King, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. A. Stevens, Richmond, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: George M. Howe, Portland, Maine","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. Anthony, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bogardus, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Hoag \u0026 Quick's, Cincinnati, Ohio","Photographer/Photography Studio: Geo. W. Butler, Bath, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Lothrop's Ferrotype Gallery, Philadelphia","Photographed by Brady, New York, New York; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Brady's National Portrait Gallery; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Carbutt, Chicago, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: Rivers', St. Louis, Missouri","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Daily, Excelsior Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: George Rockwood, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. W. Black, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Daily, Excelsior Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Hinds, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Kimball, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. W. Hornbaker, Alexandria, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. U. P. Burnham, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: T. S. Estabrook, Houlton, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whitehurst, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: W. F. King","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York, NY","Photographer/Photography Studio: W. J. Moulton, Elmira, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: George M. Howe, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: A.R. Boynton, Sanbornton Bridge, New Hampshire","Photographer/Photography Studio: Davis Brothers, Portsmouth, New Hampshire","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. M. McKenney, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. M. M'Kenney, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whipple, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: E. Crockett, Rockland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Burwell \u0026 Homan, New Haven, Connecticut","Photographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Smith \u0026 Son, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Black and Case, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Magnolia, Lexington, Kentucky","Photographer/Photography Studio: T. F. Saltsman, Nashville, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: Smith \u0026 Wybrant, Louisville, Kentucky","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, DC","Photographer/Photography Studio: Weitfle \u0026 Wright, 1st Division, 6th Corps","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Daily, Excelsior Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Charles S. Hart, Watertown, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: F. Gutekunst, Philadelphia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whitehurst Gallery, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Henry Ulke, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: McAdams, Alexandria, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Matthew Brady","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bennett, Alexandria, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Haas \u0026 Peale, Hilton Head, South Carolina","Photographer/Photography Studio: Webster \u0026 Bro., Louisville, Kentucky","Photographer/Photography Studio: C.H. Smedley \u0026 Co., Middletown, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Daily, Excelsior Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: T. McMahon, Photographer, Danville, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. A. Lewis, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: G. Moses \u0026 Co., Quincy, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: G. F. Child, Washington, D.C.","Photographed by Brady's National Portrait Gallery; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. Hesler, Chicago, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: Kimberly Brothers","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Carbutt, Chicago, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: Mathew Brady","Photographer/Photography Studio: Samuel Masury, Boston","Photographer/Photography Studio: Charles D. Fredricks \u0026 Co., New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. E. Alden, Troy, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Photographed by Brady, Washington, DC","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. D. Fredricks \u0026 Co., New York, Habana, Paris","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. D. Fredricks \u0026 Co., New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. D. Fredricks \u0026 Co., New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Helke and Benecke, St. Louis, Missouri","Photographer/Photography Studio: Hopkins, Annapolis, Maryland","Photographer/Photography Studio: J.H. Keim, Lebanon, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Churchill \u0026 Dennison, Albany, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Variell, Gardiner, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. H. Van Stavoren's, Nashville, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. Constant, New Orleans, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. Anderson, New Orleans, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. Gould, North Bridgton, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Webster and Bro., Louisville, Kentucky","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. H. Van Stavoren, Nashville, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: D. L. Heath, Norwalk, Ohio","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, DC","Photographer/Photography Studio: William Pierce, Brunswick, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: T. F. Saltsman, Nashville, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. M. Peck, Ellsworth, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. M. McKenney, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: McAdams, Alexandria, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: E. Crocket, Rockland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: W. B. Field, Morris, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. P. Greenwald, Newark, Ohio","Photographer/Photography Studio: Gorham and Co, Providence, Rhode Island","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bogardus, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Matthew Brady","Photographer/Photography Studio: Moses \u0026 Piffet, successors to E. Jacobs, New Orleans, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Hinton \u0026 Cleary's, Montgomery, Alabama","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. E. Alden, Troy, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: W. F. Yung","Photographer/Photography Studio: Matthew Brady","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brown's Gallery, Little Rock, Arkansas","Photographer/Photography Studio: William Brown, Photographer of the Army of Arkansas","Photographer/Photography Studio: Griswold \u0026 White, Corinth, Mississippi","Photographer/Photography Studio: Morse's, Nashville, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Smith, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. B. Davis, Biddleford, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: D. K. Jewell, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Black, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: P. Butler, Springfield, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York","Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. C. Lewis, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bogardus, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. M. Burnham, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. Masury, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Currier, Amesbury, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Currier, Amesbury, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Cole, Biddeford, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Cahill, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: George H. Wood, Towanda, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady's, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. F. Sterlin, Woodstock, Vermont","Photographer/Photography Studio: George M. Howe, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. Hesler, Chicago, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. W. Black, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: by H. Glosser, Broadway, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Turner, Philadelphia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Henry Ulke, Washington, D.C.","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York, NY","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Daily, Excelsior Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. B. Crockett, Norway, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: W. Case, Halifax, Nova Scotia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bogardus, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. Anderson, New Orleans","Photographer/Photography Studio: Balkan Studio, Wartham, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Jordan \u0026 Co., New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. A. Colley, Beaufort, South Carolina","Photographer/Photography Studio: L. V. Newell","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. W. Black, Boston","Photographer/Photography Studio: Mrs. M. A. Cutler, Dixon, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. K. McMurray, Winchester, W. Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. O. Burgan, Yarmouth, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Hoag \u0026 Quick's Art Palace, Cincinnati, Ohio","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Thurlow, Peoria, Illinois","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady","Photographer/Photography Studio: Smith, Southbridge","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. E. Alden, Troy, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Schwing \u0026 Rudd, Photographers Army of the Cumberland","Photographer/Photography Studio: Sam A. Cooley, Beaufort, South Carolina","Photographer/Photography Studio: P. L. Perkins","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Beecher and Grier's Photograph Rooms, West Chester, Pennsylvania","Photographed by Brady, New York, New York; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Daily, Excelsior Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: McAdams, Alexandria, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Knight, Batavia, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bradley \u0026 Rulofson, San Francisco, California","Photographer/Photography Studio: F. W. Loud, Bowery, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: G. G. Johnson, Dubuque, Iowa","Photographer/Photography Studio: Klauber \u0026 Campbell, Louisville, Kentucky","Photographer/Photography Studio: Butler \u0026 Smetters, Springfield, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: Van Stavoren, Nashville, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: E. A. Piffet's Gallery of Art, New Orleans, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. M. Burnham, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: B. W. Hinds, North Vassalboro, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. M. McKenney, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: G. Haslinger in St. Polten","Photographer/Photography Studio: G. Haslinger in St. Polten","Photographer/Photography Studio: Fassett's Gallery, Chicago, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: F. Gutekunst, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whitney \u0026 Paradise, New York, New York","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. Anthony, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. C. Elrod's, Louisville, Kentucky","Photographer/Photography Studio: G. H. Houghton, Brattleboro, Vermont","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: D. K. Jewell, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. Brown's, Waldoboro, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: E. A. Pippet's, New Orleans, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. A. Scholten, St. Louis, Missouri","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Daily, Excelsior Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Lothrop's Ferrotype Gallery, Philadelphia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bailey \u0026 Silver's, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: McAdams, Alexandria, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. D. Fredricks \u0026 Co., New York, New York","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. Piper, Manchester, New Hampshire","Photographer/Photography Studio: Washington Gallery, Vicksburg, Mississippi","Photographer/Photography Studio: W. L. Troxell, St. Louis, Missouri","Photographer/Photography Studio: Wykes \u0026 Brown, Wheeling, West Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Smith \u0026 Son, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: A.C. Lewis, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. C. Lewis, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: French \u0026 Sawyer, Keene, New Hampshire","Photographer/Photography Studio: G. W. Rider, Ondawa House, Salem, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Anderson \u0026 Turner, New Orleans, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whitney's Gallery, Saint Paul, Minnesota","Photographer/Photography Studio: Marshall, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Lamson, Portland, Maine","Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, DC","Photographer/Photography Studio: Mathew Brady","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. E. Alden, Troy, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. E. McClees, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Davis Brothers Photograph Rooms, Portsmouth and Exeter, New Hampshire","Photographer/Photography Studio: W. H. Whitehead, Pittsburg, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. E. McClees, Philadelphia","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. Wing's, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: T. M. Schleier's, Nashville, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: Case and Getchell, Boston","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whipple, Boston","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. B. Hopkins, Lock-Haven, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. L. Marston, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. U. P. Burnham, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Starbird, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bell \u0026 Brother, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. A. Paul, Skowhegan, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Perry Elliott's City Gallery, Indianapolis, Indiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Daily, Excelsior Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Daily, Excelsior Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Keith \u0026 Ross, Machias, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Keith \u0026 Ross, Machias, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. S. Sanderson, Dover, New Hampshire","Photographer/Photography Studio: Estabrook's Ferrotypes, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: G. W. Tuttle, Thomaston, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bogardus, 363 Broadway, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Otto Wagner, 385 Broadway, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: E. C. Ely, Greenfield, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Johnson's, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: D. Appleton, and Co., New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Smith \u0026 Son, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: William P. Gaut, Mt. Sterling, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: John H. Pein \u0026 Co., Richmond, Virginia","Published by E \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York","Photographed by F. Gutekunst, Philadelphia; Published by McAllister \u0026 Brother, Philadelphia","Photographer/Photography Studio: King, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Lochman's Photographic Gallery, Allentown, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: P. Tenney Gates, Plattsburgh, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. H. Williamson's Brooklyn, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Daily, Excelsior Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: M. G. Trask, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Hallet, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Sumner \u0026 Harris Union Gallery, Gen'l Butler's H. Qrs. in the Field","Photographer/Photography Studio: Lomas, Eastport Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Smith, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. M. Fassett, Chicago, Illinois","Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Downs \u0026 Co., New Orleans, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. Sellers, Keokuk, Iowa","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. A. Sheldon, New Orleans, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: Mrs. M. A. Cutler, Dixon, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. D. Fredricks, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Andrew D. Lytle, Baton Rouge, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: Black, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Black \u0026 Case, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. M. Aiken, Ware, Massachusetts","Lithograph by Murray \u0026 Goodwin, Albany, New York; Published by G. H. Treadwell, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Theodore Harris, Louisville, Kentucky","Photographer/Photography Studio: Possibly S. Anderson, New Orleans, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. Wearn, Columbia, South Carolina","Photographer/Photography Studio: Keenan, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Rees, Richmond, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: W. R. Phipps, Lexington, Kentucky","Photographer/Photography Studio: Rees, Richmond, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Rees, Richmond, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: WM. Frank Browne, Artist, P.O. Box 480, Washington, D.C., U.S. Army","Photographer/Photography Studio: William Frank Browne","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. B. Farrar's Photographic Rooms, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. B. Farrar's Photographic Rooms, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Royan M. Linn","Photographer/Photography Studio: Quimby of Charleston","Photographer/Photography Studio: Maynard \u0026 Willis, Milford, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. H. Keim, Lebanon, Pa.