{"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess%5D%5B%5D=online\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1771\u0026page=4","prev":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess%5D%5B%5D=online\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1771\u0026page=3","last":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess%5D%5B%5D=online\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1771\u0026page=4"},"meta":{"pages":{"current_page":4,"next_page":null,"prev_page":3,"total_pages":4,"limit_value":10,"offset_value":30,"total_count":32,"first_page?":false,"last_page?":true}},"data":[{"id":"viu_repositories_7_resources_57","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"University of Virginia Medical Illustrations collection","creator":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_7_resources_57#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Bernie, Frederick, fl. 1792","label":"Creator"}},"abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_7_resources_57#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eThe collection comprises mostly of anatomical illustrations of humans and animals by professional medical illustrators and medical practioners, but there is a good number of caricatures. Many of the images depict 20th century surgical prodedures; there are also physiological illustrations included in the collection. Most items are drawn in pencil on illustration paper with cardboard backing. In addition, there are some drawings in notepads and on tracing paper.\u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_7_resources_57#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"viu_repositories_7_resources_57","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_7_resources_57","_root_":"viu_repositories_7_resources_57","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_7_resources_57","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/UVA/repositories_7_resources_57.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.virginia.edu/ark:/59853/56","title_ssm":["University of Virginia Medical Illustrations collection"],"title_tesim":["University of Virginia Medical Illustrations collection"],"unitdate_ssm":["1720-1969","undated"],"unitdate_bulk_ssim":["undated"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1720-1969"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MS.67","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/7/resources/57"],"text":["MS.67","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/7/resources/57","University of Virginia Medical Illustrations collection","Illustrators","Medical libraries","cartoons (humorous images)","drawings (visual works)","7.5 linear feet: 4 boxes with dimensions 16 in x 20 in x 3.5 in 2 document boxes","Collection is open to research.","Authenticated by Medicine Rara 185 Madison Ave, NY, NY 10016.","The illustrations are arranged by the name of their illustrator, and by chronology, then grouped by the subject of the drawing. The exceptions to this arrangement are items where the artist or subject is unknown or if there is no series for individual artists.","The University of Virginia has taught the study of human anatomy as part of the medical curriculum since its first session in 1825. ","The creator of several of the drawings in the collection, Harvey E. Jordan (1878-1963), was on the faculty of the School of Medicine at the University of Virginia between 1907 and 1949 and had a strong interest in anatomy throughout his career. Jordan served as a Professor of Histology and Embryology, Director of Anatomical Laboratories, and, from 1938 to 1949, as the Dean of the Department of Medicine (in 1950 the title changed to \"Dean of the School of Medicine\"). During his tenure as Dean, Jordan started a Division of Medical Illustration at the Univeristy. Among the many professional societies to which he belonged was the American Association of Anatomists, and throughout his career he wrote many papers on the subject of microscopic anatomy.","In addition to Harvey E. Jordan, the collection also contains work by illustrators including P. Le Paumier, Helen Lorraine, and Ted Bloodhart. P. Le Paumier (dates unknown) was a French illustrator whose work was published in the book  Travaux pratiques d'anatomie. Cahier d'ostéologie,  by French anatomist André Latarjet (1877-1947). Helen Lorraine (1892-1980) was a medical illustrator who graduated from Johns Hopkins School of Art as Applied to Medicine (1916) and studied under Max Brodel and J. Shelton Horsley. Lorraine's illustrations were produced for Dr. Charles Bruce Morton (1908-1966), a University of Virginia School of Medicine graduate (B.S. 1920, M.D. 1922) and professor of Surgery and Gynecology at UVA from 1927 to 1954. Little is known about the other illustrators. Some works in the collection are not identified.","Another set of prints included in this collection are the Elizabeth Mandell historical prints collection, which consists of prints, illustrations, and pages from an unidentified text. Items include 3 anatomical plates; 3 surgical plates; and a print of a physician and patient from the Illustrated Times, London Dec. 8, 1880. Also included: an image of a doctor and patients from an \"extra supplement to the Illustrated London News, May 19, 187?\"; and illustrations from the International Medical and Sanitary Exposition. The 4 loose pages contain an entry on Anatomy and are taken from the same text as the anatomical and surgical plates (possibly an encyclopedia).","In 2026, the English and French caricatures were added to the collection. ","The collection comprises mostly of anatomical illustrations of humans and animals by professional medical illustrators and medical practioners, but there is a good number of caricatures. Many of the images depict 20th century surgical prodedures; there are also physiological illustrations included in the collection. Most items are drawn in pencil on illustration paper with cardboard backing. In addition, there are some drawings in notepads and on tracing paper.","From The Graphic: an illustrated weekly newspaper, page 109","5 figures: 1. extempore dressing on the Battlefield. 2. ward tent and apparatus for steaming throat and bronchial cases, Guy's Hospital. 3. (ditto), St. Mary's Hospital. 4. a bad accident case: London Hospital. 5. bath lift: Middlesex Hospital.","Extra supplement to the Illustrated London News May 19 1877.","Caricature by definition is a representation in which the subject's distinctive features or peculiarities are deliberately exaggerated to produce a comic or grotesque effect. Nineteenth-century medicine provided caricaturists with a wealth of material. Artists humorously exaggerated medical conditions and physical characteristics. Bulbous noses, protruding stomachs, and hunched backs were some of the more common features drawn to extraordinary proportions. Bizarre treatments, massive doses of pills, and excessive bloodletting, prescribed by trained physicians and quack doctors alike, were all lampooned. Suffering and discomfort from disease and the patient's reaction to medical treatment were also fodder for the satirist's pen.","While some caricatures were straightforward in their message, others contained yet another layer of meaning. Medical conditions could symbolize failed interpersonal relationships, national political affairs, and everything in between. Ailments caused by the follies of fashion, such as ill-fitting footwear or constricting corsets, inspired many drawings. Artists also directly linked illness to excesses in nineteenth-century social life, particularly over-consumption of food and alcohol.","The 37 caricatures displayed in this exhibit are divided into two groups: English and French. The English prints are predominately drawn by two of the more famous British caricaturists, James Gillray and George Cruikshank. The French caricatures include artwork by J.J. Grandville, Louis-Léopold Boilly, and Edme Jean Pigal.","English Caricature:\nPrecariousness of Life\nHeroic Medicine\nPray Remember the Poor Debtors\nQuacks \u0026 Nostrums\nDoomed Relationships\nFashionable Follies\nNineteenth-Century Excess\nEnglish Artists\nFootnotes, Bibliography, \u0026 Links","French Caricature:\nScenes of the Day\nMedicine in France\nMedical Caricatures or Political Commentary?\nHunchbacks: Mocked or Mocker?\nPublic Health: The Need Is Pressing\nWet Nursing: Paying Consumers\nFrench Artists\nFootnotes, Bibliography, \u0026 Links","The caption of this image describes the 'Extraordinary Effects of Morison's Vegetable Pills', re-growing a man's legs overnight. Morison's Vegetable Pills were the brainchild of James Morison (1770-1840) and sold from 1825 onwards. Morison believed that all disease was caused by an impurity of the blood that could only be purged by his vegetable pills. The pills, a laxative based on a variety of herbs, including rhubarb and myrrh, were sold in chemists, grocers and even libraries. Morison believed that his pills could be taken in large doses but a number of deaths proved him wrong. Many labelled him a quack and his pills a poison. The print is by Charles Grant Jameson (active 1832-1850); artist: Grant, Charles Jameson; maker: J Kendrick; place made: London, England, United Kingdom.","Colored etching by G[eorge] Cruikshank: Source of the Southwark Water Works, or [headed] Salus Populi Suprema Lex. Published by S. Knight, [1832]. 51x32.5cm. Printed on broadsheet with text poem beneath: Royal Address of Cadwallader... water-king of Southwark [John Edwards]. Concern at pollution and threat to public health. ","The satirical poem 'Royal Address of Cadwallader ap-Tudor ap-Edwards ap-Vaughan, Water-King of Southwark', published in 1832, is a comment on the pollution of the River Thames, the main water supply for London. The crowd chants \"Give us clean water\" and \"We shall get the cholera\" – 1832 being the year that a major cholera epidemic hit London. The writer of the poem and the people in the illustration appear to believe that cholera is spread by vapours from rotting waste – the miasma theory of disease. However, John Snow (1813-1858) discovered that cholera is a water-borne disease. Despite this, many physicians still accepted the miasma theory. The illustration was drawn by the artist and caricaturist George Cruikshank (1792-1878).","Inscription: Lettered with title, \"Ex Marmore Antiquo,\" three lines of description of subject beginning \"He grounded his Precepts upon Aesculapius. ...,\" and production details: \"P. P. Rubens Del.,\" \"I. Faber Fecit,\" and \"Printed for \u0026 Sold by Tho: Bowles next the Chapter House in St. Pauls Ch. Yard and John Bowles at the Black Horse in Cornhill.\"","This satirical response to \"fast living\" centers on a figure whose left side is a skeleton holding a spade before a tombstone lettered with a quote from Romans 6.23, \"The wages of sin is death,\" with other biblical admonishments below. The figure's right side is fashionably dressed living aristocrat standing in a parkland with a temple similar to one at Stowe in Buckinghamshire. Emblems of the Order of the Garter are part of the man's dress and items that refer to gambling and partying are strewn around his buckled shoe. These include part of a \"EO\" wheel (an 18th century game similar to roulette), dice and a shaker, cards, and a masquerade ticket to the Pantheon in London. A scroll that confirms the man's \"Pedigree\" suggests that rank offers no protection from mortality.","This cartoon by J. A. Wales.found in Puck on April 14, 1880 satirizes the Eclectic Medical College of Pennsylvania, a diploma mill selling fake medical degrees in the later decades of the 19th century. \"Professor Grind-Em-Out\" is, no doubt, the school's \"Dean,\" John Buchanan, who was finally arrested in 1880, due in part to his exposure in the popular media.","Etching depicting a group of male academics and students, many wearing mortar boards, gathered around a professor who reads form a book inscribed 'Datur Vacuum.'","Within a lugubrious coat-of-arms, Hogarth depicts three well-known quacks with a group of twelve portly physicians. The three quacks at the top of the print are Joshua Ward, perhaps the most famous charlatan of his time; Sarah Mapp, a well-known bonesetter; and John Taylor, an oculist. The bewigged physicians dispel the stench of death by sniffing the pomander attached to the top of their canes. According to Hogarth, proper physicians and disreputable quacks are all members of the same Company of Undertakers. The Latin caption, Et plurima mortis imago, translates as \"And many are the faces of death.\"","A sheet full of dozens of images of men and women's caricatured heads, after Hogarth's \"Characters and Caricaturas\" illustration.","A sheet full of dozens of images of men and women's caricatured heads, after Hogarth's \"Characters and Caricaturas\" illustration.","Some materials may be subject to copyright restrictions.","Claude Moore Health Sciences Library","Bernie, Frederick, fl. 1792","Bowles, Henry Carington , 1763 - 1830","Carver, Samuel, 1756-1841","Crowquill, Alfred, 1804-1872","Cruikshank, George, 1792-1878","Dalí, Salvador , 1904-1989","Dighton, Robert, 1752-1814","Dunkarton, Robert, 1744-1815","Faber the Younger, John, 1684-1756","Gans, Sigismund, 1829-1831 ","Genty, Louis François, 1784-1852","Gillray, James, 1756-1815","Grant, Charles Jameson, 1832-1852 (active)","Heath, William, 1795-1840","Hogarth, William, 1697-1764","Hogg, Alexander, c. 1752–1809","Humphrey, Hannah, 1750-1818","Langlumé, Pierre, 1790–1874","Noël, Alphonse Léon, 1807-1884","Pigal, Edme-Jean, 1794-1872","Royce, Edward, 1738–1789","Wales, James Albert, 1852-1886","Wallis, Henry , 1830 - 1916","Grandville, J. J., 1803-1847","English, French, Latin"],"unitid_tesim":["MS.67","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/7/resources/57"],"normalized_title_ssm":["University of Virginia Medical Illustrations collection"],"collection_title_tesim":["University of Virginia Medical Illustrations collection"],"collection_ssim":["University of Virginia Medical Illustrations collection"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"creator_ssm":["Bernie, Frederick, fl. 1792","Bowles, Henry Carington , 1763 - 1830","Carver, Samuel, 1756-1841","Crowquill, Alfred, 1804-1872","Cruikshank, George, 1792-1878","Dalí, Salvador , 1904-1989","Dighton, Robert, 1752-1814","Dunkarton, Robert, 1744-1815","Faber the Younger, John, 1684-1756","Gans, Sigismund, 1829-1831 ","Genty, Louis François, 1784-1852","Gillray, James, 1756-1815","Grant, Charles Jameson, 1832-1852 (active)","Heath, William, 1795-1840","Hogarth, William, 1697-1764","Hogg, Alexander, c. 1752–1809","Humphrey, Hannah, 1750-1818","Langlumé, Pierre, 1790–1874","Noël, Alphonse Léon, 1807-1884","Pigal, Edme-Jean, 1794-1872","Royce, Edward, 1738–1789","Wales, James Albert, 1852-1886","Wallis, Henry , 1830 - 1916"],"creator_ssim":["Bernie, Frederick, fl. 1792","Bowles, Henry Carington , 1763 - 1830","Carver, Samuel, 1756-1841","Crowquill, Alfred, 1804-1872","Cruikshank, George, 1792-1878","Dalí, Salvador , 1904-1989","Dighton, Robert, 1752-1814","Dunkarton, Robert, 1744-1815","Faber the Younger, John, 1684-1756","Gans, Sigismund, 1829-1831 ","Genty, Louis François, 1784-1852","Gillray, James, 1756-1815","Grant, Charles Jameson, 1832-1852 (active)","Heath, William, 1795-1840","Hogarth, William, 1697-1764","Hogg, Alexander, c. 1752–1809","Humphrey, Hannah, 1750-1818","Langlumé, Pierre, 1790–1874","Noël, Alphonse Léon, 1807-1884","Pigal, Edme-Jean, 1794-1872","Royce, Edward, 1738–1789","Wales, James Albert, 1852-1886","Wallis, Henry , 1830 - 1916"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Bernie, Frederick, fl. 1792","Bowles, Henry Carington , 1763 - 1830","Carver, Samuel, 1756-1841","Crowquill, Alfred, 1804-1872","Cruikshank, George, 1792-1878","Dalí, Salvador , 1904-1989","Dighton, Robert, 1752-1814","Dunkarton, Robert, 1744-1815","Faber the Younger, John, 1684-1756","Gans, Sigismund, 1829-1831 ","Genty, Louis François, 1784-1852","Gillray, James, 1756-1815","Grant, Charles Jameson, 1832-1852 (active)","Heath, William, 1795-1840","Hogarth, William, 1697-1764","Hogg, Alexander, c. 1752–1809","Humphrey, Hannah, 1750-1818","Langlumé, Pierre, 1790–1874","Noël, Alphonse Léon, 1807-1884","Pigal, Edme-Jean, 1794-1872","Royce, Edward, 1738–1789","Wales, James Albert, 1852-1886","Wallis, Henry , 1830 - 1916"],"creators_ssim":["Bernie, Frederick, fl. 1792","Bowles, Henry Carington , 1763 - 1830","Carver, Samuel, 1756-1841","Crowquill, Alfred, 1804-1872","Cruikshank, George, 1792-1878","Dalí, Salvador , 1904-1989","Dighton, Robert, 1752-1814","Dunkarton, Robert, 1744-1815","Faber the Younger, John, 1684-1756","Gans, Sigismund, 1829-1831 ","Genty, Louis François, 1784-1852","Gillray, James, 1756-1815","Grant, Charles Jameson, 1832-1852 (active)","Heath, William, 1795-1840","Hogarth, William, 1697-1764","Hogg, Alexander, c. 1752–1809","Humphrey, Hannah, 1750-1818","Langlumé, Pierre, 1790–1874","Noël, Alphonse Léon, 1807-1884","Pigal, Edme-Jean, 1794-1872","Royce, Edward, 1738–1789","Wales, James Albert, 1852-1886","Wallis, Henry , 1830 - 1916"],"access_terms_ssm":["Some materials may be subject to copyright restrictions."],"acqinfo_ssim":["The bulk of the illustrations in the collection were donated by Dr. Claude Coleman to the Plastic and Maxillofacial Surgery Department at the University of Virginia. The collection was transferred to the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library in approximately 2009."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Illustrators","Medical libraries","cartoons (humorous images)","drawings (visual works)"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Illustrators","Medical libraries","cartoons (humorous images)","drawings (visual works)"],"has_online_content_ssim":["true"],"digital_objects_ssm":["{\"label\":\"“Very Ill!”: The Many Faces of Medical Caricature in Nineteenth-Century England \u0026 France Online Exhibit\",\"href\":\"https://wayback.archive-it.org/18731/20250701185054/https://exhibits.hsl.virginia.edu/caricatures/\"}"],"physdesc_tesim":["7.5 linear feet: 4 boxes with dimensions 16 in x 20 in x 3.5 in 2 document boxes"],"extent_ssm":["7 boxes (7 containers)"],"extent_tesim":["7 boxes (7 containers)"],"physfacet_tesim":["77.0 linear inches "],"genreform_ssim":["cartoons (humorous images)","drawings (visual works)"],"date_range_isim":[0,1720,1721,1722,1723,1724,1725,1726,1727,1728,1729,1730,1731,1732,1733,1734,1735,1736,1737,1738,1739,1740,1741,1742,1743,1744,1745,1746,1747,1748,1749,1750,1751,1752,1753,1754,1755,1756,1757,1758,1759,1760,1761,1762,1763,1764,1765,1766,1767,1768,1769,1770,1771,1772,1773,1774,1775,1776,1777,1778,1779,1780,1781,1782,1783,1784,1785,1786,1787,1788,1789,1790,1791,1792,1793,1794,1795,1796,1797,1798,1799,1800,1801,1802,1803,1804,1805,1806,1807,1808,1809,1810,1811,1812,1813,1814,1815,1816,1817,1818,1819,1820,1821,1822,1823,1824,1825,1826,1827,1828,1829,1830,1831,1832,1833,1834,1835,1836,1837,1838,1839,1840,1841,1842,1843,1844,1845,1846,1847,1848,1849,1850,1851,1852,1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCollection is open to research.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003clegalstatus id=\"aspace_761807940929756b048fd8cece628502\"\u003eAuthenticated by Medicine Rara 185 Madison Ave, NY, NY 10016.\u003c/legalstatus\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access Restrictions"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Collection is open to research.","Authenticated by Medicine Rara 185 Madison Ave, NY, NY 10016."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe illustrations are arranged by the name of their illustrator, and by chronology, then grouped by the subject of the drawing. The exceptions to this arrangement are items where the artist or subject is unknown or if there is no series for individual artists.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["The illustrations are arranged by the name of their illustrator, and by chronology, then grouped by the subject of the drawing. The exceptions to this arrangement are items where the artist or subject is unknown or if there is no series for individual artists."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe University of Virginia has taught the study of human anatomy as part of the medical curriculum since its first session in 1825. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe creator of several of the drawings in the collection, Harvey E. Jordan (1878-1963), was on the faculty of the School of Medicine at the University of Virginia between 1907 and 1949 and had a strong interest in anatomy throughout his career. Jordan served as a Professor of Histology and Embryology, Director of Anatomical Laboratories, and, from 1938 to 1949, as the Dean of the Department of Medicine (in 1950 the title changed to \"Dean of the School of Medicine\"). During his tenure as Dean, Jordan started a Division of Medical Illustration at the Univeristy. Among the many professional societies to which he belonged was the American Association of Anatomists, and throughout his career he wrote many papers on the subject of microscopic anatomy.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eIn addition to Harvey E. Jordan, the collection also contains work by illustrators including P. Le Paumier, Helen Lorraine, and Ted Bloodhart. P. Le Paumier (dates unknown) was a French illustrator whose work was published in the book \u003ci\u003eTravaux pratiques d'anatomie. Cahier d'ostéologie,\u003c/i\u003e by French anatomist André Latarjet (1877-1947). Helen Lorraine (1892-1980) was a medical illustrator who graduated from Johns Hopkins School of Art as Applied to Medicine (1916) and studied under Max Brodel and J. Shelton Horsley. Lorraine's illustrations were produced for Dr. Charles Bruce Morton (1908-1966), a University of Virginia School of Medicine graduate (B.S. 1920, M.D. 1922) and professor of Surgery and Gynecology at UVA from 1927 to 1954. Little is known about the other illustrators. Some works in the collection are not identified.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAnother set of prints included in this collection are the Elizabeth Mandell historical prints collection, which consists of prints, illustrations, and pages from an unidentified text. Items include 3 anatomical plates; 3 surgical plates; and a print of a physician and patient from the Illustrated Times, London Dec. 8, 1880. Also included: an image of a doctor and patients from an \"extra supplement to the Illustrated London News, May 19, 187?\"; and illustrations from the International Medical and Sanitary Exposition. The 4 loose pages contain an entry on Anatomy and are taken from the same text as the anatomical and surgical plates (possibly an encyclopedia).\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eIn 2026, the English and French caricatures were added to the collection. \u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical/Historical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["The University of Virginia has taught the study of human anatomy as part of the medical curriculum since its first session in 1825. ","The creator of several of the drawings in the collection, Harvey E. Jordan (1878-1963), was on the faculty of the School of Medicine at the University of Virginia between 1907 and 1949 and had a strong interest in anatomy throughout his career. Jordan served as a Professor of Histology and Embryology, Director of Anatomical Laboratories, and, from 1938 to 1949, as the Dean of the Department of Medicine (in 1950 the title changed to \"Dean of the School of Medicine\"). During his tenure as Dean, Jordan started a Division of Medical Illustration at the Univeristy. Among the many professional societies to which he belonged was the American Association of Anatomists, and throughout his career he wrote many papers on the subject of microscopic anatomy.","In addition to Harvey E. Jordan, the collection also contains work by illustrators including P. Le Paumier, Helen Lorraine, and Ted Bloodhart. P. Le Paumier (dates unknown) was a French illustrator whose work was published in the book  Travaux pratiques d'anatomie. Cahier d'ostéologie,  by French anatomist André Latarjet (1877-1947). Helen Lorraine (1892-1980) was a medical illustrator who graduated from Johns Hopkins School of Art as Applied to Medicine (1916) and studied under Max Brodel and J. Shelton Horsley. Lorraine's illustrations were produced for Dr. Charles Bruce Morton (1908-1966), a University of Virginia School of Medicine graduate (B.S. 1920, M.D. 1922) and professor of Surgery and Gynecology at UVA from 1927 to 1954. Little is known about the other illustrators. Some works in the collection are not identified.","Another set of prints included in this collection are the Elizabeth Mandell historical prints collection, which consists of prints, illustrations, and pages from an unidentified text. Items include 3 anatomical plates; 3 surgical plates; and a print of a physician and patient from the Illustrated Times, London Dec. 8, 1880. Also included: an image of a doctor and patients from an \"extra supplement to the Illustrated London News, May 19, 187?\"; and illustrations from the International Medical and Sanitary Exposition. The 4 loose pages contain an entry on Anatomy and are taken from the same text as the anatomical and surgical plates (possibly an encyclopedia).","In 2026, the English and French caricatures were added to the collection. "],"otherfindaid_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eAll of these illustrations were digitized and curated in an online exhibit written by Sara Huyser and Janet Pearson, members of the staff of Historical Collections and Services at the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library, University of Virginia. Steve Stedman designed the Web exhibit. Special thanks to Joan Echtenkamp Klein and Andrew Sallans for their assistance.