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Charles A. Saylor, Reading, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Daily, Excelsior Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: John Daily, Lebanon, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bowdoin, Taylor \u0026 Co., Alexandria, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Mathew Brady","Photographer/Photography Studio: Mathew Brady","Photographer/Photography Studio: Lupton \u0026 Brown, Winchester, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Wolff's Gallery, Alexandria, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Richardson of Lima, Peru","Photographer/Photography Studio: William P. Holt, Concord, New Hampshire","Photographer/Photography Studio: T. H. Smiley's Photographic Gallery, Knoxville, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: Orcutt's, Cambridge","Photographer/Photography Studio: Victor Piard, Jersey City, New Jersey","Photographer/Photography Studio: Elrod Borthers, Lexington, Kentucky","Photographer/Photography Studio: Hunting's, Belfast, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. D. Frederick, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: M. L. Averill, Oldtown, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: William Pierce, Brunswick, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: William Pierce, Brunswick, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Trask and Lewis, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Starbird, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whitehurst Gallery, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. C. Lewis, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: H. A. Mills, Camden, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. M. McKenney, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. B. Crockett, Norway, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: T. R. Burnham, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Ball \u0026 Thomas, Cincinnati, Ohio","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Sidney Brown, St. Louis, Missouri","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. C. Price, New Philadelphia, Ohio","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bennett, Alexandria, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: John A. Heard, Tremont Row, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. N. Ramsdill, Ballston Spa, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Warren, Cambridgeport, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bundy \u0026 Williams, New Haven, Connecticut","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. N. Blanchard, Barre, Vermont","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Gurney \u0026 Son, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: E. M. Vanaken, Lowville, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. Goben, Troy, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Frank Winter, Fort Shaw, Montana","Photographer/Photography Studio: Gill's City Gallery, Lancaster, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whitehurst, Washington, DC","Photographer/Photography Studio: Wm. J. Tate, New York, NY","Photographer/Photography Studio: Stokes, Trenton, New Jersey","Photographer/Photography Studio: Clark, Gardiner, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Clark, Gardiner, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: G. W. Tuttle, Thomaston, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: M. F. King","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. M. M. Kenney, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Starbird, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Curtis \u0026 Cosby, Lewiston, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Starbird, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Hunting's Belfast, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brooks \u0026 Blauvelt, Port Hudson, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. C. Platt, Oberlin, Ohio","Photographer/Photography Studio: W. E. Prall, Knoxville, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. Worms \u0026 Co., New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: John Roth, Freehold, New Jersey","Photographer/Photography Studio: Kerston \u0026 Barker, New York, NY","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. Knecht, Easton, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Victory Piard, Jersey City, New Jersey","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. S. Jacoby, Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Published by G. L. Collins, Paola, Kansas","Photographer/Photography Studio: H. Bitner, Mt. Carroll, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: Ullary \u0026 Perry, Greenville, Ohio","Photographer/Photography Studio: E. Roberts, Cleveland, Ohio","Photographer/Photography Studio: F. B. Zay, Findlay, Ohio","Photographer/Photography Studio: V. B. Massey, Lancaster, Ohio","Photographer/Photography Studio: W. Kasten, Freeport, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: Aldridge \u0026 Merriman, Chicago, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. R. Rees \u0026 Bros., Richmond, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. W. Black, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. Masury, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: W. H. Pope, Brooklyn, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: E. Klauber, Louisville, Kentucky","Photographer/Photography Studio: E. J. Jacobs, New Orleans","Published by Keystone View Company","Photographer: P. Haas","Photographer: P. Haas","Photographer: P. Haas","Photographer: P. Haas","Photographer: P. Haas","Photographer: P. Haas","Photographer: P. Haas","Photographer: D. P. Barr, Army Photographer, Vicksburg, Miss.","Photographer: French \u0026 Co., Vicksburg, Miss.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Barr \u0026 Young, Army Photographers, Fort Pickering, Memphis, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: Moulton \u0026 Larkin, Elmira, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Moulton \u0026 Larkin, Elmira, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Moulton \u0026 Larkin, Elmira, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Alexander Gardner","Photographer/Photography Studio: Alexander Gardner","Photographer/Photography Studio: Alexander Gardner","Photographed and Published by B. W. Kilburn, Littleton, New Hampshire","Photographed and Published by Kilburn Brothers, Littleton, New Hampshire","Photographer/Photography Studio: Rollins \u0026 Linn","Published by Keystone View Company","Photographed by Brady \u0026 Co., Washington, D.C.; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony \u0026 Co.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Alexander Gardner","Photographer/Photography Studio: Alexander Gardner","Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony \u0026 Co., Negative by Brady \u0026 Co., Washington, D.C.","Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony \u0026 Co.","Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony \u0026 Co., Negative by Brady \u0026 Co., Washington, D.C.","Photographed and Published by Bell \u0026 Bro., Washington, D.C.","Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony \u0026 Co., New York; Negative by Brady \u0026 Co.","Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony \u0026 Co., American and Foreign Stereoscopic Emporium, New York, NY","Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony \u0026 Co., American and Foreign Stereoscopic Emporium, New York, NY","Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony \u0026 Co., American and Foreign Stereoscopic Emporium, New York, NY","Photographer/Photography Studio: Gardner","Photographer/Photography Studio: Marks, Houston, Texas","Published by E. M. Worth's American Museum; T. Meehan, Manufacturer of Looking-glass \u0026 Picture Frames, 810 Washington St. Boston, Mass","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. B. Crockett, Norway, Main","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: N. R. Rideout, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: F. B. Smith \u0026 Son, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. P. \u0026 F. W. Hardy, Ranger, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Starbird, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Starbird, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Starbird, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: D. K. Jewell, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: E. S. Dunshee, Rochester, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. B. Conant, Lewiston, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. Piper, Manchester, New Hampshire","Photographer/Photography Studio: Starbird, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Hoag \u0026 Quick's Art Palace, Cincinnati, Ohio","Painted by Robt. W. Weit; Engraved by Geo. W. Watch"],"odd_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe John L. Nau III Civil War History Collection contains offensive or harmful language and imagery. This includes—but is not limited to—correspondence and diary entries that express racist views; photographs of enslaved people forced into inhumane conditions by enslavers; descriptions of violence and battle experiences; photographs of deceased soldiers; and correspondence containing explicit descriptions of sex. The purpose of this note is to give users the opportunity to decide whether they need or want to view these materials, or at least, to mentally or emotionally prepare themselves to view the materials.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe donor's accession numbering system has been preserved to maintain access to collection metadata or descriptive information. Each file title in this finding aid includes the donor accession number at the end of the title and each corresponding physical folder or item is also labeled with the donor accession number. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eDonor accession numbers are comprised of letters denoting document or photograph format followed by a four-digit number that denotes the number of the accession. The following examples can be found in the collection: DA0001 (meaning document - autograph), DC0001.001 (document - currency), DL0001 (document - letter), DN0003 (document - newspaper), DOR0001 (document - order), DOT0001 (document - other), DR0002 (document - requisition), PA0184 (photograph - ambrotype), PC0200 (photograph - carte de visite), PD0007 (photograph - daguerreotype), POT0012 (photograph - other), and PT0003 (photograph - tintype).\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThese donor accession numbers can be used to search the donation listing spreadsheet for corresponding metadata. This spreadsheet is available to download directly from the finding aid below, under External Documents.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eAbout External Document MSS 16459 John L. Nau II Civil War History Collection - Donation Listing (View and Download Below)\u003c/emph\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eUpon accession of the John L. Nau III Civil War History Collection, the donor provided a spreadsheet donation listing containing metadata and sellers' descriptions associated with collection materials. The spreadsheet can be downloaded below, under the External Documents heading.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003ePlease note that many descriptions contained in this spreadsheet are drawn from sellers' language used by dealers and auction houses and contain biased and qualitative descriptions. In addition, many descriptions contain offensive, racist, and archaic language, some quoted directly from collection materials (also see the above Content Warning). \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003ePlease also note there may be some materials listed in the donor spreadsheet that are not present in the collection. The Small Library's finding aid is the definitive listing of materials available to researchers.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\n\u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eSuggestions for Using the Donation Listing Spreadsheet\u003c/emph\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMaterials found in the finding aid can be identified in the spreadsheet using the keyboard shortcut Control + F. If searching for materials discovered in the finding aid, it is recommended to search using donor accession numbers. (For more on this, see the above note on Alphanumeric Designations). \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003ePlease note that the spreadsheet does not contain additional descriptive information for all materials listed in the finding aid.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eResearchers can use the spreadsheet to explore the collection in many ways, including the following: \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e- To conduct subject-based searches (e.g., regiments, battles, and military functions, and experiences such as sickness).\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e- To identify photographs of women, Black soldiers, and Native American soldiers.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e- To identify correspondence in Series 1 authored by women and contained within personal papers attributed to men. Series 1 contains a significant amount of correspondence written by women to male relatives and friends. An example includes the many letters written by Mary Stanton to her husband Courtland Stanton, which are found with the Courtland Stanton (DL0011) papers. Another example are the letters of Lucy Britton and Martha Britton found with the Britton Family (DL0100) papers.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e- To distinguish between duplicate titles and donor accession numbers in Series 1. Secondary collections such as the papers of Amos Garrison (DL0068) and Albert R. Whitney (DL0269) contain duplicate file titles, and descriptions in the spreadsheet may allow researchers to learn more about the exact nature of the materials they contain.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e- To distinguish between portraits of unknown subjects in Series 2. Searching for a particular portrait of an unknown subject using the donor accession number may provide researchers with a description of the portrait, including details such as uniform and rank of the subject.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\n\u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eAbout External Documents MSS 16459 John L. Nau II Civil War History Collection - Transcripts (View and Download Below)\u003c/emph\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eTranscript files are titled by donor accession number. (See above note titled Alphanumeric Designations).\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003ePlease be aware that these transcripts may contain mistakes. They are not intended to be a replacement for the original materials or their digital surrogates.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis item was accessioned as part of PC0876. There is no known connection between this item and the other materials in PC0876.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis item was accessioned as part of PC0876. There is no known connection between this item and the other materials in PC0876.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAdditional materials relating to Fitzhugh Lee are located in Series 2 and 3.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis item was accessioned as part of PC1124. There is no known connection between the calling card and other materials in accession PC1124, which are located in Series 2.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAdditional materials related to William S. Rosecrans are located in Series 2 and 3.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA portrait of James M. Tracy (PC1183) is located in Series 2\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA portrait of James M. Tracy (PC1183) is located in Series 2\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA portrait of James M. Tracy (PC1183) is located in Series 2\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA portrait of James M. Tracy (PC1183) is located in Series 2\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA portrait of James M. Tracy (PC1183) is located in Series 2\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA portrait of James M. Tracy (PC1183) is located in Series 2\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA portrait of James M. Tracy (PC1183) is located in Series 2\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA portrait of James M. Tracy (PC1183) is located in Series 2\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA portrait of James M. Tracy (PC1183) is located in Series 2\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis item was accessioned as part of PT0159. There is no known connection between this record and the rest of the materials in PT0159.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis record was accessioned as part of PT0225, which included photographs of unknown soldiers. There is no known connection between the photographs located in Series 2 and this record.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis item was accessioned as part of PT0159. There is no known connection between this record and the rest of the materials in PT0159.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis item was accessioned as part of PC1029. There is no know connection between this ledger and the other items in PC1029, which are located in Series 2.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThese reunion programs (POT0140.0011-POT0140.0015) were accessioned as part of POT0140, which is otherwise located in Series 2. There is no known connection between these programs and the other materials in this accession.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThese reunion programs (POT0140.0011-POT0140.0015) were accessioned as part of POT0140, which is otherwise located in Series 2. There is no known connection between these programs and the other materials in this accession.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de Visite PC0171 of Eugene Carr and Carte de Visite album PC0171 were part of the same donor accession. There is no known relationship between these materials.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de Visite PC0171 of Michael Corcoran and Carte de Visite album PC0171 were part of the same donor accession. There is no known relationship between these materials.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAdditional materials related to Napoleon Jackson Tecumseh Dana can be found in Series 1 and Series 3.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de Visite PC0171 of Charles H. Davis and Carte de Visite album PC0171 were part of the same donor accession. There is no known relationship between these materials.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de Visite PC0171 of William B. Franklin and Carte de Visite album PC0171 were part of the same donor accession. There is no known relationship between these materials.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de Visite PC0171 of Quincy A. Gillmore and Carte de Visite album PC0171 were part of the same donor accession. There is no known relationship between these materials.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAdditional materials related to States Rights Gist are located in Series 3.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de Visite PC0171 of A. C. Gorden and Carte de Visite album PC0171 were part of the same donor accession. There is no known relationship between these materials.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThere is no known relationship between carte de visite album PC1143 and albumen PC1143 of Ulysses S. Grant. Both were part of the same donor accession PC1143.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis photograph, \"Grant and the Union Staff\" is not part of the photographic series owned and annotated by Francis C. Miller (POT0026). However, it was accessioned by the donor as part of this group (POT0026). It appears to be a reproduction of an earlier photograph dating to ca. 1862.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTintype PC0171 of Cecil H. Hall and Carte de Visite album PC0171 were part of the same donor accession. There is no known relationship between these materials.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePC1199.0001 and PC1199.0002 are duplicates.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePC1199.0001 and PC1199.0002 are duplicates.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTintype PC0171 of Samuel P. Heintzelman and Carte de Visite album PC0171 were part of the same donor accession. There is no known relationship between these materials.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAdditional Materials relating to Fitzhugh Lee are located in Series 1 and 3.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAdditional materials related to Abraham Lincoln are located in Series 3.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAdditional materials related to Abraham Lincoln are located in Series 3.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite engraving PC0171 of George G. Meade and Carte de Visite album PC0171 were part of the same donor accession. There is no known relationship between these materials.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCartes de Visite PC1196.0002 and PC1196.0003 are duplicates.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCartes de Visite PC1196.0002 and PC1196.0003 are duplicates.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite PC0171 of Frank W. Renburger and Carte de Visite album PC0171 were part of the same donor accession. There is no known relationship between these materials.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite PC0171 of William S. Rosecrans and Carte de Visite album PC0171 were part of the same donor accession. There is no known relationship between these materials. Additional records related to William S. Rosecrans are located in Series 1 and 3.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePortrait of Slocum is the same image as PA0342.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePortrait of Slocum is the same image as PA0371.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite PC0171 of E. Kirby Smith and carte de visite album PC0171 were part of the same donor accession. There is no known relationship between these materials. Additional materials related to E. Kirby Smith are located in Series 3.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAdditional materials related to E. Kirby Smith are located in Series 3.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite PC0171 of Edwin Vose Sumner and carte de visite album PC0171 were part of the same donor accession. There is no known relationship between these materials.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotograph album DOT0135 attributed to James M. Tracy is located in Series 2, Subseries H.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite PC0171 of John E. Wool and carte de visite album PC0171 were part of the same donor accession. There is no known relationship between these materials.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis case contains portraits of the same unknown soldier in both ambrotype and tintype formats.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eLetter PA0202.0002 was housed folded inside of cased photograph PA0202.0001.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eLetter PA0202.0002 was previously housed folded inside of cased photograph PA0202.0001.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAmbrotype PA0205.0001 and tintype PA0205.0002 have been kept together, because they depict the same unknown soldier.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAmbrotype PA0205.0001 and tintype PA0205.0002 have been kept together, because they depict the same unknown soldier.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAmbrotype PA0274.0001 and tintype PA0274.0002 depict the same unknown Union Sergeant from the 11th Indiana Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAmbrotype PA0274.0001 and tintype PA0274.0002 depict the same unknown Union Sergeant from the 11th Indiana Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePT0190 is a single case containing one tintype and one ambrotype, and is arranged with tintypes.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTintype PA0435.0002 a duplicate of ambrotype PA0435.0001.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTintype PA0435.0002 a duplicate of ambrotype PA0435.0001.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTintype (POT0113.0001) of unknown Black cavalryman possibly named Jenkins or Jenning) was owned by Randolph Davis, author of correspondence (POT0113.0002). Davis's descendents allege the pictured soldier worked on Davis's farm as a free man.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTintype (POT0113.0001) of unknown Black cavalryman possibly named Jenkins or Jenning) was owned by Randolph Davis, author of correspondence (POT0113.0002). Davis's descendents allege the pictured soldier worked on Davis's farm as a free man.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe relationship between tintype PT0136.0001 and note fragments PT0136.0002 is unknown.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe relationship between tintype PT0136.0001 and note fragments PT0136.0002 is unknown.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe relationship between tintype PT0159.0001 and records PT0159.0002 (relating to Patrick Clark) is unknown.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe relationship between tintype PT0159.0001 and records PT0159.0002 (relating to Patrick Clark) is unknown.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite PC0171 of an unknown subject and carte de visite album PC0171 were part of the same donor accession. There is no known relationship between these materials.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePT0182 and PT0183 are similar images.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePT0182 and PT0183 are similar images.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIt is unknown if there is any connection between tintype PT0225.0001, tintype PT0225.0002, and albumen PT0225.0003. They were part of the same accession.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIt is unknown if there is any connection between tintype PT0225.0001, tintype PT0225.0002, and albumen PT0225.0003. They were part of the same accession.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIt is unknown if there is any connection between tintype PT0297.0001 and cloth cavalry insignia PT0297.0002. They were part of the same accession.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIt is unknown if there is any relationship between tintype PT0297.0001 and cloth cavalry insignia PT0297.0002. They were part of the same accession.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIt is unknown if there is any relationship between tintype PT0322 and the newspaper clipping of Abraham Lincoln PT0322.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIt is unknown if there is any relationship between tintype PT0322 and the newspaper clipping of Abraham Lincoln PT0322.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePT0326.0001 and PT0326.0002 are portraits of the same unknown Confederate soldier.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePT0326.0001 and PT0326.0002 are portraits of the same unknown Confederate soldier.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIt is not known if leather writing case PT0431.0002 is the same as the one pictured in photograph PT0431.0001.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIt is not known if leather writing case PT0431.0002 is the same as the one pictured in photograph PT0431.0001.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAll four photographs labeled with the donor accession number PT0489 depict the same unknown soldier.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAll four photographs labeled with the donor accession number PT0489 are of the same unknown soldier.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAll four photographs labeled with the donor accession number PT0489 are of the same unknown soldier.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAll four photographs labeled with the donor accession number PT0489 are of the same unknown soldier.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePT0518.1 and PT0518.2 depict the same unknown soldier.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePT0518.1 and PT0518.2 depict the same unknown soldier.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePT0625.1 and PT0625.2 each depict the same unknown Union surgeon.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePT0625.1 and PT0625.2 each depict the same unknown Union surgeon.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite PC0171 of an unknown subject and carte de visite album PC0171 were part of the same donor accession. There is no known relationship between these materials.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite PC0171 of an unknown subject and carte de visite album PC0171 were part of the same donor accession. There is no known relationship between these materials.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite PC0171 of an unknown subject and carte de visite album PC0171 were part of the same donor accession. There is no known relationship between these materials.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotograph DL0031.0006 was part of donor accession DL0031. There is no known relationship to the other materials in DL0031.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eImage was accessioned by the donor in a group of 5 Albumen prints (POT0101).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eImage was originally accessioned by the donor in a group of 5 Albumen prints (POT0101).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eImage was originally accessioned by the donor in a group of 5 Albumen prints (POT0101).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eImage was originally accessioned by the donor in a group of 5 Albumen prints (POT0101).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eImage was originally accessioned by the donor in a group of 5 Albumen prints (POT0101).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAccessioned as part of PC1254, which also includes Louis von Trebra's carte de visite album (32nd Indiana Infantry). There is no known relationship between these materials.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe association between Louis von Trebra's carte de visite album and the print publications included in accession PC1254 is unknown. These volumes were accessioned with Louis von Trebra's album and share a common connection with the Army of the Cumberland.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe association between Louis von Trebra's carte de visite album and the print publications included in accession PC1254 is unknown. These volumes were accessioned with Louis von Trebra's album and share a common connection with the Army of the Cumberland.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe association between Louis von Trebra and this publication is unknown aside from their being part of the same accession (PC1254). This volume was accessioned with Louis von Trebra's carte de visite album, and the materials share a common connection with the Army of the Cumberland.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe association between Louis von Trebra and this publication is unknown aside from their being part of the same accession (PC1254). This volume was accessioned with Louis von Trebra's carte de visite album, and the materials share a common connection with the Army of the Cumberland.