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe web archived exhibit can be found via the Internet Archive's Wayback Machine here: \u003cextref\u003ehttps://web.archive.org/web/20251212135051/https://exhibits.hsl.virginia.edu/caricatures/index.html\u003c/extref\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"],"otherfindaid_heading_ssm":["Other Finding Aids"],"otherfindaid_tesim":["All of these illustrations were digitized and curated in an online exhibit written by Sara Huyser and Janet Pearson, members of the staff of Historical Collections and Services at the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library, University of Virginia. Steve Stedman designed the Web exhibit. Special thanks to Joan Echtenkamp Klein and Andrew Sallans for their assistance.","The web archived exhibit can be found via the Internet Archive's Wayback Machine here:  https://web.archive.org/web/20251212135051/https://exhibits.hsl.virginia.edu/caricatures/index.html"],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eUniversity of Virginia Anatomical Illustrations Collection, #MS-67, Historical Collections \u0026amp; Services, Claude Moore Health Sciences Library, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Va.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["University of Virginia Anatomical Illustrations Collection, #MS-67, Historical Collections \u0026 Services, Claude Moore Health Sciences Library, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Va."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection comprises mostly of anatomical illustrations of humans and animals by professional medical illustrators and medical practioners, but there is a good number of caricatures. Many of the images depict 20th century surgical prodedures; there are also physiological illustrations included in the collection. Most items are drawn in pencil on illustration paper with cardboard backing. In addition, there are some drawings in notepads and on tracing paper.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFrom The Graphic: an illustrated weekly newspaper, page 109\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e5 figures: 1. extempore dressing on the Battlefield. 2. ward tent and apparatus for steaming throat and bronchial cases, Guy's Hospital. 3. (ditto), St. Mary's Hospital. 4. a bad accident case: London Hospital. 5. bath lift: Middlesex Hospital.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eExtra supplement to the Illustrated London News May 19 1877.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCaricature by definition is a representation in which the subject's distinctive features or peculiarities are deliberately exaggerated to produce a comic or grotesque effect. Nineteenth-century medicine provided caricaturists with a wealth of material. Artists humorously exaggerated medical conditions and physical characteristics. Bulbous noses, protruding stomachs, and hunched backs were some of the more common features drawn to extraordinary proportions. Bizarre treatments, massive doses of pills, and excessive bloodletting, prescribed by trained physicians and quack doctors alike, were all lampooned. Suffering and discomfort from disease and the patient's reaction to medical treatment were also fodder for the satirist's pen.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eWhile some caricatures were straightforward in their message, others contained yet another layer of meaning. Medical conditions could symbolize failed interpersonal relationships, national political affairs, and everything in between. Ailments caused by the follies of fashion, such as ill-fitting footwear or constricting corsets, inspired many drawings. Artists also directly linked illness to excesses in nineteenth-century social life, particularly over-consumption of food and alcohol.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe 37 caricatures displayed in this exhibit are divided into two groups: English and French. The English prints are predominately drawn by two of the more famous British caricaturists, James Gillray and George Cruikshank. The French caricatures include artwork by J.J. Grandville, Louis-Léopold Boilly, and Edme Jean Pigal.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eEnglish Caricature:\nPrecariousness of Life\nHeroic Medicine\nPray Remember the Poor Debtors\nQuacks \u0026amp; Nostrums\nDoomed Relationships\nFashionable Follies\nNineteenth-Century Excess\nEnglish Artists\nFootnotes, Bibliography, \u0026amp; Links\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eFrench Caricature:\nScenes of the Day\nMedicine in France\nMedical Caricatures or Political Commentary?\nHunchbacks: Mocked or Mocker?\nPublic Health: The Need Is Pressing\nWet Nursing: Paying Consumers\nFrench Artists\nFootnotes, Bibliography, \u0026amp; Links\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe caption of this image describes the 'Extraordinary Effects of Morison's Vegetable Pills', re-growing a man's legs overnight. Morison's Vegetable Pills were the brainchild of James Morison (1770-1840) and sold from 1825 onwards. Morison believed that all disease was caused by an impurity of the blood that could only be purged by his vegetable pills. The pills, a laxative based on a variety of herbs, including rhubarb and myrrh, were sold in chemists, grocers and even libraries. Morison believed that his pills could be taken in large doses but a number of deaths proved him wrong. Many labelled him a quack and his pills a poison. The print is by Charles Grant Jameson (active 1832-1850); artist: Grant, Charles Jameson; maker: J Kendrick; place made: London, England, United Kingdom.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eColored etching by G[eorge] Cruikshank: Source of the Southwark Water Works, or [headed] Salus Populi Suprema Lex. Published by S. Knight, [1832]. 51x32.5cm. Printed on broadsheet with text poem beneath: Royal Address of Cadwallader... water-king of Southwark [John Edwards]. Concern at pollution and threat to public health. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe satirical poem 'Royal Address of Cadwallader ap-Tudor ap-Edwards ap-Vaughan, Water-King of Southwark', published in 1832, is a comment on the pollution of the River Thames, the main water supply for London. The crowd chants \"Give us clean water\" and \"We shall get the cholera\" – 1832 being the year that a major cholera epidemic hit London. The writer of the poem and the people in the illustration appear to believe that cholera is spread by vapours from rotting waste – the miasma theory of disease. However, John Snow (1813-1858) discovered that cholera is a water-borne disease. Despite this, many physicians still accepted the miasma theory. The illustration was drawn by the artist and caricaturist George Cruikshank (1792-1878).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eInscription: Lettered with title, \"Ex Marmore Antiquo,\" three lines of description of subject beginning \"He grounded his Precepts upon Aesculapius. ...,\" and production details: \"P. P. Rubens Del.,\" \"I. Faber Fecit,\" and \"Printed for \u0026amp; Sold by Tho: Bowles next the Chapter House in St. Pauls Ch. Yard and John Bowles at the Black Horse in Cornhill.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis satirical response to \"fast living\" centers on a figure whose left side is a skeleton holding a spade before a tombstone lettered with a quote from Romans 6.23, \"The wages of sin is death,\" with other biblical admonishments below. The figure's right side is fashionably dressed living aristocrat standing in a parkland with a temple similar to one at Stowe in Buckinghamshire. Emblems of the Order of the Garter are part of the man's dress and items that refer to gambling and partying are strewn around his buckled shoe. These include part of a \"EO\" wheel (an 18th century game similar to roulette), dice and a shaker, cards, and a masquerade ticket to the Pantheon in London. A scroll that confirms the man's \"Pedigree\" suggests that rank offers no protection from mortality.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis cartoon by J. A. Wales.found in Puck on April 14, 1880 satirizes the Eclectic Medical College of Pennsylvania, a diploma mill selling fake medical degrees in the later decades of the 19th century. \"Professor Grind-Em-Out\" is, no doubt, the school's \"Dean,\" John Buchanan, who was finally arrested in 1880, due in part to his exposure in the popular media.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eEtching depicting a group of male academics and students, many wearing mortar boards, gathered around a professor who reads form a book inscribed 'Datur Vacuum.'\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWithin a lugubrious coat-of-arms, Hogarth depicts three well-known quacks with a group of twelve portly physicians. The three quacks at the top of the print are Joshua Ward, perhaps the most famous charlatan of his time; Sarah Mapp, a well-known bonesetter; and John Taylor, an oculist. The bewigged physicians dispel the stench of death by sniffing the pomander attached to the top of their canes. According to Hogarth, proper physicians and disreputable quacks are all members of the same Company of Undertakers. The Latin caption, Et plurima mortis imago, translates as \"And many are the faces of death.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA sheet full of dozens of images of men and women's caricatured heads, after Hogarth's \"Characters and Caricaturas\" illustration.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA sheet full of dozens of images of men and women's caricatured heads, after Hogarth's \"Characters and Caricaturas\" illustration.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The collection comprises mostly of anatomical illustrations of humans and animals by professional medical illustrators and medical practioners, but there is a good number of caricatures. Many of the images depict 20th century surgical prodedures; there are also physiological illustrations included in the collection. Most items are drawn in pencil on illustration paper with cardboard backing. In addition, there are some drawings in notepads and on tracing paper.","From The Graphic: an illustrated weekly newspaper, page 109","5 figures: 1. extempore dressing on the Battlefield. 2. ward tent and apparatus for steaming throat and bronchial cases, Guy's Hospital. 3. (ditto), St. Mary's Hospital. 4. a bad accident case: London Hospital. 5. bath lift: Middlesex Hospital.","Extra supplement to the Illustrated London News May 19 1877.","Caricature by definition is a representation in which the subject's distinctive features or peculiarities are deliberately exaggerated to produce a comic or grotesque effect. Nineteenth-century medicine provided caricaturists with a wealth of material. Artists humorously exaggerated medical conditions and physical characteristics. Bulbous noses, protruding stomachs, and hunched backs were some of the more common features drawn to extraordinary proportions. Bizarre treatments, massive doses of pills, and excessive bloodletting, prescribed by trained physicians and quack doctors alike, were all lampooned. Suffering and discomfort from disease and the patient's reaction to medical treatment were also fodder for the satirist's pen.","While some caricatures were straightforward in their message, others contained yet another layer of meaning. Medical conditions could symbolize failed interpersonal relationships, national political affairs, and everything in between. Ailments caused by the follies of fashion, such as ill-fitting footwear or constricting corsets, inspired many drawings. Artists also directly linked illness to excesses in nineteenth-century social life, particularly over-consumption of food and alcohol.","The 37 caricatures displayed in this exhibit are divided into two groups: English and French. The English prints are predominately drawn by two of the more famous British caricaturists, James Gillray and George Cruikshank. The French caricatures include artwork by J.J. Grandville, Louis-Léopold Boilly, and Edme Jean Pigal.","English Caricature:\nPrecariousness of Life\nHeroic Medicine\nPray Remember the Poor Debtors\nQuacks \u0026 Nostrums\nDoomed Relationships\nFashionable Follies\nNineteenth-Century Excess\nEnglish Artists\nFootnotes, Bibliography, \u0026 Links","French Caricature:\nScenes of the Day\nMedicine in France\nMedical Caricatures or Political Commentary?\nHunchbacks: Mocked or Mocker?\nPublic Health: The Need Is Pressing\nWet Nursing: Paying Consumers\nFrench Artists\nFootnotes, Bibliography, \u0026 Links","The caption of this image describes the 'Extraordinary Effects of Morison's Vegetable Pills', re-growing a man's legs overnight. Morison's Vegetable Pills were the brainchild of James Morison (1770-1840) and sold from 1825 onwards. Morison believed that all disease was caused by an impurity of the blood that could only be purged by his vegetable pills. The pills, a laxative based on a variety of herbs, including rhubarb and myrrh, were sold in chemists, grocers and even libraries. Morison believed that his pills could be taken in large doses but a number of deaths proved him wrong. Many labelled him a quack and his pills a poison. The print is by Charles Grant Jameson (active 1832-1850); artist: Grant, Charles Jameson; maker: J Kendrick; place made: London, England, United Kingdom.","Colored etching by G[eorge] Cruikshank: Source of the Southwark Water Works, or [headed] Salus Populi Suprema Lex. Published by S. Knight, [1832]. 51x32.5cm. Printed on broadsheet with text poem beneath: Royal Address of Cadwallader... water-king of Southwark [John Edwards]. Concern at pollution and threat to public health. ","The satirical poem 'Royal Address of Cadwallader ap-Tudor ap-Edwards ap-Vaughan, Water-King of Southwark', published in 1832, is a comment on the pollution of the River Thames, the main water supply for London. The crowd chants \"Give us clean water\" and \"We shall get the cholera\" – 1832 being the year that a major cholera epidemic hit London. The writer of the poem and the people in the illustration appear to believe that cholera is spread by vapours from rotting waste – the miasma theory of disease. However, John Snow (1813-1858) discovered that cholera is a water-borne disease. Despite this, many physicians still accepted the miasma theory. The illustration was drawn by the artist and caricaturist George Cruikshank (1792-1878).","Inscription: Lettered with title, \"Ex Marmore Antiquo,\" three lines of description of subject beginning \"He grounded his Precepts upon Aesculapius. ...,\" and production details: \"P. P. Rubens Del.,\" \"I. Faber Fecit,\" and \"Printed for \u0026 Sold by Tho: Bowles next the Chapter House in St. Pauls Ch. Yard and John Bowles at the Black Horse in Cornhill.\"","This satirical response to \"fast living\" centers on a figure whose left side is a skeleton holding a spade before a tombstone lettered with a quote from Romans 6.23, \"The wages of sin is death,\" with other biblical admonishments below. The figure's right side is fashionably dressed living aristocrat standing in a parkland with a temple similar to one at Stowe in Buckinghamshire. Emblems of the Order of the Garter are part of the man's dress and items that refer to gambling and partying are strewn around his buckled shoe. These include part of a \"EO\" wheel (an 18th century game similar to roulette), dice and a shaker, cards, and a masquerade ticket to the Pantheon in London. A scroll that confirms the man's \"Pedigree\" suggests that rank offers no protection from mortality.","This cartoon by J. A. Wales.found in Puck on April 14, 1880 satirizes the Eclectic Medical College of Pennsylvania, a diploma mill selling fake medical degrees in the later decades of the 19th century. \"Professor Grind-Em-Out\" is, no doubt, the school's \"Dean,\" John Buchanan, who was finally arrested in 1880, due in part to his exposure in the popular media.","Etching depicting a group of male academics and students, many wearing mortar boards, gathered around a professor who reads form a book inscribed 'Datur Vacuum.'","Within a lugubrious coat-of-arms, Hogarth depicts three well-known quacks with a group of twelve portly physicians. The three quacks at the top of the print are Joshua Ward, perhaps the most famous charlatan of his time; Sarah Mapp, a well-known bonesetter; and John Taylor, an oculist. The bewigged physicians dispel the stench of death by sniffing the pomander attached to the top of their canes. According to Hogarth, proper physicians and disreputable quacks are all members of the same Company of Undertakers. The Latin caption, Et plurima mortis imago, translates as \"And many are the faces of death.\"","A sheet full of dozens of images of men and women's caricatured heads, after Hogarth's \"Characters and Caricaturas\" illustration.","A sheet full of dozens of images of men and women's caricatured heads, after Hogarth's \"Characters and Caricaturas\" illustration."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eSome materials may be subject to copyright restrictions.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions"],"userestrict_tesim":["Some materials may be subject to copyright restrictions."],"names_ssim":["Claude Moore Health Sciences Library","Bernie, Frederick, fl. 1792","Bowles, Henry Carington , 1763 - 1830","Carver, Samuel, 1756-1841","Crowquill, Alfred, 1804-1872","Cruikshank, George, 1792-1878","Dalí, Salvador , 1904-1989","Dighton, Robert, 1752-1814","Dunkarton, Robert, 1744-1815","Faber the Younger, John, 1684-1756","Gans, Sigismund, 1829-1831 ","Genty, Louis François, 1784-1852","Gillray, James, 1756-1815","Grant, Charles Jameson, 1832-1852 (active)","Heath, William, 1795-1840","Hogarth, William, 1697-1764","Hogg, Alexander, c. 1752–1809","Humphrey, Hannah, 1750-1818","Langlumé, Pierre, 1790–1874","Noël, Alphonse Léon, 1807-1884","Pigal, Edme-Jean, 1794-1872","Royce, Edward, 1738–1789","Wales, James Albert, 1852-1886","Wallis, Henry , 1830 - 1916","Grandville, J. J., 1803-1847"],"corpname_ssim":["Claude Moore Health Sciences Library"],"names_coll_ssim":["Gans, Sigismund, 1829-1831 ","Humphrey, Hannah, 1750-1818"],"persname_ssim":["Bernie, Frederick, fl. 1792","Bowles, Henry Carington , 1763 - 1830","Carver, Samuel, 1756-1841","Crowquill, Alfred, 1804-1872","Cruikshank, George, 1792-1878","Dalí, Salvador , 1904-1989","Dighton, Robert, 1752-1814","Dunkarton, Robert, 1744-1815","Faber the Younger, John, 1684-1756","Gans, Sigismund, 1829-1831 ","Genty, Louis François, 1784-1852","Gillray, James, 1756-1815","Grant, Charles Jameson, 1832-1852 (active)","Heath, William, 1795-1840","Hogarth, William, 1697-1764","Hogg, Alexander, c. 1752–1809","Humphrey, Hannah, 1750-1818","Langlumé, Pierre, 1790–1874","Noël, Alphonse Léon, 1807-1884","Pigal, Edme-Jean, 1794-1872","Royce, Edward, 1738–1789","Wales, James Albert, 1852-1886","Wallis, Henry , 1830 - 1916","Grandville, J. J., 1803-1847"],"language_ssim":["English, French, Latin"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":248,"online_item_count_is":2,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-24T23:24:18.661Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viu_repositories_7_resources_57","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_7_resources_57","_root_":"viu_repositories_7_resources_57","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_7_resources_57","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/UVA/repositories_7_resources_57.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.virginia.edu/ark:/59853/56","title_ssm":["University of Virginia Medical Illustrations collection"],"title_tesim":["University of Virginia Medical Illustrations collection"],"unitdate_ssm":["1720-1969","undated"],"unitdate_bulk_ssim":["undated"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1720-1969"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MS.67","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/7/resources/57"],"text":["MS.67","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/7/resources/57","University of Virginia Medical Illustrations collection","Illustrators","Medical libraries","cartoons (humorous images)","drawings (visual works)","7.5 linear feet: 4 boxes with dimensions 16 in x 20 in x 3.5 in 2 document boxes","Collection is open to research.","Authenticated by Medicine Rara 185 Madison Ave, NY, NY 10016.","The illustrations are arranged by the name of their illustrator, and by chronology, then grouped by the subject of the drawing. The exceptions to this arrangement are items where the artist or subject is unknown or if there is no series for individual artists.","The University of Virginia has taught the study of human anatomy as part of the medical curriculum since its first session in 1825. ","The creator of several of the drawings in the collection, Harvey E. Jordan (1878-1963), was on the faculty of the School of Medicine at the University of Virginia between 1907 and 1949 and had a strong interest in anatomy throughout his career. Jordan served as a Professor of Histology and Embryology, Director of Anatomical Laboratories, and, from 1938 to 1949, as the Dean of the Department of Medicine (in 1950 the title changed to \"Dean of the School of Medicine\"). During his tenure as Dean, Jordan started a Division of Medical Illustration at the Univeristy. Among the many professional societies to which he belonged was the American Association of Anatomists, and throughout his career he wrote many papers on the subject of microscopic anatomy.","In addition to Harvey E. Jordan, the collection also contains work by illustrators including P. Le Paumier, Helen Lorraine, and Ted Bloodhart. P. Le Paumier (dates unknown) was a French illustrator whose work was published in the book  Travaux pratiques d'anatomie. Cahier d'ostéologie,  by French anatomist André Latarjet (1877-1947). Helen Lorraine (1892-1980) was a medical illustrator who graduated from Johns Hopkins School of Art as Applied to Medicine (1916) and studied under Max Brodel and J. Shelton Horsley. Lorraine's illustrations were produced for Dr. Charles Bruce Morton (1908-1966), a University of Virginia School of Medicine graduate (B.S. 1920, M.D. 1922) and professor of Surgery and Gynecology at UVA from 1927 to 1954. Little is known about the other illustrators. Some works in the collection are not identified.","Another set of prints included in this collection are the Elizabeth Mandell historical prints collection, which consists of prints, illustrations, and pages from an unidentified text. Items include 3 anatomical plates; 3 surgical plates; and a print of a physician and patient from the Illustrated Times, London Dec. 8, 1880. Also included: an image of a doctor and patients from an \"extra supplement to the Illustrated London News, May 19, 187?\"; and illustrations from the International Medical and Sanitary Exposition. The 4 loose pages contain an entry on Anatomy and are taken from the same text as the anatomical and surgical plates (possibly an encyclopedia).","In 2026, the English and French caricatures were added to the collection. ","The collection comprises mostly of anatomical illustrations of humans and animals by professional medical illustrators and medical practioners, but there is a good number of caricatures. Many of the images depict 20th century surgical prodedures; there are also physiological illustrations included in the collection. Most items are drawn in pencil on illustration paper with cardboard backing. In addition, there are some drawings in notepads and on tracing paper.","From The Graphic: an illustrated weekly newspaper, page 109","5 figures: 1. extempore dressing on the Battlefield. 2. ward tent and apparatus for steaming throat and bronchial cases, Guy's Hospital. 3. (ditto), St. Mary's Hospital. 4. a bad accident case: London Hospital. 5. bath lift: Middlesex Hospital.","Extra supplement to the Illustrated London News May 19 1877.","Caricature by definition is a representation in which the subject's distinctive features or peculiarities are deliberately exaggerated to produce a comic or grotesque effect. Nineteenth-century medicine provided caricaturists with a wealth of material. Artists humorously exaggerated medical conditions and physical characteristics. Bulbous noses, protruding stomachs, and hunched backs were some of the more common features drawn to extraordinary proportions. Bizarre treatments, massive doses of pills, and excessive bloodletting, prescribed by trained physicians and quack doctors alike, were all lampooned. Suffering and discomfort from disease and the patient's reaction to medical treatment were also fodder for the satirist's pen.","While some caricatures were straightforward in their message, others contained yet another layer of meaning. Medical conditions could symbolize failed interpersonal relationships, national political affairs, and everything in between. Ailments caused by the follies of fashion, such as ill-fitting footwear or constricting corsets, inspired many drawings. Artists also directly linked illness to excesses in nineteenth-century social life, particularly over-consumption of food and alcohol.","The 37 caricatures displayed in this exhibit are divided into two groups: English and French. The English prints are predominately drawn by two of the more famous British caricaturists, James Gillray and George Cruikshank. The French caricatures include artwork by J.J. Grandville, Louis-Léopold Boilly, and Edme Jean Pigal.","English Caricature:\nPrecariousness of Life\nHeroic Medicine\nPray Remember the Poor Debtors\nQuacks \u0026 Nostrums\nDoomed Relationships\nFashionable Follies\nNineteenth-Century Excess\nEnglish Artists\nFootnotes, Bibliography, \u0026 Links","French Caricature:\nScenes of the Day\nMedicine in France\nMedical Caricatures or Political Commentary?\nHunchbacks: Mocked or Mocker?