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe association between Louis von Trebra and this publication is unknown aside from their being part of the same accession (PC1254). This volume was accessioned with Louis von Trebra's carte de visite album, and the materials share a common connection with the Army of the Cumberland.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis photograph album previously housed portraits PC0105.0002-PC0105.0035, and is associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThere is no known relationship between carte de visite album PC1143 and albumen PC1143 of Ulysses S. Grant. Both were part of the same donor accession PC1143.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFrom an album of a member of the Medical Corps of the 50th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFrom an album of a member of the Medical Corps of the 50th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFrom an album of a member of the Medical Corps of the 50th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFrom an album of a member of the Medical Corps of the 50th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFrom an album of a member of the Medical Corps of the 50th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFrom an album of a member of the Medical Corps of the 50th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFrom an album of a member of the Medical Corps of the 50th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFrom an album of a member of the Medical Corps of the 50th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFrom an album of a member of the Medical Corps of the 50th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFrom an album of a member of the Medical Corps of the 50th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFrom an album of a member of the Medical Corps of the 50th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFrom an album of a member of the Medical Corps of the 50th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFrom an album of a member of the Medical Corps of the 50th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFrom an album of a member of the Medical Corps of the 50th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album (PC0082) is currently empty but is associated with cartes de visite of the same donor accession number (PC0082).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAssociated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAssociated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAssociated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAssociated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAssociated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAssociated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAssociated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAssociated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAssociated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAssociated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAssociated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAssociated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAssociated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAssociated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAssociated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAssociated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAssociated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAssociated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAssociated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAssociated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAssociated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAssociated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAssociated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAssociated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAssociated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAssociated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAssociated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAssociated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAssociated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAssociated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAssociated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAssociated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAssociated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAssociated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAssociated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAssociated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAssociated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAssociated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAssociated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAssociated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAssociated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAssociated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAssociated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAssociated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAssociated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAssociated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite album PC0171 was part of donor accession PC0171, which also contains additional, loose photographs. There is no known relationship between the album and these photographs.\u003c/p\u003e"],"odd_heading_ssm":["Content Warning","Alphanumeric Designations","Important Information about External Documents","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General"],"odd_tesim":["The John L. Nau III Civil War History Collection contains offensive or harmful language and imagery. This includes—but is not limited to—correspondence and diary entries that express racist views; photographs of enslaved people forced into inhumane conditions by enslavers; descriptions of violence and battle experiences; photographs of deceased soldiers; and correspondence containing explicit descriptions of sex. The purpose of this note is to give users the opportunity to decide whether they need or want to view these materials, or at least, to mentally or emotionally prepare themselves to view the materials.","The donor's accession numbering system has been preserved to maintain access to collection metadata or descriptive information. Each file title in this finding aid includes the donor accession number at the end of the title and each corresponding physical folder or item is also labeled with the donor accession number. ","Donor accession numbers are comprised of letters denoting document or photograph format followed by a four-digit number that denotes the number of the accession. The following examples can be found in the collection: DA0001 (meaning document - autograph), DC0001.001 (document - currency), DL0001 (document - letter), DN0003 (document - newspaper), DOR0001 (document - order), DOT0001 (document - other), DR0002 (document - requisition), PA0184 (photograph - ambrotype), PC0200 (photograph - carte de visite), PD0007 (photograph - daguerreotype), POT0012 (photograph - other), and PT0003 (photograph - tintype).","These donor accession numbers can be used to search the donation listing spreadsheet for corresponding metadata. This spreadsheet is available to download directly from the finding aid below, under External Documents.","About External Document MSS 16459 John L. Nau II Civil War History Collection - Donation Listing (View and Download Below)","Upon accession of the John L. Nau III Civil War History Collection, the donor provided a spreadsheet donation listing containing metadata and sellers' descriptions associated with collection materials. The spreadsheet can be downloaded below, under the External Documents heading.","Please note that many descriptions contained in this spreadsheet are drawn from sellers' language used by dealers and auction houses and contain biased and qualitative descriptions. In addition, many descriptions contain offensive, racist, and archaic language, some quoted directly from collection materials (also see the above Content Warning). ","Please also note there may be some materials listed in the donor spreadsheet that are not present in the collection. The Small Library's finding aid is the definitive listing of materials available to researchers.","Suggestions for Using the Donation Listing Spreadsheet","Materials found in the finding aid can be identified in the spreadsheet using the keyboard shortcut Control + F. If searching for materials discovered in the finding aid, it is recommended to search using donor accession numbers. (For more on this, see the above note on Alphanumeric Designations). ","Please note that the spreadsheet does not contain additional descriptive information for all materials listed in the finding aid.","Researchers can use the spreadsheet to explore the collection in many ways, including the following: ","- To conduct subject-based searches (e.g., regiments, battles, and military functions, and experiences such as sickness).","- To identify photographs of women, Black soldiers, and Native American soldiers.","- To identify correspondence in Series 1 authored by women and contained within personal papers attributed to men. Series 1 contains a significant amount of correspondence written by women to male relatives and friends. An example includes the many letters written by Mary Stanton to her husband Courtland Stanton, which are found with the Courtland Stanton (DL0011) papers. Another example are the letters of Lucy Britton and Martha Britton found with the Britton Family (DL0100) papers.","- To distinguish between duplicate titles and donor accession numbers in Series 1. Secondary collections such as the papers of Amos Garrison (DL0068) and Albert R. Whitney (DL0269) contain duplicate file titles, and descriptions in the spreadsheet may allow researchers to learn more about the exact nature of the materials they contain.","- To distinguish between portraits of unknown subjects in Series 2. Searching for a particular portrait of an unknown subject using the donor accession number may provide researchers with a description of the portrait, including details such as uniform and rank of the subject.","About External Documents MSS 16459 John L. Nau II Civil War History Collection - Transcripts (View and Download Below)","Transcript files are titled by donor accession number. (See above note titled Alphanumeric Designations).","Please be aware that these transcripts may contain mistakes. They are not intended to be a replacement for the original materials or their digital surrogates.","This item was accessioned as part of PC0876. There is no known connection between this item and the other materials in PC0876.","This item was accessioned as part of PC0876. There is no known connection between this item and the other materials in PC0876.","Additional materials relating to Fitzhugh Lee are located in Series 2 and 3.","This item was accessioned as part of PC1124. There is no known connection between the calling card and other materials in accession PC1124, which are located in Series 2.","Additional materials related to William S. Rosecrans are located in Series 2 and 3.","A portrait of James M. Tracy (PC1183) is located in Series 2","A portrait of James M. Tracy (PC1183) is located in Series 2","A portrait of James M. Tracy (PC1183) is located in Series 2","A portrait of James M. Tracy (PC1183) is located in Series 2","A portrait of James M. Tracy (PC1183) is located in Series 2","A portrait of James M. Tracy (PC1183) is located in Series 2","A portrait of James M. Tracy (PC1183) is located in Series 2","A portrait of James M. Tracy (PC1183) is located in Series 2","A portrait of James M. Tracy (PC1183) is located in Series 2","This item was accessioned as part of PT0159. There is no known connection between this record and the rest of the materials in PT0159.","This record was accessioned as part of PT0225, which included photographs of unknown soldiers. There is no known connection between the photographs located in Series 2 and this record.","This item was accessioned as part of PT0159. There is no known connection between this record and the rest of the materials in PT0159.","This item was accessioned as part of PC1029. There is no know connection between this ledger and the other items in PC1029, which are located in Series 2.","These reunion programs (POT0140.0011-POT0140.0015) were accessioned as part of POT0140, which is otherwise located in Series 2. There is no known connection between these programs and the other materials in this accession.","These reunion programs (POT0140.0011-POT0140.0015) were accessioned as part of POT0140, which is otherwise located in Series 2. There is no known connection between these programs and the other materials in this accession.","Carte de Visite PC0171 of Eugene Carr and Carte de Visite album PC0171 were part of the same donor accession. There is no known relationship between these materials.","Carte de Visite PC0171 of Michael Corcoran and Carte de Visite album PC0171 were part of the same donor accession. There is no known relationship between these materials.","Additional materials related to Napoleon Jackson Tecumseh Dana can be found in Series 1 and Series 3.","Carte de Visite PC0171 of Charles H. Davis and Carte de Visite album PC0171 were part of the same donor accession. There is no known relationship between these materials.","Carte de Visite PC0171 of William B. Franklin and Carte de Visite album PC0171 were part of the same donor accession. There is no known relationship between these materials.","Carte de Visite PC0171 of Quincy A. Gillmore and Carte de Visite album PC0171 were part of the same donor accession. There is no known relationship between these materials.","Additional materials related to States Rights Gist are located in Series 3.","Carte de Visite PC0171 of A. C. Gorden and Carte de Visite album PC0171 were part of the same donor accession. There is no known relationship between these materials.","There is no known relationship between carte de visite album PC1143 and albumen PC1143 of Ulysses S. Grant. Both were part of the same donor accession PC1143.","This photograph, \"Grant and the Union Staff\" is not part of the photographic series owned and annotated by Francis C. Miller (POT0026). However, it was accessioned by the donor as part of this group (POT0026). It appears to be a reproduction of an earlier photograph dating to ca. 1862.","Tintype PC0171 of Cecil H. Hall and Carte de Visite album PC0171 were part of the same donor accession. There is no known relationship between these materials.","PC1199.0001 and PC1199.0002 are duplicates.","PC1199.0001 and PC1199.0002 are duplicates.","Tintype PC0171 of Samuel P. Heintzelman and Carte de Visite album PC0171 were part of the same donor accession. There is no known relationship between these materials.","Additional Materials relating to Fitzhugh Lee are located in Series 1 and 3.","Additional materials related to Abraham Lincoln are located in Series 3.","Additional materials related to Abraham Lincoln are located in Series 3.","Carte de visite engraving PC0171 of George G. Meade and Carte de Visite album PC0171 were part of the same donor accession. There is no known relationship between these materials.","Cartes de Visite PC1196.0002 and PC1196.0003 are duplicates.","Cartes de Visite PC1196.0002 and PC1196.0003 are duplicates.","Carte de visite PC0171 of Frank W. Renburger and Carte de Visite album PC0171 were part of the same donor accession. There is no known relationship between these materials.","Carte de visite PC0171 of William S. Rosecrans and Carte de Visite album PC0171 were part of the same donor accession. There is no known relationship between these materials. Additional records related to William S. Rosecrans are located in Series 1 and 3.","Portrait of Slocum is the same image as PA0342.","Portrait of Slocum is the same image as PA0371.","Carte de visite PC0171 of E. Kirby Smith and carte de visite album PC0171 were part of the same donor accession. There is no known relationship between these materials. Additional materials related to E. Kirby Smith are located in Series 3.","Additional materials related to E. Kirby Smith are located in Series 3.","Carte de visite PC0171 of Edwin Vose Sumner and carte de visite album PC0171 were part of the same donor accession. There is no known relationship between these materials.","Photograph album DOT0135 attributed to James M. Tracy is located in Series 2, Subseries H.","Carte de visite PC0171 of John E. Wool and carte de visite album PC0171 were part of the same donor accession. There is no known relationship between these materials.","This case contains portraits of the same unknown soldier in both ambrotype and tintype formats.","Letter PA0202.0002 was housed folded inside of cased photograph PA0202.0001.","Letter PA0202.0002 was previously housed folded inside of cased photograph PA0202.0001.","Ambrotype PA0205.0001 and tintype PA0205.0002 have been kept together, because they depict the same unknown soldier.","Ambrotype PA0205.0001 and tintype PA0205.0002 have been kept together, because they depict the same unknown soldier.","Ambrotype PA0274.0001 and tintype PA0274.0002 depict the same unknown Union Sergeant from the 11th Indiana Infantry.","Ambrotype PA0274.0001 and tintype PA0274.0002 depict the same unknown Union Sergeant from the 11th Indiana Infantry.","PT0190 is a single case containing one tintype and one ambrotype, and is arranged with tintypes.","Tintype PA0435.0002 a duplicate of ambrotype PA0435.0001.","Tintype PA0435.0002 a duplicate of ambrotype PA0435.0001.","Tintype (POT0113.0001) of unknown Black cavalryman possibly named Jenkins or Jenning) was owned by Randolph Davis, author of correspondence (POT0113.0002). Davis's descendents allege the pictured soldier worked on Davis's farm as a free man.","Tintype (POT0113.0001) of unknown Black cavalryman possibly named Jenkins or Jenning) was owned by Randolph Davis, author of correspondence (POT0113.0002). Davis's descendents allege the pictured soldier worked on Davis's farm as a free man.","The relationship between tintype PT0136.0001 and note fragments PT0136.0002 is unknown.","The relationship between tintype PT0136.0001 and note fragments PT0136.0002 is unknown.","The relationship between tintype PT0159.0001 and records PT0159.0002 (relating to Patrick Clark) is unknown.","The relationship between tintype PT0159.0001 and records PT0159.0002 (relating to Patrick Clark) is unknown.","Carte de visite PC0171 of an unknown subject and carte de visite album PC0171 were part of the same donor accession. There is no known relationship between these materials.","PT0182 and PT0183 are similar images.","PT0182 and PT0183 are similar images.","It is unknown if there is any connection between tintype PT0225.0001, tintype PT0225.0002, and albumen PT0225.0003. They were part of the same accession.","It is unknown if there is any connection between tintype PT0225.0001, tintype PT0225.0002, and albumen PT0225.0003. They were part of the same accession.","It is unknown if there is any connection between tintype PT0297.0001 and cloth cavalry insignia PT0297.0002. They were part of the same accession.","It is unknown if there is any relationship between tintype PT0297.0001 and cloth cavalry insignia PT0297.0002. They were part of the same accession.","It is unknown if there is any relationship between tintype PT0322 and the newspaper clipping of Abraham Lincoln PT0322.","It is unknown if there is any relationship between tintype PT0322 and the newspaper clipping of Abraham Lincoln PT0322.","PT0326.0001 and PT0326.0002 are portraits of the same unknown Confederate soldier.","PT0326.0001 and PT0326.0002 are portraits of the same unknown Confederate soldier.","It is not known if leather writing case PT0431.0002 is the same as the one pictured in photograph PT0431.0001.","It is not known if leather writing case PT0431.0002 is the same as the one pictured in photograph PT0431.0001.","All four photographs labeled with the donor accession number PT0489 depict the same unknown soldier.","All four photographs labeled with the donor accession number PT0489 are of the same unknown soldier.","All four photographs labeled with the donor accession number PT0489 are of the same unknown soldier.","All four photographs labeled with the donor accession number PT0489 are of the same unknown soldier.","PT0518.1 and PT0518.2 depict the same unknown soldier.","PT0518.1 and PT0518.2 depict the same unknown soldier.","PT0625.1 and PT0625.2 each depict the same unknown Union surgeon.","PT0625.1 and PT0625.2 each depict the same unknown Union surgeon.","Carte de visite PC0171 of an unknown subject and carte de visite album PC0171 were part of the same donor accession. There is no known relationship between these materials.","Carte de visite PC0171 of an unknown subject and carte de visite album PC0171 were part of the same donor accession. There is no known relationship between these materials.","Carte de visite PC0171 of an unknown subject and carte de visite album PC0171 were part of the same donor accession. There is no known relationship between these materials.","Photograph DL0031.0006 was part of donor accession DL0031. There is no known relationship to the other materials in DL0031.","Image was accessioned by the donor in a group of 5 Albumen prints (POT0101).","Image was originally accessioned by the donor in a group of 5 Albumen prints (POT0101).","Image was originally accessioned by the donor in a group of 5 Albumen prints (POT0101).","Image was originally accessioned by the donor in a group of 5 Albumen prints (POT0101).","Image was originally accessioned by the donor in a group of 5 Albumen prints (POT0101).","Accessioned as part of PC1254, which also includes Louis von Trebra's carte de visite album (32nd Indiana Infantry). There is no known relationship between these materials.","The association between Louis von Trebra's carte de visite album and the print publications included in accession PC1254 is unknown. These volumes were accessioned with Louis von Trebra's album and share a common connection with the Army of the Cumberland.","The association between Louis von Trebra's carte de visite album and the print publications included in accession PC1254 is unknown. These volumes were accessioned with Louis von Trebra's album and share a common connection with the Army of the Cumberland.","The association between Louis von Trebra and this publication is unknown aside from their being part of the same accession (PC1254). This volume was accessioned with Louis von Trebra's carte de visite album, and the materials share a common connection with the Army of the Cumberland.","The association between Louis von Trebra and this publication is unknown aside from their being part of the same accession (PC1254). This volume was accessioned with Louis von Trebra's carte de visite album, and the materials share a common connection with the Army of the Cumberland.","The association between Louis von Trebra and this publication is unknown aside from their being part of the same accession (PC1254). This volume was accessioned with Louis von Trebra's carte de visite album, and the materials share a common connection with the Army of the Cumberland.","This photograph album previously housed portraits PC0105.0002-PC0105.0035, and is associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","There is no known relationship between carte de visite album PC1143 and albumen PC1143 of Ulysses S. Grant. Both were part of the same donor accession PC1143.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","From an album of a member of the Medical Corps of the 50th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment","From an album of a member of the Medical Corps of the 50th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment","From an album of a member of the Medical Corps of the 50th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment","From an album of a member of the Medical Corps of the 50th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment","From an album of a member of the Medical Corps of the 50th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment","From an album of a member of the Medical Corps of the 50th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment","From an album of a member of the Medical Corps of the 50th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment","From an album of a member of the Medical Corps of the 50th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment","From an album of a member of the Medical Corps of the 50th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment","From an album of a member of the Medical Corps of the 50th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment","From an album of a member of the Medical Corps of the 50th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment","From an album of a member of the Medical Corps of the 50th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment","From an album of a member of the Medical Corps of the 50th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment","From an album of a member of the Medical Corps of the 50th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album (PC0082) is currently empty but is associated with cartes de visite of the same donor accession number (PC0082).","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Carte de visite album PC0171 was part of donor accession PC0171, which also contains additional, loose photographs. There is no known relationship between the album and these photographs."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eJohn L. Nau III Civil War History Collection, MSS 16459, box number, [if applicable] folder number, donor accession number, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["John L. Nau III Civil War History Collection, MSS 16459, box number, [if applicable] folder number, donor accession number, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Nau Collection was processed from October 2021 to March 2023. Because it is an artificial collection with no original order, it was arranged into series to emphasize the provenance of collection materials and to restore materials attributed to or associated with the same individual. Provenance was determined by the archival materials themselves as well as by donor metadata. Additional resources consulted during processing included The National Park Service's online \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eCivil War Soldiers and Sailors Database\u003c/emph\u003e (https://www.nps.gov/civilwar/soldiers-and-sailors-database.htm); Grover C. Criswell and Clarence L. Criswell's \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eConfederate and Southern State Currency\u003c/emph\u003e, vol. 1, (Pass-A-Grille, Florida: Criswell's Publications, 1957); John H. Eicher and David J. Eicher's \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eCivil War High Commands\u003c/emph\u003e (Stanford, California: Stanford University Press, 2001); and the Library of Congress's online newspapers database (https://www.loc.gov/newspapers/).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eEfforts were made to restore materials to record creators and keep these materials together. However, there are some exceptions, particularly in relation to high-profile historical figures. For example, materials relating to Robert E. Lee and William Tecumseh Sherman can be found in Series 1, 2, and 3. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFile titles have been devised by the archivist and each contains a donor accession number (see note titled Alphanumeric Designations). Wherever possible or applicable, titles attributed to materials by record creators are included. \u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["The Nau Collection was processed from October 2021 to March 2023. Because it is an artificial collection with no original order, it was arranged into series to emphasize the provenance of collection materials and to restore materials attributed to or associated with the same individual. Provenance was determined by the archival materials themselves as well as by donor metadata. Additional resources consulted during processing included The National Park Service's online Civil War Soldiers and Sailors Database (https://www.nps.gov/civilwar/soldiers-and-sailors-database.htm); Grover C. Criswell and Clarence L. Criswell's Confederate and Southern State Currency , vol. 1, (Pass-A-Grille, Florida: Criswell's Publications, 1957); John H. Eicher and David J. Eicher's Civil War High Commands (Stanford, California: Stanford University Press, 2001); and the Library of Congress's online newspapers database (https://www.loc.gov/newspapers/).","Efforts were made to restore materials to record creators and keep these materials together. However, there are some exceptions, particularly in relation to high-profile historical figures. For example, materials relating to Robert E. Lee and William Tecumseh Sherman can be found in Series 1, 2, and 3. ","File titles have been devised by the archivist and each contains a donor accession number (see note titled Alphanumeric Designations). Wherever possible or applicable, titles attributed to materials by record creators are included. "],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe John L. Nau III Civil War History Collection (1806-1988, bulk 1861-1865; 133 cubic feet) contains Civil War-era correspondence, service records, pension records, artifacts, photographs, military records (including orders, requisitions, and correspondence), currency, newspapers, and other print materials. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe collection primarily contains the correspondence, records, and photographs of white soldiers and officers who fought in the Civil War, including white officers serving in the United States Colored Troops (USCT). Additionally, the collection includes some correspondence and portraits of white women as well as a small number of portraits of Black soldiers (including PT0322, a family portrait, and a young Ben Brown, PC0836.0001) and Native American soldiers (including Frederick L. Rainbow, PT0424.0001). \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries 1: Materials Related to the Civil War Experiences of Soldiers, Officers, and Civilians (1806-1988; approx. 83 cubic feet) consists primarily of personal letters and diaries authored by white Civil War soldiers and officers in addition to associated materials such as service records relating to official wartime functions (e.g., government documents, including paroles, furloughs, pay vouchers, discharge certifications, oaths, and pension records); photographs; autographs; personal belongings and realia (e.g., bibles, publications, and uniform buttons); and veterans' memorabilia (e.g. medals, ribbons, and event programs). Series 1 also contains correspondence written by civilians and family members (often women) from the home front, including letters by Varina Davis (1826-1906) and Helen Dortch Longstreet (1863-1962).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries 2: Photographs and Prints (circa 1848-1939; approx. 34 cubic feet) consists primarily of portrait photographs of white male Civil War soldiers and civilians in addition to some portraits of white women and a small number of portraits of Black soldiers and Native American soldiers. Also included are documentary photographs of Civil War-related places and scenes. Series 2 photographs are comprised of a variety of nineteenth-century photographic formats, including daguerreotype, ambrotype, tintype, carte de visite, cabinet card, and stereoview. They also include carte de visite photograph albums as well as larger scale formats, including albumen and salt prints.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries 3: Government Military Records (1855-1913; approx. 9 cubic feet) is comprised of records produced in the United States of America (USA) and the Confederate States of America (CSA) during and related to the administration of the United States Civil War (1861–1865), including a small number of postwar records. Materials include orders, reports, muster rolls, requisitions, correspondence, broadsides, and financial transactions produced by commanding officers acting in their official capacity as leaders of military organizations (e.g., Robert E. Lee, Ulysses S. Grant, Daniel Ruggles, James Longstreet, and Napoleon Jackson Tecumseh Dana). It also includes records created by military units (e.g., companies, battalions, regiments, brigades, and corps) as well bureaucratic military leadership structures of the USA and CSA (e.g., the Quartermaster's Department and the Ordnance Office as well as the various departments, districts, and armies of strategic leadership). Also included are records from leading figures in the executive branches of government in the USA (e.g., President Abraham Lincoln and Secretary of War Edwin Stanton) and CSA (e.g., Jefferson Davis). \n \nExceptions include a few groupings of personal papers, including the personal papers of John W. Hanscom of the 6th New Hampshire Infantry Regiment.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries 4: Currency (1839-1875; approx. 1.5 cubic feet) contains currency predominately from the Civil War period (1861-1865) issued by the United States and the Confederate States, including currency notes, fractional currency notes, postage currency notes, postage stamps, bonds, and treasury warrants. In addition, it also contains currency issued by southern states and local governments, southern banks (with the addition of the Farmers and Merchants Bank, Washington, D.C.), and corporate entities based in the south.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries 5: Newspapers and Print Materials (1846-1913; approx. 5.25 cubic feet) consists primarily of Civil War-era (1861-1865) newspapers in addition to broadsides, periodicals, pamphlets, and books from or relating to the same period.