\nPublic Health: The Need Is Pressing\nWet Nursing: Paying Consumers\nFrench Artists\nFootnotes, Bibliography, \u0026 Links","The caption of this image describes the 'Extraordinary Effects of Morison's Vegetable Pills', re-growing a man's legs overnight. Morison's Vegetable Pills were the brainchild of James Morison (1770-1840) and sold from 1825 onwards. Morison believed that all disease was caused by an impurity of the blood that could only be purged by his vegetable pills. The pills, a laxative based on a variety of herbs, including rhubarb and myrrh, were sold in chemists, grocers and even libraries. Morison believed that his pills could be taken in large doses but a number of deaths proved him wrong. Many labelled him a quack and his pills a poison. The print is by Charles Grant Jameson (active 1832-1850); artist: Grant, Charles Jameson; maker: J Kendrick; place made: London, England, United Kingdom.","Colored etching by G[eorge] Cruikshank: Source of the Southwark Water Works, or [headed] Salus Populi Suprema Lex. Published by S. Knight, [1832]. 51x32.5cm. Printed on broadsheet with text poem beneath: Royal Address of Cadwallader... water-king of Southwark [John Edwards]. Concern at pollution and threat to public health. ","The satirical poem 'Royal Address of Cadwallader ap-Tudor ap-Edwards ap-Vaughan, Water-King of Southwark', published in 1832, is a comment on the pollution of the River Thames, the main water supply for London. The crowd chants \"Give us clean water\" and \"We shall get the cholera\" – 1832 being the year that a major cholera epidemic hit London. The writer of the poem and the people in the illustration appear to believe that cholera is spread by vapours from rotting waste – the miasma theory of disease. However, John Snow (1813-1858) discovered that cholera is a water-borne disease. Despite this, many physicians still accepted the miasma theory. The illustration was drawn by the artist and caricaturist George Cruikshank (1792-1878).","Inscription: Lettered with title, \"Ex Marmore Antiquo,\" three lines of description of subject beginning \"He grounded his Precepts upon Aesculapius. ...,\" and production details: \"P. P. Rubens Del.,\" \"I. Faber Fecit,\" and \"Printed for \u0026 Sold by Tho: Bowles next the Chapter House in St. Pauls Ch. Yard and John Bowles at the Black Horse in Cornhill.\"","This satirical response to \"fast living\" centers on a figure whose left side is a skeleton holding a spade before a tombstone lettered with a quote from Romans 6.23, \"The wages of sin is death,\" with other biblical admonishments below. The figure's right side is fashionably dressed living aristocrat standing in a parkland with a temple similar to one at Stowe in Buckinghamshire. Emblems of the Order of the Garter are part of the man's dress and items that refer to gambling and partying are strewn around his buckled shoe. These include part of a \"EO\" wheel (an 18th century game similar to roulette), dice and a shaker, cards, and a masquerade ticket to the Pantheon in London. A scroll that confirms the man's \"Pedigree\" suggests that rank offers no protection from mortality.","This cartoon by J. A. Wales.found in Puck on April 14, 1880 satirizes the Eclectic Medical College of Pennsylvania, a diploma mill selling fake medical degrees in the later decades of the 19th century. \"Professor Grind-Em-Out\" is, no doubt, the school's \"Dean,\" John Buchanan, who was finally arrested in 1880, due in part to his exposure in the popular media.","Etching depicting a group of male academics and students, many wearing mortar boards, gathered around a professor who reads form a book inscribed 'Datur Vacuum.'","Within a lugubrious coat-of-arms, Hogarth depicts three well-known quacks with a group of twelve portly physicians. The three quacks at the top of the print are Joshua Ward, perhaps the most famous charlatan of his time; Sarah Mapp, a well-known bonesetter; and John Taylor, an oculist. The bewigged physicians dispel the stench of death by sniffing the pomander attached to the top of their canes. According to Hogarth, proper physicians and disreputable quacks are all members of the same Company of Undertakers. The Latin caption, Et plurima mortis imago, translates as \"And many are the faces of death.\"","A sheet full of dozens of images of men and women's caricatured heads, after Hogarth's \"Characters and Caricaturas\" illustration.","A sheet full of dozens of images of men and women's caricatured heads, after Hogarth's \"Characters and Caricaturas\" illustration.","Some materials may be subject to copyright restrictions.","Claude Moore Health Sciences Library","Bernie, Frederick, fl. 1792","Bowles, Henry Carington , 1763 - 1830","Carver, Samuel, 1756-1841","Crowquill, Alfred, 1804-1872","Cruikshank, George, 1792-1878","Dalí, Salvador , 1904-1989","Dighton, Robert, 1752-1814","Dunkarton, Robert, 1744-1815","Faber the Younger, John, 1684-1756","Gans, Sigismund, 1829-1831 ","Genty, Louis François, 1784-1852","Gillray, James, 1756-1815","Grant, Charles Jameson, 1832-1852 (active)","Heath, William, 1795-1840","Hogarth, William, 1697-1764","Hogg, Alexander, c. 1752–1809","Humphrey, Hannah, 1750-1818","Langlumé, Pierre, 1790–1874","Noël, Alphonse Léon, 1807-1884","Pigal, Edme-Jean, 1794-1872","Royce, Edward, 1738–1789","Wales, James Albert, 1852-1886","Wallis, Henry , 1830 - 1916","Grandville, J. J., 1803-1847","English, French, Latin"],"unitid_tesim":["MS.67","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/7/resources/57"],"normalized_title_ssm":["University of Virginia Medical Illustrations collection"],"collection_title_tesim":["University of Virginia Medical Illustrations collection"],"collection_ssim":["University of Virginia Medical Illustrations collection"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"creator_ssm":["Bernie, Frederick, fl. 1792","Bowles, Henry Carington , 1763 - 1830","Carver, Samuel, 1756-1841","Crowquill, Alfred, 1804-1872","Cruikshank, George, 1792-1878","Dalí, Salvador , 1904-1989","Dighton, Robert, 1752-1814","Dunkarton, Robert, 1744-1815","Faber the Younger, John, 1684-1756","Gans, Sigismund, 1829-1831 ","Genty, Louis François, 1784-1852","Gillray, James, 1756-1815","Grant, Charles Jameson, 1832-1852 (active)","Heath, William, 1795-1840","Hogarth, William, 1697-1764","Hogg, Alexander, c. 1752–1809","Humphrey, Hannah, 1750-1818","Langlumé, Pierre, 1790–1874","Noël, Alphonse Léon, 1807-1884","Pigal, Edme-Jean, 1794-1872","Royce, Edward, 1738–1789","Wales, James Albert, 1852-1886","Wallis, Henry , 1830 - 1916"],"creator_ssim":["Bernie, Frederick, fl. 1792","Bowles, Henry Carington , 1763 - 1830","Carver, Samuel, 1756-1841","Crowquill, Alfred, 1804-1872","Cruikshank, George, 1792-1878","Dalí, Salvador , 1904-1989","Dighton, Robert, 1752-1814","Dunkarton, Robert, 1744-1815","Faber the Younger, John, 1684-1756","Gans, Sigismund, 1829-1831 ","Genty, Louis François, 1784-1852","Gillray, James, 1756-1815","Grant, Charles Jameson, 1832-1852 (active)","Heath, William, 1795-1840","Hogarth, William, 1697-1764","Hogg, Alexander, c. 1752–1809","Humphrey, Hannah, 1750-1818","Langlumé, Pierre, 1790–1874","Noël, Alphonse Léon, 1807-1884","Pigal, Edme-Jean, 1794-1872","Royce, Edward, 1738–1789","Wales, James Albert, 1852-1886","Wallis, Henry , 1830 - 1916"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Bernie, Frederick, fl. 1792","Bowles, Henry Carington , 1763 - 1830","Carver, Samuel, 1756-1841","Crowquill, Alfred, 1804-1872","Cruikshank, George, 1792-1878","Dalí, Salvador , 1904-1989","Dighton, Robert, 1752-1814","Dunkarton, Robert, 1744-1815","Faber the Younger, John, 1684-1756","Gans, Sigismund, 1829-1831 ","Genty, Louis François, 1784-1852","Gillray, James, 1756-1815","Grant, Charles Jameson, 1832-1852 (active)","Heath, William, 1795-1840","Hogarth, William, 1697-1764","Hogg, Alexander, c. 1752–1809","Humphrey, Hannah, 1750-1818","Langlumé, Pierre, 1790–1874","Noël, Alphonse Léon, 1807-1884","Pigal, Edme-Jean, 1794-1872","Royce, Edward, 1738–1789","Wales, James Albert, 1852-1886","Wallis, Henry , 1830 - 1916"],"creators_ssim":["Bernie, Frederick, fl. 1792","Bowles, Henry Carington , 1763 - 1830","Carver, Samuel, 1756-1841","Crowquill, Alfred, 1804-1872","Cruikshank, George, 1792-1878","Dalí, Salvador , 1904-1989","Dighton, Robert, 1752-1814","Dunkarton, Robert, 1744-1815","Faber the Younger, John, 1684-1756","Gans, Sigismund, 1829-1831 ","Genty, Louis François, 1784-1852","Gillray, James, 1756-1815","Grant, Charles Jameson, 1832-1852 (active)","Heath, William, 1795-1840","Hogarth, William, 1697-1764","Hogg, Alexander, c. 1752–1809","Humphrey, Hannah, 1750-1818","Langlumé, Pierre, 1790–1874","Noël, Alphonse Léon, 1807-1884","Pigal, Edme-Jean, 1794-1872","Royce, Edward, 1738–1789","Wales, James Albert, 1852-1886","Wallis, Henry , 1830 - 1916"],"access_terms_ssm":["Some materials may be subject to copyright restrictions."],"acqinfo_ssim":["The bulk of the illustrations in the collection were donated by Dr. Claude Coleman to the Plastic and Maxillofacial Surgery Department at the University of Virginia. The collection was transferred to the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library in approximately 2009."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Illustrators","Medical libraries","cartoons (humorous images)","drawings (visual works)"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Illustrators","Medical libraries","cartoons (humorous images)","drawings (visual works)"],"has_online_content_ssim":["true"],"digital_objects_ssm":["{\"label\":\"“Very Ill!”: The Many Faces of Medical Caricature in Nineteenth-Century England \u0026 France Online Exhibit\",\"href\":\"https://wayback.archive-it.org/18731/20250701185054/https://exhibits.hsl.virginia.edu/caricatures/\"}"],"physdesc_tesim":["7.5 linear feet: 4 boxes with dimensions 16 in x 20 in x 3.5 in 2 document boxes"],"extent_ssm":["7 boxes (7 containers)"],"extent_tesim":["7 boxes (7 containers)"],"physfacet_tesim":["77.0 linear inches "],"genreform_ssim":["cartoons (humorous images)","drawings (visual works)"],"date_range_isim":[0,1720,1721,1722,1723,1724,1725,1726,1727,1728,1729,1730,1731,1732,1733,1734,1735,1736,1737,1738,1739,1740,1741,1742,1743,1744,1745,1746,1747,1748,1749,1750,1751,1752,1753,1754,1755,1756,1757,1758,1759,1760,1761,1762,1763,1764,1765,1766,1767,1768,1769,1770,1771,1772,1773,1774,1775,1776,1777,1778,1779,1780,1781,1782,1783,1784,1785,1786,1787,1788,1789,1790,1791,1792,1793,1794,1795,1796,1797,1798,1799,1800,1801,1802,1803,1804,1805,1806,1807,1808,1809,1810,1811,1812,1813,1814,1815,1816,1817,1818,1819,1820,1821,1822,1823,1824,1825,1826,1827,1828,1829,1830,1831,1832,1833,1834,1835,1836,1837,1838,1839,1840,1841,1842,1843,1844,1845,1846,1847,1848,1849,1850,1851,1852,1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCollection is open to research.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003clegalstatus id=\"aspace_761807940929756b048fd8cece628502\"\u003eAuthenticated by Medicine Rara 185 Madison Ave, NY, NY 10016.\u003c/legalstatus\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access Restrictions"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Collection is open to research.","Authenticated by Medicine Rara 185 Madison Ave, NY, NY 10016."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe illustrations are arranged by the name of their illustrator, and by chronology, then grouped by the subject of the drawing. The exceptions to this arrangement are items where the artist or subject is unknown or if there is no series for individual artists.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["The illustrations are arranged by the name of their illustrator, and by chronology, then grouped by the subject of the drawing. The exceptions to this arrangement are items where the artist or subject is unknown or if there is no series for individual artists."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe University of Virginia has taught the study of human anatomy as part of the medical curriculum since its first session in 1825. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe creator of several of the drawings in the collection, Harvey E. Jordan (1878-1963), was on the faculty of the School of Medicine at the University of Virginia between 1907 and 1949 and had a strong interest in anatomy throughout his career. Jordan served as a Professor of Histology and Embryology, Director of Anatomical Laboratories, and, from 1938 to 1949, as the Dean of the Department of Medicine (in 1950 the title changed to \"Dean of the School of Medicine\"). During his tenure as Dean, Jordan started a Division of Medical Illustration at the Univeristy. Among the many professional societies to which he belonged was the American Association of Anatomists, and throughout his career he wrote many papers on the subject of microscopic anatomy.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eIn addition to Harvey E. Jordan, the collection also contains work by illustrators including P. Le Paumier, Helen Lorraine, and Ted Bloodhart. P. Le Paumier (dates unknown) was a French illustrator whose work was published in the book \u003ci\u003eTravaux pratiques d'anatomie. Cahier d'ostéologie,\u003c/i\u003e by French anatomist André Latarjet (1877-1947). Helen Lorraine (1892-1980) was a medical illustrator who graduated from Johns Hopkins School of Art as Applied to Medicine (1916) and studied under Max Brodel and J. Shelton Horsley. Lorraine's illustrations were produced for Dr. Charles Bruce Morton (1908-1966), a University of Virginia School of Medicine graduate (B.S. 1920, M.D. 1922) and professor of Surgery and Gynecology at UVA from 1927 to 1954. Little is known about the other illustrators. Some works in the collection are not identified.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAnother set of prints included in this collection are the Elizabeth Mandell historical prints collection, which consists of prints, illustrations, and pages from an unidentified text. Items include 3 anatomical plates; 3 surgical plates; and a print of a physician and patient from the Illustrated Times, London Dec. 8, 1880. Also included: an image of a doctor and patients from an \"extra supplement to the Illustrated London News, May 19, 187?\"; and illustrations from the International Medical and Sanitary Exposition. The 4 loose pages contain an entry on Anatomy and are taken from the same text as the anatomical and surgical plates (possibly an encyclopedia).\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eIn 2026, the English and French caricatures were added to the collection. \u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical/Historical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["The University of Virginia has taught the study of human anatomy as part of the medical curriculum since its first session in 1825. ","The creator of several of the drawings in the collection, Harvey E. Jordan (1878-1963), was on the faculty of the School of Medicine at the University of Virginia between 1907 and 1949 and had a strong interest in anatomy throughout his career. Jordan served as a Professor of Histology and Embryology, Director of Anatomical Laboratories, and, from 1938 to 1949, as the Dean of the Department of Medicine (in 1950 the title changed to \"Dean of the School of Medicine\"). During his tenure as Dean, Jordan started a Division of Medical Illustration at the Univeristy. Among the many professional societies to which he belonged was the American Association of Anatomists, and throughout his career he wrote many papers on the subject of microscopic anatomy.","In addition to Harvey E. Jordan, the collection also contains work by illustrators including P. Le Paumier, Helen Lorraine, and Ted Bloodhart. P. Le Paumier (dates unknown) was a French illustrator whose work was published in the book  Travaux pratiques d'anatomie. Cahier d'ostéologie,  by French anatomist André Latarjet (1877-1947). Helen Lorraine (1892-1980) was a medical illustrator who graduated from Johns Hopkins School of Art as Applied to Medicine (1916) and studied under Max Brodel and J. Shelton Horsley. Lorraine's illustrations were produced for Dr. Charles Bruce Morton (1908-1966), a University of Virginia School of Medicine graduate (B.S. 1920, M.D. 1922) and professor of Surgery and Gynecology at UVA from 1927 to 1954. Little is known about the other illustrators. Some works in the collection are not identified.","Another set of prints included in this collection are the Elizabeth Mandell historical prints collection, which consists of prints, illustrations, and pages from an unidentified text. Items include 3 anatomical plates; 3 surgical plates; and a print of a physician and patient from the Illustrated Times, London Dec. 8, 1880. Also included: an image of a doctor and patients from an \"extra supplement to the Illustrated London News, May 19, 187?\"; and illustrations from the International Medical and Sanitary Exposition. The 4 loose pages contain an entry on Anatomy and are taken from the same text as the anatomical and surgical plates (possibly an encyclopedia).","In 2026, the English and French caricatures were added to the collection. "],"otherfindaid_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eAll of these illustrations were digitized and curated in an online exhibit written by Sara Huyser and Janet Pearson, members of the staff of Historical Collections and Services at the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library, University of Virginia. Steve Stedman designed the Web exhibit. Special thanks to Joan Echtenkamp Klein and Andrew Sallans for their assistance.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe web archived exhibit can be found via the Internet Archive's Wayback Machine here: \u003cextref\u003ehttps://web.archive.org/web/20251212135051/https://exhibits.hsl.virginia.edu/caricatures/index.html\u003c/extref\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"],"otherfindaid_heading_ssm":["Other Finding Aids"],"otherfindaid_tesim":["All of these illustrations were digitized and curated in an online exhibit written by Sara Huyser and Janet Pearson, members of the staff of Historical Collections and Services at the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library, University of Virginia. Steve Stedman designed the Web exhibit. Special thanks to Joan Echtenkamp Klein and Andrew Sallans for their assistance.","The web archived exhibit can be found via the Internet Archive's Wayback Machine here:  https://web.archive.org/web/20251212135051/https://exhibits.hsl.virginia.edu/caricatures/index.html"],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eUniversity of Virginia Anatomical Illustrations Collection, #MS-67, Historical Collections \u0026amp; Services, Claude Moore Health Sciences Library, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Va.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["University of Virginia Anatomical Illustrations Collection, #MS-67, Historical Collections \u0026 Services, Claude Moore Health Sciences Library, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Va."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection comprises mostly of anatomical illustrations of humans and animals by professional medical illustrators and medical practioners, but there is a good number of caricatures. Many of the images depict 20th century surgical prodedures; there are also physiological illustrations included in the collection. Most items are drawn in pencil on illustration paper with cardboard backing. In addition, there are some drawings in notepads and on tracing paper.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFrom The Graphic: an illustrated weekly newspaper, page 109\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e5 figures: 1. extempore dressing on the Battlefield. 2. ward tent and apparatus for steaming throat and bronchial cases, Guy's Hospital. 3. (ditto), St. Mary's Hospital. 4. a bad accident case: London Hospital. 5. bath lift: Middlesex Hospital.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eExtra supplement to the Illustrated London News May 19 1877.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCaricature by definition is a representation in which the subject's distinctive features or peculiarities are deliberately exaggerated to produce a comic or grotesque effect. Nineteenth-century medicine provided caricaturists with a wealth of material. Artists humorously exaggerated medical conditions and physical characteristics. Bulbous noses, protruding stomachs, and hunched backs were some of the more common features drawn to extraordinary proportions. Bizarre treatments, massive doses of pills, and excessive bloodletting, prescribed by trained physicians and quack doctors alike, were all lampooned. Suffering and discomfort from disease and the patient's reaction to medical treatment were also fodder for the satirist's pen.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eWhile some caricatures were straightforward in their message, others contained yet another layer of meaning. Medical conditions could symbolize failed interpersonal relationships, national political affairs, and everything in between. Ailments caused by the follies of fashion, such as ill-fitting footwear or constricting corsets, inspired many drawings. Artists also directly linked illness to excesses in nineteenth-century social life, particularly over-consumption of food and alcohol.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe 37 caricatures displayed in this exhibit are divided into two groups: English and French. The English prints are predominately drawn by two of the more famous British caricaturists, James Gillray and George Cruikshank. The French caricatures include artwork by J.J. Grandville, Louis-Léopold Boilly, and Edme Jean Pigal.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eEnglish Caricature:\nPrecariousness of Life\nHeroic Medicine\nPray Remember the Poor Debtors\nQuacks \u0026amp; Nostrums\nDoomed Relationships\nFashionable Follies\nNineteenth-Century Excess\nEnglish Artists\nFootnotes, Bibliography, \u0026amp; Links\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eFrench Caricature:\nScenes of the Day\nMedicine in France\nMedical Caricatures or Political Commentary?\nHunchbacks: Mocked or Mocker?\nPublic Health: The Need Is Pressing\nWet Nursing: Paying Consumers\nFrench Artists\nFootnotes, Bibliography, \u0026amp; Links\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe caption of this image describes the 'Extraordinary Effects of Morison's Vegetable Pills', re-growing a man's legs overnight. Morison's Vegetable Pills were the brainchild of James Morison (1770-1840) and sold from 1825 onwards. Morison believed that all disease was caused by an impurity of the blood that could only be purged by his vegetable pills. The pills, a laxative based on a variety of herbs, including rhubarb and myrrh, were sold in chemists, grocers and even libraries. Morison believed that his pills could be taken in large doses but a number of deaths proved him wrong. Many labelled him a quack and his pills a poison. The print is by Charles Grant Jameson (active 1832-1850); artist: Grant, Charles Jameson; maker: J Kendrick; place made: London, England, United Kingdom.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eColored etching by G[eorge] Cruikshank: Source of the Southwark Water Works, or [headed] Salus Populi Suprema Lex. Published by S. Knight, [1832]. 51x32.5cm. Printed on broadsheet with text poem beneath: Royal Address of Cadwallader... water-king of Southwark [John Edwards]. Concern at pollution and threat to public health. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe satirical poem 'Royal Address of Cadwallader ap-Tudor ap-Edwards ap-Vaughan, Water-King of Southwark', published in 1832, is a comment on the pollution of the River Thames, the main water supply for London. The crowd chants \"Give us clean water\" and \"We shall get the cholera\" – 1832 being the year that a major cholera epidemic hit London. The writer of the poem and the people in the illustration appear to believe that cholera is spread by vapours from rotting waste – the miasma theory of disease. However, John Snow (1813-1858) discovered that cholera is a water-borne disease. Despite this, many physicians still accepted the miasma theory. The illustration was drawn by the artist and caricaturist George Cruikshank (1792-1878).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eInscription: Lettered with title, \"Ex Marmore Antiquo,\" three lines of description of subject beginning \"He grounded his Precepts upon Aesculapius. ...,\" and production details: \"P. P. Rubens Del.,\" \"I. Faber Fecit,\" and \"Printed for \u0026amp; Sold by Tho: Bowles next the Chapter House in St. Pauls Ch. Yard and John Bowles at the Black Horse in Cornhill.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis satirical response to \"fast living\" centers on a figure whose left side is a skeleton holding a spade before a tombstone lettered with a quote from Romans 6.23, \"The wages of sin is death,\" with other biblical admonishments below. The figure's right side is fashionably dressed living aristocrat standing in a parkland with a temple similar to one at Stowe in Buckinghamshire. Emblems of the Order of the Garter are part of the man's dress and items that refer to gambling and partying are strewn around his buckled shoe. These include part of a \"EO\" wheel (an 18th century game similar to roulette), dice and a shaker, cards, and a masquerade ticket to the Pantheon in London. A scroll that confirms the man's \"Pedigree\" suggests that rank offers no protection from mortality.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis cartoon by J. A. Wales.found in Puck on April 14, 1880 satirizes the Eclectic Medical College of Pennsylvania, a diploma mill selling fake medical degrees in the later decades of the 19th century. \"Professor Grind-Em-Out\" is, no doubt, the school's \"Dean,\" John Buchanan, who was finally arrested in 1880, due in part to his exposure in the popular media.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eEtching depicting a group of male academics and students, many wearing mortar boards, gathered around a professor who reads form a book inscribed 'Datur Vacuum.'