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The John L. Nau III Civil War History Collection (1806-1988, bulk 1861-1865; 133 cubic feet) contains Civil War-era correspondence, service records, pension records, artifacts, photographs, military records (including orders, requisitions, and correspondence), currency, newspapers, and other print materials. ","The collection primarily contains the correspondence, records, and photographs of white soldiers and officers who fought in the Civil War, including white officers serving in the United States Colored Troops (USCT). Additionally, the collection includes some correspondence and portraits of white women as well as a small number of portraits of Black soldiers (including PT0322, a family portrait, and a young Ben Brown, PC0836.0001) and Native American soldiers (including Frederick L. Rainbow, PT0424.0001). ","Series 1: Materials Related to the Civil War Experiences of Soldiers, Officers, and Civilians (1806-1988; approx. 83 cubic feet) consists primarily of personal letters and diaries authored by white Civil War soldiers and officers in addition to associated materials such as service records relating to official wartime functions (e.g., government documents, including paroles, furloughs, pay vouchers, discharge certifications, oaths, and pension records); photographs; autographs; personal belongings and realia (e.g., bibles, publications, and uniform buttons); and veterans' memorabilia (e.g. medals, ribbons, and event programs). Series 1 also contains correspondence written by civilians and family members (often women) from the home front, including letters by Varina Davis (1826-1906) and Helen Dortch Longstreet (1863-1962).","Series 2: Photographs and Prints (circa 1848-1939; approx. 34 cubic feet) consists primarily of portrait photographs of white male Civil War soldiers and civilians in addition to some portraits of white women and a small number of portraits of Black soldiers and Native American soldiers. Also included are documentary photographs of Civil War-related places and scenes. Series 2 photographs are comprised of a variety of nineteenth-century photographic formats, including daguerreotype, ambrotype, tintype, carte de visite, cabinet card, and stereoview. They also include carte de visite photograph albums as well as larger scale formats, including albumen and salt prints.","Series 3: Government Military Records (1855-1913; approx. 9 cubic feet) is comprised of records produced in the United States of America (USA) and the Confederate States of America (CSA) during and related to the administration of the United States Civil War (1861–1865), including a small number of postwar records. Materials include orders, reports, muster rolls, requisitions, correspondence, broadsides, and financial transactions produced by commanding officers acting in their official capacity as leaders of military organizations (e.g., Robert E. Lee, Ulysses S. Grant, Daniel Ruggles, James Longstreet, and Napoleon Jackson Tecumseh Dana). It also includes records created by military units (e.g., companies, battalions, regiments, brigades, and corps) as well bureaucratic military leadership structures of the USA and CSA (e.g., the Quartermaster's Department and the Ordnance Office as well as the various departments, districts, and armies of strategic leadership). Also included are records from leading figures in the executive branches of government in the USA (e.g., President Abraham Lincoln and Secretary of War Edwin Stanton) and CSA (e.g., Jefferson Davis). \n \nExceptions include a few groupings of personal papers, including the personal papers of John W. Hanscom of the 6th New Hampshire Infantry Regiment.","Series 4: Currency (1839-1875; approx. 1.5 cubic feet) contains currency predominately from the Civil War period (1861-1865) issued by the United States and the Confederate States, including currency notes, fractional currency notes, postage currency notes, postage stamps, bonds, and treasury warrants. In addition, it also contains currency issued by southern states and local governments, southern banks (with the addition of the Farmers and Merchants Bank, Washington, D.C.), and corporate entities based in the south.","Series 5: Newspapers and Print Materials (1846-1913; approx. 5.25 cubic feet) consists primarily of Civil War-era (1861-1865) newspapers in addition to broadsides, periodicals, pamphlets, and books from or relating to the same period."],"names_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"language_ssim":["The John L. Nau III Civil War History Collection is predominantly in English. A small number of materials are in Spanish, French, Swedish, and German, and this is indicated at the file level."],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":10302,"online_item_count_is":5,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-21T14:31:55.729Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_941"}},{"id":"vimtvl_repositories_4_resources_62_c01_c30","type":"Item","attributes":{"title":"Lady Napier and Two Sons","breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vimtvl_repositories_4_resources_62_c01_c30#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"vimtvl_repositories_4_resources_62_c01_c30","ref_ssm":["vimtvl_repositories_4_resources_62_c01_c30"],"id":"vimtvl_repositories_4_resources_62_c01_c30","ead_ssi":"vimtvl_repositories_4_resources_62","_root_":"vimtvl_repositories_4_resources_62","_nest_parent_":"vimtvl_repositories_4_resources_62_c01","parent_ssi":"vimtvl_repositories_4_resources_62_c01","parent_ssim":["vimtvl_repositories_4_resources_62","vimtvl_repositories_4_resources_62_c01"],"parent_ids_ssim":["vimtvl_repositories_4_resources_62","vimtvl_repositories_4_resources_62_c01"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Sarah Tracy Collection","People - Identified"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Sarah Tracy Collection","People - Identified"],"text":["Sarah Tracy Collection","People - Identified","Lady Napier and Two Sons","Albumen print on carte de visite mount, of seated Lady Napier [Anne Jane Charlotte Lockwood Napier] and two of her sons - John Scott and William John George. Photographer's printed information on reverse reads: Published by E. Anthony 501 Broadway, New York. From Photographic Negative Brady's National Portrait Gallery.","E. \u0026 H.T. Anthony (Firm)","Napier, Anne Jane Charlotte Lockwood, 1823-1911","Napier, William John George, 1846-1913","Napier, John Scott, 1848-1938","Brady, Mathew B., approximately 1823-1896","Napier, Anne Jane Charlotte Lockwood, 1823-1911","Napier, William John George, 1846-1913","Napier, John Scott, 1848-1938","Cartes de visite","Card Photographs","Albumen prints","box Cartes de visite - Box 1"],"title_filing_ssi":"Lady Napier and Two Sons","title_ssm":["Lady Napier and Two Sons"],"title_tesim":["Lady Napier and Two Sons"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1855-1865"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1855/1865"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Lady Napier and Two Sons"],"component_level_isim":[2],"repository_ssim":["The George Washington Presidential Library at Mount Vernon"],"collection_ssim":["Sarah Tracy Collection"],"physdesc_tesim":["Albumen print on carte de visite mount, of seated Lady Napier [Anne Jane Charlotte Lockwood Napier] and two of her sons - John Scott and William John George. Photographer's printed information on reverse reads: Published by E. Anthony 501 Broadway, New York. From Photographic Negative Brady's National Portrait Gallery."],"dimensions_tesim":["2 3/8 in. x 3 5/8 in."],"creator_ssim":["E. \u0026 H.T. Anthony (Firm)","Brady, Mathew B., approximately 1823-1896"],"has_online_content_ssim":["true"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"level_ssm":["Item"],"level_ssim":["Item"],"sort_isi":31,"parent_access_terms_tesm":["Material can be reproduced for study or personal use upon written approval from library staff."],"digital_objects_ssm":["{\"label\":\"Lady Napier and Two Sons\",\"href\":\"http://catalog.mountvernon.org/digital/collection/p16829coll40/id/189/rec/1\"}"],"date_range_isim":[1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865],"names_ssim":["E. \u0026 H.T. Anthony (Firm)","Napier, Anne Jane Charlotte Lockwood, 1823-1911","Napier, William John George, 1846-1913","Napier, John Scott, 1848-1938","Brady, Mathew B., approximately 1823-1896","Napier, Anne Jane Charlotte Lockwood, 1823-1911","Napier, William John George, 1846-1913","Napier, John Scott, 1848-1938"],"corpname_ssim":["E. \u0026 H.T. Anthony (Firm)"],"persname_ssim":["Brady, Mathew B., approximately 1823-1896","Napier, Anne Jane Charlotte Lockwood, 1823-1911","Napier, William John George, 1846-1913","Napier, John Scott, 1848-1938"],"access_subjects_ssim":["Cartes de visite","Card Photographs","Albumen prints"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Cartes de visite","Card Photographs","Albumen prints"],"containers_ssim":["box Cartes de visite - Box 1"],"_nest_path_":"/components#0/components#29","timestamp":"2026-05-21T05:53:35.669Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"vimtvl_repositories_4_resources_62","ead_ssi":"vimtvl_repositories_4_resources_62","_root_":"vimtvl_repositories_4_resources_62","_nest_parent_":"vimtvl_repositories_4_resources_62","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/MV/repositories_4_resources_62.xml","title_ssm":["Sarah Tracy Collection"],"title_tesim":["Sarah Tracy Collection"],"unitdate_ssm":["1859-1868"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1859-1868"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["STC"],"text":["STC","Sarah Tracy Collection","Cartes de visite","The arrangement of the collection is divided between people (identified and unidentified) and places; and then arranged in alphabetical order.","Sarah Tracy was the secretary to the regent of the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association, Ann Pamela Cunningham of South Carolina. As the Civil War was descending on the nation, Sarah Tracy (and her sister as chaperone) moved into Mount Vernon to protect the estate and ensure absolute neutrality. This was a troubling time on the estate and at one point, she braved barricades, destroyed roads, and a night in a commandeered house, for promises of neutrality and supplies from General McClellan. For eight years, she served as doctor and manager at Mount Vernon while selling flowers, produce, and jewelry which she made out of coffee beans in order to raise money. The Ladies Association also appointed a Superintendent to care for the estate, Upton Herbert, who was trapped at Mount Vernon through the war. After Miss Tracy resigned in 1868, she married Mr. Herbert and they passed on the care of George Washington's home to make their own home together in Burke, Virginia.","Biography extracted from: Mount Vernon Education Department,\n\"Love \u0026 War at Mount Vernon\" in George Washington Wired, June 30, 2009","2 copies","Collection of 80 photographs which belonged to Miss Sarah C. Tracy (later Mrs. Upton H. Herbert), resident secretary at Mount Vernon during the Civil War years. The pictures most of which are cartes de visite were collected by Miss Tracy; some were obviously presented to her, after the fashion of the day, and are inscribed. Besides the one of herself there are three of Mount Vernon which must date from the years of her residence. Others include Leeds Castle, the English seat of Thomas, Lord Fairfax; the President's House at the Soldiers' Home, Washington, D.C.; the Milwaukee residence of Mrs. Mitchell, Vice-Regent for Wisconsin; General Winfield Scott; General George B. McClellan; W. W. Corcoran of Washington, D.C.; George W. Riggs, Treasurer of the Association; Lord Fairfax; Prince Napoleon; Louis de Geofroy (of the French Legation, who accompanied Price Napoleon to Mount Vernon in August, 1861), inscribed; and Miss Nettie Chase, daughter of Hon. Salmon P. Chase of the Lincoln Cabinet. Also included are pictures of others, chiefly celebrated figures of the nineteenth century; these were probably acquired through gift or purchases, and not presented by the subjects themselves. ","Gift of Miss Tracy's great-niece, Miss Caro Arnold of Montclair, N. J., 1953","Traveled with Prince Napoleon during his visit to Mount Vernon on August 6, 1861.","Sister of Sarah Tracy, \"Aunty Caro\"","This collection is open for research during scheduled appointments. Researchers must complete the Washington Library's Special Collections and Archives Registration From before access is provided. The library reserves the right to restrict access to certain material for preservation purposes.","Material can be reproduced for study or personal use upon written approval from library staff.","Photo Archives of the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association","C. R. Rees and Bro. (Richmond, Va.)","Charles Taber \u0026 Co.","Mount Vernon Ladies' Association of the Union","E. \u0026 H.T. Anthony (Firm)","W. \u0026 D. Downey","Philip \u0026 Solomons","Charles D. Fredricks \u0026 Co.","Whitehurst Gallery (Washington, D.C.)","Silsbee, Case \u0026 Co. (Boston)","Franklin \u0026 Co. (Washington, D. C.)","Beniczky \u0026 Co. (New York)","The New York Photograph Co.","Anderson's Photographic Gallery","Bendann Bros.","Tracy, Sarah, 1820-1896","Baldwin, Charles H., 1822-1888","Ulke, Henry, 1821-1910","Barnes, Joseph K., 1817-1883","Brady, Mathew B., approximately 1823-1896","Butler, Benjamin F. (Benjamin Franklin), 1818-1893","Cavour, Camillo Benso, conte di, 1810-1861","Chase, Abby Wheaton Pearce, 1816-1892","Loeffler, J. (John Jacob), 1834-1901","Hoyt, Janet Ralston Chase, 1847-1925","Chase, Salmon P. (Salmon Portland), 1808-1873","Chase, H. L., 1831-1901","Coan, Titus, 1801-1882","Levitsky, 1819-1898","Corcoran, W.W. (William Wilson), 1798-1888","Davis, Jefferson, 1808-1889","Davis, Varina, 1826-1906","Smith-Stanley, Edward, 1752-1834","Glosser, Henry","Hunter, R. M. T. (Robert Mercer Taliaferro), 1809-1887","Lee, Robert E. (Robert Edward), 1807-1870","Lee, George Washington Custis, 1832-1913","Taylor, Walter Herron, 1838-1916","Gardner, Alexander, 1821-1882","Lincoln, Abraham, 1809-1865","Lincoln, Mary Todd, 1818-1882","Lincoln, Robert Todd, 1843-1926","Lincoln, Thomas, 1853-1871","Bowron, G. J.","de Geofroy, Louis","Johnson, Andrew, 1808-1875","Keith, Clarence","McClellan, George B. (George Brinton), 1826-1885","Napier, Francis, Baron Napier and Ettrick, 1819-1898","Napier, Anne Jane Charlotte Lockwood, 1823-1911","Napier, William John George, 1846-1913","Napier, John Scott, 1848-1938","Polk, Leonidas, 1806-1864","Whitehurst, Jesse Harrison, 1819-1875","Riggs, George Washington, 1813-1881","Addis, R. W. (Robert W.), -1874","Riggs, Remus G.","Roszelle, Dulaney DeButts","Seward, William H. (William Henry), 1801-1872","Scott, Winfield, 1786-1866","Stansbury, Edward Augustus, 1811-1873","Stanton, Edwin M. (Edwin McMasters), 1814-1869","Stephens, Alexander H. (Alexander Hamilton), 1812-1883","Stevens, Thaddeus, 1792-1868","Stoeckl, Eduard de, Baron","Tracy, Mary Caroline","Victoria, Queen of Great Britain, 1819-1901","Bonaparte, Napoléon-Joseph-Charles-Paul, Prince, 1822-1891","Napoleon III, Emperor of the French, 1808-1873","Eugénie, Empress, consort of Napoleon III, Emperor of the French, 1826-1920","Louis Napoléon, Prince Impérial of the French, 1856-1879","Washington, George, 1732-1799","Washington, Martha, 1731-1802","Welles, Gideon, 1802-1878","Winthrop, Theodore, 1828-1861","Hall, Augustus M.","Washburn, W. W.","Brown, Henry S.","Maucel, Henry","English \n. "],"unitid_tesim":["STC"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Sarah Tracy Collection"],"collection_title_tesim":["Sarah Tracy Collection"],"collection_ssim":["Sarah Tracy Collection"],"repository_ssm":["The George Washington Presidential Library at Mount Vernon"],"repository_ssim":["The George Washington Presidential Library at Mount Vernon"],"creator_ssm":["Tracy, Sarah, 1820-1896"],"creator_ssim":["Tracy, Sarah, 1820-1896"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Tracy, Sarah, 1820-1896"],"creators_ssim":["Tracy, Sarah, 1820-1896"],"access_terms_ssm":["This collection is open for research during scheduled appointments. Researchers must complete the Washington Library's Special Collections and Archives Registration From before access is provided. The library reserves the right to restrict access to certain material for preservation purposes.","Material can be reproduced for study or personal use upon written approval from library staff."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Cartes de visite"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Cartes de visite"],"has_online_content_ssim":["true"],"extent_ssm":["80 Photographic Prints"],"extent_tesim":["80 Photographic Prints"],"genreform_ssim":["Cartes de visite"],"date_range_isim":[1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe arrangement of the collection is divided between people (identified and unidentified) and places; and then arranged in alphabetical order.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["The arrangement of the collection is divided between people (identified and unidentified) and places; and then arranged in alphabetical order."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eSarah Tracy was the secretary to the regent of the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association, Ann Pamela Cunningham of South Carolina. As the Civil War was descending on the nation, Sarah Tracy (and her sister as chaperone) moved into Mount Vernon to protect the estate and ensure absolute neutrality. This was a troubling time on the estate and at one point, she braved barricades, destroyed roads, and a night in a commandeered house, for promises of neutrality and supplies from General McClellan. For eight years, she served as doctor and manager at Mount Vernon while selling flowers, produce, and jewelry which she made out of coffee beans in order to raise money. The Ladies Association also appointed a Superintendent to care for the estate, Upton Herbert, who was trapped at Mount Vernon through the war. After Miss Tracy resigned in 1868, she married Mr. Herbert and they passed on the care of George Washington's home to make their own home together in Burke, Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eBiography extracted from: Mount Vernon Education Department,\n\"Love \u0026amp; War at Mount Vernon\" in George Washington Wired, June 30, 2009\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["Sarah Tracy was the secretary to the regent of the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association, Ann Pamela Cunningham of South Carolina. As the Civil War was descending on the nation, Sarah Tracy (and her sister as chaperone) moved into Mount Vernon to protect the estate and ensure absolute neutrality. This was a troubling time on the estate and at one point, she braved barricades, destroyed roads, and a night in a commandeered house, for promises of neutrality and supplies from General McClellan. For eight years, she served as doctor and manager at Mount Vernon while selling flowers, produce, and jewelry which she made out of coffee beans in order to raise money. The Ladies Association also appointed a Superintendent to care for the estate, Upton Herbert, who was trapped at Mount Vernon through the war. After Miss Tracy resigned in 1868, she married Mr. Herbert and they passed on the care of George Washington's home to make their own home together in Burke, Virginia.","Biography extracted from: Mount Vernon Education Department,\n\"Love \u0026 War at Mount Vernon\" in George Washington Wired, June 30, 2009"],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[Name and date of item], Sarah Tracy Collection, Photo Archives of the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association, The George Washington Presidential Library [hereafter Washington Library], Mount Vernon, Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["[Name and date of item], Sarah Tracy Collection, Photo Archives of the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association, The George Washington Presidential Library [hereafter Washington Library], Mount Vernon, Virginia."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e2 copies\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["2 copies"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCollection of 80 photographs which belonged to Miss Sarah C. Tracy (later Mrs. Upton H. Herbert), resident secretary at Mount Vernon during the Civil War years. The pictures most of which are cartes de visite were collected by Miss Tracy; some were obviously presented to her, after the fashion of the day, and are inscribed. Besides the one of herself there are three of Mount Vernon which must date from the years of her residence. Others include Leeds Castle, the English seat of Thomas, Lord Fairfax; the President's House at the Soldiers' Home, Washington, D.C.; the Milwaukee residence of Mrs. Mitchell, Vice-Regent for Wisconsin; General Winfield Scott; General George B. McClellan; W. W. Corcoran of Washington, D.C.; George W. Riggs, Treasurer of the Association; Lord Fairfax; Prince Napoleon; Louis de Geofroy (of the French Legation, who accompanied Price Napoleon to Mount Vernon in August, 1861), inscribed; and Miss Nettie Chase, daughter of Hon. Salmon P. Chase of the Lincoln Cabinet. Also included are pictures of others, chiefly celebrated figures of the nineteenth century; these were probably acquired through gift or purchases, and not presented by the subjects themselves. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eGift of Miss Tracy's great-niece, Miss Caro Arnold of Montclair, N. J., 1953\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTraveled with Prince Napoleon during his visit to Mount Vernon on August 6, 1861.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSister of Sarah Tracy, \"Aunty Caro\"\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Collection of 80 photographs which belonged to Miss Sarah C. Tracy (later Mrs. Upton H. Herbert), resident secretary at Mount Vernon during the Civil War years. The pictures most of which are cartes de visite were collected by Miss Tracy; some were obviously presented to her, after the fashion of the day, and are inscribed. Besides the one of herself there are three of Mount Vernon which must date from the years of her residence. Others include Leeds Castle, the English seat of Thomas, Lord Fairfax; the President's House at the Soldiers' Home, Washington, D.C.; the Milwaukee residence of Mrs. Mitchell, Vice-Regent for Wisconsin; General Winfield Scott; General George B. McClellan; W. W. Corcoran of Washington, D.C.; George W. Riggs, Treasurer of the Association; Lord Fairfax; Prince Napoleon; Louis de Geofroy (of the French Legation, who accompanied Price Napoleon to Mount Vernon in August, 1861), inscribed; and Miss Nettie Chase, daughter of Hon. Salmon P. Chase of the Lincoln Cabinet. Also included are pictures of others, chiefly celebrated figures of the nineteenth century; these were probably acquired through gift or purchases, and not presented by the subjects themselves. ","Gift of Miss Tracy's great-niece, Miss Caro Arnold of Montclair, N. J., 1953","Traveled with Prince Napoleon during his visit to Mount Vernon on August 6, 1861.","Sister of Sarah Tracy, \"Aunty Caro\""],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection is open for research during scheduled appointments. Researchers must complete the Washington Library's Special Collections and Archives Registration From before access is provided. The library reserves the right to restrict access to certain material for preservation purposes.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMaterial can be reproduced for study or personal use upon written approval from library staff.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use","Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["This collection is open for research during scheduled appointments. Researchers must complete the Washington Library's Special Collections and Archives Registration From before access is provided. The library reserves the right to restrict access to certain material for preservation purposes.","Material can be reproduced for study or personal use upon written approval from library staff."],"names_ssim":["Photo Archives of the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association","C. R. Rees and Bro. (Richmond, Va.)","Charles Taber \u0026 Co.","Mount Vernon Ladies' Association of the Union","E. \u0026 H.T. Anthony (Firm)","W. \u0026 D. Downey","Philip \u0026 Solomons","Charles D. Fredricks \u0026 Co.","Whitehurst Gallery (Washington, D.C.)","Silsbee, Case \u0026 Co. (Boston)","Franklin \u0026 Co. (Washington, D. C.)","Beniczky \u0026 Co. (New York)","The New York Photograph Co.","Anderson's Photographic Gallery","Bendann Bros.","Tracy, Sarah, 1820-1896","Baldwin, Charles H., 1822-1888","Ulke, Henry, 1821-1910","Barnes, Joseph K., 1817-1883","Brady, Mathew B., approximately 1823-1896","Butler, Benjamin F. (Benjamin Franklin), 1818-1893","Cavour, Camillo Benso, conte di, 1810-1861","Chase, Abby Wheaton Pearce, 1816-1892","Loeffler, J. (John Jacob), 1834-1901","Hoyt, Janet Ralston Chase, 1847-1925","Chase, Salmon P. (Salmon Portland), 1808-1873","Chase, H. L., 1831-1901","Coan, Titus, 1801-1882","Levitsky, 1819-1898","Corcoran, W.W. (William Wilson), 1798-1888","Davis, Jefferson, 1808-1889","Davis, Varina, 1826-1906","Smith-Stanley, Edward, 1752-1834","Glosser, Henry","Hunter, R. M. T. (Robert Mercer Taliaferro), 1809-1887","Lee, Robert E. (Robert Edward), 1807-1870","Lee, George Washington Custis, 1832-1913","Taylor, Walter Herron, 1838-1916","Gardner, Alexander, 1821-1882","Lincoln, Abraham, 1809-1865","Lincoln, Mary Todd, 1818-1882","Lincoln, Robert Todd, 1843-1926","Lincoln, Thomas, 1853-1871","Bowron, G. J.","de Geofroy, Louis","Johnson, Andrew, 1808-1875","Keith, Clarence","McClellan, George B. (George Brinton), 1826-1885","Napier, Francis, Baron Napier and Ettrick, 1819-1898","Napier, Anne Jane Charlotte Lockwood, 1823-1911","Napier, William John George, 1846-1913","Napier, John Scott, 1848-1938","Polk, Leonidas, 1806-1864","Whitehurst, Jesse Harrison, 1819-1875","Riggs, George Washington, 1813-1881","Addis, R. W. (Robert W.), -1874","Riggs, Remus G.","Roszelle, Dulaney DeButts","Seward, William H. (William Henry), 1801-1872","Scott, Winfield, 1786-1866","Stansbury, Edward Augustus, 1811-1873","Stanton, Edwin M. (Edwin McMasters), 1814-1869","Stephens, Alexander H. (Alexander Hamilton), 1812-1883","Stevens, Thaddeus, 1792-1868","Stoeckl, Eduard de, Baron","Tracy, Mary Caroline","Victoria, Queen of Great Britain, 1819-1901","Bonaparte, Napoléon-Joseph-Charles-Paul, Prince, 1822-1891","Napoleon III, Emperor of the French, 1808-1873","Eugénie, Empress, consort of Napoleon III, Emperor of the French, 1826-1920","Louis Napoléon, Prince Impérial of the French, 1856-1879","Washington, George, 1732-1799","Washington, Martha, 1731-1802","Welles, Gideon, 1802-1878","Winthrop, Theodore, 1828-1861","Hall, Augustus M.","Washburn, W. W.","Brown, Henry S.","Maucel, Henry"],"corpname_ssim":["Photo Archives of the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association","C. R. Rees and Bro. (Richmond, Va.)","Charles Taber \u0026 Co.","Mount Vernon Ladies' Association of the Union","E. \u0026 H.T. Anthony (Firm)","W. \u0026 D. Downey","Philip \u0026 Solomons","Charles D. Fredricks \u0026 Co.","Whitehurst Gallery (Washington, D.C.)","Silsbee, Case \u0026 Co. (Boston)","Franklin \u0026 Co. (Washington, D. C.)","Beniczky \u0026 Co. (New York)","The New York Photograph Co.","Anderson's Photographic Gallery","Bendann Bros."],"persname_ssim":["Tracy, Sarah, 1820-1896","Baldwin, Charles H., 1822-1888","Ulke, Henry, 1821-1910","Barnes, Joseph K., 1817-1883","Brady, Mathew B., approximately 1823-1896","Butler, Benjamin F. (Benjamin Franklin), 1818-1893","Cavour, Camillo Benso, conte di, 1810-1861","Chase, Abby Wheaton Pearce, 1816-1892","Loeffler, J. (John Jacob), 1834-1901","Hoyt, Janet Ralston Chase, 1847-1925","Chase, Salmon P. (Salmon Portland), 1808-1873","Chase, H. L., 1831-1901","Coan, Titus, 1801-1882","Levitsky, 1819-1898","Corcoran, W.W. (William Wilson), 1798-1888","Davis, Jefferson, 1808-1889","Davis, Varina, 1826-1906","Smith-Stanley, Edward, 1752-1834","Glosser, Henry","Hunter, R. M. T. (Robert Mercer Taliaferro), 1809-1887","Lee, Robert E. (Robert Edward), 1807-1870","Lee, George Washington Custis, 1832-1913","Taylor, Walter Herron, 1838-1916","Gardner, Alexander, 1821-1882","Lincoln, Abraham, 1809-1865","Lincoln, Mary Todd, 1818-1882","Lincoln, Robert Todd, 1843-1926","Lincoln, Thomas, 1853-1871","Bowron, G. J.","de Geofroy, Louis","Johnson, Andrew, 1808-1875","Keith, Clarence","McClellan, George B. (George Brinton), 1826-1885","Napier, Francis, Baron Napier and Ettrick, 1819-1898","Napier, Anne Jane Charlotte Lockwood, 1823-1911","Napier, William John George, 1846-1913","Napier, John Scott, 1848-1938","Polk, Leonidas, 1806-1864","Whitehurst, Jesse Harrison, 1819-1875","Riggs, George Washington, 1813-1881","Addis, R. W. (Robert W.), -1874","Riggs, Remus G.","Roszelle, Dulaney DeButts","Seward, William H. (William Henry), 1801-1872","Scott, Winfield, 1786-1866","Stansbury, Edward Augustus, 1811-1873","Stanton, Edwin M. (Edwin McMasters), 1814-1869","Stephens, Alexander H. (Alexander Hamilton), 1812-1883","Stevens, Thaddeus, 1792-1868","Stoeckl, Eduard de, Baron","Tracy, Mary Caroline","Victoria, Queen of Great Britain, 1819-1901","Bonaparte, Napoléon-Joseph-Charles-Paul, Prince, 1822-1891","Napoleon III, Emperor of the French, 1808-1873","Eugénie, Empress, consort of Napoleon III, Emperor of the French, 1826-1920","Louis Napoléon, Prince Impérial of the French, 1856-1879","Washington, George, 1732-1799","Washington, Martha, 1731-1802","Welles, Gideon, 1802-1878","Winthrop, Theodore, 1828-1861","Hall, Augustus M.","Washburn, W. W.","Brown, Henry S.","Maucel, Henry"],"language_ssim":["English \n. "],"total_component_count_is":82,"online_item_count_is":62,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-21T05:53:35.669Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vimtvl_repositories_4_resources_62_c01_c30"}},{"id":"vimtvl_repositories_4_resources_62_c01_c04","type":"Item","attributes":{"title":"Major General Barnes, U.S.A., Surgeon General","breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vimtvl_repositories_4_resources_62_c01_c04#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"vimtvl_repositories_4_resources_62_c01_c04","ref_ssm":["vimtvl_repositories_4_resources_62_c01_c04"],"id":"vimtvl_repositories_4_resources_62_c01_c04","ead_ssi":"vimtvl_repositories_4_resources_62","_root_":"vimtvl_repositories_4_resources_62","_nest_parent_":"vimtvl_repositories_4_resources_62_c01","parent_ssi":"vimtvl_repositories_4_resources_62_c01","parent_ssim":["vimtvl_repositories_4_resources_62","vimtvl_repositories_4_resources_62_c01"],"parent_ids_ssim":["vimtvl_repositories_4_resources_62","vimtvl_repositories_4_resources_62_c01"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Sarah Tracy Collection","People - Identified"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Sarah Tracy Collection","People - Identified"],"text":["Sarah Tracy Collection","People - Identified","Major General Barnes, U.S.A., Surgeon General","Albumen print on carte de visite mount, head-and-shoulders portrait, of Major General Barnes, U.S.A., Surgeon General, dressed in Union uniform.","Barnes, Joseph K., 1817-1883","Barnes, Joseph K., 1817-1883","Armed Forces--Officers","Cartes de visite","Photographs","Card Photographs","Albumen prints","English .","box Cartes de visite - Box 1"],"title_filing_ssi":"Major General Barnes, U.S.A., Surgeon General","title_ssm":["Major General Barnes, U.S.A., Surgeon General"],"title_tesim":["Major General Barnes, U.S.A., Surgeon General"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1860-1870"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1860/1870"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Major General Barnes, U.S.A., Surgeon General"],"component_level_isim":[2],"repository_ssim":["The George Washington Presidential Library at Mount Vernon"],"collection_ssim":["Sarah Tracy Collection"],"physdesc_tesim":["Albumen print on carte de visite mount, head-and-shoulders portrait, of Major General Barnes, U.S.A., Surgeon General, dressed in Union uniform."],"dimensions_tesim":["2 7/16 in. x 3 15/16 in."],"has_online_content_ssim":["true"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"level_ssm":["Item"],"level_ssim":["Item"],"sort_isi":5,"parent_access_terms_tesm":["Material can be reproduced for study or personal use upon written approval from library staff."],"digital_objects_ssm":["{\"label\":\"Major General Barnes, U.S.A., Surgeon General\",\"href\":\"http://catalog.mountvernon.org/digital/collection/p16829coll40/id/78/rec/1\"}"],"date_range_isim":[1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870],"names_ssim":["Barnes, Joseph K., 1817-1883","Barnes, Joseph K., 1817-1883"],"persname_ssim":["Barnes, Joseph K., 1817-1883"],"access_subjects_ssim":["Armed Forces--Officers","Cartes de visite","Photographs","Card Photographs","Albumen prints"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Armed Forces--Officers","Cartes de visite","Photographs","Card Photographs","Albumen prints"],"language_ssim":["English ."],"containers_ssim":["box Cartes de visite - Box 1"],"_nest_path_":"/components#0/components#3","timestamp":"2026-05-21T05:53:35.669Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"vimtvl_repositories_4_resources_62","ead_ssi":"vimtvl_repositories_4_resources_62","_root_":"vimtvl_repositories_4_resources_62","_nest_parent_":"vimtvl_repositories_4_resources_62","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/MV/repositories_4_resources_62.xml","title_ssm":["Sarah Tracy Collection"],"title_tesim":["Sarah Tracy Collection"],"unitdate_ssm":["1859-1868"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1859-1868"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["STC"],"text":["STC","Sarah Tracy Collection","Cartes de visite","The arrangement of the collection is divided between people (identified and unidentified) and places; and then arranged in alphabetical order.","Sarah Tracy was the secretary to the regent of the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association, Ann Pamela Cunningham of South Carolina. As the Civil War was descending on the nation, Sarah Tracy (and her sister as chaperone) moved into Mount Vernon to protect the estate and ensure absolute neutrality. This was a troubling time on the estate and at one point, she braved barricades, destroyed roads, and a night in a commandeered house, for promises of neutrality and supplies from General McClellan. For eight years, she served as doctor and manager at Mount Vernon while selling flowers, produce, and jewelry which she made out of coffee beans in order to raise money. The