\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWithin a lugubrious coat-of-arms, Hogarth depicts three well-known quacks with a group of twelve portly physicians. The three quacks at the top of the print are Joshua Ward, perhaps the most famous charlatan of his time; Sarah Mapp, a well-known bonesetter; and John Taylor, an oculist. The bewigged physicians dispel the stench of death by sniffing the pomander attached to the top of their canes. According to Hogarth, proper physicians and disreputable quacks are all members of the same Company of Undertakers. The Latin caption, Et plurima mortis imago, translates as \"And many are the faces of death.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA sheet full of dozens of images of men and women's caricatured heads, after Hogarth's \"Characters and Caricaturas\" illustration.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA sheet full of dozens of images of men and women's caricatured heads, after Hogarth's \"Characters and Caricaturas\" illustration.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The collection comprises mostly of anatomical illustrations of humans and animals by professional medical illustrators and medical practioners, but there is a good number of caricatures. Many of the images depict 20th century surgical prodedures; there are also physiological illustrations included in the collection. Most items are drawn in pencil on illustration paper with cardboard backing. In addition, there are some drawings in notepads and on tracing paper.","From The Graphic: an illustrated weekly newspaper, page 109","5 figures: 1. extempore dressing on the Battlefield. 2. ward tent and apparatus for steaming throat and bronchial cases, Guy's Hospital. 3. (ditto), St. Mary's Hospital. 4. a bad accident case: London Hospital. 5. bath lift: Middlesex Hospital.","Extra supplement to the Illustrated London News May 19 1877.","Caricature by definition is a representation in which the subject's distinctive features or peculiarities are deliberately exaggerated to produce a comic or grotesque effect. Nineteenth-century medicine provided caricaturists with a wealth of material. Artists humorously exaggerated medical conditions and physical characteristics. Bulbous noses, protruding stomachs, and hunched backs were some of the more common features drawn to extraordinary proportions. Bizarre treatments, massive doses of pills, and excessive bloodletting, prescribed by trained physicians and quack doctors alike, were all lampooned. Suffering and discomfort from disease and the patient's reaction to medical treatment were also fodder for the satirist's pen.","While some caricatures were straightforward in their message, others contained yet another layer of meaning. Medical conditions could symbolize failed interpersonal relationships, national political affairs, and everything in between. Ailments caused by the follies of fashion, such as ill-fitting footwear or constricting corsets, inspired many drawings. Artists also directly linked illness to excesses in nineteenth-century social life, particularly over-consumption of food and alcohol.","The 37 caricatures displayed in this exhibit are divided into two groups: English and French. The English prints are predominately drawn by two of the more famous British caricaturists, James Gillray and George Cruikshank. The French caricatures include artwork by J.J. Grandville, Louis-Léopold Boilly, and Edme Jean Pigal.","English Caricature:\nPrecariousness of Life\nHeroic Medicine\nPray Remember the Poor Debtors\nQuacks \u0026 Nostrums\nDoomed Relationships\nFashionable Follies\nNineteenth-Century Excess\nEnglish Artists\nFootnotes, Bibliography, \u0026 Links","French Caricature:\nScenes of the Day\nMedicine in France\nMedical Caricatures or Political Commentary?\nHunchbacks: Mocked or Mocker?\nPublic Health: The Need Is Pressing\nWet Nursing: Paying Consumers\nFrench Artists\nFootnotes, Bibliography, \u0026 Links","The caption of this image describes the 'Extraordinary Effects of Morison's Vegetable Pills', re-growing a man's legs overnight. Morison's Vegetable Pills were the brainchild of James Morison (1770-1840) and sold from 1825 onwards. Morison believed that all disease was caused by an impurity of the blood that could only be purged by his vegetable pills. The pills, a laxative based on a variety of herbs, including rhubarb and myrrh, were sold in chemists, grocers and even libraries. Morison believed that his pills could be taken in large doses but a number of deaths proved him wrong. Many labelled him a quack and his pills a poison. The print is by Charles Grant Jameson (active 1832-1850); artist: Grant, Charles Jameson; maker: J Kendrick; place made: London, England, United Kingdom.","Colored etching by G[eorge] Cruikshank: Source of the Southwark Water Works, or [headed] Salus Populi Suprema Lex. Published by S. Knight, [1832]. 51x32.5cm. Printed on broadsheet with text poem beneath: Royal Address of Cadwallader... water-king of Southwark [John Edwards]. Concern at pollution and threat to public health. ","The satirical poem 'Royal Address of Cadwallader ap-Tudor ap-Edwards ap-Vaughan, Water-King of Southwark', published in 1832, is a comment on the pollution of the River Thames, the main water supply for London. The crowd chants \"Give us clean water\" and \"We shall get the cholera\" – 1832 being the year that a major cholera epidemic hit London. The writer of the poem and the people in the illustration appear to believe that cholera is spread by vapours from rotting waste – the miasma theory of disease. However, John Snow (1813-1858) discovered that cholera is a water-borne disease. Despite this, many physicians still accepted the miasma theory. The illustration was drawn by the artist and caricaturist George Cruikshank (1792-1878).","Inscription: Lettered with title, \"Ex Marmore Antiquo,\" three lines of description of subject beginning \"He grounded his Precepts upon Aesculapius. ...,\" and production details: \"P. P. Rubens Del.,\" \"I. Faber Fecit,\" and \"Printed for \u0026 Sold by Tho: Bowles next the Chapter House in St. Pauls Ch. Yard and John Bowles at the Black Horse in Cornhill.\"","This satirical response to \"fast living\" centers on a figure whose left side is a skeleton holding a spade before a tombstone lettered with a quote from Romans 6.23, \"The wages of sin is death,\" with other biblical admonishments below. The figure's right side is fashionably dressed living aristocrat standing in a parkland with a temple similar to one at Stowe in Buckinghamshire. Emblems of the Order of the Garter are part of the man's dress and items that refer to gambling and partying are strewn around his buckled shoe. These include part of a \"EO\" wheel (an 18th century game similar to roulette), dice and a shaker, cards, and a masquerade ticket to the Pantheon in London. A scroll that confirms the man's \"Pedigree\" suggests that rank offers no protection from mortality.","This cartoon by J. A. Wales.found in Puck on April 14, 1880 satirizes the Eclectic Medical College of Pennsylvania, a diploma mill selling fake medical degrees in the later decades of the 19th century. \"Professor Grind-Em-Out\" is, no doubt, the school's \"Dean,\" John Buchanan, who was finally arrested in 1880, due in part to his exposure in the popular media.","Etching depicting a group of male academics and students, many wearing mortar boards, gathered around a professor who reads form a book inscribed 'Datur Vacuum.'","Within a lugubrious coat-of-arms, Hogarth depicts three well-known quacks with a group of twelve portly physicians. The three quacks at the top of the print are Joshua Ward, perhaps the most famous charlatan of his time; Sarah Mapp, a well-known bonesetter; and John Taylor, an oculist. The bewigged physicians dispel the stench of death by sniffing the pomander attached to the top of their canes. According to Hogarth, proper physicians and disreputable quacks are all members of the same Company of Undertakers. The Latin caption, Et plurima mortis imago, translates as \"And many are the faces of death.\"","A sheet full of dozens of images of men and women's caricatured heads, after Hogarth's \"Characters and Caricaturas\" illustration.","A sheet full of dozens of images of men and women's caricatured heads, after Hogarth's \"Characters and Caricaturas\" illustration."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eSome materials may be subject to copyright restrictions.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions"],"userestrict_tesim":["Some materials may be subject to copyright restrictions."],"names_ssim":["Claude Moore Health Sciences Library","Bernie, Frederick, fl. 1792","Bowles, Henry Carington , 1763 - 1830","Carver, Samuel, 1756-1841","Crowquill, Alfred, 1804-1872","Cruikshank, George, 1792-1878","Dalí, Salvador , 1904-1989","Dighton, Robert, 1752-1814","Dunkarton, Robert, 1744-1815","Faber the Younger, John, 1684-1756","Gans, Sigismund, 1829-1831 ","Genty, Louis François, 1784-1852","Gillray, James, 1756-1815","Grant, Charles Jameson, 1832-1852 (active)","Heath, William, 1795-1840","Hogarth, William, 1697-1764","Hogg, Alexander, c. 1752–1809","Humphrey, Hannah, 1750-1818","Langlumé, Pierre, 1790–1874","Noël, Alphonse Léon, 1807-1884","Pigal, Edme-Jean, 1794-1872","Royce, Edward, 1738–1789","Wales, James Albert, 1852-1886","Wallis, Henry , 1830 - 1916","Grandville, J. J., 1803-1847"],"corpname_ssim":["Claude Moore Health Sciences Library"],"names_coll_ssim":["Gans, Sigismund, 1829-1831 ","Humphrey, Hannah, 1750-1818"],"persname_ssim":["Bernie, Frederick, fl. 1792","Bowles, Henry Carington , 1763 - 1830","Carver, Samuel, 1756-1841","Crowquill, Alfred, 1804-1872","Cruikshank, George, 1792-1878","Dalí, Salvador , 1904-1989","Dighton, Robert, 1752-1814","Dunkarton, Robert, 1744-1815","Faber the Younger, John, 1684-1756","Gans, Sigismund, 1829-1831 ","Genty, Louis François, 1784-1852","Gillray, James, 1756-1815","Grant, Charles Jameson, 1832-1852 (active)","Heath, William, 1795-1840","Hogarth, William, 1697-1764","Hogg, Alexander, c. 1752–1809","Humphrey, Hannah, 1750-1818","Langlumé, Pierre, 1790–1874","Noël, Alphonse Léon, 1807-1884","Pigal, Edme-Jean, 1794-1872","Royce, Edward, 1738–1789","Wales, James Albert, 1852-1886","Wallis, Henry , 1830 - 1916","Grandville, J. J., 1803-1847"],"language_ssim":["English, French, Latin"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":248,"online_item_count_is":2,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-24T23:24:18.661Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_7_resources_57"}},{"id":"vimtvl_repositories_3_resources_77","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Wayne Rickert collection of founders' autographs","creator":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vimtvl_repositories_3_resources_77#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Rickert, Wayne","label":"Creator"}},"abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vimtvl_repositories_3_resources_77#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eThe collection contains 41 manuscripts dating 1770-1831. Many of the manuscripts date from the era of the American Revolution, and several are directly relevant to the course of the war. Among the documents are single letters by John Adams, Aaron Burr, Benjamin Franklin, Alexander Hamilton, John Hancock, Patrick Henry, John Jay, Thomas Jefferson, Lafayette, James Madison, John Marshall, James Monroe, Paul Revere, and George Washington, as well as letters and other documents that include the signatures of signers of the Declaration of Independence.\u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vimtvl_repositories_3_resources_77#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"vimtvl_repositories_3_resources_77","ead_ssi":"vimtvl_repositories_3_resources_77","_root_":"vimtvl_repositories_3_resources_77","_nest_parent_":"vimtvl_repositories_3_resources_77","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/MV/repositories_3_resources_77.xml","title_filing_ssi":"Wayne Rickert collection of founders' autographs","title_ssm":["Wayne Rickert collection of founders' autographs"],"title_tesim":["Wayne Rickert collection of founders' autographs"],"unitdate_ssm":["1770-1831"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1770-1831"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["2021.SC.004","/repositories/3/resources/77"],"text":["2021.SC.004","/repositories/3/resources/77","Wayne Rickert collection of founders' autographs","United States -- History -- Revolution, 1775-1783","Correspondence","This collection is open for research during scheduled appointments. Researchers must complete the Washington Library's Special Collections and Archives Registration Form before access is provided. The library reserves the right to restrict access to certain items for preservation purposes.","Arranged alphabetically by author.","Wayne and Grace Rickert donated the collection of founders' autographs to the Washington Library in 2021.","See 2021-SC-004-038","See 2021-SC-004-032","The collection contains 41 manuscripts dating 1770-1831. Many of the manuscripts date from the era of the American Revolution, and several are directly relevant to the course of the war. Among the documents are single letters by John Adams, Aaron Burr, Benjamin Franklin, Alexander Hamilton, John Hancock, Patrick Henry, John Jay, Thomas Jefferson, Lafayette, James Madison, John Marshall, James Monroe, Paul Revere, and George Washington, as well as letters and other documents that include the signatures of signers of the Declaration of Independence.","John Adams writes William Plumer, New Hampshire Senator and Governor, discussing the Fries Rebellion of 1799 in Pennsylvania. He pardoned armed tax resisters, including John Fries, convicted of treason. Letter, signed. 1 page.","Letter from Josiah Bartlett to William Whipple regarding the movement of American and British forces in New York and New Jersey. He outlines the many challenges that the revolutionary cause faced in New York, New England, and generally, including supply and money problems, the health of the troops, and the persistence of divided loyalties in the aftermath of the Americans declaring independence. Bartlett signed the Declaration of Independence and served as governor of New Hampshire during Washington's presidency.","Autograph letter signed, 2 pages.","Aaron Burr writes to the President of the Senate, Thomas Jefferson, when the United States was almost at war with France in 1798, offering to provide information about New York City's defense plan to the state legislature. He writes, \"As one of the Committee appointed by the inhabitants of the City of New York to direct the temporary defence of the said city I have been instructed to give to either House of the Legislature such information as may be in my power relative to that object. Pursuant to such instructions I shall chearfully [sic] attend the Senate or any Committee thereof for that purpose whenever required\".  Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","Aaron Burr writes to Thomas Hill Hubbard regarding a legal case. He writes \"In the case of Jackson... vs Varick and Bacon, I pray you to transmit to me, so soon as may be convenient to you, a copy of the Rule which was entered at the last term on my motion to amend the case and Bill of Exceptions - also certified copies of the affidavits which were produced on each side, those offered by the Depts to be certified separately... so that one my be used without the other. Also certified copies of the Rules entered on the Trials... in the several cases of W.D. Craft vs Baldwin Ex of Elias Baldwin and A. Burr is the same - note the changes, which will be remitted\". Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","Chase writes to William Smallwood, President of the Maryland State Senate, regarding his recent appointment as Chief Judge of the General Court of Maryland and his subsequent resignation from his previous role. Autograph letter signed, 1 page.","Abraham Clark, a New Jersey delegate, writes to Col. Elias Dayton, an experienced veteran, to inform him he has not won the promotion he sought. Clark writes, \"Congress is impressed with the necessity of observing economy in the public expenses and having been formerly too profuse in the promotion of officers determined to stop their hand. They say N.Jersey hath our Major Gen. and by the reduction proposed we shall have but two Regiments. What prospect have I then of obtaining another Genl. officer... We have had no recommendation for this measure either from the Genl. [Washington] - The Legislature- or even the brigade. You mention the promotion of Genls. [Nathanael] Greene and [Daniel] Morgan, but their appointments were... requests from Maryland [actually Rhode Island] and Virginia, this cannot be offered in your favour. I see the embarrassment the subject is under.\" Clark adds that \"Genl. Sullivan hath wrote to the Genl. desiring his opinion... and desired me to postpone any proposals respecting you, till he rcd. an answer.\" He concludes, \"There stands the matter. I wish the arrangement of our Brigade could be postponed...that some favourable occurrence might offer in your favour.\" Autograph letter, signed. 2 pages.","Letter from Commercial Committee of Congress, Francis Lewis, James Searle, and John Fell, to Thomas Mumford. Francis Lewis is a signer of the Declaration of Independence. Letter is requesting gunpowder for American Independence, \"...This committee have lodged monies in the hands of the agents at St.Eustatia to procure powder... If therefore you will enclose us your order on Messrs. Milner and Haynes for the remainder for the fifty tons of powder they had contracted to deliver, our agents will immediately pay them the balance that may be due to them. As we shall send a vessel to St. Eustatia in a short time we must beg your answer by return of post...\" St. Eustatia, an island in the Caribbean, was a center for contraband trade during the Revolutionary War. Letter signed. 1 page.","Petition from Ebenezer Dayton to the Executive Council of Pennsylvania. Dayton confesses how he did \"flee from there [New York] as a refugee, leaving his lands in the power of the enemy\", and petitions to acquire a \"whaleboat\".  William Floyd, Dayton's neighbor, certifies Dayton's claims. Floyd is a signer of the Declaration of Independence. Autograph , signed, 2 pages.","William Ellery writes a 'Private \u0026 Confidential' letter to an unknown recipient regarding Daniel E. Updike's health circumstances and ability to work due to alcohol. Autograph letter signed, 2 pages.","Benjamin Franklin writes to General Charles Lee in order to introduce Thomas Paine, author of Common Sense. Autograph letter, signed. 2 pages.","True copy of a General Horatio Gate's letter to John Hancock, in Hancock's hand. Gates writes to Hancock regarding a court martial of Col. Donald Campbell. Letter signed. 1 page.","Elbridge Gerry writes to John Adams, President of the United States. He writes \"If an answer, to the letter which your excellency proposed to write to Mr. Pickering on my concerns, is received, I will do myself the honor of waiting on you at any time which may best serve your convenience. Mrs. Gerry unites with me in best respects to yourself and Lady. Be assured, I remain Dear Sir with every sentiment of attachment.\" Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","Lyman Hall, Governor of Georgia and signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to Mrs. Street (possibly his sister) regarding health and life post Revolutionary war. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","Alexander Hamilton writes to Colonel John Fitzgerald, while he waits for the Treaty of Paris to arrive. He writes \"The enclosed letter is for Mr. Bowman who married Mrs. Cattle. I am told he is at Alexandria which makes me trouble you with the letter. Should he have left that place for South Carolina, I will thank you to forward it to him. No definitive treaty yet arrived nor any thing else of importance new. I write in Congress...\" A cessation of hostilities had been proclaimed by the British in February and by Congress in April. The provisional peace treaty, negotiated in Paris, was ratified by Congress on April 15, but a long delay ensued before the signing of the final treaty in Paris, 1783 September 3. Both Hamilton and Fitzgerald served as aides-de-camp to Washington during the Revolution. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","Benjamin Harrison, signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes a letter to an unknown sir. He writes regarding a Capt. Cherry. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","Patrick Henry writes to the unidentified 'County Lieutenant of Berkely [Berkeley].' He writes \"You are hereby directed to furnish General Hand with the numbers of men he may call from your militia to defend the frontier or challenge the Indians.\" Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","William Hooper, away from the Continental Congress to visit his mother, writes to Joseph Hewes and John Penn regarding General Clinton. Hooper  was a member in all five North Carolina Provincial Congresses, a member of the Continental Congress, and a signer of the Declaration of Independence. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","Stephen Hopkins, Governor of Rhode Island and signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to Christopher Harris during the French and Indian War, ordering a Colonel to take forces to Albany and join Major General William Johnson for a campaign against the French at Crown Point. Autograph document, signed. 2 pages.","Francis Hopkinson, Esq., Judge for the Courts of Admiralty for the State of Pennsylvania, directs Clement Biddle Esq., Marshall for the court, to \"sell at public venue the sloop or vessel called the Polly her guns, tackle, apparel, furniture and all and singular the goods, wares and merchandise laden and found on board her at the time of her capture and that after deducting the costs and charges of the trial condemnation and sale out of the monies arising from the said sale you divide the residue of the said monies into two equal parts one of which you are to pay overunto the agent or agents of the owners of the Brigantine or Vessel called the Fair American to and for their use and the other you are to pay over unto the Agent or Agents of the Officers and Crew belonging to the said Brigantine Fair American to and for their use and if it shall happen that any of the said owners officers or crew shall neglect to appear either in person or by agent to receive their respective shares of said monies then you are forthwith to bring such shares into this court to the intent the same may remain ready to be paid to them whenever they are their agents duly authorised may appear and demand the same according to the Resolves of Congress the usages of nations and the Act of Assembly of this state in such case made and provided and how you shall have executed this writ make return to me at a court of Admiralty to be held at my chambers in Philadelphia on the tenth day of November together with this writ given under my hand and the seal of the court twentieth day of October in the year of our lord one thousand seven hundred and eighty one.\" On verso, Biddle responds confirming sale of the Sloop Polly and cargo. Autograph document signed, 2 pages. Hopkinson was a signer of the Declaration of Independence.","Samuel Huntington, President of the Continental Congress and signer of the Declaration of the Independence, writes to Jabez Huntington, regarding preparations being made to prepare for the invasion of the British Navy. Letter mentions William Williams, another signer of the Declaration of Independence and Esek Hopkins, Commander of the Continental Navy. Autograph letter, signed. 2 pages.","John Jay, signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to an unknown Sir, regarding court and Mr. Antell's affidavit. Autograph letter, signed. 2 pages.","Thomas Jefferson writes, while he was the U.S. Minister to France, to William Gordon about the actions he has taken to assist Gordon's efforts to write a history of the American Revolution, and conveys his thoughts on what market may exist for the publication in France. Gordon conducted part of his research for his history at Mount Vernon. Gordon published The History of the Rise, Progress, and Establishment, of the Independence of the United States of America: Including an Account of the late War, and of the Thirteen Colonies from their origin, to that period, 4 vols. (London: William Gordon, 1788). Letter also mentions Marquis de la Fayette. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","Lafayette writes to George Augustine Washington. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","Francis Lightfoot Lee, signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to agents De Berdt, Lee \u0026 Sayre regarding the sale and purchase of 80 hogsheads and tobacco. Autograph letter, signed. 4 pages.","Richard Henry Lee, signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to John Langdon congratulating Langdon as a judge and describing his ill health. Autograph letter, signed. 2 pages.","James Madison, Secretary of State, writes to Mitchill regarding court testimony, possibly in reference to Smith and Ogden trial. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","John Marshall, Chief Justice of the United States and signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to John Mercer Patton of Virginia regarding a court case and Judge Johnson. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","James Monroe, signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to an unknown sir, regarding the sale of enslaved people. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","Robert Morris, member of the Continental Congress and signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to John Langdon regarding business relations with John Holker. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","Thomas Nelson, signer of the Declaration of Independence and brigadier general in the Continental army, writes to General George Weedon, of Richmond, updating him on the mobilization of Virginia's defenses against a British incursion in the Hampton Roads area.\nAutograph letter, signed. 1 page.","Attorney General for the State of Massachusetts, Robert Treat Paine, signer of the Declaration of Independence, files a complaint against the respondent Margaret Draper, as she \"levied war, and conspired to levy War against the Government and people of this Province, Colony, and State; and then and there adhered to the King of Great Britain, his fleets and armies, enemies of the said Province, Colony, and State; and then and there did give them aid and comfort\". Partially printed document, signed by the author, with notes in his hand. 1 page.","Timothy Pickering, Secretary of War and signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to Burgess Ball to inform him that the president has not selected his Potomac land for the location of a federal arsenal. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","Paul Revere writes a discharge certificate for Caleb Legg. Autograph document, signed. 1 page.","Caesar Rodney, signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to an unknown recipient, ordering \"that the Guard be strengthened with a Captain and twenty four men to be furnished from all the Troops now in town proportion to their numbers\". Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","Benjamin Rush, signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to Armand John DeRosset Sr., regarding Rush's \"second volume of medical inquiries\" about his \"principles on dropsy and pulmonary consumption\". Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","Edward Rutledge, signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to an unknown Sir regarding the legal proceedings in a land dispute. Date is unclear, could be February or July. Autograph letter, signed. 3 pages.","George Walton, signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to Major General Benjamin Lincoln seeking his help regarding sums for the military being misapplied by citizens [Georgia] and hung up in the Department of the Army resulting in shortages for the troops in the Georgia militias. Autograph letter, signed. 2 pages.","George Washington writes to Burgess Ball, regarding Ball's interest in the federal government purchasing some of his land for the construction of an arsenal. Washington indicates that he will leave the matter to the Secretary of War, Timothy Pickering, and not discuss it further, lest their family connection lend an appearance of impropriety. Ball was married to Frances Washington, the daughter of George's brother Charles.  Autograph letter, signed. 3 pages.","William Whipple, signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to President Meshech Weare [New Hampshire] regarding the recent arrival of Mr. William Trail from Bermuda. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","John Witherspoon, signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to William Livingston, Governor of New Jersey, regarding the safe passage of a British deserter, Humphrey Belcher, through American lines. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","Oliver Wolcott, signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to his wife, Laura Wolcott. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","Special Collections at The George Washington Presidential Library at Mount Vernon","Rickert, Wayne","Adams, John, 1735-1826","Bartlett, Josiah, 1729-1795","Whipple, William, 1730-1785","Burr, Aaron, 1756-1836","Jefferson, Thomas, 1743-1826","Chase, Samuel, 1741-1811","Smallwood, William, 1732-1792","Clark, Abraham, 1726-1794","Dayton, Elias, 1737-1807","Lewis, Francis, 1713-1803","Searle, James, 1730-1797","Fell, John, 1721-1798","Mumford, Thomas, 1728-1799","Floyd, William, 1734-1821","Dayton, Ebenezer, 1744-1802","Ellery, William, 1727-1820","Franklin, Benjamin, 1706-1790","Lee, Charles, 1731-1782","Gates, Horatio, 1728-1806","Hancock, John, 1737-1793","Gerry, Elbridge, 1744-1814","Hall, Lyman, 1724-1790","Hamilton, Alexander, 1757-1804","Fitzgerald, John, -1799","Harrison, Benjamin, approximately 1726-1791","Henry, Patrick, 1736-1799","Hooper, William, 1742-1790","Hewes, Joseph, 1730-1779","Penn, John, 1740 or 1741-1788","Hopkins, Stephen, 1707-1785","Hopkinson, Francis, 1737-1791","Biddle, Clement, 1740-1814","Huntington, Samuel, 1731-1796","Huntington, Jabez, 1719-1786","Jay, John, 1745-1829","Gordon, William, 1728-1807","Lafayette, Marie Joseph Paul Yves Roch Gilbert Du Motier, marquis de, 1757-1834","Washington, George Augustine, approximately 1759-1793","Lee, Francis Lightfoot, 1734-1797","Lee, William, 1739-1795","Sayre, Stephen, 1736-1818","De Berdt, Dennis, Jr.","Lee, Richard Henry, 1732-1794","Langdon, John, 1741-1819","Madison, James, 1751-1836","Mitchill, Samuel L. (Samuel Latham), 1764-1831","Marshall, John, 1755-1835","Patton, John M. (John Mercer), 1797-1858","Monroe, James, 1758-1831","Morris, Robert, 1734-1806","Holker, John, 1745-1822","Nelson, Thomas, 1738-1789","Paine, Robert Treat, 1731-1814","Pickering, Timothy, 1745-1829","Ball, Burgess, 1749-1800","Revere, Paul, 1735-1818","Rodney, Caesar, 1728-1784","Rush, Benjamin, 1746-1813","Rutledge, Edward, 1749-1800","Walton, George, 1749 or 1750-1804","Lincoln, Benjamin, 1733-1810","Washington, George, 1732-1799","Weare, Meshech, 1713-1786","Witherspoon, John, 1723-1794","Livingston, William, 1723-1790","Wolcott, Oliver, 1726-1797","English \n.    "],"unitid_tesim":["2021.SC.004","/repositories/3/resources/77"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Wayne Rickert collection of founders' autographs"],"collection_title_tesim":["Wayne Rickert collection of founders' autographs"],"collection_ssim":["Wayne Rickert collection of founders' autographs"],"repository_ssm":["The George Washington Presidential Library at Mount Vernon"],"repository_ssim":["The George Washington Presidential Library at Mount Vernon"],"geogname_ssm":["United States -- History -- Revolution, 1775-1783"],"geogname_ssim":["United States -- History -- Revolution, 1775-1783"],"creator_ssm":["Rickert, Wayne"],"creator_ssim":["Rickert, Wayne"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Rickert, Wayne"],"creators_ssim":["Rickert, Wayne"],"places_ssim":["United States -- History -- Revolution, 1775-1783"],"access_subjects_ssim":["Correspondence"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Correspondence"],"has_online_content_ssim":["true"],"extent_ssm":["41 Sheets (2 boxes)"],"extent_tesim":["41 Sheets (2 boxes)"],"genreform_ssim":["Correspondence"],"date_range_isim":[1770,1771,1772,1773,1774,1775,1776,1777,1778,1779,1780,1781,1782,1783,1784,1785,1786,1787,1788,1789,1790,1791,1792,1793,1794,1795,1796,1797,1798,1799,1800,1801,1802,1803,1804,1805,1806,1807,1808,1809,1810,1811,1812,1813,1814,1815,1816,1817,1818,1819,1820,1821,1822,1823,1824,1825,1826,1827,1828,1829,1830,1831],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection is open for research during scheduled appointments. Researchers must complete the Washington Library's Special Collections and Archives Registration Form before access is provided. The library reserves the right to restrict access to certain items for preservation purposes.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["This collection is open for research during scheduled appointments. Researchers must complete the Washington Library's Special Collections and Archives Registration Form before access is provided. The library reserves the right to restrict access to certain items for preservation purposes."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eArranged alphabetically by author.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["Arranged alphabetically by author."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eWayne and Grace Rickert donated the collection of founders' autographs to the Washington Library in 2021.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["Wayne and Grace Rickert donated the collection of founders' autographs to the Washington Library in 2021."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[Name and date of item], Rickert collection of founders' autographs, [Folder], Special Collections, The George Washington Presidential Library at Mount Vernon [hereafter Washington Library], Mount Vernon, Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["[Name and date of item], Rickert collection of founders' autographs, [Folder], Special Collections, The George Washington Presidential Library at Mount Vernon [hereafter Washington Library], Mount Vernon, Virginia."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eSee 2021-SC-004-038\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSee 2021-SC-004-032\u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Materials","Related Materials"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["See 2021-SC-004-038","See 2021-SC-004-032"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection contains 41 manuscripts dating 1770-1831. Many of the manuscripts date from the era of the American Revolution, and several are directly relevant to the course of the war. Among the documents are single letters by John Adams, Aaron Burr, Benjamin Franklin, Alexander Hamilton, John Hancock, Patrick Henry, John Jay, Thomas Jefferson, Lafayette, James Madison, John Marshall, James Monroe, Paul Revere, and George Washington, as well as letters and other documents that include the signatures of signers of the Declaration of Independence.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eJohn Adams writes William Plumer, New Hampshire Senator and Governor, discussing the Fries Rebellion of 1799 in Pennsylvania. He pardoned armed tax resisters, including John Fries, convicted of treason. Letter, signed. 1 page.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eLetter from Josiah Bartlett to William Whipple regarding the movement of American and British forces in New York and New Jersey. He outlines the many challenges that the revolutionary cause faced in New York, New England, and generally, including supply and money problems, the health of the troops, and the persistence of divided loyalties in the aftermath of the Americans declaring independence. Bartlett signed the Declaration of Independence and served as governor of New Hampshire during Washington's presidency.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAutograph letter signed, 2 pages.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAaron Burr writes to the President of the Senate, Thomas Jefferson, when the United States was almost at war with France in 1798, offering to provide information about New York City's defense plan to the state legislature. He writes, \"As one of the Committee appointed by the inhabitants of the City of New York to direct the temporary defence of the said city I have been instructed to give to either House of the Legislature such information as may be in my power relative to that object. Pursuant to such instructions I shall chearfully [sic] attend the Senate or any Committee thereof for that purpose whenever required\".  Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAaron Burr writes to Thomas Hill Hubbard regarding a legal case. He writes \"In the case of Jackson... vs Varick and Bacon, I pray you to transmit to me, so soon as may be convenient to you, a copy of the Rule which was entered at the last term on my motion to amend the case and Bill of Exceptions - also certified copies of the affidavits which were produced on each side, those offered by the Depts to be certified separately... so that one my be used without the other. Also certified copies of the Rules entered on the Trials... in the several cases of W.D. Craft vs Baldwin Ex of Elias Baldwin and A. Burr is the same - note the changes, which will be remitted\". Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eChase writes to William Smallwood, President of the Maryland State Senate, regarding his recent appointment as Chief Judge of the General Court of Maryland and his subsequent resignation from his previous role. Autograph letter signed, 1 page.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAbraham Clark, a New Jersey delegate, writes to Col. Elias Dayton, an experienced veteran, to inform him he has not won the promotion he sought. Clark writes, \"Congress is impressed with the necessity of observing economy in the public expenses and having been formerly too profuse in the promotion of officers determined to stop their hand. They say N.Jersey hath our Major Gen. and by the reduction proposed we shall have but two Regiments. What prospect have I then of obtaining another Genl. officer... We have had no recommendation for this measure either from the Genl. [Washington] - The Legislature- or even the brigade. You mention the promotion of Genls. [Nathanael] Greene and [Daniel] Morgan, but their appointments were... requests from Maryland [actually Rhode Island] and Virginia, this cannot be offered in your favour. I see the embarrassment the subject is under.\" Clark adds that \"Genl. Sullivan hath wrote to the Genl. desiring his opinion... and desired me to postpone any proposals respecting you, till he rcd. an answer.\" He concludes, \"There stands the matter. I wish the arrangement of our Brigade could be postponed...that some favourable occurrence might offer in your favour.\" Autograph letter, signed. 2 pages.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eLetter from Commercial Committee of Congress, Francis Lewis, James Searle, and John Fell, to Thomas Mumford. Francis Lewis is a signer of the Declaration of Independence. Letter is requesting gunpowder for American Independence, \"...This committee have lodged monies in the hands of the agents at St.Eustatia to procure powder... If therefore you will enclose us your order on Messrs. Milner and Haynes for the remainder for the fifty tons of powder they had contracted to deliver, our agents will immediately pay them the balance that may be due to them. As we shall send a vessel to St. Eustatia in a short time we must beg your answer by return of post...\" St. Eustatia, an island in the Caribbean, was a center for contraband trade during the Revolutionary War. Letter signed. 1 page.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePetition from Ebenezer Dayton to the Executive Council of Pennsylvania. Dayton confesses how he did \"flee from there [New York] as a refugee, leaving his lands in the power of the enemy\", and petitions to acquire a \"whaleboat\".  William Floyd, Dayton's neighbor, certifies Dayton's claims. Floyd is a signer of the Declaration of Independence. Autograph , signed, 2 pages.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWilliam Ellery writes a 'Private \u0026amp; Confidential' letter to an unknown recipient regarding Daniel E. Updike's health circumstances and ability to work due to alcohol. Autograph letter signed, 2 pages.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBenjamin Franklin writes to General Charles Lee in order to introduce Thomas Paine, author of Common Sense. Autograph letter, signed. 2 pages.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTrue copy of a General Horatio Gate's letter to John Hancock, in Hancock's hand. Gates writes to Hancock regarding a court martial of Col. Donald Campbell. Letter signed. 1 page.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eElbridge Gerry writes to John Adams, President of the United States. He writes \"If an answer, to the letter which your excellency proposed to write to Mr. Pickering on my concerns, is received, I will do myself the honor of waiting on you at any time which may best serve your convenience. Mrs. Gerry unites with me in best respects to yourself and Lady. Be assured, I remain Dear Sir with every sentiment of attachment.\" Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eLyman Hall, Governor of Georgia and signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to Mrs. Street (possibly his sister) regarding health and life post Revolutionary war. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAlexander Hamilton writes to Colonel John Fitzgerald, while he waits for the Treaty of Paris to arrive. He writes \"The enclosed letter is for Mr. Bowman who married Mrs. Cattle. I am told he is at Alexandria which makes me trouble you with the letter. Should he have left that place for South Carolina, I will thank you to forward it to him. No definitive treaty yet arrived nor any thing else of importance new. I write in Congress...\" A cessation of hostilities had been proclaimed by the British in February and by Congress in April. The provisional peace treaty, negotiated in Paris, was ratified by Congress on April 15, but a long delay ensued before the signing of the final treaty in Paris, 1783 September 3. Both Hamilton and Fitzgerald served as aides-de-camp to Washington during the Revolution. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBenjamin Harrison, signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes a letter to an unknown sir. He writes regarding a Capt. Cherry. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePatrick Henry writes to the unidentified 'County Lieutenant of Berkely [Berkeley].' He writes \"You are hereby directed to furnish General Hand with the numbers of men he may call from your militia to defend the frontier or challenge the Indians.\" Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWilliam Hooper, away from the Continental Congress to visit his mother, writes to Joseph Hewes and John Penn regarding General Clinton. Hooper  was a member in all five North Carolina Provincial Congresses, a member of the Continental Congress, and a signer of the Declaration of Independence. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eStephen Hopkins, Governor of Rhode Island and signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to Christopher Harris during the French and Indian War, ordering a Colonel to take forces to Albany and join Major General William Johnson for a campaign against the French at Crown Point. Autograph document, signed. 2 pages.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFrancis Hopkinson, Esq., Judge for the Courts of Admiralty for the State of Pennsylvania, directs Clement Biddle Esq., Marshall for the court, to \"sell at public venue the sloop or vessel called the Polly her guns, tackle, apparel, furniture and all and singular the goods, wares and merchandise laden and found on board her at the time of her capture and that after deducting the costs and charges of the trial condemnation and sale out of the monies arising from the said sale you divide the residue of the said monies into two equal parts one of which you are to pay overunto the agent or agents of the owners of the Brigantine or Vessel called the Fair American to and for their use and the other you are to pay over unto the Agent or Agents of the Officers and Crew belonging to the said Brigantine Fair American to and for their use and if it shall happen that any of the said owners officers or crew shall neglect to appear either in person or by agent to receive their respective shares of said monies then you are forthwith to bring such shares into this court to the intent the same may remain ready to be paid to them whenever they are their agents duly authorised may appear and demand the same according to the Resolves of Congress the usages of nations and the Act of Assembly of this state in such case made and provided and how you shall have executed this writ make return to me at a court of Admiralty to be held at my chambers in Philadelphia on the tenth day of November together with this writ given under my hand and the seal of the court twentieth day of October in the year of our lord one thousand seven hundred and eighty one.\" On verso, Biddle responds confirming sale of the Sloop Polly and cargo. Autograph document signed, 2 pages. Hopkinson was a signer of the Declaration of Independence.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSamuel Huntington, President of the Continental Congress and signer of the Declaration of the Independence, writes to Jabez Huntington, regarding preparations being made to prepare for the invasion of the British Navy. Letter mentions William Williams, another signer of the Declaration of Independence and Esek Hopkins, Commander of the Continental Navy. Autograph letter, signed. 2 pages.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eJohn Jay, signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to an unknown Sir, regarding court and Mr. Antell's affidavit. Autograph letter, signed. 2 pages.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThomas Jefferson writes, while he was the U.S. Minister to France, to William Gordon about the actions he has taken to assist Gordon's efforts to write a history of the American Revolution, and conveys his thoughts on what market may exist for the publication in France. Gordon conducted part of his research for his history at Mount Vernon. Gordon published The History of the Rise, Progress, and Establishment, of the Independence of the United States of America: Including an Account of the late War, and of the Thirteen Colonies from their origin, to that period, 4 vols. (London: William Gordon, 1788). Letter also mentions Marquis de la Fayette. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eLafayette writes to George Augustine Washington. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFrancis Lightfoot Lee, signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to agents De Berdt, Lee \u0026amp; Sayre regarding the sale and purchase of 80 hogsheads and tobacco. Autograph letter, signed. 4 pages.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eRichard Henry Lee, signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to John Langdon congratulating Langdon as a judge and describing his ill health. Autograph letter, signed. 2 pages.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eJames Madison, Secretary of State, writes to Mitchill regarding court testimony, possibly in reference to Smith and Ogden trial. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eJohn Marshall, Chief Justice of the United States and signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to John Mercer Patton of Virginia regarding a court case and Judge Johnson. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eJames Monroe, signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to an unknown sir, regarding the sale of enslaved people. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eRobert Morris, member of the Continental Congress and signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to John Langdon regarding business relations with John Holker. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThomas Nelson, signer of the Declaration of Independence and brigadier general in the Continental army, writes to General George Weedon, of Richmond, updating him on the mobilization of Virginia's defenses against a British incursion in the Hampton Roads area.\nAutograph letter, signed. 1 page.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAttorney General for the State of Massachusetts, Robert Treat Paine, signer of the Declaration of Independence, files a complaint against the respondent Margaret Draper, as she \"levied war, and conspired to levy War against the Government and people of this Province, Colony, and State; and then and there adhered to the King of Great Britain, his fleets and armies, enemies of the said Province, Colony, and State; and then and there did give them aid and comfort\". Partially printed document, signed by the author, with notes in his hand. 1 page.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTimothy Pickering, Secretary of War and signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to Burgess Ball to inform him that the president has not selected his Potomac land for the location of a federal arsenal. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePaul Revere writes a discharge certificate for Caleb Legg. Autograph document, signed. 1 page.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCaesar Rodney, signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to an unknown recipient, ordering \"that the Guard be strengthened with a Captain and twenty four men to be furnished from all the Troops now in town proportion to their numbers\". Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBenjamin Rush, signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to Armand John DeRosset Sr., regarding Rush's \"second volume of medical inquiries\" about his \"principles on dropsy and pulmonary consumption\". Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eEdward Rutledge, signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to an unknown Sir regarding the legal proceedings in a land dispute. Date is unclear, could be February or July. Autograph letter, signed. 3 pages.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eGeorge Walton, signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to Major General Benjamin Lincoln seeking his help regarding sums for the military being misapplied by citizens [Georgia] and hung up in the Department of the Army resulting in shortages for the troops in the Georgia militias. Autograph letter, signed. 2 pages.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eGeorge Washington writes to Burgess Ball, regarding Ball's interest in the federal government purchasing some of his land for the construction of an arsenal. Washington indicates that he will leave the matter to the Secretary of War, Timothy Pickering, and not discuss it further, lest their family connection lend an appearance of impropriety. Ball was married to Frances Washington, the daughter of George's brother Charles.  Autograph letter, signed. 3 pages.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWilliam Whipple, signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to President Meshech Weare [New Hampshire] regarding the recent arrival of Mr. William Trail from Bermuda. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eJohn Witherspoon, signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to William Livingston, Governor of New Jersey, regarding the safe passage of a British deserter, Humphrey Belcher, through American lines. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eOliver Wolcott, signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to his wife, Laura Wolcott. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The collection contains 41 manuscripts dating 1770-1831. Many of the manuscripts date from the era of the American Revolution, and several are directly relevant to the course of the war. Among the documents are single letters by John Adams, Aaron Burr, Benjamin Franklin, Alexander Hamilton, John Hancock, Patrick Henry, John Jay, Thomas Jefferson, Lafayette, James Madison, John Marshall, James Monroe, Paul Revere, and George Washington, as well as letters and other documents that include the signatures of signers of the Declaration of Independence.","John Adams writes William Plumer, New Hampshire Senator and Governor, discussing the Fries Rebellion of 1799 in Pennsylvania. He pardoned armed tax resisters, including John Fries, convicted of treason. Letter, signed. 1 page.","Letter from Josiah Bartlett to William Whipple regarding the movement of American and British forces in New York and New Jersey. He outlines the many challenges that the revolutionary cause faced in New York, New England, and generally, including supply and money problems, the health of the troops, and the persistence of divided loyalties in the aftermath of the Americans declaring independence. Bartlett signed the Declaration of Independence and served as governor of New Hampshire during Washington's presidency.","Autograph letter signed, 2 pages.","Aaron Burr writes to the President of the Senate, Thomas Jefferson, when the United States was almost at war with France in 1798, offering to provide information about New York City's defense plan to the state legislature. He writes, \"As one of the Committee appointed by the inhabitants of the City of New York to direct the temporary defence of the said city I have been instructed to give to either House of the Legislature such information as may be in my power relative to that object. Pursuant to such instructions I shall chearfully [sic] attend the Senate or any Committee thereof for that purpose whenever required\".  Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","Aaron Burr writes to Thomas Hill Hubbard regarding a legal case. He writes \"In the case of Jackson... vs Varick and Bacon, I pray you to transmit to me, so soon as may be convenient to you, a copy of the Rule which was entered at the last term on my motion to amend the case and Bill of Exceptions - also certified copies of the affidavits which were produced on each side, those offered by the Depts to be certified separately... so that one my be used without the other. Also certified copies of the Rules entered on the Trials... in the several cases of W.D. Craft vs Baldwin Ex of Elias Baldwin and A. Burr is the same - note the changes, which will be remitted\". Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","Chase writes to William Smallwood, President of the Maryland State Senate, regarding his recent appointment as Chief Judge of the General Court of Maryland and his subsequent resignation from his previous role. Autograph letter signed, 1 page.","Abraham Clark, a New Jersey delegate, writes to Col. Elias Dayton, an experienced veteran, to inform him he has not won the promotion he sought. Clark writes, \"Congress is impressed with the necessity of observing economy in the public expenses and having been formerly too profuse in the promotion of officers determined to stop their hand. They say N.Jersey hath our Major Gen. and by the reduction proposed we shall have but two Regiments. What prospect have I then of obtaining another Genl. officer... We have had no recommendation for this measure either from the Genl. [Washington] - The Legislature- or even the brigade. You mention the promotion of Genls. [Nathanael] Greene and [Daniel] Morgan, but their appointments were... requests from Maryland [actually Rhode Island] and Virginia, this cannot be offered in your favour. I see the embarrassment the subject is under.\" Clark adds that \"Genl. Sullivan hath wrote to the Genl. desiring his opinion... and desired me to postpone any proposals respecting you, till he rcd. an answer.\" He concludes, \"There stands the matter. I wish the arrangement of our Brigade could be postponed...that some favourable occurrence might offer in your favour.\" Autograph letter, signed. 2 pages.","Letter from Commercial Committee of Congress, Francis Lewis, James Searle, and John Fell, to Thomas Mumford. Francis Lewis is a signer of the Declaration of Independence. Letter is requesting gunpowder for American Independence, \"...This committee have lodged monies in the hands of the agents at St.Eustatia to procure powder... If therefore you will enclose us your order on Messrs. Milner and Haynes for the remainder for the fifty tons of powder they had contracted to deliver, our agents will immediately pay them the balance that may be due to them. As we shall send a vessel to St. Eustatia in a short time we must beg your answer by return of post...\" St. Eustatia, an island in the Caribbean, was a center for contraband trade during the Revolutionary War. Letter signed. 1 page.","Petition from Ebenezer Dayton to the Executive Council of Pennsylvania. Dayton confesses how he did \"flee from there [New York] as a refugee, leaving his lands in the power of the enemy\", and petitions to acquire a \"whaleboat\".  William Floyd, Dayton's neighbor, certifies Dayton's claims. Floyd is a signer of the Declaration of Independence. Autograph , signed, 2 pages.","William Ellery writes a 'Private \u0026 Confidential' letter to an unknown recipient regarding Daniel E. Updike's health circumstances and ability to work due to alcohol. Autograph letter signed, 2 pages.","Benjamin Franklin writes to General Charles Lee in order to introduce Thomas Paine, author of Common Sense. Autograph letter, signed. 2 pages.","True copy of a General Horatio Gate's letter to John Hancock, in Hancock's hand. Gates writes to Hancock regarding a court martial of Col. Donald Campbell. Letter signed. 1 page.","Elbridge Gerry writes to John Adams, President of the United States. He writes \"If an answer, to the letter which your excellency proposed to write to Mr. Pickering on my concerns, is received, I will do myself the honor of waiting on you at any time which may best serve your convenience. Mrs. Gerry unites with me in best respects to yourself and Lady. Be assured, I remain Dear Sir with every sentiment of attachment.\" Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","Lyman Hall, Governor of Georgia and signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to Mrs. Street (possibly his sister) regarding health and life post Revolutionary war. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","Alexander Hamilton writes to Colonel John Fitzgerald, while he waits for the Treaty of Paris to arrive. He writes \"The enclosed letter is for Mr. Bowman who married Mrs. Cattle. I am told he is at Alexandria which makes me trouble you with the letter. Should he have left that place for South Carolina, I will thank you to forward it to him. No definitive treaty yet arrived nor any thing else of importance new. I write in Congress...\" A cessation of hostilities had been proclaimed by the British in February and by Congress in April. The provisional peace treaty, negotiated in Paris, was ratified by Congress on April 15, but a long delay ensued before the signing of the final treaty in Paris, 1783 September 3. Both Hamilton and Fitzgerald served as aides-de-camp to Washington during the Revolution. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","Benjamin Harrison, signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes a letter to an unknown sir. He writes regarding a Capt. Cherry. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","Patrick Henry writes to the unidentified 'County Lieutenant of Berkely [Berkeley].' He writes \"You are hereby directed to furnish General Hand with the numbers of men he may call from your militia to defend the frontier or challenge the Indians.\" Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","William Hooper, away from the Continental Congress to visit his mother, writes to Joseph Hewes and John Penn regarding General Clinton. Hooper  was a member in all five North Carolina Provincial Congresses, a member of the Continental Congress, and a signer of the Declaration of Independence. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","Stephen Hopkins, Governor of Rhode Island and signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to Christopher Harris during the French and Indian War, ordering a Colonel to take forces to Albany and join Major General William Johnson for a campaign against the French at Crown Point. Autograph document, signed. 2 pages.","Francis Hopkinson, Esq., Judge for the Courts of Admiralty for the State of Pennsylvania, directs Clement Biddle Esq., Marshall for the court, to \"sell at public venue the sloop or vessel called the Polly her guns, tackle, apparel, furniture and all and singular the goods, wares and merchandise laden and found on board her at the time of her capture and that after deducting the costs and charges of the trial condemnation and sale out of the monies arising from the said sale you divide the residue of the said monies into two equal parts one of which you are to pay overunto the agent or agents of the owners of the Brigantine or Vessel called the Fair American to and for their use and the other you are to pay over unto the Agent or Agents of the Officers and Crew belonging to the said Brigantine Fair American to and for their use and if it shall happen that any of the said owners officers or crew shall neglect to appear either in person or by agent to receive their respective shares of said monies then you are forthwith to bring such shares into this court to the intent the same may remain ready to be paid to them whenever they are their agents duly authorised may appear and demand the same according to the Resolves of Congress the usages of nations and the Act of Assembly of this state in such case made and provided and how you shall have executed this writ make return to me at a court of Admiralty to be held at my chambers in Philadelphia on the tenth day of November together with this writ given under my hand and the seal of the court twentieth day of October in the year of our lord one thousand seven hundred and eighty one.\" On verso, Biddle responds confirming sale of the Sloop Polly and cargo. Autograph document signed, 2 pages. Hopkinson was a signer of the Declaration of Independence.","Samuel Huntington, President of the Continental Congress and signer of the Declaration of the Independence, writes to Jabez Huntington, regarding preparations being made to prepare for the invasion of the British Navy. Letter mentions William Williams, another signer of the Declaration of Independence and Esek Hopkins, Commander of the Continental Navy. Autograph letter, signed. 2 pages.","John Jay, signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to an unknown Sir, regarding court and Mr. Antell's affidavit. Autograph letter, signed. 2 pages.","Thomas Jefferson writes, while he was the U.S. Minister to France, to William Gordon about the actions he has taken to assist Gordon's efforts to write a history of the American Revolution, and conveys his thoughts on what market may exist for the publication in France. Gordon conducted part of his research for his history at Mount Vernon. Gordon published The History of the Rise, Progress, and Establishment, of the Independence of the United States of America: Including an Account of the late War, and of the Thirteen Colonies from their origin, to that period, 4 vols. (London: William Gordon, 1788). Letter also mentions Marquis de la Fayette. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","Lafayette writes to George Augustine Washington. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","Francis Lightfoot Lee, signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to agents De Berdt, Lee \u0026 Sayre regarding the sale and purchase of 80 hogsheads and tobacco. Autograph letter, signed. 4 pages.","Richard Henry Lee, signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to John Langdon congratulating Langdon as a judge and describing his ill health. Autograph letter, signed. 2 pages.","James Madison, Secretary of State, writes to Mitchill regarding court testimony, possibly in reference to Smith and Ogden trial. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","John Marshall, Chief Justice of the United States and signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to John Mercer Patton of Virginia regarding a court case and Judge Johnson. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","James Monroe, signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to an unknown sir, regarding the sale of enslaved people. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","Robert Morris, member of the Continental Congress and signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to John Langdon regarding business relations with John Holker. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","Thomas Nelson, signer of the Declaration of Independence and brigadier general in the Continental army, writes to General George Weedon, of Richmond, updating him on the mobilization of Virginia's defenses against a British incursion in the Hampton Roads area.\nAutograph letter, signed. 1 page.","Attorney General for the State of Massachusetts, Robert Treat Paine, signer of the Declaration of Independence, files a complaint against the respondent Margaret Draper, as she \"levied war, and conspired to levy War against the Government and people of this Province, Colony, and State; and then and there adhered to the King of Great Britain, his fleets and armies, enemies of the said Province, Colony, and State; and then and there did give them aid and comfort\". Partially printed document, signed by the author, with notes in his hand. 1 page.","Timothy Pickering, Secretary of War and signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to Burgess Ball to inform him that the president has not selected his Potomac land for the location of a federal arsenal. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","Paul Revere writes a discharge certificate for Caleb Legg. Autograph document, signed. 1 page.","Caesar Rodney, signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to an unknown recipient, ordering \"that the Guard be strengthened with a Captain and twenty four men to be furnished from all the Troops now in town proportion to their numbers\". Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","Benjamin Rush, signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to Armand John DeRosset Sr., regarding Rush's \"second volume of medical inquiries\" about his \"principles on dropsy and pulmonary consumption\". Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","Edward Rutledge, signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to an unknown Sir regarding the legal proceedings in a land dispute. Date is unclear, could be February or July. Autograph letter, signed. 3 pages.","George Walton, signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to Major General Benjamin Lincoln seeking his help regarding sums for the military being misapplied by citizens [Georgia] and hung up in the Department of the Army resulting in shortages for the troops in the Georgia militias. Autograph letter, signed. 2 pages.","George Washington writes to Burgess Ball, regarding Ball's interest in the federal government purchasing some of his land for the construction of an arsenal. Washington indicates that he will leave the matter to the Secretary of War, Timothy Pickering, and not discuss it further, lest their family connection lend an appearance of impropriety. Ball was married to Frances Washington, the daughter of George's brother Charles.  Autograph letter, signed. 3 pages.","William Whipple, signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to President Meshech Weare [New Hampshire] regarding the recent arrival of Mr. William Trail from Bermuda. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","John Witherspoon, signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to William Livingston, Governor of New Jersey, regarding the safe passage of a British deserter, Humphrey Belcher, through American lines. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","Oliver Wolcott, signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to his wife, Laura Wolcott. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page."],"names_ssim":["Special Collections at The George Washington Presidential Library at Mount Vernon","Rickert, Wayne","Adams, John, 1735-1826","Bartlett, Josiah, 1729-1795","Whipple, William, 1730-1785","Burr, Aaron, 1756-1836","Jefferson, Thomas, 1743-1826","Chase, Samuel, 1741-1811","Smallwood, William, 1732-1792","Clark, Abraham, 1726-1794","Dayton, Elias, 1737-1807","Lewis, Francis, 1713-1803","Searle, James, 1730-1797","Fell, John, 1721-1798","Mumford, Thomas, 1728-1799","Floyd, William, 1734-1821","Dayton, Ebenezer, 1744-1802","Ellery, William, 1727-1820","Franklin, Benjamin, 1706-1790","Lee, Charles, 1731-1782","Gates, Horatio, 1728-1806","Hancock, John, 1737-1793","Gerry, Elbridge, 1744-1814","Hall, Lyman, 1724-1790","Hamilton, Alexander, 1757-1804","Fitzgerald, John, -1799","Harrison, Benjamin, approximately 1726-1791","Henry, Patrick, 1736-1799","Hooper, William, 1742-1790","Hewes, Joseph, 1730-1779","Penn, John, 1740 or 1741-1788","Hopkins, Stephen, 1707-1785","Hopkinson, Francis, 1737-1791","Biddle, Clement, 1740-1814","Huntington, Samuel, 1731-1796","Huntington, Jabez, 1719-1786","Jay, John, 1745-1829","Gordon, William, 1728-1807","Lafayette, Marie Joseph Paul Yves Roch Gilbert Du Motier, marquis de, 1757-1834","Washington, George Augustine, approximately 1759-1793","Lee, Francis Lightfoot, 1734-1797","Lee, William, 1739-1795","Sayre, Stephen, 1736-1818","De Berdt, Dennis, Jr.","Lee, Richard Henry, 1732-1794","Langdon, John, 1741-1819","Madison, James, 1751-1836","Mitchill, Samuel L. (Samuel Latham), 1764-1831","Marshall, John, 1755-1835","Patton, John M. (John Mercer), 1797-1858","Monroe, James, 1758-1831","Morris, Robert, 1734-1806","Holker, John, 1745-1822","Nelson, Thomas, 1738-1789","Paine, Robert Treat, 1731-1814","Pickering, Timothy, 1745-1829","Ball, Burgess, 1749-1800","Revere, Paul, 1735-1818","Rodney, Caesar, 1728-1784","Rush, Benjamin, 1746-1813","Rutledge, Edward, 1749-1800","Walton, George, 1749 or 1750-1804","Lincoln, Benjamin, 1733-1810","Washington, George, 1732-1799","Weare, Meshech, 1713-1786","Witherspoon, John, 1723-1794","Livingston, William, 1723-1790","Wolcott, Oliver, 1726-1797"],"corpname_ssim":["Special Collections at The George Washington Presidential Library at Mount Vernon"],"names_coll_ssim":["Rickert, Wayne"],"persname_ssim":["Rickert, Wayne","Adams, John, 1735-1826","Bartlett, Josiah, 1729-1795","Whipple, William, 1730-1785","Burr, Aaron, 1756-1836","Jefferson, Thomas, 1743-1826","Chase, Samuel, 1741-1811","Smallwood, William, 1732-1792","Clark, Abraham, 1726-1794","Dayton, Elias, 1737-1807","Lewis, Francis, 1713-1803","Searle, James, 1730-1797","Fell, John, 1721-1798","Mumford, Thomas, 1728-1799","Floyd, William, 1734-1821","Dayton, Ebenezer, 1744-1802","Ellery, William, 1727-1820","Franklin, Benjamin, 1706-1790","Lee, Charles, 1731-1782","Gates, Horatio, 1728-1806","Hancock, John, 1737-1793","Gerry, Elbridge, 1744-1814","Hall, Lyman, 1724-1790","Hamilton, Alexander, 1757-1804","Fitzgerald, John, -1799","Harrison, Benjamin, approximately 1726-1791","Henry, Patrick, 1736-1799","Hooper, William, 1742-1790","Hewes, Joseph, 1730-1779","Penn, John, 1740 or 1741-1788","Hopkins, Stephen, 1707-1785","Hopkinson, Francis, 1737-1791","Biddle, Clement, 1740-1814","Huntington, Samuel, 1731-1796","Huntington, Jabez, 1719-1786","Jay, John, 1745-1829","Gordon, William, 1728-1807","Lafayette, Marie Joseph Paul Yves Roch Gilbert Du Motier, marquis de, 1757-1834","Washington, George Augustine, approximately 1759-1793","Lee, Francis Lightfoot, 1734-1797","Lee, William, 1739-1795","Sayre, Stephen, 1736-1818","De Berdt, Dennis, Jr.","Lee, Richard Henry, 1732-1794","Langdon, John, 1741-1819","Madison, James, 1751-1836","Mitchill, Samuel L. (Samuel Latham), 1764-1831","Marshall, John, 1755-1835","Patton, John M. (John Mercer), 1797-1858","Monroe, James, 1758-1831","Morris, Robert, 1734-1806","Holker, John, 1745-1822","Nelson, Thomas, 1738-1789","Paine, Robert Treat, 1731-1814","Pickering, Timothy, 1745-1829","Ball, Burgess, 1749-1800","Revere, Paul, 1735-1818","Rodney, Caesar, 1728-1784","Rush, Benjamin, 1746-1813","Rutledge, Edward, 1749-1800","Walton, George, 1749 or 1750-1804","Lincoln, Benjamin, 1733-1810","Washington, George, 1732-1799","Weare, Meshech, 1713-1786","Witherspoon, John, 1723-1794","Livingston, William, 1723-1790","Wolcott, Oliver, 1726-1797"],"language_ssim":["English \n.    "],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":41,"online_item_count_is":41,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-21T05:46:39.072Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"vimtvl_repositories_3_resources_77","ead_ssi":"vimtvl_repositories_3_resources_77","_root_":"vimtvl_repositories_3_resources_77","_nest_parent_":"vimtvl_repositories_3_resources_77","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/MV/repositories_3_resources_77.xml","title_filing_ssi":"Wayne Rickert collection of founders' autographs","title_ssm":["Wayne Rickert collection of founders' autographs"],"title_tesim":["Wayne Rickert collection of founders' autographs"],"unitdate_ssm":["1770-1831"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1770-1831"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["2021.SC.004","/repositories/3/resources/77"],"text":["2021.SC.004","/repositories/3/resources/77","Wayne Rickert collection of founders' autographs","United States -- History -- Revolution, 1775-1783","Correspondence","This collection is open for research during scheduled appointments. Researchers must complete the Washington Library's Special Collections and Archives Registration Form before access is provided. The library reserves the right to restrict access to certain items for preservation purposes.","Arranged alphabetically by author.","Wayne and Grace Rickert donated the collection of founders' autographs to the Washington Library in 2021.","See 2021-SC-004-038","See 2021-SC-004-032","The collection contains 41 manuscripts dating 1770-1831. Many of the manuscripts date from the era of the American Revolution, and several are directly relevant to the course of the war. Among the documents are single letters by John Adams, Aaron Burr, Benjamin Franklin, Alexander Hamilton, John Hancock, Patrick Henry, John Jay, Thomas Jefferson, Lafayette, James Madison, John Marshall, James Monroe, Paul Revere, and George Washington, as well as letters and other documents that include the signatures of signers of the Declaration of Independence.","John Adams writes William Plumer, New Hampshire Senator and Governor, discussing the Fries Rebellion of 1799 in Pennsylvania. He pardoned armed tax resisters, including John Fries, convicted of treason. Letter, signed. 1 page.","Letter from Josiah Bartlett to William Whipple regarding the movement of American and British forces in New York and New Jersey. He outlines the many challenges that the revolutionary cause faced in New York, New England, and generally, including supply and money problems, the health of the troops, and the persistence of divided loyalties in the aftermath of the Americans declaring independence. Bartlett signed the Declaration of Independence and served as governor of New Hampshire during Washington's presidency.","Autograph letter signed, 2 pages.","Aaron Burr writes to the President of the Senate, Thomas Jefferson, when the United States was almost at war with France in 1798, offering to provide information about New York City's defense plan to the state legislature. He writes, \"As one of the Committee appointed by the inhabitants of the City of New York to direct the temporary defence of the said city I have been instructed to give to either House of the Legislature such information as may be in my power relative to that object. Pursuant to such instructions I shall chearfully [sic] attend the Senate or any Committee thereof for that purpose whenever required\".  Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","Aaron Burr writes to Thomas Hill Hubbard regarding a legal case. He writes \"In the case of Jackson... vs Varick and Bacon, I pray you to transmit to me, so soon as may be convenient to you, a copy of the Rule which was entered at the last term on my motion to amend the case and Bill of Exceptions - also certified copies of the affidavits which were produced on each side, those offered by the Depts to be certified separately... so that one my be used without the other. Also certified copies of the Rules entered on the Trials... in the several cases of W.D. Craft vs Baldwin Ex of Elias Baldwin and A. Burr is the same - note the changes, which will be remitted\". Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","Chase writes to William Smallwood, President of the Maryland State Senate, regarding his recent appointment as Chief Judge of the General Court of Maryland and his subsequent resignation from his previous role. Autograph letter signed, 1 page.","Abraham Clark, a New Jersey delegate, writes to Col. Elias Dayton, an experienced veteran, to inform him he has not won the promotion he sought. Clark writes, \"Congress is impressed with the necessity of observing economy in the public expenses and having been formerly too profuse in the promotion of officers determined to stop their hand. They say N.Jersey hath our Major Gen. and by the reduction proposed we shall have but two Regiments. What prospect have I then of obtaining another Genl. officer... We have had no recommendation for this measure either from the Genl. [Washington] - The Legislature- or even the brigade. You mention the promotion of Genls. [Nathanael] Greene and [Daniel] Morgan, but their appointments were... requests from Maryland [actually Rhode Island] and Virginia, this cannot be offered in your favour. I see the embarrassment the subject is under.