Ladies Association also appointed a Superintendent to care for the estate, Upton Herbert, who was trapped at Mount Vernon through the war. After Miss Tracy resigned in 1868, she married Mr. Herbert and they passed on the care of George Washington's home to make their own home together in Burke, Virginia.","Biography extracted from: Mount Vernon Education Department,\n\"Love \u0026 War at Mount Vernon\" in George Washington Wired, June 30, 2009","2 copies","Collection of 80 photographs which belonged to Miss Sarah C. Tracy (later Mrs. Upton H. Herbert), resident secretary at Mount Vernon during the Civil War years. The pictures most of which are cartes de visite were collected by Miss Tracy; some were obviously presented to her, after the fashion of the day, and are inscribed. Besides the one of herself there are three of Mount Vernon which must date from the years of her residence. Others include Leeds Castle, the English seat of Thomas, Lord Fairfax; the President's House at the Soldiers' Home, Washington, D.C.; the Milwaukee residence of Mrs. Mitchell, Vice-Regent for Wisconsin; General Winfield Scott; General George B. McClellan; W. W. Corcoran of Washington, D.C.; George W. Riggs, Treasurer of the Association; Lord Fairfax; Prince Napoleon; Louis de Geofroy (of the French Legation, who accompanied Price Napoleon to Mount Vernon in August, 1861), inscribed; and Miss Nettie Chase, daughter of Hon. Salmon P. Chase of the Lincoln Cabinet. Also included are pictures of others, chiefly celebrated figures of the nineteenth century; these were probably acquired through gift or purchases, and not presented by the subjects themselves. ","Gift of Miss Tracy's great-niece, Miss Caro Arnold of Montclair, N. J., 1953","Traveled with Prince Napoleon during his visit to Mount Vernon on August 6, 1861.","Sister of Sarah Tracy, \"Aunty Caro\"","This collection is open for research during scheduled appointments. Researchers must complete the Washington Library's Special Collections and Archives Registration From before access is provided. The library reserves the right to restrict access to certain material for preservation purposes.","Material can be reproduced for study or personal use upon written approval from library staff.","Photo Archives of the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association","C. R. Rees and Bro. (Richmond, Va.)","Charles Taber \u0026 Co.","Mount Vernon Ladies' Association of the Union","E. \u0026 H.T. Anthony (Firm)","W. \u0026 D. Downey","Philip \u0026 Solomons","Charles D. Fredricks \u0026 Co.","Whitehurst Gallery (Washington, D.C.)","Silsbee, Case \u0026 Co. (Boston)","Franklin \u0026 Co. (Washington, D. C.)","Beniczky \u0026 Co. (New York)","The New York Photograph Co.","Anderson's Photographic Gallery","Bendann Bros.","Tracy, Sarah, 1820-1896","Baldwin, Charles H., 1822-1888","Ulke, Henry, 1821-1910","Barnes, Joseph K., 1817-1883","Brady, Mathew B., approximately 1823-1896","Butler, Benjamin F. (Benjamin Franklin), 1818-1893","Cavour, Camillo Benso, conte di, 1810-1861","Chase, Abby Wheaton Pearce, 1816-1892","Loeffler, J. (John Jacob), 1834-1901","Hoyt, Janet Ralston Chase, 1847-1925","Chase, Salmon P. (Salmon Portland), 1808-1873","Chase, H. L., 1831-1901","Coan, Titus, 1801-1882","Levitsky, 1819-1898","Corcoran, W.W. (William Wilson), 1798-1888","Davis, Jefferson, 1808-1889","Davis, Varina, 1826-1906","Smith-Stanley, Edward, 1752-1834","Glosser, Henry","Hunter, R. M. T. (Robert Mercer Taliaferro), 1809-1887","Lee, Robert E. (Robert Edward), 1807-1870","Lee, George Washington Custis, 1832-1913","Taylor, Walter Herron, 1838-1916","Gardner, Alexander, 1821-1882","Lincoln, Abraham, 1809-1865","Lincoln, Mary Todd, 1818-1882","Lincoln, Robert Todd, 1843-1926","Lincoln, Thomas, 1853-1871","Bowron, G. J.","de Geofroy, Louis","Johnson, Andrew, 1808-1875","Keith, Clarence","McClellan, George B. (George Brinton), 1826-1885","Napier, Francis, Baron Napier and Ettrick, 1819-1898","Napier, Anne Jane Charlotte Lockwood, 1823-1911","Napier, William John George, 1846-1913","Napier, John Scott, 1848-1938","Polk, Leonidas, 1806-1864","Whitehurst, Jesse Harrison, 1819-1875","Riggs, George Washington, 1813-1881","Addis, R. W. (Robert W.), -1874","Riggs, Remus G.","Roszelle, Dulaney DeButts","Seward, William H. (William Henry), 1801-1872","Scott, Winfield, 1786-1866","Stansbury, Edward Augustus, 1811-1873","Stanton, Edwin M. (Edwin McMasters), 1814-1869","Stephens, Alexander H. (Alexander Hamilton), 1812-1883","Stevens, Thaddeus, 1792-1868","Stoeckl, Eduard de, Baron","Tracy, Mary Caroline","Victoria, Queen of Great Britain, 1819-1901","Bonaparte, Napoléon-Joseph-Charles-Paul, Prince, 1822-1891","Napoleon III, Emperor of the French, 1808-1873","Eugénie, Empress, consort of Napoleon III, Emperor of the French, 1826-1920","Louis Napoléon, Prince Impérial of the French, 1856-1879","Washington, George, 1732-1799","Washington, Martha, 1731-1802","Welles, Gideon, 1802-1878","Winthrop, Theodore, 1828-1861","Hall, Augustus M.","Washburn, W. W.","Brown, Henry S.","Maucel, Henry","English \n. 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The library reserves the right to restrict access to certain material for preservation purposes.","Material can be reproduced for study or personal use upon written approval from library staff."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Cartes de visite"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Cartes de visite"],"has_online_content_ssim":["true"],"extent_ssm":["80 Photographic Prints"],"extent_tesim":["80 Photographic Prints"],"genreform_ssim":["Cartes de visite"],"date_range_isim":[1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe arrangement of the collection is divided between people (identified and unidentified) and places; and then arranged in alphabetical order.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["The arrangement of the collection is divided between people (identified and unidentified) and places; and then arranged in alphabetical order."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eSarah Tracy was the secretary to the regent of the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association, Ann Pamela Cunningham of South Carolina. As the Civil War was descending on the nation, Sarah Tracy (and her sister as chaperone) moved into Mount Vernon to protect the estate and ensure absolute neutrality. This was a troubling time on the estate and at one point, she braved barricades, destroyed roads, and a night in a commandeered house, for promises of neutrality and supplies from General McClellan. For eight years, she served as doctor and manager at Mount Vernon while selling flowers, produce, and jewelry which she made out of coffee beans in order to raise money. The Ladies Association also appointed a Superintendent to care for the estate, Upton Herbert, who was trapped at Mount Vernon through the war. After Miss Tracy resigned in 1868, she married Mr. Herbert and they passed on the care of George Washington's home to make their own home together in Burke, Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eBiography extracted from: Mount Vernon Education Department,\n\"Love \u0026amp; War at Mount Vernon\" in George Washington Wired, June 30, 2009\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["Sarah Tracy was the secretary to the regent of the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association, Ann Pamela Cunningham of South Carolina. As the Civil War was descending on the nation, Sarah Tracy (and her sister as chaperone) moved into Mount Vernon to protect the estate and ensure absolute neutrality. This was a troubling time on the estate and at one point, she braved barricades, destroyed roads, and a night in a commandeered house, for promises of neutrality and supplies from General McClellan. For eight years, she served as doctor and manager at Mount Vernon while selling flowers, produce, and jewelry which she made out of coffee beans in order to raise money. The Ladies Association also appointed a Superintendent to care for the estate, Upton Herbert, who was trapped at Mount Vernon through the war. After Miss Tracy resigned in 1868, she married Mr. Herbert and they passed on the care of George Washington's home to make their own home together in Burke, Virginia.","Biography extracted from: Mount Vernon Education Department,\n\"Love \u0026 War at Mount Vernon\" in George Washington Wired, June 30, 2009"],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[Name and date of item], Sarah Tracy Collection, Photo Archives of the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association, The George Washington Presidential Library [hereafter Washington Library], Mount Vernon, Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["[Name and date of item], Sarah Tracy Collection, Photo Archives of the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association, The George Washington Presidential Library [hereafter Washington Library], Mount Vernon, Virginia."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e2 copies\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["2 copies"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCollection of 80 photographs which belonged to Miss Sarah C. Tracy (later Mrs. Upton H. Herbert), resident secretary at Mount Vernon during the Civil War years. The pictures most of which are cartes de visite were collected by Miss Tracy; some were obviously presented to her, after the fashion of the day, and are inscribed. Besides the one of herself there are three of Mount Vernon which must date from the years of her residence. Others include Leeds Castle, the English seat of Thomas, Lord Fairfax; the President's House at the Soldiers' Home, Washington, D.C.; the Milwaukee residence of Mrs. Mitchell, Vice-Regent for Wisconsin; General Winfield Scott; General George B. McClellan; W. W. Corcoran of Washington, D.C.; George W. Riggs, Treasurer of the Association; Lord Fairfax; Prince Napoleon; Louis de Geofroy (of the French Legation, who accompanied Price Napoleon to Mount Vernon in August, 1861), inscribed; and Miss Nettie Chase, daughter of Hon. Salmon P. Chase of the Lincoln Cabinet. Also included are pictures of others, chiefly celebrated figures of the nineteenth century; these were probably acquired through gift or purchases, and not presented by the subjects themselves. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eGift of Miss Tracy's great-niece, Miss Caro Arnold of Montclair, N. J., 1953\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTraveled with Prince Napoleon during his visit to Mount Vernon on August 6, 1861.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSister of Sarah Tracy, \"Aunty Caro\"\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Collection of 80 photographs which belonged to Miss Sarah C. Tracy (later Mrs. Upton H. Herbert), resident secretary at Mount Vernon during the Civil War years. The pictures most of which are cartes de visite were collected by Miss Tracy; some were obviously presented to her, after the fashion of the day, and are inscribed. Besides the one of herself there are three of Mount Vernon which must date from the years of her residence. Others include Leeds Castle, the English seat of Thomas, Lord Fairfax; the President's House at the Soldiers' Home, Washington, D.C.; the Milwaukee residence of Mrs. Mitchell, Vice-Regent for Wisconsin; General Winfield Scott; General George B. McClellan; W. W. Corcoran of Washington, D.C.; George W. Riggs, Treasurer of the Association; Lord Fairfax; Prince Napoleon; Louis de Geofroy (of the French Legation, who accompanied Price Napoleon to Mount Vernon in August, 1861), inscribed; and Miss Nettie Chase, daughter of Hon. Salmon P. Chase of the Lincoln Cabinet. Also included are pictures of others, chiefly celebrated figures of the nineteenth century; these were probably acquired through gift or purchases, and not presented by the subjects themselves. ","Gift of Miss Tracy's great-niece, Miss Caro Arnold of Montclair, N. J., 1953","Traveled with Prince Napoleon during his visit to Mount Vernon on August 6, 1861.","Sister of Sarah Tracy, \"Aunty Caro\""],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection is open for research during scheduled appointments. Researchers must complete the Washington Library's Special Collections and Archives Registration From before access is provided. The library reserves the right to restrict access to certain material for preservation purposes.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMaterial can be reproduced for study or personal use upon written approval from library staff.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use","Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["This collection is open for research during scheduled appointments. Researchers must complete the Washington Library's Special Collections and Archives Registration From before access is provided. The library reserves the right to restrict access to certain material for preservation purposes.","Material can be reproduced for study or personal use upon written approval from library staff."],"names_ssim":["Photo Archives of the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association","C. R. Rees and Bro. (Richmond, Va.)","Charles Taber \u0026 Co.","Mount Vernon Ladies' Association of the Union","E. \u0026 H.T. Anthony (Firm)","W. \u0026 D. Downey","Philip \u0026 Solomons","Charles D. Fredricks \u0026 Co.","Whitehurst Gallery (Washington, D.C.)","Silsbee, Case \u0026 Co. (Boston)","Franklin \u0026 Co. (Washington, D. C.)","Beniczky \u0026 Co. (New York)","The New York Photograph Co.","Anderson's Photographic Gallery","Bendann Bros.","Tracy, Sarah, 1820-1896","Baldwin, Charles H., 1822-1888","Ulke, Henry, 1821-1910","Barnes, Joseph K., 1817-1883","Brady, Mathew B., approximately 1823-1896","Butler, Benjamin F. (Benjamin Franklin), 1818-1893","Cavour, Camillo Benso, conte di, 1810-1861","Chase, Abby Wheaton Pearce, 1816-1892","Loeffler, J. (John Jacob), 1834-1901","Hoyt, Janet Ralston Chase, 1847-1925","Chase, Salmon P. (Salmon Portland), 1808-1873","Chase, H. L., 1831-1901","Coan, Titus, 1801-1882","Levitsky, 1819-1898","Corcoran, W.W. (William Wilson), 1798-1888","Davis, Jefferson, 1808-1889","Davis, Varina, 1826-1906","Smith-Stanley, Edward, 1752-1834","Glosser, Henry","Hunter, R. M. T. (Robert Mercer Taliaferro), 1809-1887","Lee, Robert E. (Robert Edward), 1807-1870","Lee, George Washington Custis, 1832-1913","Taylor, Walter Herron, 1838-1916","Gardner, Alexander, 1821-1882","Lincoln, Abraham, 1809-1865","Lincoln, Mary Todd, 1818-1882","Lincoln, Robert Todd, 1843-1926","Lincoln, Thomas, 1853-1871","Bowron, G. J.","de Geofroy, Louis","Johnson, Andrew, 1808-1875","Keith, Clarence","McClellan, George B. (George Brinton), 1826-1885","Napier, Francis, Baron Napier and Ettrick, 1819-1898","Napier, Anne Jane Charlotte Lockwood, 1823-1911","Napier, William John George, 1846-1913","Napier, John Scott, 1848-1938","Polk, Leonidas, 1806-1864","Whitehurst, Jesse Harrison, 1819-1875","Riggs, George Washington, 1813-1881","Addis, R. W. (Robert W.), -1874","Riggs, Remus G.","Roszelle, Dulaney DeButts","Seward, William H. (William Henry), 1801-1872","Scott, Winfield, 1786-1866","Stansbury, Edward Augustus, 1811-1873","Stanton, Edwin M. (Edwin McMasters), 1814-1869","Stephens, Alexander H. (Alexander Hamilton), 1812-1883","Stevens, Thaddeus, 1792-1868","Stoeckl, Eduard de, Baron","Tracy, Mary Caroline","Victoria, Queen of Great Britain, 1819-1901","Bonaparte, Napoléon-Joseph-Charles-Paul, Prince, 1822-1891","Napoleon III, Emperor of the French, 1808-1873","Eugénie, Empress, consort of Napoleon III, Emperor of the French, 1826-1920","Louis Napoléon, Prince Impérial of the French, 1856-1879","Washington, George, 1732-1799","Washington, Martha, 1731-1802","Welles, Gideon, 1802-1878","Winthrop, Theodore, 1828-1861","Hall, Augustus M.","Washburn, W. W.","Brown, Henry S.","Maucel, Henry"],"corpname_ssim":["Photo Archives of the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association","C. R. Rees and Bro. (Richmond, Va.)","Charles Taber \u0026 Co.","Mount Vernon Ladies' Association of the Union","E. \u0026 H.T. Anthony (Firm)","W. \u0026 D. Downey","Philip \u0026 Solomons","Charles D. Fredricks \u0026 Co.","Whitehurst Gallery (Washington, D.C.)","Silsbee, Case \u0026 Co. (Boston)","Franklin \u0026 Co. (Washington, D. C.)","Beniczky \u0026 Co. (New York)","The New York Photograph Co.","Anderson's Photographic Gallery","Bendann Bros."],"persname_ssim":["Tracy, Sarah, 1820-1896","Baldwin, Charles H., 1822-1888","Ulke, Henry, 1821-1910","Barnes, Joseph K., 1817-1883","Brady, Mathew B., approximately 1823-1896","Butler, Benjamin F. (Benjamin Franklin), 1818-1893","Cavour, Camillo Benso, conte di, 1810-1861","Chase, Abby Wheaton Pearce, 1816-1892","Loeffler, J. (John Jacob), 1834-1901","Hoyt, Janet Ralston Chase, 1847-1925","Chase, Salmon P. (Salmon Portland), 1808-1873","Chase, H. L., 1831-1901","Coan, Titus, 1801-1882","Levitsky, 1819-1898","Corcoran, W.W. (William Wilson), 1798-1888","Davis, Jefferson, 1808-1889","Davis, Varina, 1826-1906","Smith-Stanley, Edward, 1752-1834","Glosser, Henry","Hunter, R. M. T. (Robert Mercer Taliaferro), 1809-1887","Lee, Robert E. 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