\" Clark adds that \"Genl. Sullivan hath wrote to the Genl. desiring his opinion... and desired me to postpone any proposals respecting you, till he rcd. an answer.\" He concludes, \"There stands the matter. I wish the arrangement of our Brigade could be postponed...that some favourable occurrence might offer in your favour.\" Autograph letter, signed. 2 pages.","Letter from Commercial Committee of Congress, Francis Lewis, James Searle, and John Fell, to Thomas Mumford. Francis Lewis is a signer of the Declaration of Independence. Letter is requesting gunpowder for American Independence, \"...This committee have lodged monies in the hands of the agents at St.Eustatia to procure powder... If therefore you will enclose us your order on Messrs. Milner and Haynes for the remainder for the fifty tons of powder they had contracted to deliver, our agents will immediately pay them the balance that may be due to them. As we shall send a vessel to St. Eustatia in a short time we must beg your answer by return of post...\" St. Eustatia, an island in the Caribbean, was a center for contraband trade during the Revolutionary War. Letter signed. 1 page.","Petition from Ebenezer Dayton to the Executive Council of Pennsylvania. Dayton confesses how he did \"flee from there [New York] as a refugee, leaving his lands in the power of the enemy\", and petitions to acquire a \"whaleboat\".  William Floyd, Dayton's neighbor, certifies Dayton's claims. Floyd is a signer of the Declaration of Independence. Autograph , signed, 2 pages.","William Ellery writes a 'Private \u0026 Confidential' letter to an unknown recipient regarding Daniel E. Updike's health circumstances and ability to work due to alcohol. Autograph letter signed, 2 pages.","Benjamin Franklin writes to General Charles Lee in order to introduce Thomas Paine, author of Common Sense. Autograph letter, signed. 2 pages.","True copy of a General Horatio Gate's letter to John Hancock, in Hancock's hand. Gates writes to Hancock regarding a court martial of Col. Donald Campbell. Letter signed. 1 page.","Elbridge Gerry writes to John Adams, President of the United States. He writes \"If an answer, to the letter which your excellency proposed to write to Mr. Pickering on my concerns, is received, I will do myself the honor of waiting on you at any time which may best serve your convenience. Mrs. Gerry unites with me in best respects to yourself and Lady. Be assured, I remain Dear Sir with every sentiment of attachment.\" Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","Lyman Hall, Governor of Georgia and signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to Mrs. Street (possibly his sister) regarding health and life post Revolutionary war. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","Alexander Hamilton writes to Colonel John Fitzgerald, while he waits for the Treaty of Paris to arrive. He writes \"The enclosed letter is for Mr. Bowman who married Mrs. Cattle. I am told he is at Alexandria which makes me trouble you with the letter. Should he have left that place for South Carolina, I will thank you to forward it to him. No definitive treaty yet arrived nor any thing else of importance new. I write in Congress...\" A cessation of hostilities had been proclaimed by the British in February and by Congress in April. The provisional peace treaty, negotiated in Paris, was ratified by Congress on April 15, but a long delay ensued before the signing of the final treaty in Paris, 1783 September 3. Both Hamilton and Fitzgerald served as aides-de-camp to Washington during the Revolution. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","Benjamin Harrison, signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes a letter to an unknown sir. He writes regarding a Capt. Cherry. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","Patrick Henry writes to the unidentified 'County Lieutenant of Berkely [Berkeley].' He writes \"You are hereby directed to furnish General Hand with the numbers of men he may call from your militia to defend the frontier or challenge the Indians.\" Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","William Hooper, away from the Continental Congress to visit his mother, writes to Joseph Hewes and John Penn regarding General Clinton. Hooper  was a member in all five North Carolina Provincial Congresses, a member of the Continental Congress, and a signer of the Declaration of Independence. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","Stephen Hopkins, Governor of Rhode Island and signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to Christopher Harris during the French and Indian War, ordering a Colonel to take forces to Albany and join Major General William Johnson for a campaign against the French at Crown Point. Autograph document, signed. 2 pages.","Francis Hopkinson, Esq., Judge for the Courts of Admiralty for the State of Pennsylvania, directs Clement Biddle Esq., Marshall for the court, to \"sell at public venue the sloop or vessel called the Polly her guns, tackle, apparel, furniture and all and singular the goods, wares and merchandise laden and found on board her at the time of her capture and that after deducting the costs and charges of the trial condemnation and sale out of the monies arising from the said sale you divide the residue of the said monies into two equal parts one of which you are to pay overunto the agent or agents of the owners of the Brigantine or Vessel called the Fair American to and for their use and the other you are to pay over unto the Agent or Agents of the Officers and Crew belonging to the said Brigantine Fair American to and for their use and if it shall happen that any of the said owners officers or crew shall neglect to appear either in person or by agent to receive their respective shares of said monies then you are forthwith to bring such shares into this court to the intent the same may remain ready to be paid to them whenever they are their agents duly authorised may appear and demand the same according to the Resolves of Congress the usages of nations and the Act of Assembly of this state in such case made and provided and how you shall have executed this writ make return to me at a court of Admiralty to be held at my chambers in Philadelphia on the tenth day of November together with this writ given under my hand and the seal of the court twentieth day of October in the year of our lord one thousand seven hundred and eighty one.\" On verso, Biddle responds confirming sale of the Sloop Polly and cargo. Autograph document signed, 2 pages. Hopkinson was a signer of the Declaration of Independence.","Samuel Huntington, President of the Continental Congress and signer of the Declaration of the Independence, writes to Jabez Huntington, regarding preparations being made to prepare for the invasion of the British Navy. Letter mentions William Williams, another signer of the Declaration of Independence and Esek Hopkins, Commander of the Continental Navy. Autograph letter, signed. 2 pages.","John Jay, signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to an unknown Sir, regarding court and Mr. Antell's affidavit. Autograph letter, signed. 2 pages.","Thomas Jefferson writes, while he was the U.S. Minister to France, to William Gordon about the actions he has taken to assist Gordon's efforts to write a history of the American Revolution, and conveys his thoughts on what market may exist for the publication in France. Gordon conducted part of his research for his history at Mount Vernon. Gordon published The History of the Rise, Progress, and Establishment, of the Independence of the United States of America: Including an Account of the late War, and of the Thirteen Colonies from their origin, to that period, 4 vols. (London: William Gordon, 1788). Letter also mentions Marquis de la Fayette. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","Lafayette writes to George Augustine Washington. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","Francis Lightfoot Lee, signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to agents De Berdt, Lee \u0026 Sayre regarding the sale and purchase of 80 hogsheads and tobacco. Autograph letter, signed. 4 pages.","Richard Henry Lee, signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to John Langdon congratulating Langdon as a judge and describing his ill health. Autograph letter, signed. 2 pages.","James Madison, Secretary of State, writes to Mitchill regarding court testimony, possibly in reference to Smith and Ogden trial. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","John Marshall, Chief Justice of the United States and signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to John Mercer Patton of Virginia regarding a court case and Judge Johnson. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","James Monroe, signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to an unknown sir, regarding the sale of enslaved people. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","Robert Morris, member of the Continental Congress and signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to John Langdon regarding business relations with John Holker. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","Thomas Nelson, signer of the Declaration of Independence and brigadier general in the Continental army, writes to General George Weedon, of Richmond, updating him on the mobilization of Virginia's defenses against a British incursion in the Hampton Roads area.\nAutograph letter, signed. 1 page.","Attorney General for the State of Massachusetts, Robert Treat Paine, signer of the Declaration of Independence, files a complaint against the respondent Margaret Draper, as she \"levied war, and conspired to levy War against the Government and people of this Province, Colony, and State; and then and there adhered to the King of Great Britain, his fleets and armies, enemies of the said Province, Colony, and State; and then and there did give them aid and comfort\". Partially printed document, signed by the author, with notes in his hand. 1 page.","Timothy Pickering, Secretary of War and signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to Burgess Ball to inform him that the president has not selected his Potomac land for the location of a federal arsenal. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","Paul Revere writes a discharge certificate for Caleb Legg. Autograph document, signed. 1 page.","Caesar Rodney, signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to an unknown recipient, ordering \"that the Guard be strengthened with a Captain and twenty four men to be furnished from all the Troops now in town proportion to their numbers\". Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","Benjamin Rush, signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to Armand John DeRosset Sr., regarding Rush's \"second volume of medical inquiries\" about his \"principles on dropsy and pulmonary consumption\". Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","Edward Rutledge, signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to an unknown Sir regarding the legal proceedings in a land dispute. Date is unclear, could be February or July. Autograph letter, signed. 3 pages.","George Walton, signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to Major General Benjamin Lincoln seeking his help regarding sums for the military being misapplied by citizens [Georgia] and hung up in the Department of the Army resulting in shortages for the troops in the Georgia militias. Autograph letter, signed. 2 pages.","George Washington writes to Burgess Ball, regarding Ball's interest in the federal government purchasing some of his land for the construction of an arsenal. Washington indicates that he will leave the matter to the Secretary of War, Timothy Pickering, and not discuss it further, lest their family connection lend an appearance of impropriety. Ball was married to Frances Washington, the daughter of George's brother Charles.  Autograph letter, signed. 3 pages.","William Whipple, signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to President Meshech Weare [New Hampshire] regarding the recent arrival of Mr. William Trail from Bermuda. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","John Witherspoon, signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to William Livingston, Governor of New Jersey, regarding the safe passage of a British deserter, Humphrey Belcher, through American lines. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","Oliver Wolcott, signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to his wife, Laura Wolcott. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","Special Collections at The George Washington Presidential Library at Mount Vernon","Rickert, Wayne","Adams, John, 1735-1826","Bartlett, Josiah, 1729-1795","Whipple, William, 1730-1785","Burr, Aaron, 1756-1836","Jefferson, Thomas, 1743-1826","Chase, Samuel, 1741-1811","Smallwood, William, 1732-1792","Clark, Abraham, 1726-1794","Dayton, Elias, 1737-1807","Lewis, Francis, 1713-1803","Searle, James, 1730-1797","Fell, John, 1721-1798","Mumford, Thomas, 1728-1799","Floyd, William, 1734-1821","Dayton, Ebenezer, 1744-1802","Ellery, William, 1727-1820","Franklin, Benjamin, 1706-1790","Lee, Charles, 1731-1782","Gates, Horatio, 1728-1806","Hancock, John, 1737-1793","Gerry, Elbridge, 1744-1814","Hall, Lyman, 1724-1790","Hamilton, Alexander, 1757-1804","Fitzgerald, John, -1799","Harrison, Benjamin, approximately 1726-1791","Henry, Patrick, 1736-1799","Hooper, William, 1742-1790","Hewes, Joseph, 1730-1779","Penn, John, 1740 or 1741-1788","Hopkins, Stephen, 1707-1785","Hopkinson, Francis, 1737-1791","Biddle, Clement, 1740-1814","Huntington, Samuel, 1731-1796","Huntington, Jabez, 1719-1786","Jay, John, 1745-1829","Gordon, William, 1728-1807","Lafayette, Marie Joseph Paul Yves Roch Gilbert Du Motier, marquis de, 1757-1834","Washington, George Augustine, approximately 1759-1793","Lee, Francis Lightfoot, 1734-1797","Lee, William, 1739-1795","Sayre, Stephen, 1736-1818","De Berdt, Dennis, Jr.","Lee, Richard Henry, 1732-1794","Langdon, John, 1741-1819","Madison, James, 1751-1836","Mitchill, Samuel L. (Samuel Latham), 1764-1831","Marshall, John, 1755-1835","Patton, John M. (John Mercer), 1797-1858","Monroe, James, 1758-1831","Morris, Robert, 1734-1806","Holker, John, 1745-1822","Nelson, Thomas, 1738-1789","Paine, Robert Treat, 1731-1814","Pickering, Timothy, 1745-1829","Ball, Burgess, 1749-1800","Revere, Paul, 1735-1818","Rodney, Caesar, 1728-1784","Rush, Benjamin, 1746-1813","Rutledge, Edward, 1749-1800","Walton, George, 1749 or 1750-1804","Lincoln, Benjamin, 1733-1810","Washington, George, 1732-1799","Weare, Meshech, 1713-1786","Witherspoon, John, 1723-1794","Livingston, William, 1723-1790","Wolcott, Oliver, 1726-1797","English \n.    "],"unitid_tesim":["2021.SC.004","/repositories/3/resources/77"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Wayne Rickert collection of founders' autographs"],"collection_title_tesim":["Wayne Rickert collection of founders' autographs"],"collection_ssim":["Wayne Rickert collection of founders' autographs"],"repository_ssm":["The George Washington Presidential Library at Mount Vernon"],"repository_ssim":["The George Washington Presidential Library at Mount Vernon"],"geogname_ssm":["United States -- History -- Revolution, 1775-1783"],"geogname_ssim":["United States -- History -- Revolution, 1775-1783"],"creator_ssm":["Rickert, Wayne"],"creator_ssim":["Rickert, Wayne"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Rickert, Wayne"],"creators_ssim":["Rickert, Wayne"],"places_ssim":["United States -- History -- Revolution, 1775-1783"],"access_subjects_ssim":["Correspondence"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Correspondence"],"has_online_content_ssim":["true"],"extent_ssm":["41 Sheets (2 boxes)"],"extent_tesim":["41 Sheets (2 boxes)"],"genreform_ssim":["Correspondence"],"date_range_isim":[1770,1771,1772,1773,1774,1775,1776,1777,1778,1779,1780,1781,1782,1783,1784,1785,1786,1787,1788,1789,1790,1791,1792,1793,1794,1795,1796,1797,1798,1799,1800,1801,1802,1803,1804,1805,1806,1807,1808,1809,1810,1811,1812,1813,1814,1815,1816,1817,1818,1819,1820,1821,1822,1823,1824,1825,1826,1827,1828,1829,1830,1831],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection is open for research during scheduled appointments. Researchers must complete the Washington Library's Special Collections and Archives Registration Form before access is provided. The library reserves the right to restrict access to certain items for preservation purposes.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["This collection is open for research during scheduled appointments. Researchers must complete the Washington Library's Special Collections and Archives Registration Form before access is provided. The library reserves the right to restrict access to certain items for preservation purposes."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eArranged alphabetically by author.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["Arranged alphabetically by author."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eWayne and Grace Rickert donated the collection of founders' autographs to the Washington Library in 2021.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["Wayne and Grace Rickert donated the collection of founders' autographs to the Washington Library in 2021."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[Name and date of item], Rickert collection of founders' autographs, [Folder], Special Collections, The George Washington Presidential Library at Mount Vernon [hereafter Washington Library], Mount Vernon, Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["[Name and date of item], Rickert collection of founders' autographs, [Folder], Special Collections, The George Washington Presidential Library at Mount Vernon [hereafter Washington Library], Mount Vernon, Virginia."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eSee 2021-SC-004-038\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSee 2021-SC-004-032\u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Materials","Related Materials"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["See 2021-SC-004-038","See 2021-SC-004-032"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection contains 41 manuscripts dating 1770-1831. Many of the manuscripts date from the era of the American Revolution, and several are directly relevant to the course of the war. Among the documents are single letters by John Adams, Aaron Burr, Benjamin Franklin, Alexander Hamilton, John Hancock, Patrick Henry, John Jay, Thomas Jefferson, Lafayette, James Madison, John Marshall, James Monroe, Paul Revere, and George Washington, as well as letters and other documents that include the signatures of signers of the Declaration of Independence.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eJohn Adams writes William Plumer, New Hampshire Senator and Governor, discussing the Fries Rebellion of 1799 in Pennsylvania. He pardoned armed tax resisters, including John Fries, convicted of treason. Letter, signed. 1 page.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eLetter from Josiah Bartlett to William Whipple regarding the movement of American and British forces in New York and New Jersey. He outlines the many challenges that the revolutionary cause faced in New York, New England, and generally, including supply and money problems, the health of the troops, and the persistence of divided loyalties in the aftermath of the Americans declaring independence. Bartlett signed the Declaration of Independence and served as governor of New Hampshire during Washington's presidency.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAutograph letter signed, 2 pages.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAaron Burr writes to the President of the Senate, Thomas Jefferson, when the United States was almost at war with France in 1798, offering to provide information about New York City's defense plan to the state legislature. He writes, \"As one of the Committee appointed by the inhabitants of the City of New York to direct the temporary defence of the said city I have been instructed to give to either House of the Legislature such information as may be in my power relative to that object. Pursuant to such instructions I shall chearfully [sic] attend the Senate or any Committee thereof for that purpose whenever required\".  Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAaron Burr writes to Thomas Hill Hubbard regarding a legal case. He writes \"In the case of Jackson... vs Varick and Bacon, I pray you to transmit to me, so soon as may be convenient to you, a copy of the Rule which was entered at the last term on my motion to amend the case and Bill of Exceptions - also certified copies of the affidavits which were produced on each side, those offered by the Depts to be certified separately... so that one my be used without the other. Also certified copies of the Rules entered on the Trials... in the several cases of W.D. Craft vs Baldwin Ex of Elias Baldwin and A. Burr is the same - note the changes, which will be remitted\". Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eChase writes to William Smallwood, President of the Maryland State Senate, regarding his recent appointment as Chief Judge of the General Court of Maryland and his subsequent resignation from his previous role. Autograph letter signed, 1 page.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAbraham Clark, a New Jersey delegate, writes to Col. Elias Dayton, an experienced veteran, to inform him he has not won the promotion he sought. Clark writes, \"Congress is impressed with the necessity of observing economy in the public expenses and having been formerly too profuse in the promotion of officers determined to stop their hand. They say N.Jersey hath our Major Gen. and by the reduction proposed we shall have but two Regiments. What prospect have I then of obtaining another Genl. officer... We have had no recommendation for this measure either from the Genl. [Washington] - The Legislature- or even the brigade. You mention the promotion of Genls. [Nathanael] Greene and [Daniel] Morgan, but their appointments were... requests from Maryland [actually Rhode Island] and Virginia, this cannot be offered in your favour. I see the embarrassment the subject is under.\" Clark adds that \"Genl. Sullivan hath wrote to the Genl. desiring his opinion... and desired me to postpone any proposals respecting you, till he rcd. an answer.\" He concludes, \"There stands the matter. I wish the arrangement of our Brigade could be postponed...that some favourable occurrence might offer in your favour.\" Autograph letter, signed. 2 pages.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eLetter from Commercial Committee of Congress, Francis Lewis, James Searle, and John Fell, to Thomas Mumford. Francis Lewis is a signer of the Declaration of Independence. Letter is requesting gunpowder for American Independence, \"...This committee have lodged monies in the hands of the agents at St.Eustatia to procure powder... If therefore you will enclose us your order on Messrs. Milner and Haynes for the remainder for the fifty tons of powder they had contracted to deliver, our agents will immediately pay them the balance that may be due to them. As we shall send a vessel to St. Eustatia in a short time we must beg your answer by return of post...\" St. Eustatia, an island in the Caribbean, was a center for contraband trade during the Revolutionary War. Letter signed. 1 page.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePetition from Ebenezer Dayton to the Executive Council of Pennsylvania. Dayton confesses how he did \"flee from there [New York] as a refugee, leaving his lands in the power of the enemy\", and petitions to acquire a \"whaleboat\".  William Floyd, Dayton's neighbor, certifies Dayton's claims. Floyd is a signer of the Declaration of Independence. Autograph , signed, 2 pages.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWilliam Ellery writes a 'Private \u0026amp; Confidential' letter to an unknown recipient regarding Daniel E. Updike's health circumstances and ability to work due to alcohol. Autograph letter signed, 2 pages.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBenjamin Franklin writes to General Charles Lee in order to introduce Thomas Paine, author of Common Sense. Autograph letter, signed. 2 pages.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTrue copy of a General Horatio Gate's letter to John Hancock, in Hancock's hand. Gates writes to Hancock regarding a court martial of Col. Donald Campbell. Letter signed. 1 page.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eElbridge Gerry writes to John Adams, President of the United States. He writes \"If an answer, to the letter which your excellency proposed to write to Mr. Pickering on my concerns, is received, I will do myself the honor of waiting on you at any time which may best serve your convenience. Mrs. Gerry unites with me in best respects to yourself and Lady. Be assured, I remain Dear Sir with every sentiment of attachment.\" Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eLyman Hall, Governor of Georgia and signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to Mrs. Street (possibly his sister) regarding health and life post Revolutionary war. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAlexander Hamilton writes to Colonel John Fitzgerald, while he waits for the Treaty of Paris to arrive. He writes \"The enclosed letter is for Mr. Bowman who married Mrs. Cattle. I am told he is at Alexandria which makes me trouble you with the letter. Should he have left that place for South Carolina, I will thank you to forward it to him. No definitive treaty yet arrived nor any thing else of importance new. I write in Congress...\" A cessation of hostilities had been proclaimed by the British in February and by Congress in April. The provisional peace treaty, negotiated in Paris, was ratified by Congress on April 15, but a long delay ensued before the signing of the final treaty in Paris, 1783 September 3. Both Hamilton and Fitzgerald served as aides-de-camp to Washington during the Revolution. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBenjamin Harrison, signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes a letter to an unknown sir. He writes regarding a Capt. Cherry. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePatrick Henry writes to the unidentified 'County Lieutenant of Berkely [Berkeley].' He writes \"You are hereby directed to furnish General Hand with the numbers of men he may call from your militia to defend the frontier or challenge the Indians.\" Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWilliam Hooper, away from the Continental Congress to visit his mother, writes to Joseph Hewes and John Penn regarding General Clinton. Hooper  was a member in all five North Carolina Provincial Congresses, a member of the Continental Congress, and a signer of the Declaration of Independence. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eStephen Hopkins, Governor of Rhode Island and signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to Christopher Harris during the French and Indian War, ordering a Colonel to take forces to Albany and join Major General William Johnson for a campaign against the French at Crown Point. Autograph document, signed. 2 pages.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFrancis Hopkinson, Esq., Judge for the Courts of Admiralty for the State of Pennsylvania, directs Clement Biddle Esq., Marshall for the court, to \"sell at public venue the sloop or vessel called the Polly her guns, tackle, apparel, furniture and all and singular the goods, wares and merchandise laden and found on board her at the time of her capture and that after deducting the costs and charges of the trial condemnation and sale out of the monies arising from the said sale you divide the residue of the said monies into two equal parts one of which you are to pay overunto the agent or agents of the owners of the Brigantine or Vessel called the Fair American to and for their use and the other you are to pay over unto the Agent or Agents of the Officers and Crew belonging to the said Brigantine Fair American to and for their use and if it shall happen that any of the said owners officers or crew shall neglect to appear either in person or by agent to receive their respective shares of said monies then you are forthwith to bring such shares into this court to the intent the same may remain ready to be paid to them whenever they are their agents duly authorised may appear and demand the same according to the Resolves of Congress the usages of nations and the Act of Assembly of this state in such case made and provided and how you shall have executed this writ make return to me at a court of Admiralty to be held at my chambers in Philadelphia on the tenth day of November together with this writ given under my hand and the seal of the court twentieth day of October in the year of our lord one thousand seven hundred and eighty one.\" On verso, Biddle responds confirming sale of the Sloop Polly and cargo. Autograph document signed, 2 pages. Hopkinson was a signer of the Declaration of Independence.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSamuel Huntington, President of the Continental Congress and signer of the Declaration of the Independence, writes to Jabez Huntington, regarding preparations being made to prepare for the invasion of the British Navy. Letter mentions William Williams, another signer of the Declaration of Independence and Esek Hopkins, Commander of the Continental Navy. Autograph letter, signed. 2 pages.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eJohn Jay, signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to an unknown Sir, regarding court and Mr. Antell's affidavit. Autograph letter, signed. 2 pages.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThomas Jefferson writes, while he was the U.S. Minister to France, to William Gordon about the actions he has taken to assist Gordon's efforts to write a history of the American Revolution, and conveys his thoughts on what market may exist for the publication in France. Gordon conducted part of his research for his history at Mount Vernon. Gordon published The History of the Rise, Progress, and Establishment, of the Independence of the United States of America: Including an Account of the late War, and of the Thirteen Colonies from their origin, to that period, 4 vols. (London: William Gordon, 1788). Letter also mentions Marquis de la Fayette. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eLafayette writes to George Augustine Washington. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFrancis Lightfoot Lee, signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to agents De Berdt, Lee \u0026amp; Sayre regarding the sale and purchase of 80 hogsheads and tobacco. Autograph letter, signed. 4 pages.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eRichard Henry Lee, signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to John Langdon congratulating Langdon as a judge and describing his ill health. Autograph letter, signed. 2 pages.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eJames Madison, Secretary of State, writes to Mitchill regarding court testimony, possibly in reference to Smith and Ogden trial. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eJohn Marshall, Chief Justice of the United States and signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to John Mercer Patton of Virginia regarding a court case and Judge Johnson. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eJames Monroe, signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to an unknown sir, regarding the sale of enslaved people. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eRobert Morris, member of the Continental Congress and signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to John Langdon regarding business relations with John Holker. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThomas Nelson, signer of the Declaration of Independence and brigadier general in the Continental army, writes to General George Weedon, of Richmond, updating him on the mobilization of Virginia's defenses against a British incursion in the Hampton Roads area.\nAutograph letter, signed. 1 page.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAttorney General for the State of Massachusetts, Robert Treat Paine, signer of the Declaration of Independence, files a complaint against the respondent Margaret Draper, as she \"levied war, and conspired to levy War against the Government and people of this Province, Colony, and State; and then and there adhered to the King of Great Britain, his fleets and armies, enemies of the said Province, Colony, and State; and then and there did give them aid and comfort\". Partially printed document, signed by the author, with notes in his hand. 1 page.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTimothy Pickering, Secretary of War and signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to Burgess Ball to inform him that the president has not selected his Potomac land for the location of a federal arsenal. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePaul Revere writes a discharge certificate for Caleb Legg. Autograph document, signed. 1 page.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCaesar Rodney, signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to an unknown recipient, ordering \"that the Guard be strengthened with a Captain and twenty four men to be furnished from all the Troops now in town proportion to their numbers\". Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBenjamin Rush, signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to Armand John DeRosset Sr., regarding Rush's \"second volume of medical inquiries\" about his \"principles on dropsy and pulmonary consumption\". Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eEdward Rutledge, signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to an unknown Sir regarding the legal proceedings in a land dispute. Date is unclear, could be February or July. Autograph letter, signed. 3 pages.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eGeorge Walton, signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to Major General Benjamin Lincoln seeking his help regarding sums for the military being misapplied by citizens [Georgia] and hung up in the Department of the Army resulting in shortages for the troops in the Georgia militias. Autograph letter, signed. 2 pages.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eGeorge Washington writes to Burgess Ball, regarding Ball's interest in the federal government purchasing some of his land for the construction of an arsenal. Washington indicates that he will leave the matter to the Secretary of War, Timothy Pickering, and not discuss it further, lest their family connection lend an appearance of impropriety. Ball was married to Frances Washington, the daughter of George's brother Charles.  Autograph letter, signed. 3 pages.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWilliam Whipple, signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to President Meshech Weare [New Hampshire] regarding the recent arrival of Mr. William Trail from Bermuda. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eJohn Witherspoon, signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to William Livingston, Governor of New Jersey, regarding the safe passage of a British deserter, Humphrey Belcher, through American lines. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eOliver Wolcott, signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to his wife, Laura Wolcott. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The collection contains 41 manuscripts dating 1770-1831. Many of the manuscripts date from the era of the American Revolution, and several are directly relevant to the course of the war. Among the documents are single letters by John Adams, Aaron Burr, Benjamin Franklin, Alexander Hamilton, John Hancock, Patrick Henry, John Jay, Thomas Jefferson, Lafayette, James Madison, John Marshall, James Monroe, Paul Revere, and George Washington, as well as letters and other documents that include the signatures of signers of the Declaration of Independence.","John Adams writes William Plumer, New Hampshire Senator and Governor, discussing the Fries Rebellion of 1799 in Pennsylvania. He pardoned armed tax resisters, including John Fries, convicted of treason. Letter, signed. 1 page.","Letter from Josiah Bartlett to William Whipple regarding the movement of American and British forces in New York and New Jersey. He outlines the many challenges that the revolutionary cause faced in New York, New England, and generally, including supply and money problems, the health of the troops, and the persistence of divided loyalties in the aftermath of the Americans declaring independence. Bartlett signed the Declaration of Independence and served as governor of New Hampshire during Washington's presidency.","Autograph letter signed, 2 pages.","Aaron Burr writes to the President of the Senate, Thomas Jefferson, when the United States was almost at war with France in 1798, offering to provide information about New York City's defense plan to the state legislature. He writes, \"As one of the Committee appointed by the inhabitants of the City of New York to direct the temporary defence of the said city I have been instructed to give to either House of the Legislature such information as may be in my power relative to that object. Pursuant to such instructions I shall chearfully [sic] attend the Senate or any Committee thereof for that purpose whenever required\".  Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","Aaron Burr writes to Thomas Hill Hubbard regarding a legal case. He writes \"In the case of Jackson... vs Varick and Bacon, I pray you to transmit to me, so soon as may be convenient to you, a copy of the Rule which was entered at the last term on my motion to amend the case and Bill of Exceptions - also certified copies of the affidavits which were produced on each side, those offered by the Depts to be certified separately... so that one my be used without the other. Also certified copies of the Rules entered on the Trials... in the several cases of W.D. Craft vs Baldwin Ex of Elias Baldwin and A. Burr is the same - note the changes, which will be remitted\". Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","Chase writes to William Smallwood, President of the Maryland State Senate, regarding his recent appointment as Chief Judge of the General Court of Maryland and his subsequent resignation from his previous role. Autograph letter signed, 1 page.","Abraham Clark, a New Jersey delegate, writes to Col. Elias Dayton, an experienced veteran, to inform him he has not won the promotion he sought. Clark writes, \"Congress is impressed with the necessity of observing economy in the public expenses and having been formerly too profuse in the promotion of officers determined to stop their hand. They say N.Jersey hath our Major Gen. and by the reduction proposed we shall have but two Regiments. What prospect have I then of obtaining another Genl. officer... We have had no recommendation for this measure either from the Genl. [Washington] - The Legislature- or even the brigade. You mention the promotion of Genls. [Nathanael] Greene and [Daniel] Morgan, but their appointments were... requests from Maryland [actually Rhode Island] and Virginia, this cannot be offered in your favour. I see the embarrassment the subject is under.\" Clark adds that \"Genl. Sullivan hath wrote to the Genl. desiring his opinion... and desired me to postpone any proposals respecting you, till he rcd. an answer.\" He concludes, \"There stands the matter. I wish the arrangement of our Brigade could be postponed...that some favourable occurrence might offer in your favour.\" Autograph letter, signed. 2 pages.","Letter from Commercial Committee of Congress, Francis Lewis, James Searle, and John Fell, to Thomas Mumford. Francis Lewis is a signer of the Declaration of Independence. Letter is requesting gunpowder for American Independence, \"...This committee have lodged monies in the hands of the agents at St.Eustatia to procure powder... If therefore you will enclose us your order on Messrs. Milner and Haynes for the remainder for the fifty tons of powder they had contracted to deliver, our agents will immediately pay them the balance that may be due to them. As we shall send a vessel to St. Eustatia in a short time we must beg your answer by return of post...\" St. Eustatia, an island in the Caribbean, was a center for contraband trade during the Revolutionary War. Letter signed. 1 page.","Petition from Ebenezer Dayton to the Executive Council of Pennsylvania. Dayton confesses how he did \"flee from there [New York] as a refugee, leaving his lands in the power of the enemy\", and petitions to acquire a \"whaleboat\".  William Floyd, Dayton's neighbor, certifies Dayton's claims. Floyd is a signer of the Declaration of Independence. Autograph , signed, 2 pages.","William Ellery writes a 'Private \u0026 Confidential' letter to an unknown recipient regarding Daniel E. Updike's health circumstances and ability to work due to alcohol. Autograph letter signed, 2 pages.","Benjamin Franklin writes to General Charles Lee in order to introduce Thomas Paine, author of Common Sense. Autograph letter, signed. 2 pages.","True copy of a General Horatio Gate's letter to John Hancock, in Hancock's hand. Gates writes to Hancock regarding a court martial of Col. Donald Campbell. Letter signed. 1 page.","Elbridge Gerry writes to John Adams, President of the United States. He writes \"If an answer, to the letter which your excellency proposed to write to Mr. Pickering on my concerns, is received, I will do myself the honor of waiting on you at any time which may best serve your convenience. Mrs. Gerry unites with me in best respects to yourself and Lady. Be assured, I remain Dear Sir with every sentiment of attachment.\" Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","Lyman Hall, Governor of Georgia and signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to Mrs. Street (possibly his sister) regarding health and life post Revolutionary war. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","Alexander Hamilton writes to Colonel John Fitzgerald, while he waits for the Treaty of Paris to arrive. He writes \"The enclosed letter is for Mr. Bowman who married Mrs. Cattle. I am told he is at Alexandria which makes me trouble you with the letter. Should he have left that place for South Carolina, I will thank you to forward it to him. No definitive treaty yet arrived nor any thing else of importance new. I write in Congress...\" A cessation of hostilities had been proclaimed by the British in February and by Congress in April. The provisional peace treaty, negotiated in Paris, was ratified by Congress on April 15, but a long delay ensued before the signing of the final treaty in Paris, 1783 September 3. Both Hamilton and Fitzgerald served as aides-de-camp to Washington during the Revolution. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","Benjamin Harrison, signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes a letter to an unknown sir. He writes regarding a Capt. Cherry. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","Patrick Henry writes to the unidentified 'County Lieutenant of Berkely [Berkeley].' He writes \"You are hereby directed to furnish General Hand with the numbers of men he may call from your militia to defend the frontier or challenge the Indians.\" Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","William Hooper, away from the Continental Congress to visit his mother, writes to Joseph Hewes and John Penn regarding General Clinton. Hooper  was a member in all five North Carolina Provincial Congresses, a member of the Continental Congress, and a signer of the Declaration of Independence. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","Stephen Hopkins, Governor of Rhode Island and signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to Christopher Harris during the French and Indian War, ordering a Colonel to take forces to Albany and join Major General William Johnson for a campaign against the French at Crown Point. Autograph document, signed. 2 pages.","Francis Hopkinson, Esq., Judge for the Courts of Admiralty for the State of Pennsylvania, directs Clement Biddle Esq., Marshall for the court, to \"sell at public venue the sloop or vessel called the Polly her guns, tackle, apparel, furniture and all and singular the goods, wares and merchandise laden and found on board her at the time of her capture and that after deducting the costs and charges of the trial condemnation and sale out of the monies arising from the said sale you divide the residue of the said monies into two equal parts one of which you are to pay overunto the agent or agents of the owners of the Brigantine or Vessel called the Fair American to and for their use and the other you are to pay over unto the Agent or Agents of the Officers and Crew belonging to the said Brigantine Fair American to and for their use and if it shall happen that any of the said owners officers or crew shall neglect to appear either in person or by agent to receive their respective shares of said monies then you are forthwith to bring such shares into this court to the intent the same may remain ready to be paid to them whenever they are their agents duly authorised may appear and demand the same according to the Resolves of Congress the usages of nations and the Act of Assembly of this state in such case made and provided and how you shall have executed this writ make return to me at a court of Admiralty to be held at my chambers in Philadelphia on the tenth day of November together with this writ given under my hand and the seal of the court twentieth day of October in the year of our lord one thousand seven hundred and eighty one.\" On verso, Biddle responds confirming sale of the Sloop Polly and cargo. Autograph document signed, 2 pages. Hopkinson was a signer of the Declaration of Independence.","Samuel Huntington, President of the Continental Congress and signer of the Declaration of the Independence, writes to Jabez Huntington, regarding preparations being made to prepare for the invasion of the British Navy. Letter mentions William Williams, another signer of the Declaration of Independence and Esek Hopkins, Commander of the Continental Navy. Autograph letter, signed. 2 pages.","John Jay, signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to an unknown Sir, regarding court and Mr. Antell's affidavit. Autograph letter, signed. 2 pages.","Thomas Jefferson writes, while he was the U.S. Minister to France, to William Gordon about the actions he has taken to assist Gordon's efforts to write a history of the American Revolution, and conveys his thoughts on what market may exist for the publication in France. Gordon conducted part of his research for his history at Mount Vernon. Gordon published The History of the Rise, Progress, and Establishment, of the Independence of the United States of America: Including an Account of the late War, and of the Thirteen Colonies from their origin, to that period, 4 vols. (London: William Gordon, 1788). Letter also mentions Marquis de la Fayette. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","Lafayette writes to George Augustine Washington. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","Francis Lightfoot Lee, signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to agents De Berdt, Lee \u0026 Sayre regarding the sale and purchase of 80 hogsheads and tobacco. Autograph letter, signed. 4 pages.","Richard Henry Lee, signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to John Langdon congratulating Langdon as a judge and describing his ill health. Autograph letter, signed. 2 pages.","James Madison, Secretary of State, writes to Mitchill regarding court testimony, possibly in reference to Smith and Ogden trial. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","John Marshall, Chief Justice of the United States and signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to John Mercer Patton of Virginia regarding a court case and Judge Johnson. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","James Monroe, signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to an unknown sir, regarding the sale of enslaved people. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","Robert Morris, member of the Continental Congress and signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to John Langdon regarding business relations with John Holker. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","Thomas Nelson, signer of the Declaration of Independence and brigadier general in the Continental army, writes to General George Weedon, of Richmond, updating him on the mobilization of Virginia's defenses against a British incursion in the Hampton Roads area.\nAutograph letter, signed. 1 page.","Attorney General for the State of Massachusetts, Robert Treat Paine, signer of the Declaration of Independence, files a complaint against the respondent Margaret Draper, as she \"levied war, and conspired to levy War against the Government and people of this Province, Colony, and State; and then and there adhered to the King of Great Britain, his fleets and armies, enemies of the said Province, Colony, and State; and then and there did give them aid and comfort\". Partially printed document, signed by the author, with notes in his hand. 1 page.","Timothy Pickering, Secretary of War and signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to Burgess Ball to inform him that the president has not selected his Potomac land for the location of a federal arsenal. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","Paul Revere writes a discharge certificate for Caleb Legg. Autograph document, signed. 1 page.","Caesar Rodney, signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to an unknown recipient, ordering \"that the Guard be strengthened with a Captain and twenty four men to be furnished from all the Troops now in town proportion to their numbers\". Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","Benjamin Rush, signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to Armand John DeRosset Sr., regarding Rush's \"second volume of medical inquiries\" about his \"principles on dropsy and pulmonary consumption\". Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","Edward Rutledge, signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to an unknown Sir regarding the legal proceedings in a land dispute. Date is unclear, could be February or July. Autograph letter, signed. 3 pages.","George Walton, signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to Major General Benjamin Lincoln seeking his help regarding sums for the military being misapplied by citizens [Georgia] and hung up in the Department of the Army resulting in shortages for the troops in the Georgia militias. Autograph letter, signed. 2 pages.","George Washington writes to Burgess Ball, regarding Ball's interest in the federal government purchasing some of his land for the construction of an arsenal. Washington indicates that he will leave the matter to the Secretary of War, Timothy Pickering, and not discuss it further, lest their family connection lend an appearance of impropriety. 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